CHAPTER ONE

QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

1.9 One sigma from the mean value of the Normal Distribution, from the Table (not in the book) corresponds to a value of 0.3413. This is also the probability that the random variable lies between zero and the one-sigma value, or 0.3413. This i s doubled to obtain a value from minus one sigma to plus one sigma, yielding a val ue of 0.6826. One minus that value (0.3174) is the probability that the random vari able is outside the minus to plus one sigma region. To move to the two sigma case: For plus two sigma, the value from the Table is 0.4772 From minus two sigma to plus two sigma, the value is twice the above, or 0.9544 One minus that value (0.0456) is the probability that the random variable lies outside the minus to plus two sigma region. To move to the three sigma case: For plus three sigma, the value from the Table is 0.49865 From minus three sigma to plus three sigma, the value is twice the above, or 0.9 973 One minus that value (0.00270) is the probability that the random variable lies outside the minus to plus three sigma region. To move to the four sigma case: For plus four sigma, the value from the Table is 0.499968. From minus four sigma to plus four sigma the value is twice the above, or 0.9999 36 One minus that value (0.000064) is the probability that the random variable lies outside the minus to plus four sigma region. 1.10 s ssss(x) = 2, s ssss(y)=3, and s ssss(z) = 4 The basic equation for independent random variables is: s ssss2 s ssss2 s ssss2 s ssss2 (Total) = (x) + (y) + (z) Substituting, s ssss2 (Total) = (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 = (4) + (9) + (16) = 29 Therefore the total error variance is 29 The square root of the variance is the standard deviation, which is 5.385

CHAPTER THREE

QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

3.4 First, calculate the cost factor (CF) and the price factor (PF) CF = (1 + FR)(1 + OH)(1 + GA) = (1.3)(1.7)(1.15) = 2.54 PF = CF (1 + PR) = 2.54 (1.1) = 2.8 (approx.) We then divide the Rate per Week by 40 to obtain the Rate per Hour Fully Loaded Rate Category of Persons Rate per Week/40 Rate per Hour (multiply by 2.8) Senior SW Engineer 1000/40 $25 $70/hr SW Engineer 700/40 $17.50 $49/hr Doc. Specialist 500/40 $12.50 $35/hr Training Specialist 600/40 $15 $42/hr Average Hourly Rate for Overall Project: Category of Persons Rate per Hour No. Hours Total Price Senior SW Engineer $70 400 $28,000 SW Engineer $49 400 $19,600 Doc. Specialist $35 120 $4,200 Training Specialist $42 80 $3,360 1,000 $55,160 Average Hourly Rate (fully loaded) for Entire Project = $55,160/1000 = $55.16

CHAPTER FOUR

QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

4.1 PERT Problem Calculation of expected values for each activity: A-B: T(E) = (1+12+5)/6 == 3 weeks B-D: T(E) = (1+8+3)/6 = 2 weeks A-C: T(E) = (1+8+3)/6 = 2 weeks C-D: T(E) = (2+16+6)/6 = 4 weeks C-F: T(E) = (4+24+8)/6 = 6 weeks C-E: T(E) = (1+16+7)/6 = 4 weeks D-F: T(E) = (1+8+3)/6 = 2 weeks E-F: T(E) = (1+12+5)/6 = 3 weeks See schedule sketch below:

4.1 (continued) Critical Path = A-C-E-F ExpectedTime = 2+4+3 = 9 weeks Slack: A-B-D-F = 2 weeks Slack: A-C-F = 1 week Slack: A-C-D-F = 1 week Standard Deviation (on A-C-E-F) A-C: [(3-1)/6]2 = 1/9 C-E: [(7-1)/6]2 = 1 E-F: [(5-1)/6]2 = 4/9 Overall Variance = 1/9 + 1 + 4/9 = 14/9 = 1.555 Standard Deviation = v 1.555 = 1.25 weeks 4.3 EVA Problem Time Now = 18 months, Scheduled End Date = 24 months = TAC Budget = $400,000 = BAC Schedule Variance = $30,000 = SV = BCWP BCWS Cost Variance = $20,000 = CV = BCWP ACWP BCWS = $300,000 Therefore, CV = 20,000 = BCWP -ACWP SV = 30,000 = BCWP -BCWS Subtracting, CV -SV = BCWS -ACWP 20,000 -30,000 = 300,000 -ACWP and ACWP = 310,000 BCWP = 20,000 + ACWP = 20,000 + 310,000 = 330,000 ECAC = (ACWP)(BAC) = (310)(400,000) = $375,758 (BCWP) (330)

ETAC = (BCWS)(TAC) = (300)(24) = 21.8 months (BCWP) (330) The project is ahead in both cost and schedule (lower cost and earlier schedule) This is also indicated by the fact that the CV and SV are both positive. In the text example, the project was behind in both cost and schedule, revealed by negative values for CV and SV. 4.4 a. If BCWP > BCWS The formula for SV is: SV = BCWP -BCWS, which makes SV positive Therefore, we should be ahead of schedule b. If ACWP > BCWP The formula for CV is: CV = BCWP -ACWP, which makes CV negative Therefore, we should be behind on cost, i.e., we have spent more than we have planned at this point in the project c. If ACWP < BCWS The formulas for SV and CV are: SV = BCWP -BCWS CV = BCWP -ACWP Subtracting, we get SV CV = ACWP BCWS, which is negative This implies only that the CV is greater than the SV

CHAPTER EIGHT

QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

8.1 Two additional requirements analysis steps: 1. Document all cases where requirements are problematic, and review these cases with appropriate internal chain of command 2. Suggest alternatives to requirements found to be inadequate 8.2 Functional decomposition of automobile system: 1. Braking 2. Motive Power 3. Steering 4. Environmental Control 5. Safety 6. Exhaust 8.3 Automated Requirements Analysis Tools 1. DOORS Telelogic 2. CORE Vitech Corporation 8.5 MTBF1 = 200 hrs, and . llll1 = 1/MTBF1 = 1/200 = .005 MTBF2 = 250 hrs, and . llll2 = 1/MTBF2 = 1/250 = .004 MTBF3 = 500 hrs, and . llll3 = 1/MTBF3 = 1/500 = .002 MTBF4 = 1000 hrs, and . llll4 = 1/MTBF4 = 1/1000 = .001 The sum of the lambdas is the overall failure rate: .005 + .004 + .002 + .001 = .012 The overall MTBF is therefore 1/.012 = 83.3 hrs 8.6 Let MTBF1 = 2x, MTBF2 = 3x, MTBF3 = 4x . llll(Total) = . llll1+ . llll2+ . llll3 , and . llll= 1/MTBF .0108 = 1__ + 1__ + 1___ = 13___ 2x 3x 4x 12x 12x = __13___ .0108

x = 100 Therefore, MTBF1 = 2(100) llll1 = 1/200 = .005 MTBF2 = 3(100) = 300 hrs, llll2 = 1/300 = .00333 MTBF3 = 4(100) = 400 hrs, llll3 = 1/400 = .0025 Total Failure Rate = .005

= 200 hrs, . . . + .00333 + .0025 = 0.0108

8.7 a. s ssss2 (Total) <= 70, and s ssssx= 4, s ssssy = 6, and s ssssz=? s ssss2 (Total) = s ssss2(x) + s ssss2(y) + s ssss2(z) Substituting: 70 = (4)2 + (6)2 + s ssss2(z) s ssss2 (z) =70 -16 -36 =70 -52 =18 s ssss(z) = 4.24 b. Forpart(b), T=2x +y+z 2s ssss2 2s ssss2 s ssss2 (Total) = a (x) + b2s ssss2(y) +c (z) 70 = (2)2(16) + 36 + s ssss2(z) s ssss2 (z) = 70 -64 -36 = 70 -100 = -30 s ssss(z) is therefore imaginary, which means there is no real number that satisfies the conditions of the new problem 8.8 (See also chapter one, question/exercise number 1.9) Plus and minus one sigma value corresponds to 68 percent Plus and minus two sigma value corresponds to 95 percent Plus and minus three sigma value corresponds to 99.7 percent

CHAPTER NINE

QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

9.6 Evaluation Criteria: a. Automobile 1. Comfort and Ride 2. Horsepower 3. Number of Seats 4. Visibility 5. Fuel Consumption 6. Acceleration 7. Turning Radius 8. Braking Performance 9. Ease of Steering 10. Four Wheel Drive 11. Heater and Air Conditioning Performance 12. Crash Performance b. House 1. Visual Appearance 2. Landscaping 3. Number of Rooms 4. Number of Baths 5. Electrical 6. Plumbing 7. Maintainability 8. Size of Rooms 9. Garage Facility 10. Number of Stairs/Floors 11. Capacity of Heating and Air Conditioning 12. Quality of Building Materials 9.9 Confirming numbers in Table 9.8: Noise= N = 4 and s ssss= 2; V= 8 andTwillvaryfrom3to7 Let D = distance = x-m (absolute value only) For T = 3 a. D/s ssss= 5/2 = 2.5 which corresponds in Gaussian Table to .4938 P(d) = .5 + .4938 = .9938

b. D/s ssss= 3/2 P(fa) = .5 For T = 4 a. D/s ssss P(d) = b. D/s ssss P(fa) = For T = 5 a. D/s ssss= 3/2 P(d) = .5 + b. D/s ssss= 5/2 = 1.5 which corresponds in Table to .4332 -.4332 = .0668 = 4/2 = 2 which corresponds in Table to .4772 .5 + .4772 = .9772 = 4/2 = 2 which corresponds in Table to .4772 .5 -.4772 = .0228 = 1.5 which corresponds in Table to .4332 .4332 = .9332 = 2.5 which corresponds in Table to .4938 P(fa) = .5 -.4938 = .0062 For T = 6 a. D/s ssss= 2/2 = 1 which corresponds in Table to .3413 P(d) = .5 + .3413 = .8413 b. D/s ssss= 6/2 = 3 which corresponds in Table to .49865 P(fa) = .5 -.49865 = .00135 For T = 7 a. D/s ssss= which corresponds in Table to .1915 P(d) = .5 + .1915 = .6915 b. D/s ssss= 7/2 = 3.5 which corresponds in Table to .49975

P(fa) = .5 -.49975 = .00025 Confirming Numbers in Table 9.9: V = 8, T = 5 andthermsnoise(s ssss) will vary from 3.5 to 1.0 For s ssss= 3.5 a. D/s ssss= 3/3.5 = .857 which corresponds in Table to .303 P(d) = .5 + .303 = .803 b. D/s ssss= 5/3.5 = 1.429 which corresponds in Table to .4235 P(fa) = .5 -.4235 = .0765 For s ssss= 3.0 a. D/s ssss= 3/3 = 1 which corresponds in Table to .3413 P(d) = .5 + .3413 = .8413 b. D/s ssss= 5/3 = 1.67 which corresponds in Table to .4525 P(fa) = .5 -.4525 = .0475 For s ssss= 2.5 a. D/s ssss= 3/2.5 = 1.2 which corresponds in Table to .3849 P(d) = .5 + .3849 = .8849 b. D/s ssss= 5/2.5 = 2 which corresponds in Table to .4772 P(fa) = .5 -.4772 = .0228 For s ssss= 2.0 a. D/s ssss= 3/2 = 1.5 which corresponds in Table to .4332 P(d) = .5 + .4332 = .9332 b. D/s ssss= 5/2 = 2.5 which corresponds in Table to .4938

P(fa) = .5 -.4938 = .0062 For s ssss= 1.5 a. D/s ssss= 3/1.5 = 2 which corresponds in Table to .4772 P(d) = .5 + .4772 = .9772 b. D/s ssss= 5/1.5 = 3.333 which corresponds in Table to .4995 P(fa) = .5 -.4995 = .0005 For s ssss= 1.0 a. D/s ssss= 3/1 = 3 which corresponds in Table to .49865 P(d) = .5 + .49865 = .99865 b. D/s ssss= 5/1 = 5 which corresponds in Table to .499997 P(fa) = .5 -.499997 = .000003

CHAPTER TEN

QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

10.5 COCOMO Example Given software project with 80,000 delivered source instructions = DSI Therefore, KDSI = 80 Using organic mode model: Person-months = PM = 2.4(KDSI)1.05 = 2.4(80)1.05 = 2.4(99.6) = 239 p-mo TDEV = 2.5(PM)0.38 = 2.5(239)0.38 = 2.5(8.013) = 20 mos. PROD = DSI__ = 80,000 = 334.7 DSI/p-mo (vs. 346.6 for 40 KDSI) p-mo 239 FTES = p-mo__ = 239 = 11.95 persons (vs. 7.6 for 40 KDSI) TDEV 20 10.6 Software Given initial And the slope And the total y = mx + b I = -.3N + 60 Reliability Example failure intensity = 60 failures per CPU-hr of the Basic Execution Time Model is -0.3, number of failures experienced to date is 150

a. When I = 0, N is the total number of failures At that point, .3N = 60 and N = 60/.3 = 200 failures or defects b. The current failure intensity is the value of I when N = 150 So we have I(now) = -.3(150) + 60 = -45 + 60 = 15 failures/CPU-hr c. The Poisson distribution equation reduces to the exponential when k = 0 P(k) = (IT)k exp(-IT) = exp[-(15)(.1)] = exp (-1.5) = 0.223 K!

10.7 The five scaling factors are: 1. precedentedness 2. development flexibility 3. risk resolution 4. team cohesion 5. process maturity set website: sunset.usc.edu for detailed method of using these drivers to obtain numeric value of the exponent 10.8 Effort Multipliers Early Design Effort Multipliers (7) 1. RCPX Product Reliability and Complexity 2. RUSE Developed for Reusability 3. PDIF Platform Difficulty 4. PERS Personnel Capability 5. PREX Personnel Experience 6. FCIL Facilities 7. SCED Required Development Schedule Post Architecture Effort Multipliers (17) 1. RELY Required Software Reliability 2. DATA Database Size 3. CPLX Product Complexity 4. DOCU Documentation Match to Life-Cycle Needs 5. RUSE Developed for Reusability 6. TIME Execution Time Constraint 7. STOR Main Storage Constraint 8. PVOL Platform Volatility 9. ACAP Analyst Capability 10. PCAP Programmer Capability 11. PCON Personnel Continuity 12. APEX Applications Experience 13. PLEX Platform Experience 14. LTEX Language and Tool Experience 15. TOOL Use of Software Tools 16. SITE Multisite Development 17. SCED Required Development Schedule Effort Multipliers described in detail in: B. Boehm, et. al, Software Cost Estimation with COCOMO II , 2000, Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, N

CHAPTER ELEVEN 11.1 Binomial x n-x

QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES Probability of either one or zero errors

Binomial = P(x) = n p q x The individual Bit Error Rate (BER) is .001 Therefore, P(0 or 1 error) = 8 (.001)0(.999)8 + 8 (.001)1(.999)7 01 = (1)(.992) + (8)(.001)(.993) P(0 or 1 error)= .992 + (.008)(.993) = .992 + .00794 = .999944 11.2 Roulette: 18 red, 18 black, zero, double zero = 38 possibilities a. Prob(black) = 18/38 = .4737 b. Prob(lose) = Prob (black or zero or double zero) = P(B) + P(z) + P(dz) = 18/38 + 1/38 + 1/38 = 20/38 = 0.526 11.3 Normal Distribution: mean = 6, variance = 9 = s ssss2, s ssss=3 a. Probability exceed the value 10? Distance/sigma = 4/3 = 1.33; Area (from Table lookup) = .4082 Prob(x>10) = 0.5 -.4082 = .0918 b. Prob(x>12)? Distance/sigma = 6/3 = 2; Area (table lookup) = .4772 Prob (x>12) = .5 -.4772 = .0228 c. Prob(x>14)?

Distance/sigma = 8/3 = 2.67; Area (table lookup) = .4962 Prob (x>14) = .5 -.4962 = .0038 11.4 MTBF(1) = 100 hrs; . llll(1) = .01 MTBF(2) = 200 hrs; . llll(2) = .005 MTBF(3) = 300 hrs; . llll(3) = .00333 a. Series: . llll(Total) = . llll(1) + . llll(2) + . llll(3) = .01 + .005 + .00333 = .01833 P(s) = exp (-. llllt) = exp[-(.01833)(200)] = exp(-3.667) = .02556 c. Parallel: P(1) = exp[-(.01)(200)] = exp(-2) = .135 P(2) = exp[-(.005)(200)] = exp(-1) = .368 P(3) = exp[-(.0033)(200)] = exp(-.666) = .514 P(p) = 1 -(1 -.135)(1 -.368)(1 -.514) = 1 -(.865)(.632)(.486) P(p) =1-.266 =.734 11.5 . llll= .02; Repair distribution is uniform in region [2 -10] MTTR = (10+2)/2 = 6 hrs MTBF = 1/. llll= 1/.02 = 50 hrs Availability = A = MTBF/(MTBF + MTTR) = 50/(50 + 6) A = 50/56 = .893 11.6 V = 14; T = 5; N = 9,inwhichcase s ssss=3 a. For detection probability, Distance/sigma = (14 from Table corresponds to a value of .49865 Therefore, P(d) = .5 + .49865 = .99865

5)/3 = 9/3 = 3 which

For false alarm, Distance/sigma = 5/3 = 1.67, which from Table Corresponds to a value of .4525 Therefore, P(fa) = .5 -.4525 = .0475 b. Where should threshold be for P(fa) = .02? In this case, P(fa) = .5 -Area .02 = .5 -Area, and Area = .48 Going to Table yields value of Distance/sigma = D/s ssss= 2.06 Therefore, D = 2.06s ssss= 2.06 (3) = 6.18 = Threshold in volts Given that threshold, Distance/sigma = D/s ssss= (14-6.18)/3 = 7.82/3 = 2.61 Consulting the Table at 2.61 yields an area of .49545 Therefore, P(d) = .5 + .49545 = .99545 11.7 Let s ssss(1) ssss(2) ssss(3) s ssss2s ssss2s ssss2s ssss2 (Total) = (3x)2

= 3x; s = 4x; s = 5x

= 0.5 = (1) + (2) + (3) + (4x)2 + (5x)2

0.5 = 9x2 + 16x2 + 25x2 0.5 = 50x2 x2 = 0.5/50 = .01 x = 0.1 Therefore, s ssss(1) = 3(.1) = .3; s ssss(2) = 4(.1) = .4 and s ssss(3) = 5(.1) = .5 11.8 P(t) = exp(-. llllt) ; . llll= 1/MTBF, and P(t) = exp(-t/MTBF) when t = MTBF, we have P = exp(-MTBF/MTBF) = exp(-1) = .368 when t = 2MTBF, we have P = exp(-2MTBF/MTBF) = exp(-2) = .135

11.9 For least squares fit in text, estimate covariance of x and y, and also correlation coefficient. Refer to material in text for some calculations Cov (XY) = E (XY) -E(X) E(Y) S SSSSxy = 124; S SSSSxy/n = 124/4 = 31 E(X) = 17/4 = 4.25; E(Y) = 26/4 = 6.5 Cov(XY) = 31 -(4.25)(6.5) = 31 -27.625 Cov(XY) = 3.375 Correlation Coeficient = C = Cov(XY)___ s ssss(x) s ssss(y) s ssss2(x) = (1/4)(2-4.25)2 + (1/4)(4-4.25)2 + (1/4)(5-4.25)2 + (1/4)(6-4-25)2 s ssss2 (x) = 8.75/4 = 2.1875 and s ssss(x) = 1.479 s ssss2(y) = (1/4)(3-6.5)2 + (1/4)(6 s ssss2 (y) = 21/4 = 5.25 and s ssss(y) = 2.29 C = 3.375_____ = 0.9965 (1.479)(2.29) 11.10 For Rayleigh distribution, how many sigma will correspond to a probability value of 0.5. Try also with 0.95. Rayleigh Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) = 1 -exp(-x2/2s ssss2) When P = 0.5, 0.5 = 1 -exp(-x2/2s ssss2) and exp(-x2/2s ssss2) = .5 Using natural logs: -x 2/2s ssss2 = ln (.5) = -.693 x2 = 2(.693) s ssss2 = 1.386 s ssss2 x = 1.177 s ssss When Probability = 0.95, .95 = 1 -exp(-x2/2s ssss2) exp(-x2/2s ssss2) = .05

6.5)2 + (1/4)(8

6.5)2 + (1/4)(9-6.5)2

-x 2/2s ssss2 = ln (.05) = -2.9957 x2 = 2(2.9957) s ssss2 = 5.9914 s ssss2 x = 2.448 s ssss

CHAPTER TWELVE

QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES

12.1 Categories of software tools that can be used to support (a) systems engine ering and (b) software engineering A. Systems Engineering 1. Spreadsheets 2. Modeling and Simulation Tools 3. Database Management Systems (DBMSs) 4. Reliability Engineering 5. Decision Support Tools 6. Mathematical Programming 7. Project Management Aids 8. Statistical Analysis Tools 9. Graphics Tools 10. Quality Assurance Tools B. Software Engineering 1. Languages 2. Structured Analysis Tools 3. Requirements Analyzers 4. Simulation Tools 5. Reliability Estimation 6. Process/Data Flow Charting 7. Various Specialized Diagramming Tools 8. Software Cost Estimation 9. Configuration Management Tools 10. Code Generators