Waste Management World May/June 2013

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WMWsou_wtrRM_121108 1 11/8/12 3:21 PM
MAY-JUNE 2013
M
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2
0
1
3
Improving upon papers
success story
Paper recycling is around 70% in Europe and
the US. How can it be improved further?
Rock solid landfll liner
protection
A look at the increasing use of highly durable
dense asphaltic concrete
Which wastes carry most
weight in the EU biofuel mix?
Evaluating proposals underway in Europe to
double count biofuels made from waste
Official Publication of:
WMW Special:
Collection &
Transport
W
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T
E

M
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A
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W
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1305wmw_C1 C1 5/30/13 9:57 AM
january 2013
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2
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AlgAe Action
ADvancing Biogas in North America
Hybrid RCVs
The next generation
ntm and Volvo trucks have developed a new
generation of hybrid refuse collection vehicle
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Trash talking
A WEEE debate
Industry leaders discuss the options open to
increase critical material recycling from e-waste
WMW Special
BIowaste
World frst
Autoclaving AD plant
an facility in plymouth, uK is set to be the frst
worlds frst full scale autoclaving ad plant
1301_WMW_C1_COVER.indd 1 18/03/2013 11:18
A quick start guide to MAXIMIZING our interactive features.
Welcome to the
Digital Edition of
ShAre an article or
page via social media.
Click pAGeS to view
thumbnails of each
page and browse
through the entire issue.
Easily browse all bAck ISSueS.
SeArch for specifc
articles or content.
View the table of coNteNtS and
easily navigate directly to an article.
dowNloAd the issue to your desktop.
prINt any or all pages. ShAre an article via email.
Easily NAvIGAte
through the issue.
Click directly on the page to ZooM in
or out. Fit the issue to your screen.
A4Transition_Template_spread.indd 1-2 3/19/13 6:21 PM
january 2013
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2
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AlgAe Action
ADvancing Biogas in North America
Hybrid RCVs
The next generation
ntmand Volvo trucks have developed a new
generation of hybrid refuse collection vehicle
I
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g

B
I
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s
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Trash talking
A WEEE debate
Industry leaders discuss the options open to
increase critical material recycling from e-waste
WMW Special
BIowaste
World frst
Autoclaving AD plant
an facility in plymouth, uK is set to be the frst
worlds frst full scale autoclaving ad plant
1301_WMW_C1_COVER.indd 1 18/03/2013 11:18
A quick start guide to MAXIMIZING our interactive features.
Welcome to the
Digital Edition of
ShAre an article or
page via social media.
Click pAGeS to view
thumbnails of each
page and browse
through the entire issue.
Easily browse all bAck ISSueS.
SeArch for specifc
articles or content.
View the table of coNteNtS and
easily navigate directly to an article.
dowNloAd the issue to your desktop.
prINt any or all pages. ShAre an article via email.
Easily NAvIGAte
through the issue.
Click directly on the page to ZooM in
or out. Fit the issue to your screen.
A4Transition_Template_spread.indd 1-2 3/19/13 6:21 PM
WE CARE
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Tel: +49 (0)39291 55-0, Fax: -350
info@doppstadt.com
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The Recycling
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1305wmw_C2 C2 5/30/13 9:57 AM
CONTENTS
MAY-JUNE 2013
10
23
45
WMW SPECIAL:
COLLECTION & TRANSPORT
10 Hybrids that Work
A waste contractor in Denmark has opted for a feet
consisting of 100% hybrid refuse collection vehicles. But is it
really getting something for nothing?
15 Waste Goes Large at Bauma
The range of waste and recycling products on show at the
world's largest trade show, Bauma, has grown signifcantly.
WMW brings you the highlights.
19 Gold Star for Faun Sweepers
Widely recognised for its refuse collection vehicles, Faun's
sweeper division, Viatec is undergoing a quiet revolution.
23 Global Solutions, Local Thinking
Dutch refuse collection vehicle manufacturer, VSA is proving
that there could be a 'third way' for smaller manufacturers to
exploit global markets.
27 Collection Key for Post-Soviet 'Stans'
In the fve 'Stans' of the former USSR, improving the waste
collection system ofers more bang for the buck for donors
and investors than other waste infrastructure projects.
ANALYSIS
5 U.S. extended producer responsibility
A new report details how Extended Producer Responsibility
(EPR) programs could help the U.S. catch up with European
leaders when it comes to packaging recycling.
REGULARS
3 From The Editor
4 ISWA Comments
5 News
30 Product News
50 ISWA Information
52 Diary & Index To Advertisers FEATURES
32 Belgium Film Success
Already in widespread use, agricultural flms are proving
dif cult to recycle. One company in Belgium has the solution
and is operating its new plant 24/7 to meet demand.
37 Trash Talking: Paper Recycling
The success of the paper industry in increasing the recovery
of waste paper has been one of recycling's success stories.
WMW asks a number of industry experts how this success
can be improved further.
42 Counting on Biofuels
Under new proposals, biofuels made from a number of
waste feedstocks could be counted twice or even quadruple
towards Renewable Energy Directive targets.
45 Waste Composition and the Role of
Energy Recovery
With a mix of waste to energy, recycling and composting
technologies, the UK has made signifcant improvements in
waste management. With much left to do, understanding
the composition of MSW is critical.
48 Lined for Action
As landfll becomes an increasingly 'premium' disposal
option, WMW looks at the use of strong dense asphaltic
concrete to ensure total containment.
1305wmw_1 1 5/30/13 10:01 AM
2 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD MAY-JUNE 2013
Member, BPA Worldwide
Published by PennWell International Publications Ltd
The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane,
Waltham Abbey, Essex, EN9 1BN, UK.
Tel: +44 1992 656 600
Fax: +44 1992 656 700
e-mail: wmw@pennwell.com
web: www.waste-management-world.com
SR. VP & Group Publisher: Tom Fowler
President/CEO: Robert F. Biolchini
Chairman: Frank T. Lauinger
Chief Financial Officer: Mark C. Wilmoth
Group Publisher: Timm Dower
Chief Editor: Tom Freyberg
Managing Editor: Ben Messenger
ISWA Editor: David Newman
Collection & Transport Correspondent: Malcolm Bates
Design: Keith Hackett
Production Coordinator: Kimberlee Smith
Marketing Manager: Tim Chambers
Advertising: for information, please see page 52
Editorial/News Contact: benm@pennwell.com
Editorial Correspondence/Press Releases:
Please send to Waste Management World at wmw@pennwell.com
Published for the International Solid Waste Association: Auerspergstrasse 15, Top 41, 1080 Vienna, Austria. Tel: +43 1 25 36 001. Fax: +43 1 59 999 700. E-mail: iswa@iswa.org web: www.iswa.org
2011 International Solid Waste Association. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical or otherwise including
photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written consent of the Publishers. While every attempt is made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in
this magazine, neither the Publishers, Editors nor the authors accept any liability for errors or omissions. Opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Publishers or Editor.
Subscriptions: Waste Management World is circulated free to professionals in the waste management industry. To start a free subscription visit www.wmw-subscribe.com
Professionals outside the waste management industry may start a paid subscription. For pricing information visit www.omeda.com/wmw or call +1 847-559-7330.
Waste Management World is published 6 times a year by PennWell Publications Ltd, The Water Tower, Gunpowder Mill, Powdermill Lane, Waltham Abbey, Essex, EN9 1BN, UK, and distributed in
the USA SPP at 75 Aberdeen Road, Emigsville, PA 17318-0437. Periodicals postage paid at Emigsville, PA.
Postmaster: Send address changes to Waste Management World, c/o P.O. Box 437, Emigsville, PA 17318.
Reprints: If you would like to have a recent article reprinted for an upcoming conference or for use as a marketing tool, contact Jill Kaletha, E-mail: pennwellreprints@fosterprinting.com
Tel: +1-866-879-9144, ext. 168
Printed in the UK by Williams Press Ltd on elemental chlorine-free paper from sustainable forests.
1305wmw_2 2 5/30/13 10:01 AM
FROM THE EDITOR
POLICY
MATTERS
The notion that we need to recycle more has been widely
accepted. But are new policies needed to make it pay?
W
hen it comes to collecting and reprocessing municipal wastes, the issue of
who pays can be a contentious one. Viewed in many countries as a public
service, the bill for cleaning up our mess is often left to the tax payer.
But the contents of the waste stream contains an increasingly complex mix of
materials. There is also growing social, political and economic resolve that those materials should be
returned to the value chain and used to make new products. To achieve this requires a combination
of investment in often costly collection, sorting and reprocessing facilities, and public buy in.
In an ideal world the value of the materials recovered would cover the cost of building and
running sophisticated MRFs, and to some extent it does. As Athanasios Bourtsalas and Nickolas
Themelis point out on p44, with an average gate fee of just 9 per tonne, MRFs are the most
economically effective option for waste treatment in the UK.
However, while prices for the recovered materials being produced by MRFs are reported to be
recovering from the lows of late 2012, in the UK alone there have been two high profile closures of
recently built, large scale recycling facilities.
In Falkirk, Scotland, Avondale Advanced Waste Treatment mothballed a 200,000 tonne per year
MRF, which it opened in Polmont as recently as February 2012. The firm cited the weak economy,
increased operating costs, reduced volumes, the low market value of recyclates, and a lack of
strategic facilities to handle refuse derived fuels, for its decision.
Facing stiff local competition, in Manchester waste and recycling company, Biffa is also set to
close a state-of-the-art 200,000 tonne per year MRF opened in January 2010.
Of course, we shouldnt read too much into the closure of just two facilities. But at a time when
like many countries, the UK is striving to increase recycling, its a shame that such environmentally
valuable pieces of infrastructure have fallen, at least in part, to the whims of the markets.
While it may or may not have helped in these individual cases, it could be argued these closures
add weight to calls to rebalance the Producer Responsibility Obligations, under which Packaging
Recovery Notes (PRNs) and Packaging Export Recovery Notes (PERNs) are issued.
A number of prominent industry bodies have claimed that compared to those exporting
packaging waste, UK recyclers are currently disadvantaged under the system, which awards credits
on 100% of waste exports including that which is landfilled overseas. Rebalancing the PRN/PERN
system, it is argued, would increase investment in UK recycling and reprocessing infrastructure.
And its not just in the UK that producer responsibility for packaging is being debated. In the
U.S., not for profit environmental organisation, As You Sow, recently published a report (p5) which
outlined the case for the worlds largest producer of waste to introduce such a policy for packaging.
In terms of recycling a high percentage of packaging, there is much to learn from the paper
industry. Both in Europe and the U.S. the industry has had considerable success in increasing
recycling rates over recent years. But thats not to say it is resting on its laurels.
On p37 we hear from a number of industry leaders from both sides of the Atlantic on how the
recent success at increasing paper recycling rates can be continued further.
Elsewhere in the issue, our collection and transport special edition begins on p10 and includes
coverage of hybrid refuse collection vehicles, the recent Bauma trade show, and much more.

Ben Messenger
Managing editor
Follow WMW magazine on Twitter: www.twitter.com/WMW_Magazine
At a time when like many countries,
the UK is striving to increase
recycling, its a shame that such
environmentally valuable pieces of
infrastructure have fallen, at least in
part, to the whims of the markets
Ben Messenger Managing editor
3 MAY-JUNE 2013 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
1305wmw_3 3 5/30/13 10:01 AM
ISWA COMMENT
WERE NOT
SINKING!
The terminology has evolved from dumps to landfills to
sinks, but reducing the need for final sinks is our business.
A
s our industrys technologies develop, so does our terminology. This reflection
was brought about by attending the ISWA Beacon Conference on Final Sinks,
May 16/17, in Helsinki, organised with the University of Aalto. Once we talked
of dumps, then landfills, sanitary landfills, and now sinks.
As ever Paul Brunner from the Technical University of Vienna gave an excellent
presentation illustrating how the environment is always, in one way or another, a final
sink for our waste- be this the atmosphere, where our emissions accumulate, or our rivers,
lakes, oceans and soils, where leakage and spillage inevitably lead to liquid or particle
deposits. The proceedings of this Conference are online in the ISWA Knowledge Base.
Reducing the need for final sinks is our business, and my discussion with Under
Secretary of State of the Finnish Governments Ministry of Environment, Hannele Pokka,
illustrated just how seriously that nation is taking the challenge. A radical move away
from landfilling to recycling, composting and energy recovery is transforming waste
management in Finland, bringing it rapidly into the group of leading nations in the field.
The seriousness with which Finland has adopted this plan, and its short timeframe
(2016) for implementation, can be a lesson for many nations struggling with meeting
the objectives of Europes Waste Framework Directive. I thank ISWA Board colleague Petri
Kuovo and the company HSY for their hospitality in Helsinki.
Meanwhile the organisation of the ISWA World Congress in Vienna (October
7/9) continues to evolve quickly with the preliminary programme published online
(www.iswa2013.org). 250 speakers from around 60 countries will participate and once
again this annual appointment is not to be missed by waste practitioners, researchers
and officials worldwide.
Finally I am pleased to inform that ISWA is achieving considerable success in its
international campaign to raise funding for waste infrastructure in developing countries.
After the investments announced by the World Bank last year from 2016 in Morocco ($100
million) similar investments are being made in Jordan, Philippines and Latin America in
waste plants and collection services.
The World Bank alone invested $153 million in waste projects in 2008, rising to
$500 million in 2011. Their projection for spending through 2012 and into 2013 shows
similar increases. And this is just one of the many international entities investing in waste
infrastructure.
With our participation in coalitions funded by the U.S. State Department (LEDS and
CCAC) , in the Global Partnership on Waste Management of UNEP and other organisations,
ISWA is participating at the highest level in promoting investments in waste management
worldwide.
Whilst the UNFCCC process is very slow and demanding in manpower investment,
the importance of waste in reducing GHG emissions is already noted and will be one of
the issues discussed in November during the next global Climate Change Conference in
Warsaw.
ISWA will be there pushing the process for funding through the various mechanisms
for developing countries to reduce their GHG emissions through sustainable waste
management. Once the Treaty enters into force, after 2015, we will hopefully start to see
significant further resources available for such investments.
David Newman
President, ISWA
David Newman President, ISWA
1305wmw_4 4 5/30/13 10:01 AM
I
n those countries which have
implemented them, Extended
Producer Responsibility (EPR)
programs for packaging have
increased packaging recycling
rates and could provide an ef-
fective policy for the U.S., ac-
cording to a new report.
The report, Unfinished Business:
The Case for Extended Producer
Responsibility for Post-Consumer
Packaging, said that EPR systems
in Germany, Belgium, and Canada
provide models, lessons and choic-
es for the U.S. in its public policy
debate on EPR for packaging.
Published by As You Sow, a U.S.
not for profit organisation dedi-
cated to promoting environmental
responsibility through shareholder
advocacy, the report noted that
the U.S. generates more waste than
any other country in the world but
recycles far less than many other
developed counties like Denmark,
Belgium, and Germany.
According to the authors, post-
consumer paper and paperboard
and packaging, which together
form the largest category of mu-
nicipal solid waste, merit prior-
ity attention in efforts to improve
extremely poor recycling rates for
many post-consumer materials.
The report claimed that shifting
financial responsibility for collect-
ing and recycling used packaging
in the U.S. from taxpayers to pro-
ducers with the implementation
of an EPR policy would incentivise
producers to reduce the amount
of packaging they create. The re-
searchers added that such a policy
would also substantially increase
recycling rates, provide much
needed revenue to improve recy-
cling systems, reduce carbon foot-
print and energy use, and reclaim
billions of dollars of embedded
value which is currently landfilled.
Recovery rates
According to As You Sow, U.S.
packaging recycling rates lag be-
hind other developed countries by
significant amounts and are esti-
mated at 48.3% compared to 84%
in Denmark and 73% in Germany.
However, the report did con-
cede that there are some bright
spots, such as paper recycling
(more on paper recycling in Trash
Talking on p37), but noted that
aside from paper, just 22% of re-
maining packaging is recycled with
only 12.1% of plastic packaging
recycled.
Additionally, the authors high-
lighted beverage container recy-
cling rates, which have dropped
20% over the last two decades, and
added that one quarter of the U.S.
population still doesnt have access
to kerbside recycling.
We believe U.S. producers
must stop hiding from account-
ability and follow scores of other
developed economies to accept
responsibility for packaging, urged
the authors.
Recommendations
Given its high consumption rates,
As You Sow said that the U.S.
should take action now to improve
its waste collection infrastructure
to capture a far greater amount of
post-consumer materials and de-
velop closed loop systems that will
efficiently recycle these increas-
ingly valuable materials.
According to the report pack-
aging laws in Europe have dimin-
ished public antagonism to pack-
aging waste, been responsible for a
reduction in waste sent to disposal,
and reduced costs to local authori-
ties.
The researchers also said that
praise for these systems has come
from a major European packag-
ing trade group whose members
include prominent U.S. consumer
goods companies Procter & Gam-
ble and Kraft Foods.
The recommendations made in
the report include:
Businesses that place substantial
amounts of packaging on the U.S.
market should take responsibility
for collecting and recycling post-
consumer packaging
Companies should prioritize
engagement with peers as well
as other stakeholders to reach
agreement on binding producer
responsibility legislation setting
high packaging recovery goals for
all individual kinds of packaging
(75%+) and an aggressive timeline
for meeting them
A successful mandated packag-
ing EPR program in the U.S. should
address all packaging types, be
financed and managed by pro-
ducers, set tough targets with en-
forceable penalties, receive equi-
table contributions from all waste
producers with a transparent cost
allocation and provide for no incin-
eration of recyclable materials.
THE CASE FOR EXTENDED
PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY
FOR U.S. PACKAGING
NEWS NEWS
NEWS
SEND YOUR NEWS TO WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
e-mail: benm@pennwell.com
NEWS
1305wmw_5 5 5/30/13 10:02 AM
TAYLOR STREET BINS FOR WESTMINSTER
In a bid to improve public engage-
ment with waste and recycling,
Westminster City Council has de-
cided to roll out street recycling
bins from Droitwich, UK based bin
manufacturer, Taylor.
According to Taylor, almost
100 of its flagship Street container
units are currently being installed
at various points throughout the
borough, representing the largest
ever order for the model.
With the Street units, were
aiming to make recycling a more
attractive proposition by integrat-
ing waste containers into Westmin-
sters street scene, make recycling
more accessible for and appeal-
ing to those in flats and improve
the quality of public engagement
points with waste, said Phil Rob-
son, waste and recycling manager,
at Westminster City Council. Rob-
son went on to explain that 87% of
Westminsters 121,000 households
are flats. As a result, space for bins
is limited, and only 37% of people
have access to a car, meaning that
visiting the tip isnt a viable option
for the majority of the boroughs
residents.
Although a large part of our de-
cision is based on the aesthetic val-
ue of the units, it ultimately comes
down to whether a not there is
a strong business case for them,
continued Robson. We asked
ourselves is this a good use of the
publics money? and every time
our answer was yes, he concluded.
This is Taylors largest order for
Street Units since a trial in 2009.
MVV ENERGIE BEGINS CONSTRUCTION
OF WOOD WASTE CHP PLANT IN KENT
Construction is underway on Ger-
man energy company MVV Ener-
gies new waste wood fuelled com-
bined heat and power facility near
Sittingbourne in Kent.
The company said that the pro-
ject is being implemented by its
subsidiary company, MVV Environ-
ment Ridham, which is based at
Ridham Dock, an industrial port on
the river Swale.
According to MVV Energie the
140 million investment is its first
in a biomass based energy gen-
erate facility outside of Germany,
where it already operates three
such plants with a throughput of
370,000 tonnes of waste timber per
year.
With an annual capacity of
172,000 tonnes, the company ex-
plained that the new facility will
use old timber in categories B and
C (processed timber and timber
with slight to medium contamina-
tion) from the surrounding region.
To date, these categories of old
timber have largely been exported
to the continent.
MVV Environment is also cur-
rently in the process of construct-
ing a waste to energy plant in
Plymouth, which will process
around 245,000 tonnes of house-
hold waste from Plymouth, Devon
and Torbay.
RECYCLED PLASTIC RAIL TIES ORDER FOR AXION
New Jersey based recycled plastic
and plastic composite specialist,
Axion International Holdings, has
received a purchase order from
Edmonton Light Rail Transit for its
ECOTRAX specialty rail ties made
from 100% recycled plastic.
The company said that in man-
ufacturing ties for the order, which
will be used for road crossing appli-
cations where the transit lines rail
tracks intersect with roads, more
than 150,000 pounds (68,000 kg) of
plastic were diverted from landfill.
Axion added that in cold northern
climates the ties offer a number
of benefits and advantages over
wood ties, including being imper-
vious to water, rot and salt, as well
as offering environmental benefits
from recycling plastic waste.
IN BRIEF
Republic Opens Massive
Landfll in Texas
Arizona based Republic Ser-
vices has dedicated a massive
new 2037 acre landfll, as well
as a new transfer station, in
Texas.
The company claimed
that the La Gloria landfll will
meet the Rio Grande Valleys
waste disposal needs for the
next 100 years and replaces its
Rio Grande Valley Landfll in
Donna, Texas, that was flled to
capacity.
Republic added that
construction at the new facility,
which features clay and plastic
liners, a leachate collection
and management system, a
storm water drainage system
and a groundwater monitoring
system, took one year.
The La Feria transfer
station, located in La Feria,
Texas, is a 14,000 square foot
(1300 square metre) facility
which Republic said also will
serve the Rio Grande Valley.
Waste from the station will be
transported to the La Gloria
landfll.
New Cat Landfll Compactor
Caterpillar has launched its 56
tonne 836K Landfll Compac-
tor, the latest update to the
836 series which has proved
popular with landfll operators
for nearly 20 years.
According to the company
the 419 kW machine ofers
improved fuel consumption
thanks to its lock up torque
converter, which also transfers
more power to the ground,
as well as its automatic
engine and electrical system
shutdown.
The company added
that the 836K also cuts fuel
consumption by achieving
greater momentum on grades
and carrying that through the
shift points with the new APEC
transmission control.
LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR DUTCH WASTE GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
Dutch industrial technology pro-
vider, Royal Dahlman, has signed a
license agreement with Dutch en-
ergy institute, ECN to use its MILE-
NA waste gasification technology.
According to Dahlman, under the
agreement it will now use the
technology to develop a number
of waste to energy gasification
projects in various countries. The
company said that the MILENA
technology can process a wide
range of wastes into gas for elec-
tricity generation, grid injection or
for processing into transport fuels.
1305wmw_6 6 5/30/13 10:02 AM
10 Hybrids at Large
Reno Norden AS has taken delivery of a new feet of Refuse
Collection Vehicles to operate the Slagelse waste contract in
Denmark - and they are all e-PTO Hybrids. Is this a frst?
15 Waste Goes Large at Worlds
Biggest Trade Fair
Is reduced demand from the construction sector a good thing
for waste and recycling operators?
19 Cleaning up in Developing Markets
Faun is increasing production of the Sympajet product
line aimed at emerging economies.
23 Service with a Smile
Dutch manufacturer VSA is looking for partners to
compete globally, while retaining personal service levels.
27 Collection in Post-Soviet Stans
Waste collection in the former fve Stans of the USSR
ofers big potential for investors if done right.
GOING ONE HUNDRED
PERCENT HYBRID!
COLLECTION &
TRANSPORT
1305wmw_7 7 5/30/13 10:02 AM
FROM THE EDITOR SPECIAL COMMENT
WHERE DO WE GO
FROM HERE?
W
elcome to the 2013 WMW collection
and transport special edition. Every
year, for me, this is both an exciting and
challenging time. What stories to select
and which ones to hold over?
The interesting factor is, were never short of
ideas and even in these difficult financial times,
its encouraging to note that the designers and
manufacturers our industry relies on to deliver the
goods are still introducing new more efficient - or
more environmentally friendly vehicles, plant and
equipment.
But if you think that the biggest and best new
ideas automatically come from the biggest and most
powerful multi-national corporateswell, youd be
wrong.
While recent mergers and take-overs seem to
be following the automotive sector, I hope this
special edition helps underline the fact that progress
and innovation often tend to come from the little
guys - smaller specialist companies, family-owned
manufacturers and yes, even the brains of a single
hard working visionary.
Can such organisations deliver in an increasingly
corporate world? From a journalistic standpoint, yes, I
hope so. Because if nothing else, there are few things
more satisfying than giving one persons passion
some global coverage.
But from an engineering and design viewpoint,
I would ask, why not? For the first time in over 100
years, advances in machine tooling and product
design dont rule out limited production.
And from your point of view - as an operator?
Thats the tough one. Can the fast-thinking, agile
little guys better meet your needs? Or is biggest still
best? You tell me. But as this special edition hopefully
illustrates, our industry is not short of innovative
ideas.
And I guess thats the most important thing.
Malcolm Bates
Plant, collection and transport correspondent
Malcolm Bates, WMW plant, collection and transport correspondent
1305wmw_8 8 5/30/13 10:02 AM
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A machine designed to
keep on top of your waste.
1305wmw_9 9 5/30/13 10:02 AM
Many cities intend to put
a hybrid refuse collection
vehicle into trial service
over the next few months
- some already have. But
an entire hybrid fleet?
Waste contractor Reno
Norden went 100%
hybrid on a contract in
Denmark in May. WMWs
collection and transport
correspondent went to
take a look, then rushed
back with the story.
By Malcolm Bates
G
etting a good deal. We may all
aspire to it. But something for
nothing? How can that be?
However attractive it sounds, that
well-known saying, If a deal looks too good to
be true, it probably is, comes to mind. So which
is it, here?
Let me explain. Two years ago, Waste
Management World magazine carried an article
describing a new universal battery electric
power takeoff system that was designed to
be fitted onto any make or type of diesel - or
natural gas-fuelled - refuse collection vehicle
(RCV). The design enabled the compaction and
binlifter operations to take place, without the
main truck engine running.
At that time, there were a number of
interesting - and it could be said, controversial
- aspects to this story. Firstly - and well worth
noting - Rasmus Banke, the Danish engineer
and driving force behind the project, had taken
inspiration from an earlier WMW report arguing
the advantages of what are now known as
Environmental House Points. Normally in a
commercial contracting environment, the
organisation quoting the lowest price gets
the contract. Environmental House Points is a
contractual adjustment mechanism to enable
those wishing to operate more environmentally
friendly vehicles (for which read more expensive
to purchase) to compete. Even though the
actual contract price is likely to be higher.
Obviously, a quieter diesel/electric hybrid
RCV has environmental advantages for local
residents, or when collecting waste containers
from large corporate offices, schools or hospitals.
Hybrids can also have operational advantages
too - such as less danger of hydraulic oil
contamination, reduced stress to the crew - and
as a result, reduced absenteeism and greater
productivity. But the big bonus is what you
dont get - a saving of up to 20 tonnes less per
truck, per annum, in CO
2
emissions and up to
two litres of diesel per tonne of waste material
SOMETHING
FOR NOTHING
The quieter, battery powered
compaction and bin lifter systems
on the new Reno Norden RCVs are
going down well with the residents
of Slagelse, Denmark
HYBRID RCVS COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
1305wmw_10 10 5/30/13 10:02 AM
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1305wmw_11 11 5/30/13 10:02 AM
compacted compared to an RCV with a truck
engine-driven PTO.
CAN HYBRIDS MAKE IT IN THE
REAL WORLD?
The downside? Well, its obvious isnt it? As
with organic food, a diesel/electric hybrid RCV
is going to cost more than the basic standard
unit. How much more? Well, that depends.
Individually assembled hybrids - especially
those with enough battery capacity to drive the
whole truck without the engine running - are
likely to cost more than double the price of a
conventional RCV.
But even a battery pack with what is termed
an e-PTO just to power the compaction and
bin lifter systems (a simple hybrid, if you like)
is going to add another 50% to the cost of
the whole vehicle. Plus we also need to take
into account the thing that no manufacturer
of electric cars, solar energy, or any of the
alternative energy source ever likes to mention -
the depreciation is going to be 100%. There is no
resale market for old hybrids. Just scrap value.
So, from a commercial perspective, things
dont look too good for hybrids, then? Surely,
in difficult times for the global economy,
spending more than is absolutely necessary
is irresponsible? And from an operations
perspective? Added complexity - and therefore
a greater chance of downtime. Added unladen
weight and thus a reduced payload. You might
be thinking the whole concept is not worth
investigating, further.
SAVING THE PLANET - FOR FREE
But do you know something? Youd be wrong.
Not once, but as I hope to explain, twice
over. Figures collected by Banke Accessory
Drives, since the companys innovative bolt-
on hybrid battery pack system first went into
operation with Danish contractor Meldegaard
in early 2012, suggest that when compared to
a basic 26 tonne gross weight RCV fitted with
a conventional engine-driven PTO, a diesel/
electric hybrid RCV using a 50 kW Banke e-PTO,
will save on average twenty of litres of diesel
fuel per day.
Waste contractor Reno Norden has recently put eleven new Mercedes Econic-based e-PTO- equipped RCVs into service with Faun Selectapress-Duo split
body/hoppers and Zoeller binlifters - making it the frst operator to go one hundred percent hybrid
Thorborn Rosskilde, regional director at Reno
Norden in Denmark The lithium-Ion battery packs are charged overnight, but can last for up to 2500 lifts
1305wmw_12 12 5/30/13 10:02 AM
And although this actual saving will vary in different global markets, the reduction in carbon
footprint could also result in a significant reduction in operational taxes. Which, as Rasmus Banke
himself explains: Based on the operational life of a typical refuse collection vehicle of say seven
years, the fuel savings alone would payback the cost of the e-PTO system installation.
As you might expect, it isnt quite as simple as that. For start, the 560-700 volt DC lithium-ion
battery pack and control system module for the
Banke e-PTO have to be fitted between the truck cab and the front bulkhead of the compaction
body. This either means a marginally longer wheelbase, or a shorter body. Both of which have a cost.
This concern has been addressed by Banke, initially by building the whole
pack into a frame that can be easily bolted/unbolted to the truck chassis.
But as of next month a new generation pack will be launched which
reduces the thickness (length) of the unit down to a slim 36cm. It is now
also less than two metres wide - enabling it to fit onto more compact
narrow track truck chassis for the first time. This will make installation
easier on three axle 26 tonne gross weight RCVs, but will now also make it
practical to install an e-PTO onto an 18 tonne gross weight two axle truck
for the first time, Rasmus Banke explains. We are really excited about that.
MORE APPLICATIONS
Remember the old jibe? That hybrids tend to deliver less for more? Thats
less garbage, at a greater cost. The latest generation units weigh 840 kg,
yet are now capable of powering the whole compaction system and
binlifters for up to two working shifts, or 2500 bin lifts. We are developing
an even smaller pack designed for food waste collection vehicles and at
the same time, we are also developing an e-PTO to suit the requirements
of sideloaders and crane-equipped trucks used to collect underground
recycling containers and glass and bottle banks, Banke adds.
There is, however, still a mountain to climb for potential operators of
hybrid RCVs - especially those away from the global gateway city tourist
destinations. Even if fuel savings over the operational life of the vehicle
really do pay back the installation costs, the extra money still has to be
found upfront, doesnt it? What if that isnt possible?
Towns and cities that might benefit most from clean technology (like
those in old industrial centres or the developing economies) could be
the last to benefit from it. Solving this issue has become something of a
passion, Banke explains.
While the leasing of battery packs is one solution, it has to be accepted
that a whole new fleet of refuse collection trucks represents a major
investment, but I think we have found an innovative solution, he adds.
A RECYCLED GARBAGE TRUCK!
Part of the problem has been that each city or
municipality quite naturally wants to gather
and evaluate its own operational data and
determine exactly what the savings might be.
The only way to do that is with a full
operational trial - which in some cases might
involve putting a hybrid into each inner and outer
zone and looking at performance and reliability
over one or more years. This is clearly beyond the
scope of a free trial using a manufacturers own
demonstration vehicle.
The solution? One of the big advantages
of the Banke e-PTO system is that everything
is contained on an easily removable subframe,
Current model Banke e-PTO is compact
and easy to mount between truck cab and
compaction body
But the latest new generation system is
even smaller at just 36cm and less than
two metres wide

Bio
www.banke.pro
5witch ch the
engineI
Its certainly OK to use a diesel or gas-engine to
move a garbage truck forward.
Its certainly NOT OK to use the same noisy and
polluting engine to lift bins and compact garbage.
Why? Its not necessary.
Use a battery electric hybrid solution from Banke
its benefts are well proven!
- For Ihe sake oI healIh, saIeIy and Ihe
envIronmenI
The big bonus is what you
dont get - a saving of up to
20 tonnes less per truck, per
annum, in CO2 emissions
and up to two litres of
diesel per tonne of waste
material compacted
1305wmw_13 13 5/30/13 10:02 AM
explains Christel Kniep, marketing director
at Banke Accessory Drives. While this was
originally designed to facilitate quick
turnaround should the battery pack need
replacing in service, it also makes it suitable for
retrofitting onto an existing RCV, she says.
We are currently talking with a number
of body/hopper manufacturers in different
global markets - and even garbage truck rental
companies - to see if this capability will enable
them to introduce a new hybrid unit based on
an existing, but fully refurbished RCV, she adds.
Why? Initial figures suggest a four (or
possibly five) year old RCV could be extensively
refurbished, the space created for a new e-PTO
battery pack and module, followed by a repaint,
could be achieved for around the same cost
as a standard new RCV with a conventional
hydraulic PTO. In other words, the rental - or
contract hire - costs would effectively be the
same. A refurbished vehicle fitted with a new
Banke e-PTO could be expected to operate
for at least another three years, if not more. So,
Something for Nothing a second time, then?
DENMARK - IN THE REAL
WORLD
But does the Banke e-PTO work in the real
world? Judging from the time I just spent
with units working for waste contractor, Reno
Norden in the Slagelse region of Denmark, yes.
This innovative operator, convinced of both the
environmental advantages to the commune
(the local municipality) and real fuel savings over
the life of an RCV, has recently taken a leap of
faith by ordering not just one pilot unit, but an
entire fleet of eleven Mercedes Econic 2629 6x2
rear steer RCV chassis with two compartment
Faun Selectapress - Duo split compaction
hopper/bodies (of 17.5 cubic metres capacity)
and Zoeller binlifters.
Yes, you read it correctly - every waste and
recycling collection truck (except an older unit
kept as a spare) - in the Reno Norden fleet
serving a population of 77,500 is powered by
a Banke e-PTO system. This brings the total
number of Banke-equipped hybrids currently in
service (in Germany, Switzerland, Holland and
Denmark) to over 50 units.
But were pretty sure we have the largest
fleet of hybrid RCVs in Europe, explains Thorborn
Rosenkilde, regional director for Reno Norden.
Aside from the diesel engine being used to
power the truck between
each lift all the collection operations can be
done electrically without the main truck engine
running. On the new Reno Norden units, even
the split hoppers can be raised for cleaning and
servicing without the truck engine running - a
major crew safety feature that also helps save on
more CO
2
emissions!
Its still early days, but as manager for the
Slagelse contract, Thomas Hansen, says: The
new hybrids have gone down really well with
the drivers and crews, before suggesting we
meet up with one of the new trucks out on the
collection round, so I could get some action
pictures.
It seems the crew are no strangers to the
call of action! - the day before my visit, theyd
featured on Danish TV news!
And what does Thomas know? With twenty
years experience, hes the trouble shooter at
Reno Norden. A tough job. But do you know
the thing he hasnt had to deal with since the
company took over this new contract with a
fleet of brand new hybridRCVs?
Malcolm Bates is collection and transport
correspondent for WMW magazine.
email:
malcolm@automotivespecialists.co.uk
This article is on-line.
Please visit www.waste-management-world.com
In addition to making fuel savings and reducing noise in residential areas, the e-PTO hybrid system reduces stress on crews. Silent operation
(without truck engine running) is an added safety feature
It has to be accepted
that a whole new fleet
of refuse collection
trucks represents a
major investment, but I
think we have found an
innovative solution
1305wmw_14 14 5/30/13 10:02 AM
BAUMA GETS
INTO WASTE
BIG
TIME
The Case display featured three wheeled loaders confgured for waste handling including
this 821F XR complete with a high tip waste material bucket.
BAUMA REVIEW COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
15 MAYJUNE 2013 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
1305wmw_15 15 5/30/13 10:11 AM
H
eld every three years, Bauma -
the construction machinery
exhibition in Munich, Germany -
seems to get larger each time.
Now filling all the sixteen exhibition halls and
all the surrounding outside space at the Munich
International Trade Fair Centre, the 2013 event
in March saw 3420 exhibitors from 57 countries
showing off their products.
As ever, new product launches were the
order of the day and these helped to attract
530,000 visitors from 200 countries. This record
attendance cemented the shows position as
not only the biggest construction equipment
exhibition, but also the worlds largest trade fair.
Following tradition, Liebherr had the largest
stand at the show and among its many exhibits
were new machines specifically designed for
materials handling. Having a world premiere at
the show was the LH50M Material Handler a
wheeled machine that weighs-in at between
42.6 and 44.0 tonnes.
Powered by a 140kW (190hp) four cylinder
Liebherr Tier 4i / Stage IIIB emissions compliant
engine, the elevating cab LH50M replaces the
popular A934C HD machine. The newcomer
was shown equipped with a 9.6m industrial
gooseneck boom and a 7.5m industrial dipper.
It can be used with 0.8m3 - 1.1 m
3
multi-tine
grapples for scrap metal handling or 1.3 m
3
- 2.0
m
3
clamshell grabs for moving bulk materials.
As standard the LH50M comes with ERC
(energy recovery system). Designed to cut fuel
consumption, this utilises a third boom cylinder
to recuperate energy that would otherwise be
lost.
Liebherr also exhibited its new 30 tonne
class LH30M wheeled materials handler which
supersedes the former A924C. The company
also displayed an example of the new industrial
high-lift arms that can be fitted to its L514 to
L580 wheel loaders.
GOING GREEN
Another hard-to-miss outside exhibitor was
Sennebogen with all its machines in corporate
bright green with a stand structure painted to
match. The big new 875E tracked port materials
handler provided an impressive entrance to
this stand where more new machines were on
display.
Of particular interest for recycling and
sorting work was the new E-series update of
Sennebogens 24 tonne class 821 materials
handler. Offering a maximum lifting height of
12m, this machine is powered by a Tier 4i /
Stage IIIB emissions compliant Cummins engine
rated at 97kW (130hp). This machine features
Sennebogens maXcab elevating cab and can
be supplied on wheels or tracks. As an option,
the 821E can also be powered by an electric
motor like the 835 E Electro, also on display.
Adding to the colour mix of materials
handlers at Bauma were blue-liveried Terex
Fuchs machines. Several models were prominent
on the stand of German dealer Kiesel (including
a 95 tonne RHL880D XL-Trac with a tubular
column between its tracked undercarriage and
slew ring). However, the machine generating
particular attention was the MHL 350E Blue
Hybrid, which was revealed on the main Terex
stand.
The prototype Blue Hybrid incorporates a
160kW (214hp) Deutz TCD6.1L6 diesel engine,
which is Tier 4i / Stage IIIB emissions compliant,
together with an integrated motor generator
and an electric swing drive. The kinetic
energy generated every time the rotating
superstructure of this Hybrid material handler
slows down is converted into electricity by the
electric swing motor working as a generator.
This electricity passes into a capacitor until it
is needed to power the swing motion or other
parts of the machines electrical system. It has a
16m reach to its stick tip and it features an all
new hydraulic system. The prototype is now
undergoing extensive tests and Terex said that it
should be on sale next year.
HYBRIDS ARE HOT
Fuel-saving hybrid excavators are a hot topic at
present. Komatsu has now been selling its 21.2
tonne HB215LC-1 Hybrid with its electric swing
drive and ultra capacitor for some years now
but at Bauma, Caterpillar launched its 36 tonne
336E H hydraulic hybrid with the promise of
other sizes to follow in the future.
Hitachi has developed an electric hybrid
tracked excavator and its 20 tonne class tracked
ZH200 Hybrid was seen in action in Munich. And
Liebherr used Bauma 2013 to reveal a prototype
Some significant new products to assist with waste handling and recycling were
announced at the recent Bauma exhibition in Munich. WMW reports from the
worlds largest machinery and equipment trade fair.
By Nick Johnson
A big talking point at Bauma was this prototype Terex Fuchs MHL 350E Blue Hybrid material handler
with integrated motor generator and an electric swing drive
1305wmw_16 16 5/30/13 10:11 AM
40 tonne tracked excavator which features a
160kW (218hp) diesel engine combined with
hydraulic and electrical storage devices.
Atlas Maschinen GmbH is another
prominent manufacturer of material handlers
for the scrap metal and recycling industries,
and at Bauma it showed off its new 23 - 25
tonne 250MH with a maximum reach of
between 10.25m and 12.65m. Powered by a
116kW (158hp) Cummins QSB 6.7 engine, the
machine on show was fitted with a 2.0m tubular
extension between the wheeled chassis and
slewing ring in order to increase working height.
The range of Atlas materials handlers includes
the 40 - 41 tonne 400MH and the 53-57 tonne
520MH that have maximum reaches of up to
18.1m and 21.9m respectively.
Among the machines being highlighted
by JCB at Bauma were two produced specially
for the waste and recycling industry. This British
manufacturer was promoting the versatility of
its improved 4CX Wastemaster backhoe loader
as Malcolm Bates has already described in a
previous issue of WMW.
The company also exhibited its first
dedicated wheeled material handler for the
waste and recycling industry at this years Bauma.
Now in full production after an extended period
of testing and customer evaluations, the 20
tonne JS20MH is powered by the 93kW (125hp)
Atlas used Bauma to display its new 23-25 tonne
250MH material handler
Amongst all the many machines on the large Liebherr stand at Bauma was this LH50M material
handler that was getting its world premiere
1305wmw_17 17 5/30/13 10:12 AM
JCB Ecomax engine. The wheeled machine has
an elevating cab and a 5.7m straight boom. It
can be fitted with either a 4.0m goose neck
dipper for maximum reach or a 3.6m material
handling dipper to maximise attachment
functionality.
CHIPPING & SHREDDING
While the majority of machines at Bauma are
shown as static exhibits, there are some notable
exceptions like the new ChipMax 484VT tracked
chipper which drew a big crowd. Shown for the
first time in Europe, this machine is described by
its maker, CBI Continental Biomass Industries
of America as an extreme-duty biomass
production workhorse.
The chipper is powered by a 570kW (765hp)
Cat C-18 engine and can be fitted with either
a 2-knife or 4-knife chipping rotor to produce
either fuel chips (19-30mm) or micro chips
(3-12mm). Weighing in between 25.2 and 28.4
tonnes, the ChipMax 484VT has a 2.44m long by
1.23m wide feed conveyor as standard to allow
it to process up to 100 tonnes per hour.
Nearby was the impressive new Thor 1721K
which carried signs proclaiming it to be The
worlds largest hammermill shredder. Designed
and made by the ZB Group in Spain, this large
machine can shred European sized cars at the
rate of one a minute!
According to ZB Group managing director,
Xabier Pernas there will be a considerable market
for this type of large hammermill shredder.
Indeed the company is so confident that it is
already developing a bigger Thor 2121K which
will be large enough to shred an American car.
TARGETING THE WASTE
INDUSTRY
This years event saw a number of traditional
construction equipment manufacturers
showing off wheel loaders which have been
specially configured for handling waste. New
Holland exhibited its aptly named W170C
Recycler complete with a 4.0m
3
capacity high-
tip bucket and an enhanced cooling package.
The W170C is powered by a 145kW (195hp) FPT
engine that uses a Selective Catalytic Reduction
(SCR) after-treatment solution with AdBlue to
achieve Tier 4i / Stage IIIB emissions compliance.
This arrangement does not require Diesel
Particulate Filter (DPF) so that no fuel is used
to burn Particulate Matter and by operating at
lower temperatures that is less risk of igniting
waste material.
Case Construction showed a trio of wheel
loaders configured for waste handling. The
smallest was a 128kW (172hp) 621F fitted with
a 3.0 m
3
industrial bucket with grapple and
there was a 133kW (179hp) 721F XT parallel lift
wheel loader with a 2490mm wide 2m
3
capacity
Leonardi Benne bucket. Also on the Case stand
was a 157kW (211hp) 821F XR wheel loader
configured for handling waste materials with a
high tip bucket and a BM Air cooling box.
Nick Johnson is a freelance contributor for
WMW magazine.
This article is available online.
www.waste-management-world.com
CONTACT LIST
Liebherr: www.liebherr.com
Sennebogen: www.sennebogen.de
Terex Fuchs: www.terex-fuchs.com
Atlas Maschinen:
www.atlasgmbh.com
JCB: www.jcb.com
CBI: www.cbi-inc.com
ZB Group: www.zbgroup.es
New Holland: www.newholland.com
Case Construction: www.casece.com
MB: www.mbcrushers.com
Allu: www.allu.net
Caterpillar: www.cat.com
ZB Groups new Thor 1721K is claimsed to be the
worlds largest hammermill shredder - able to
shred one European sized car every minute
New Hollands W170C Recycler incorporates a
heavy duty BM Air cooling box and wide core,
non-overlapping radiators
The latest attachments from MB SpA in Italy are
the MB-C50 crusher bucket (left) and the MB-
S10 screening bucket both can be ftted onto 4
to 8 tonne excavators
The new CB ChipMax 484VT tracked chipper
was shown in action using a Terex Fuchs
MHL335 material handler for loading some
pretty hefty logs
The array of green machines on the Sennebogen stand included this new 24 tonne class 821E
materials handler complete with the maXcab elevating cab
1305wmw_18 18 5/30/13 10:12 AM
Faun is widely recognised
as a market-leading
manufacturer of Refuse
Collection Vehicles.
But the companys once
often overlooked Viatec
vacuum sweeper division
has now become a star
performer in its own right.
And products keep on
getting better.
By Malcolm Bates
M
any years ago, I visited the
original Faun Umwelttechnik
production facility in the town
of Grimma - previously part of
East Germany (the DDR). Upon unification, many
successful West German organisations were
encouraged to relocate part of their operation
there in order to provide employment for those
displaced by obsolete DDR State-run industries.
Expecting an awkward mix of uncertainty
over the future, hampered by a crumbling
infrastructure, I was welcomed to the facility by
Helmut Schmeh, the managing director of Viatec
sweeper production. Instead of uncertainty, I
found enthusiasm. And while it has to be said,
the infrastructure in this part of Germany was
then still stuck in a timewarp, vacuum sweeper
production had already grown to a point where
Faun and Schmidt-branded vacuum sweepers
were winning an increasing share of the truck-
mounted market from the competition. In fact,
production had grown so much, the plant was
overflowing.
As I was about to leave, Schmeh asked if
I would like to see the new production hall?
A short drive - still within the former State
Enterprise site - brought us to a formidable
concrete structure bristling with heavy overhead
cranes, and by all accounts, a bombproof shelter
in the basement for over 1000 people.
As Schmeh flung open the doors to the
still empty building, I remember remarking
that, never mind truck-mounted sweepers,
there was enough space in which to set up a
STAR
QUALITY
Three new Faun truck-mounted vacuum sweepers await
delivery outside the impressive plant in Grimma, Germany.
When completed, a new production system with grouped
specialist work stations will help to double production
FAUN COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
1305wmw_19 19 5/30/13 10:12 AM
military production line for battle tanks - a task
for which the building may well have been
originally designed! It was vast. And next door
was another shop the same size. Are you sure
this place is going to be big enough? I asked
him, ironically.
DOUBLING OUTPUT
A decade on, the laugh is on me. Im standing in
the same spot, with the same man. True, were
both a bit older, but Schmeh still has the same
boyish enthusiasm for truck-mounted vacuum
sweepers that he displayed when we first met.
He is also still treated with much respect by his
team. And it shows. So?
Well, this is actually the second visit since
the Faun Viatec division moved into its spacious
new home. Initially, just like any family that
had moved from an overcrowded apartment
to a spacious new home in the suburbs, every
department grabbed itself some welcome extra
space. So Ive come all the way to Grimma just
to see a busy production plant? No. Ive come all
the way to Grimma to look at production of the
Sympajet sweeper kits for shipment to overseas
export markets (and for local chassis mounting),
test drive the new Volkwagen-auxiliary-engined
Viatec truck-mounts and maybe find out what
you can expect to see over the next 12 months
from Schmeh and his talented design team.
Yes, things are quite busy, he responds
calmly to my Oh my word, the place is
crammed! exclamation. To improve efficiency
we are about to reorganise our production. This
should enable us to double output.
Double production output, I write in my
notebook, and underline it, to remind myself
that I dont get to write that in magazine
articles very often - at least not since the start
of the global banking crisis. This equates to
a production target of around 800 units per
annum.
DESIGN FEATURES REDUCE
DOWNTIME
As we tour the shops and look at fabrication
and sub-assembly build stations, my pen and
notebook remain busy: increased use of solid
hydraulic pipe runs (although more expensive,
theyre better), rather than using flexible
hoses that might fail; new facility to build-up
auxiliary engine and new cushioned fan drive
sub-assemblies, using John Deere 4045 HF285
(86kW) diesel engines on larger machines, or the
new 55kW output Volkswagen Umwelt diesel
on the smaller capacity truck-mounted Viajets;
all electrics mounted on easily-changed panel
boards.
Then I make a big star sign to remind myself
that the automotive-based VW Umwelt diesel
(to Euromot 3B spec) is so compact (compared
to the industrial engines used on competitive
machines) that Faun is able to fit an extra water
tank between the sweeper hopper and the
truck cab. This, Im told, helps reduce in-cab
noise and drive-bynoise levels. Investigate that
further, I write. Hang-on, Ive drawn a couple
more stars.
Ah, right - this one is to remind me to tell
you that Faun is still one of only two global
vacuum sweeper manufacturers that, aside from
using an auxiliary (donkey) engine to power
the fan and sweep systems, also gives potential
customers two other options - full hydrostatic
drive, or a single-engined Eco-drive system
that uses a PTO from the truck engine. This
means Faun doesnt have any hidden agenda
in recommending one system over another - all
three are standard production options.
JUST ADD WATER
And this next star? Obviously having a range
of basic body/hopper units in capacities from
4 to 12 cubic metres, suitable for mounting on
a wide range of truck chassis in use throughout
the main global markets is, in itself a formidable
logistical challenge. So it just wouldnt make
sense to make the whole job more difficult
by having a different body/hopper design for
each of the three sweep system drive options,
would it?
Using a modular design approach, Faun
makes the most of each different configuration
by mounting the water tanks (they are of
durable plastics construction) for the street
wash spraybar (and any high pressure system)
directly onto the truck chassis (or rather on a
sub-frame) rather than trying to build them into
the actual tipping body/hopper unit.
That way, we can optimise the space
available within the trucks wheelbase, Schmeh
explains. This is increasingly important not only
in Europe where water supplies have been
privatised, but in other global markets where
there are high dust levels, or a shortage of water
hydrants, he adds. Up to 2700 litres of water
can be accommodated on a standard two-axle
machine.
Ready to go. A Mercedes-based Viajet unit
is ready to sweep downtown Grimma in the
hands of our correspondent Malcolm Bates
The reduced noise from the newly-available
VW auxiliary engine is impressive, the compact
size also allows more space for water tanks
A clean sweep? Faun air circulation system
helps break up debris, while reducing dust
emissions by up to 50%
Malcolm Bates concentrating on the job - like
remembering which side of the street to sweep!
Bates confrms the new control panel on
Viajet highway sweepers is a big improvement
1305wmw_20 20 5/30/13 10:12 AM
ALL SEASONS COVER
But what about in specialised industrial and
commercial applications, like airports? Faun is
also gaining market share in these sectors, too.
In such applications, the prime objective is to
keep the sweeper in an on-station status for
as much of the shift as possible, the managing
director continues.
I make another star in my notebook -
Explain how Faun has won an increasing share
of industrial and commercial sweeper business
by including tunnel cleaning attachments,
hotwash options (the Aquatherm) and in the
roadmaking blacktop sectors by offering
custom-built scrubber/drier/hot wash options
with extra heavy duty rear pick-up units, I note.
Also mention matched all-seasons
packages on specialist 4x4 and 6x6 chassis to
cover highway/airport runway sweeping and
de-icing/snow clearance in winter (the Terrajet).
Theres a problem - Im running short of pages
in my notebook.
Down on the new production line, I spot
that production of the high quality/no frills
Sympajet model range which is produced
as a skid-mounted vacuum sweeper kit for
chassis mounting overseas, is going well, now
Im wondering what to do next. Why dont you
take one of the latest Viajet machines out for a
test drive? Schmeh suggests. A great idea.
THE QUIET REVOLUTION
Ive got a six cubic metre capacity Viajet sweeper
mounted on a 15 tonne gross weight Mercedes
Benz Atego chassis. It is a typical municipal
Dual-branding. There is no corporate connection between Faun and Schmidt, the two product lines
are built side-by-side
1305wmw_21 21 5/30/13 10:12 AM
sweeper that might be used to sweep the main
streets in any town, or city.
Im well into my first few hundred metres of
sweeping before I realise something is missing.
Noise. I stop to take a closer look at the recently-
redesigned sweep systems control panel (its
simpler, but not too high tech). Is the suction
fan running?
I open the cab window to double check.
Its ok, the Volkswagen auxiliary engine and
fan/sweep systems are engaged and running,
but with the radio on I couldnt hear them over
the (by no-way loud) sound of the trucks own
engine. And if that sounds like an unlikely story,
let me explain:
Id been working as instructed - keeping the
engine revs of the VW engine auxiliary down
to just over 2000 rpm. Not only was operational
noise low, but those water tanks acted as a
further shield.
DUST REDUCTION SOLUTION
Having given Bahnhoffstrasse a good sweep, it
was time for more notes.
Volkswagen auxiliary engine works really
well and seems unstressed, I write. Its also
worth mentioning that the Faun Air Circulation
System (this draws exhausted air from the body/
hopper unit and directs it back down to the
kerb brushes) helps to dislodge matted debris.
Being warm, the air helps prevent ice build-up
in cold weather - but most importantly reduces
dust emissions by up to 50%. Seriously, dust
inhalation is a major threat to human health,
so any reduction is worth noting - but a 55%
reduction in PM10 particles? This is significant.
CONCLUSION
So who is the star in this story? Schmeh can
certainly claim credit for giving this once
forgotten division of Faun, star status. He could,
but hes far too modest - insisting the credit
goes to his enthusiastic team. It could be the
main board of directors at Kirchhoff Gruppe
for giving Schmeh (and his team) the time and
resources to grow the business and consistently
improve the products.
It could be the impressive product
range, offering capacities from 4 to 12 cubic
metres, three sweep system drive options and
increasingly, specifications matched to widely-
differing operating conditions to be found from
Russia to the Pacific Rim that has made the
difference. Its all of those things.
But much of the credit could also go to
Herr Lange - Fauns next door neighbour at
the Grimma facility. Lange is an independent
automotive bodyshop that aside from restoring
classic and prestige automobiles, has the
contract to prepare and paint all the vacuum
sweepers built next door.
When production is completed, they pass
through a sealed doorway between the two
facilities, without being taken outside. The end
result is a paint finish that is of..... Well, Im sorry
to keep using that word, but its of Star Quality.
email:
malcolm@automotivespecialists.co.uk
This article is online:
FAUN & SCHMIDT
BRANDED SWEEPERS
This dual branding partnership
between two corporately independent
companies is also a continuing success
story. Between them, Faun and Schmidt
have built a commanding lead in the
German domestic sweeper market, while
increasing market share in many other
European markets. To coincide with
increased production capacity, both
organisations are now looking for new
global partners and agents - especially
in the developing economies.
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1305wmw_22 22 5/30/13 10:12 AM
What is the future
for manufacturing
in our sector? Ever
larger international
corporations with global
reach? New sources of
supply located where
labour is still plentiful
and cheap, maybe?
But as one company
in the Netherlands is
demonstrating, there
could be a Third Way
the VSA way.
By Malcolm Bates
J
ust how should waste be collected in
what media commentators love to call
the global village, in the years ahead?
Some suggest that the manufacturing
sector has already changed dramatically -
following take-overs and consolidation.
The final act, where on the one hand
production has evolved from small, often
family owned businesses, in personal contact
with their customer base, to national - and
then international corporations. Or, on the
other hand? Cheap products assembled in the
emerging economies. People say there is no
going back to the good old days where design
and engineering craftsmanship came before
profit and share dividend. Or is there?
Should we automatically assume biggest
is always best? To see the other side of the
argument, Ive come to a little town on the
banks of the River Maas that divides Holland
from Germany. You may have heard of the
City of Maastricht - of EU Maastricht Treaty
fame - but Im confident youll not have heard
of Maasbracht before. Unless you actually live
there, maybe.
Why am I here? Ive been hearing positive
reports about a small, family-owned business
based in Maasbracht. Ive been planning a visit
for some while. But now Im here, it seems my
timing is spot-on. I have an appointment with
Raymond van Schijndel, managing director of
van Schijndel Hydrauliek Afvaltransport (VSA)
and marketing manager Edwin de Wit.
To put the business into perspective, we
first need to underline the obvious - Holland is
not a large country. Secondly, it is also home to
three other manufacturers of refuse collection
vehicles - Geesink Norba (now fighting back
having been acquired by venture capital group,
Multares), Translift, the specialist in demountable
sideloader/underground collection equipment
and Terberg, a respected manufacturer of waste
collection systems and binlifters.
Anything else? Well, The Netherlands is in the
European Union, which means manufacturers
from every other EU state - and even those
not actually in Europe (such as Turkey) - can
compete on equal terms with home market
manufacturers without having to meet the
same environmental demands, or labour costs.
THINKING
GLOBAL:
ACTING LOCAL
Raymond van Schijndel (left) and Edwin de Wit outside the parts
reception entrance at VSA headquarters in Maasbracht, Holland,
together with a couple of new VSA-built units awaiting delivery
THINKING GLOBALLY COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
1305wmw_23 23 5/30/13 10:12 AM
CUSTOMER FIRST
So my first question to Raymond van Schijndel
was; why, in spite of overwhelming competition,
is the VSA brand is doing so well? And to give
him time to construct a suitably convincing
answer to my second question, I fire that at him
as well: as further growth in the Dutch market
is unlikely, how does he expect the VSA brand
to become strong enough to take on the big
corporate manufacturers in wider European
and indeed global markets, while continuing
with the family business approach on which the
companys reputation has been built, to date?
Either VSA has got to stay small. Or grow and
become more corporate? Surely Raymond van
Schijndel cant have it both ways?
Ill tell you why VSA is doing well, he
replies quickly. Although you are seeing VSA
as a producer of compaction-type refuse
collectors, in fact the company didnt start-out
as a manufacturer, he explained. My father Ben
(the founder of VSA) started as a supplier of
replacement parts for RCVs.
Indeed, Ben van Schijndel was the local
Geesink agent, but his attention to detail soon
resulted in operators of other brands coming
to him for help when they had vehicles off the
road, Raymond tells me. Soon, he was not only
being asked to supply parts on an all makes
basis - he was being asked to, firstly, repair and
recondition, then make brand new wear parts
such as hydraulic rams and packer plates. Its
Raymonds contention that his father made
the replacements better than the OE (original
equipment) to help ensure they didnt fail again.
Having built-up an extensive parts business and
a fleet of mobile service fitters, it wasnt long
before a workshop was erected to undertake
accident repairs and rebuilds on customers
vehicles. And as that business grew, it was only
a matter of time before a satisfied customer
suggested that perhaps van Schijndel might
consider building a complete new refuse
collector incorporating all his improvements?
After all, we had all the parts needed in our
stores, already! Raymond smiles.
THINKING BIG, BUT STAYING
IN-TOUCH
Within just twenty years, VSA has grown
dramatically - all be it systematically - from
regional parts supplier to a specialist
manufacturer with a product range that today
contains four specific product lines. Lets start
with the VSA-II range with compaction bodies
from 16 to 26 cubic metres capacity, suitable
for 18, 26 and 32 tonne gross weight truck
chassis. Customers can specify open back,
domestic or trade waste bin/container lifters
or, if required, heavy industrial waste skip winch
systems, or loader crane for recycling bells and/
or underground containers. But interestingly,
the parts supply business and customer service
repair and refurbishment elements remain a
major part of the business.
That would be enough for most
manufacturers. But things are only just starting
to get interesting. As far as Im aware, the
VSA-III Slide-on models are the only fully-
demountable rear loading compaction-type
refuse compaction units currently in production
that can continue to pack and empty waste
containers while demounted. Yes, there are
plenty of demountable stationary compactors.
And yes, there have been several demountable
systems designed to enable one collection truck
chassis to swap a fully-loaded body for an
empty one. But the Slide-on scores by being
compatible with a standard, readily-available
hooklift (roll-on-off ) truck chassis.
The unit can also be hooked-up to an
electro-hydraulic power pack enabling it to
be used in markets, or during large public
gatherings such as carnivals, or pop concerts,
where vehicle movements would be impossible.
And of course in such cases, a zero emissions
status is a welcome bonus.
The third product line? The VSA Economy
range of compaction bodies, specifically
designed to operate in the emerging economies
where extra tough climatic, or extreme operating
conditions such as invasive dust highways (or
lack of easily-accessible maintenance networks),
ensure most machines die young. This was no
speculative venture by VSA however - the initial
request came from a contractor with global
experience, following poor availability from
RCVs designed for easy European-style market
operations. So dont think economy as in cheap.
Think no frills, as in less to go wrong.
And the forth VSA product line? At last, we
get to the really interesting one - but lets get
Raymond van Schijndels answer to my earlier
question about size, and doing business on a
global basis first, shall we?
Dutch charity Bis-Bis uses an open-backed VSA
unit on a DAF chassis to compact waste furniture
VSA is one of the frst manufacturers to build a
body/hopper unit on the new Mercedes Antros
This recently delivered unit for Langezaal is
based on a Volvo chassis
While dramatic graphics on bodyside are a feature of this unit based on a
mid-lift 6x2 Mercedes Econic chassis for Reisswolf
SA claims to be only manufacturer to ofer a demountable body that, by
using an electrical supply, can compact while demounted
1305wmw_24 24 5/30/13 10:12 AM
LOOKING FOR GLOBAL
PARTNERS
At present, production rates are less than 500
units per annum, but when the newly-extended
fabrication shop and production line assembly
hall come on-stream shortly, production
capacity will double. Still no big deal? Does
Raymond van Schijndel seriously expect the
VSA brand to win new markets on a wider,
global basis?
Why not? is his answer. We have already
got a number of units in operation outside of
Holland and as far away as Africa. Remember,
VSA was founded on high levels of service.
Sticking to a promise when it came to delivering
a part, or rebuilding a customers vehicle. From
that foundation, the company has grown into a
successful manufacturer - again based on the
fact that when we make a promise, we stick to
it. What we are now looking for are partners and
agents who think the same way we do, he adds.
Why shouldnt that work?
There is only one promise that I cannot
make - and that a new VSA machine will have
the lowest purchase price on the market, he
smiles. But as we have units working after
eight or ten years that are still capable of being
refurbished for further work, Im confident we
can be one of the most cost-effective brands in
the long term, he adds.
CONCLUSION
Of course, every manufacturer would want its
customers to think it stands by its corporate
promises. But from what Ive seen during my
visit to VSA - the new fabrication shop, the
new assembly hall that will introduce a moving
production line build operation for the first time
(production is currently bay build) and the high
quality of finish to the end products - its clear
why Raymond van Schijndel wants to speed-up
production and increase efficiency by growing
and achieving greater economies of scale,
while staying small enough to react quickly to
customer demands. Can that be done? When
working with like-minded partners in markets
where whole life cost are the key factors, I think
the answer is yes, it can.
Do you know something? Thinking big,
while staying small and in-touch could catch on
in our industry. This philosophy has already been
adopted by Banke Accessory Drives in Denmark.
The new Banke RCV hybrid drive system has
been designed for all makes utilisation and it
also fits the notion of recycling being part of a
wider, caring society in a global village where, in
spite of their glossy public relations campaigns,
we know the large multi-national corporates
doesnt tend to put the environment - or the
little guy - ahead of a profit.
But while Im still thinking small is beautiful,
an impressively large 26 tonne gross three axle
unit caught my attention. Im looking at one
of the first batch of VSA-II ACB500/ACB1100
Secure Archive Collection units designed for
the collection of commercially sensitive or
top secret official documents. A secret service
garbage truck? Yes, really!
It was designed and built by VSA to meet
precise operational demands - key of which
is that the driver and loading operatives have
no way of touching or seeing what is being
collected for disposal. To ensure that, the
containers remain locked until automatically
opened within the sealed confines of the rear
loading hopper. The Secure Archive Collection
Vehicles form the forth product line from VSA,
then.
But already there are plans for a new
smooth compaction body system and following
customer enquiries, there is a very good chance
that well be seeing a new VSA Hybrid option to
power the compaction body and bin lifter units
in the near future.
email: malcolm@automotivespecialists.co.uk
Flagship. Recently introduced Secure Archive Collection Unit has been designed to ensure sensitive or
secret documents are securely disposed of. This unit is mounted on three axle rear steer Volvo chassis
Raymond van Schijndel demonstrates remote
controlled fully enclosed binlifter system
Key design feature is that Secure Archive unit can load a wide range of waste containers of both metal
and plastic construction
1305wmw_25 25 5/30/13 10:12 AM
Be part of it!
INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTE
CONGRESS VIENNA 2013
7 11 October 2013, Vienna, Austria
www.iswa2013.org
Five Congress Days: three days
of scientic presentations and two
optional days of technical tours.
Sponsors: become a sponsor
and present your company and
services.
1,000
+
participants: meet the
global waste management ex-
perts at the ISWA World Con-
gress 2013 in Vienna!
1305wmw_26 26 5/30/13 10:13 AM
Following the collapse of
the Soviet Union, the five
Stans of the former USSR
have suffered from a lack
of proper maintenance,
local investment and
poor institutional
capacity, leading to
deterioration. A large
scale, western approach
might not be answer and
instead a focus should
be on getting sufficient
collection systems in
place first.
By Martin Steiner and Natasha Sim
T
he five former Soviet republics of
Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and
Turkmenistan, are characterized as
landlocked countries on the Eurasian continent.
They are often referred to as the -stans and are
most famous for the Silk Road, which transported
goods, people, and cultures between Asia and
Europe.
All five countries still speak Russian in
government and law, as it was the foundation
language of the Soviet Union for approximately
70 years. Huge mountain ranges, deserts, and
vast steppe lie between the Caspian Sea and the
Chinese border leading to geographic extremes
and nomadic cultures.
These former Soviet republics all follow
similar legacies of the past and have struggled
economically after the collapse of the Soviet
Union in 1991. Their GNI per capita rapidly
decreased and only began to improve around
the late 1990s.
Lack of proper maintenance, local investment
and poor institutional capacity since the end
of the Soviet Union, has led to deterioration
of human and physical infrastructure. Human
skills have diminished since many specialists
have either retired or emigrated. Physical
infrastructure is diminishing and any equipment
remaining is hanging on its last thread.
With regards to waste management, these
five countries suffer from a financial catch-
22 independent of the economic situation.
Citizens have a low willingness to pay for waste
management services since the system is falling
apart. Without these fees municipalities cannot
afford to run the system to a suitable standard,
let alone invest in improving the situation.
Current conditions have attracted donors
and International Financial Institutions (IFIs)
to Central Asia, with an increasing number
of projects in the municipal Solid Waste
management (SWM) sector. Investments
have led to improvements but the greatest
CENTRAL ASIA COLLECTIONS:
RISING FROM THE
USSRS ASHES
Taldykorgan landfll, Southern Kazakhstan.
Landlocked countries often fnd it more dif cult to
tap into world economic grown. Lack of coastline
means they are limited to trading primarily with
their neighbours. Current conditions in Central Asia
have attracted donors and IFIs, with an increasing
number of projects in the municipal Solid Waste
Management sector
SWM IN THE STANS COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
1305wmw_27 27 5/30/13 10:13 AM
successes occur when the expectations are less
glamorous and more realistic. Often projects
attempt to implement Western standards,
such as EC legislation, when softer standards,
such as the European Solid Waste Minimum
Standard (1573/2007 resolution of the Council
of Europe) create some faster and more effective
improvements.
THE SOVIET MANIPULATOR
SYSTEM
The old Soviet system, while certainly not a
beauty, is definitely not a beast. MSW collection
in many former Soviet republics uses a side
loader system, which is the most common
system of containerisation. This stage of
collection development usually follows the
manually loaded tractor-trailer and dumper
truck systems. The systems solid conical steel
box possesses a few advantages that are not
always given the credit they deserve. The
simple design of the containers allows for local
production and the lowest unit price (per litre of
collection volume).
It is a perfect example of the KISS (Keep It
Simple Stupid) design principle, as there are no
movable parts (wheels or hinges). This not only
makes the construction easier but also makes the
bins subject to less damage and theft and allows
for straightforward maintenance procedures.
Furthermore, these sturdy steel containers do
not have to be moved or relocated during the
loading procedure preventing musculoskeletal
disorders in waste collectors.
Decision makers, lying beyond the
operation level, usually underestimate these
benefits. The steel construction is essential in
this region of the world where having fires in
bins is a habit that is not likely to be overcome
in the short-term.
One disadvantage compared with Western
container systems, is the lack of a visual barrier
(a lid). However, this flaw is solvable and should
be left as a challenge for the systems suppliers.
Another drawback is less user comfort for those
that have to carry their waste lengthy distances
to the container, however individual household
container systems cost significantly more and
would not be cost effective.
LANDFILL FIRES AND THE
FAIRYTALE OF THE SHASHLIK
EMBERS
A typical Central Asian landfill can be identified
by its dry appearance and the presence of
several smoke plumes. The latter a useful
characteristic for identifying them on satellite
images. The burning is often explained to
be a result of embers that are collected from
roadside shashlik (barbequed meat skewers)
stands typical in the region.
Interestingly, landfill burning only occurs on
those landfills where scavenging is condoned
which admittedly happens in a majority
of the landfills. Scavenging should not be
understood in a derogatory sense, since the
usual alternatives informal recycler or waste
picker though politically correct are either
technically incorrect since recycling does not
happen at the landfill, or do not reflect the
dire conditions which the activities in question
represent.
Embers may be the true cause for igniting
fires in some cases. However, more often than
not they are intentionally started. Informal
thermal treatment is often applied for better
access to various kinds of scrap metal. Therefore
setting freshly delivered waste loads on fire is a
standard practice in the region and it is applied
to entire loads as well as pre-sorted fractions.
Stopping this practice which requires
nothing more than a committed site operator
would vastly improve health conditions for all
those working and living on or near the landfill
(generally overlapping segments).
ISO 14001 - AND A RECYCLING
PLANT FOR ENERGY SAVING
BULBS
There is an inverse relationship between the
emphasis that many donors put on Western
environmental standards and the ability of
the beneficiaries to implement them. The
application of softer standards would create
more sustainable solutions at a faster rate, for
it is impossible to leapfrog certain stages of
development.
An example of unrealistic expectations is
the dream of becoming rich of from waste. It
is a common misconception from both donors
and beneficiaries making recycling plants a
reoccurring item on SWM projects shopping lists.
As experienced recently in Tajikistan, where
Kokshetau, North Kazakhstan: A two-axle side loader compaction truck (build-up volume 10 15 m
3
,
three-axle trucks are usually equipped with 22 m
3
boxes) operating bins with a typical volume of 600
l. Note that the volume of this container type is generously referred to in virtually all former Soviet
republics as being 0.75 m
3
into ethanol chemicals
Regional Map: The fve countries this article
refers to with Kazakhstan the worlds largest
landlocked country as the richest
Gross National Income per Capita in US$
demonstrating the countrys economic strength.
Data adapted from UN Statistics Division
1305wmw_28 28 5/30/13 10:13 AM
energy saving light bulbs are readily used in even
the poorest households, there is a local wish for
a recycling plant to be built for this specific
(moreover hazardous and virtually unrecyclable)
perceived problem solver. Recycling plants are
often thought of as Western solutions that
will bring prosperity and popularity when in
reality the payback period extends beyond the
expected lifespan.
A CINDERELLA SITUATION
Too often in the Stans, disposal is hogging the
attention, where collection should be the belle
of the ball. There is a tendency for international
projects to focus on upgrading disposal
situations when the bigger problem lies in the
deteriorating collection system.
Project Terms of Reference often place a
large emphasis on creating sanitary disposal
sites, where more attention should be put on
the fact that majority of citizens in former Soviet
republics suffer from a lack of containers and
infrequent collection. Solid waste collection
in the region is characterised by collapsing
municipal systems but at the same time use a
remarkable amount of creativity to continue the
service. Vehicle drivers usually double as waste
collectors and ingenious truck mechanics.
Due to the hands-on and generally repair-
friendly designs of Soviet vehicles, the skilful
drivers fix and overhaul core components
engines, differential gearboxes and any other part
of the container pick-up system. This often takes
place in conditions that a Western SWM operator
would not know how, or dare to approach.
Some parts that are repaired in-house such as
gearboxes, even a professional Western mechanic
would mostly likely send back to the supplier.
The condition of the collection systems
is of high concern and an environmental risk,
significantly contributing to the disastrous
air quality in all dwelling structures. Illegal
dumping and burning of over spilled waste
is typical, even in upmarket city districts, as
many SWM companies cannot cope with the
amount of waste generated. The main disposal
method in the region is landfilling in locations
strategically selected during the Soviet Era. They
are generally within a reasonable distance from
the city and usually lie in areas with acceptable
properties. Given the logical location of the
landfills, which normally pose minimal threat
to the environment, more attention should
be paid to improving the collection stage of
the system.
It should be noted that the operation
of the landfills is another story and does not
merit too much credit. When upgrading a
disposal site, a common issue is the attitude
of some local decision makers who want to
move on from the current landfill and find a
new location. The possibility of finding a better
location is unlikely as each city has expanded
since the Soviets centralised disposal in the late
1970s and 80s.
Generally, this understandable desire
stems from being confronted with complaints
mainly about smoke and poor visual aesthetics.
However, moving the landfill does not solve
the essence of the problem, which comes
down to management techniques and
commitmentlevels.
Apart from increasing transportation
costs such an upgrade demands two major
investments the new landfill and the clean-
up of the existing site. From an urban planning
point of view, a move also results in two areas
being devalued. The less nomadic approach
extending the existing site with up-to-date
landfill standards and an integrated clean-
up requires much less monetary input (by a
ballpark factor of 1.5). It is usually the harder
sell but must not be overlooked in a projects
start-up phase.
Natasha Sim and Martin Steiner are
working together on Central Asian
projects funded by national sources
as well as IFIs. Steiner is CEO of TBU
Environmental Engineering Consultants
www.tbu-austria.com. Email: M.steiner@
tbu-austria.com.
Sim holds an MSc in Environmental
Engineering from Imperial College London.
Email: Natasha.m.sim@gmail.com.
RISKS FOR DONORS AND INVESTORS
Overall, donor intentions are positive:
upgrading and improving SWM systems.
However if the beneficiaries are unable to
payback the loan, the risk is that money
is taken out of the beneficiarys municipal
or even national budget resulting in less
funding for other essential sectors, such
as health care and education. This is not
exclusive to the region but prevalent in
many development projects.
In the long run, there is a high risk of
generating sunken investments, damaging
donor reputations and adding costs for
beneficiaries. Incinerators for stray dogs
are an example of prevalent constituents
on procurement lists that are guaranteed
to turn into such losses. Companies that
struggle with institutional capacity focus
mainly on the transportation of waste
and not on disposal methods. It is likely
they will be unable to maintain operation
of a technically advanced system in an
environmentally safe way. However, the
underlying reason for becoming a sunken
investment is much more fundamental
and human; mankind solves problems only
after he starts to suffer from them.
Currently, nobody suffers from the dead dogs
that are deposited at the landfill (where they
can be safely buried) and it is therefore likely
the beneficiaries will end up preferring to
save on the fuel it takes to operate such an
incinerator.
Taldykorgan, South Kazakhstan: Soviet style side loader vehicles with a pivot mounted loading arm
(local term: manipulator) are capable of loading up to three containers without changing the vehicle
position. Only recent bin models are equipped with lids (as in the example above), however their
technical feasibility and durability have yet to be proven
1305wmw_29 29 5/30/13 10:13 AM
PRODUCT NEWS
T
he recent announcement
that Mercedes Benz is to
introduce a new, updated low-
entry cab Econic range which
will be available in early 2014,
is good news for the waste and
recycling industry.
Aside from the more obvious
styling upgrade - giving the front
panel a family-look shared with
the new trucks in the haulage and
distribution (line haul) model rang-
es - the new Econics will feature
Euro-6 straight six Blue Efficiency
power units of between 210kW
(299hp) and 260kW (354hp) using
exhaust gas recirculation, Ad-Blue
and SCR catalytic convertor.
Allison automatic gearboxes
with lock-up facility and a new
upgraded cab interior with multi-
functional steering wheel (to save
the driver reaching for switches in
busy urban traffic situations) and
an upgraded cab aircon system are
also featured.
Standard air suspension helps
facilitate a low cab step entrance
while a folding bus-style door
helps speed exit and entry for up
to three crew (in addition to driver),
but the big news for global mar-
kets is that Mercedes is to continue
producing a natural gas-fuelled
engine (CNG/Erdgas) as well as a
diesel. The Econic NGT is an all-
new design and be welcomed by
operators who feared the arrival of
Euro-6 would undermine some of
the advantages for a natural gas
engine, putting longterm plans in
jeopardy.
Econic chassis are offered in
4x2, 6x2, 6x4 and 8x2 configura-
tions.
Full details of the new range will
feature in the July/August issue of
Waste Management World.
GERMANY: LOW ENTRY
FUTURE ASSURED
1305wmw_30 30 5/30/13 10:13 AM
UK: NEW PLANT AVOIDS CRUSH
Business is going well for UK-based
manufacturer of compact crushers,
Red Rhino.
So well in fact, that a large site
has been acquired next to the ex-
isting Grantham manufacturing
plant, on which to build a whole
new production facility. Construc-
tion is due to start later this year
and when complete, production
capacity of compact crushers will
be doubled.
According to marketing man-
ager, Jason Purllant, the key reason
for the expansion is a result of an
increasing number of municipali-
ties and waste contractors view-
ing construction and DIY waste as
a waste stream worth recycling
- rather than a commodity fit only
for landfill.
Red Rhino specialises in small
compact tracked, skid-mounted or
tractor PTO-driven machines de-
signed to crush smaller tonnages
of brick, concrete and stone - the
principal being to take the ma-
chine to the material, rather than
truck material to the machine.
Working together with a com-
pact excavator - and if required,
a Gapo unit to move hooklift
containers to the pile - even the
larger 5000 and 7000 models can
be transported in a hooklift truck
container to process material into a
sellable product on-site.
Red Rhino is introducing
screens to the product line shortly,
is currently setting up a dealer net-
work in the USA and is looking for
partners in other global markets.
HUNGARY: NEW JCBS FOR MUNICIPAL
ASSOCIATION
The North Balaton Regional Mu-
nicipal Association for Solid Waste
Management in Hungary has pur-
chased ten specially-adapted JCB
materials handlers to cope with
increased demand at waste han-
dling sites south-west of Budapest.
The order, supplied by JCBs Central
European dealer Terra Hungaria
Epitogep, includes four Loadall
527-58 Wastemasters telehandlers,
two 535-95 Loadalls and four TLT-
30 forklifts - one powered by a
diesel engine and three using low-
emission LPG gas power.
The Wastemaster-specification
machines are equipped with cab
screen guards for driver protection
and reversible cooling fans help to
maintain maximum engine cooling
efficiency in dusty conditions. To
eliminate the risk of punctures, SG
Revolution semi-solid tyres have
been specified and all the new
machines are equipped with JCBs
LiveLink telematic system for con-
stant real-time monitoring.
The North Balaton Waste
Management Project will benefit
300,000 people in the region, with
the sites handling up to 120,000
tonnes of waste per year. State-
of-the-art computerised measure-
ment is being used to ensure that
air quality is maintained and noise
levels are kept to a minimum.
AUSTRALIA: LOW ENTRY RCVS BIG DOWN UNDER
Low-entry cab refuse collection ve-
hicles, originally designed to meet
operating conditions in the North-
ern Hemisphere, are increasingly
finding new markets in Southern
Hemisphere - at least if the success
of UK-based Dennis Eagle and its
Australian partner Western Star are
anything to go by.
In the last month, Western Star
has been showing the latest speci-
fication Western Star Elite refuse
collection chassis with low entry
cab and Olympus compaction
body/hopper unit at the Brisbane
Truck Show and has attracted or-
ders for over 70 new units - a mix of
4x2, 6x4 and 8x4 chassis. The latest
orders bring the total of low entry
cab Elites to over 300 units in the
Australian market alone.
IN BRIEF
UK: NEW HOLLAND SHOWS
TIER-4 MACHINES
The latest Tier-4 machines from
New Holland - including the
brand new W170C Recycler
were on show recently at a
brand new plant and equip-
ment exhibition in the UK.
Apart from specialist
industry-specifc events
there hasnt been a plant and
equipment exhibition in the
UK for a number of years,
so the inaugural Plantworx
event was the centre of much
interest and debate.
The New Holland W170
Recycler is ftted with a full
protection package - including
guards for hoses, cylinders,
transmission, axles and cab -
together with a new easy-
clean Box Formation radiator
cooling system.
U.S.: NEW KENWORTH
Earlier this year, Kenworth
launched a new vocational
truck for heavy duty opera-
tions - the T880.
Powered by the Paccar
MX-13 diesel engine, the T880
is 2.1m wide and features a
pressed aluminium cab with
fve-piece bonnet assembly.
Larger cab door
openings and lighting are
key improvements, while
improved fuel ef ciency from a
new 500hp rated power option
should help in tough waste
haulage.
DENMARK: BUCKETS OF
EXPANSION
Danish manufacturer of heavy
duty buckets for waste applica-
tions, Viby, is to direct market
its products.
A previous dealer market-
ing operation in the UK has
been replaced by a factory-
owned subsidiary company as
part of a plan to boost brand
awareness in Viby toe-tip and
other waste handling buckets.
ITALY: MAGNI POWERS AHEAD with JCB partnership
The Italian manufacturer of tel-
ehandlers, Magni, has recently
signed a deal with UK-based JCB
Power Systems for the supply of
Tier-4 Ecomax diesel engines.
Magni rotating telehandlers are
produced in a new 6000 m2 facility
near Modena, Italy. There are seven
models in the range giving lifts/
outreach from 18m to 30m.
The adoption of the JCB Ecomax
diesel engine should, it is claimed,
offer operators a real fuel saving
for machines in this sector of the
market.
1305wmw_31 31 5/30/13 10:13 AM
Thanks to high levels of
contamination, as well
difficulties in collection
and separation, the
recycling options for
waste polyethylene films
from agriculture have
been widely lacking. With
over half a million tonnes
of these films being
consumed in the EU
alone each year, the race
to economically recycle
them is on. And one new
recycling facility near
the town of Champlon,
Belgium is leading the way.
By Dr.-Ing. Jrg Wolters
A
ccording to UK based market
research company, Applied Market
Information, with a European (EU
27 plus Norway and Switzerland)
market value of 2 billion and consumption
of around 545,000 tonnes in 2011, plastic films
have been playing an increasingly significant
role in the agricultural and horticultural sector
in recent years.
However, recycling such film into new
material is an exceedingly difficult and complex
task, since it is usually heavily soiled with
mineral and organic matter and because the
soft film, typically measuring only around 25
to 100 m in thickness, does not lend itself
easily to shredding, separation and cleaning. On
the other hand, these films consist of valuable
high-grade plastics such as PE-LD (low density
polyethylene) and PE-LLD (linear low density
polyethylene), for which there is keen demand,
even in their recycled form. A high quality
recyclate will therefore fetch good prices,
justifying an appropriate treatment process.
FILLING THE GAP
With the aim of filling this gap Belgian recycling
company, Soreplastic, has put together one
of the most modern recycling plants for
used agricultural film near Champlon, in the
Ardennes. Entering service in late 2011 the
company focuses exclusively on the recycling of
agricultural film, and has a capacity to process
some 20,000 tonnes per year in its 10 million
facility. Post-consumer film from the area is now
collected and converted back into high-grade
PE repellets - a much sought-after raw material
for the film blowing industry.
One of the keys to the success of the
facility, which for cost-efficiency depends on the
steady availability and composition of suitable
feedstock, is the operation of an effective
collection system. In the south of Belgium
(the regions of Luxembourg and Liges), the
Recycling and Sanitation Division of the Idelux/
AIVE intercommunal services association is in
charge of the collection of agricultural films,
netting and twine - beyond the collection and
disposal of domestic waste. Since the opening
of the facility, Idelux/AIVE has become one of a
number of organisations and companies from
across Europe which collects such materials and
forwards them to Soreplastic.
Each year, we collect up to 3000 tonnes of
used agricultural film to ensure its ecologically
sound disposal, explains Jacques Counet, who
manages the organisations own equipment
pool and is also in charge of liaising with external
disposal contractors. With Soreplastic SA, in
which we hold a 42.5% share, we now have
a partner company which takes 100% of the
Silage bales are among the key applications for PE stretch flm in agriculture and hence, a main source of flm waste from this industry
AGRICULTURAL FILMS RECYCLING
RECYCLING FILM
A HIT IN BELGIUM
RECYCLING FILM
A HIT IN BELGIUM
1305wmw_32 32 5/30/13 10:13 AM
Bollegraaf Paper & De-inking solution.
www.bollegraaf.com/paper
www.bollegraaf.com
highest separation quality lowest operational costs lowest cost per tonne
The very essence of our paper & cardboard processing solutions is to increase the quality - i.e. saleability - of the end product. It inspires us to
engineer, build and deliver tailor-made systems that are easy to use, have a low cost of ownership, perform to your specications and have an
excellent Return on Investment. As the worlds leading supplier of recycling solutions, Bollegraaf knows best how to make the most out of paper
waste. We invite you to come see it for yourself. For further information or for a visit to one of our reference projects contact our sales department
at +31 (0)596 654 356 or mail to sales@bollegraaf.com.
Create value
from Paper
& Cardboard
waste
1305wmw_33 33 5/30/13 10:13 AM
incoming film off our hands and fully complies
with our local treatment standards.
PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT
According to Vincent Sciascia, managing director
of Soreplastic, the process is easily explained:
We separate out coarse contaminants such
as wood, rocks, soil and metals as well as
incompatible agricultural plastic fractions such
as twine or netting. Thereafter, we move the
film through a series of shredding, washing
and drying cycles. In the end we thus obtain a
material which can be extruded into repellets.
We sell these pellets to film manufacturers who
again convert them into products, from bin
liners to new agricultural film.
The process might sound simple, but as
Sciascia points out, the technologies involved
call for the use of cutting-edge equipment.
Given the high value of the envisaged final
product, Soreplastic invested a lot of time into
comparing the machinery and equipment
on offer. High throughput, low sensitivity to
impurities, low wear costs and a constantly high
product quality were the main criteria.
In addition, we required extensive support
from the machine builders - from advice in
the project development phase through
customising machines for our purposes, but
also in terms of local presence from the first
start-up to the plants trouble-free continuous
operation, adds Sciascia.
Mechanical and manual separation free
the material of coarse contamination, before
a belt conveyor feeds it into the hopper of a
universal shredder manufactured and optimised
specifically for the task by German shredding
equipment specialist, Lindner ReSource.
The Power Universo 2800 machine version
employed by Soreplastic is a slow-running single
shaft shredder with a throughput capacity of
three to eight tonnes per hour, depending on
the type of agricultural film being processed. It
features a large feed opening to cope with what
may be quite bulky film loads and has a point
blade rotor, measuring around 2.8m in length,
which is driven by two 132 kW electric motors.
The power transmission between motor
and rotor is achieved via a belt drive on this
system. This so-called countershaft drive is
equipped with a large safety clutch (slip clutch)
which limits the maximum torque input and
thus makes the shredder particularly insensitive
to coarse foreign matter. With the special kind
of films being processed at Soreplastic, this is
particularly important since it cannot be ruled
out that, e.g., metal parts will find their way
into the shredder despite the pre-sorting step,
explains Harald Hoffmann, managing director at
Lindner ReSource.
PLAYING WITH KNIVES
At a steplessly variable operating speed of
around 100 rpm, the rotor carrying 86 knives
draws in the film pieces in a particularly
effective and uniform manner - and with low
dust release. Soreplastic keeps interchangeable
screens with 50 to 100mm hole diameter on
hand for optimum adaptation of its shredder
to each specific film charge. At the end of this
pre-shredding step, shreds measuring between
50 to 100mm are obtained.
Its modular design, based on a building
block system, appealed to us very much because
it allowed us to adapt our pre-shredder perfectly
to the application on hand, says Sciascia. Ease
of maintenance was particularly important to
us, since with these machines disruptions are
no exception because of the inhomogeneous
material being shredded.
An inspection and maintenance hatch
can be hydraulically opened inwards, giving
spacious access to the rotor area. We can thus
conveniently rotate or replace the knives, each
of which has four cutting edges, or any of the
eight counter knives. Foreign parts, too, can
be easily removed in this manner. The screen
baskets can likewise be opened hydraulically
so that we can clean or change the screen
modules quickly if necessary. In our day-to-day
operations, all this translates into short down
times a key prerequisite to cost efficiency,
Sciascia continues.
WASH, CUT, DRY AND EXTRUDE
Even once pre-shredded the film pieces are
still contaminated with foreign matter that is
difficult to remove because the thin shreds
tend to adhere firmly to one another. The
pre-shredded material is then subjected to a
washing cycle followed by downstream wet
grinding and drying.
Following this re-cleaning step and further
size reduction to between 20 and 30 mm, the
film shreds are ready in terms of cleanliness
and dimensions to be fed to a recycling
extrusion line converting them into pellets
for the production of new blown film. Here,
Soreplastic opted selected Austrian plastics
recycling equipment specialist, Eremas 1716
TVEplus extruder system, which has been
specially optimised for processing the washed
A challenge to any recycler: collected post-consumer agricultural flm
The fnished product obtained from
Soreplastics recycling process: high-grade
repellets for the production of blown flm
1305wmw_34 34 5/30/13 10:13 AM
PE shreds with a high initial moisture content
However, the film shreds exiting the wet grinder
are still too large and too moist to be fed directly
to the extruder. Ahead of the extruder, Erema has
therefore inserted a patented multifunctional
cutter-compactor, in which the shreds are
further reduced in size, dried and compacted.
An air flushing module ensures that most of the
residual moisture will evaporate from the pre-
heated material. Moreover, the cutter-compactor
acts as a buffer store from which pre-compacted
stock is then supplied continuously to the
directly connected single-screw extruder.
The material treated in the cutter-
compactor still has low residual moisture and
is not yet entirely free of contaminants. Our
TVEplus system is designed specifically for such
applications and hence, differs significantly
from conventional extruders in some aspects,
explains Andreas Dirnberger, CSO at Erema. Its
specially designed draw-in and melting zone
promotes backward degassing in the direction
of the extruder intake.
Dirnberger continues: Moreover, the melt
filter is arranged ahead of the degassing station
on TVEplus systems. Contaminants liable to
degassing in the extruder are thus removed
at a very early stage, and especially before the
melt is homogenised. Only after it has passed
the melt filter is the filtered melt subjected to
homogenization; the degassing process is thus
rendered much more efficient. The degassing
zone is followed by the discharge zone from
where the perfectly conditioned melt is fed to
the pelletizing device.
The machine delivers an output capacity of
around 1400kg per hour at a typical batch size
of 25 tonnes.
PELLETS AND POWER
For cutting the final pellets the facility uses an
Erema HG 244 D type die-face pelletizing unit.
According to Dirnberger, with the special cutting
geometry and automatic air-pressurisation of
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A Lindner Universo 2800 with downstream separation of coarse
impurities forms the frst station in Soreplastics flm recycling line
1305wmw_35 35 5/30/13 10:13 AM
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the pelletizing knife, the system is built to
last. The pelletizing rpm is follow-up controlled
to ensure a safe and reliable operation and
constant pellet size. The pelletizing knife can
also be easily replaced without requiring
any adjustment, which saves on equipment
downtime and costs.
The last stations passed by the finished
pellets are a dewatering screen and a pellet
centrifuge before the product is filled into bags
or sacks in the bagging plant.
We receive the heat for our drying cycles
from the nearby biogas-based heating power
station, explains Sciascia.
The service water for our processes
comes from the intercommunal associations
water treatment plant; we subject it to several
cleaning cycles and to a final reconditioning
treatment before discharging it back into the
river, he continues.
The disposal of removed contaminants,
which in terms of weight account for around
half of the incoming material stream, is likewise
ensured since Idelux operates a waste disposal
facility at the same site.
LESSONS
Thanks to optimum infrastructure, which
includes links to the Belgian transport system, as
well as its carefully selected equipment pool, the
overall installation has been running trouble-
free and with high cost efficiency, following
an initial two-month fine tuning period, since
its November 2011 commissioning date. At
present the facility is operating around the clock
seven days a week 24 hours.
Furthermore, sales of the high-grade PE
repellets are ensured. According to Sciascia
the companys standard portfolio ranges from
PE-LD through PE-LLD to customer-specific
blends, making it the only recycler capable of off
ering PE-LLD raw materials for blown film from
washed agricultural stretch. As a result he claims
that the Soreplastic has so many enquiries from
all over Europe that it would not be able to meet
demand even running to full capacity.
Jrg Wolters is a technical editor and is
mechanical engineer with a doctorate
from the German Plastics Institute.
This article is available online.
Contaminated agricultural flm is recycled into high-grade plastic repellets in several stages at a
maximum rate of around 1400kg per hour
1716 TVEplus recycling extrusion line in use at
Soreplastic
1305wmw_36 36 5/30/13 10:13 AM
TRASH TALKING TRASH TALKING
37 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD MAYJUNE 2013
T
r
a
s
h
talking
Globally paper is one of the most widely
recycled materials. In 2011 the EU
achieved a recycling rate of over 70%,
while the US was not far behind on 66.8%.
With such high recycling rates already
being achieved, WMW asked some of
the industrys leading experts what the
technical, political, social and economic
drivers are which will enable the industry
continue its success in increasing the
overall rate of paper recycling?
PAPER CHASE
37 MAYJUNE 2013 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
Credit: Aylesford Newsprint
1305wmw_37 37 5/30/13 10:13 AM
TRASH TALKING
Paper is being recycled in Europe at a rate of 70%, with
two tonnes of paper reprocessed every second! At this
rate, the rapidly increasing marginal cost of recycling
becomes a real issue and calls for actions to reduce
these costs through policies, such as those governing
collection. Industry engagement also needs to work
towards improved quality of input materials, improved
technology and advising the value chain on designing
products for recyclability.
Any new investments by paper mills in recycling
capacity will require strong confidence not only in
the economy, but also in the waste industrys ability
to supply the quantity and qualities needed for large
scale processes running 24/7.
With the continuously increasing paper recycling
rate, the fibre yield is bound to decline. This will produce
increasing volumes of reject material. The recognition
of the value of this reject material is economically
important, as prices of paper for recycling and the cost
of reject management are excruciatingly narrowing
the margin between the cost of raw materials and the
sale price of finished paper.
As we have done before with virgin fibres, paper
destined for recycling should be seen as a source for
many valuable components to produce additional
high value products alongside paper.
This search for added value is also one of the guiding
principles in the CEPI 2050 Roadmap for the European
forest fibre industry. In order to achieve the economies
of scale necessary to be economically feasible, and
ensure sufficient material streams, paper mills may
need to join up in clusters, even with other sectors, in
industrial symbiosis.
There are, however, impediments in using materials
from waste, mainly due to adhesives and printing
inks. Unknown substances in chemical formulations
can hamper sustainable practices such as resource
efficiency, recycling and industrial symbiosis. The
annual volume of adhesives and printing inks in
Europe alone exceeds one million tonnes each. This
problem, of course, can hardly be solved by one
industry sector alone and would need policy support
such as the OECDs Strategic Approach to International
Chemicals Management work (www.saicm.org).
Europes open economy relies heavily on imported
raw materials and energy, and it has the worlds highest
net import of resources per person. Secure access
to resources has become an increasingly strategic
economic issue. Recycled materials which are made in
Europe can offer important solutions for these societal
and economic problems, and the paper industry is
already well positioned to advance in this direction.
JORI RINGMAN-BECK
IS DIRECTOR OF RECYCLING,
PRODUCT, ENVIRONMENT AT THE
CONFEDERATION OF EUROPEAN
PAPER INDUSTRIES (CEPI),
BELGIUM
DONT DISCOUNT THE VALUE OF REJECTS
The trend for increasingly high recycling rates for
paper should be welcomed by everybody involved in
the industry, as it demonstrates how sustainable the
sector is and how our products can help to improve
our customers own sustainability targets.
However, these figures do not necessarily tell the
whole tale. The same report concludes that whilst 13
countries within the EU had achieved the 70% target,
12 countries were achieving paper recycling targets
of below 60%. So there is still room for improvement,
particularly in Eastern Europe.
One of the biggest barriers to greater recycling
rates is the demand from Asia for European recovered
paper. The low cost of transportation across continents
remains attractive to European companies who want
to be able to meet their obligations to recycle in the
most cost-effective way. However, this is an inefficient
practice and is not as sustainable as it needs to be.
Many paper manufacturers have proven that the
most environmentally sustainable option is to recycle
recovered paper close to where it is generated. By
locating collection centres at strategic population
centres, it is possible to collect the raw material for
recycled paper mills. This has a direct impact on
lowering CO2 emissions through the application of
more efficient logistics, based on shorter supply chains.
There is a potential conflict in some European
and national policies that aims to encourage the
production of energy from renewable sources. The
temptation for paper and wood to be used for energy
recovery rather than recycling could undermine efforts
to increase paper recycling. It is important for the EU
to continue backing criteria such as self-sufficiency
and proximity in its policies on waste, prioritising the
recycling of materials like paper over energy recovery.
Ultimately, the main driver for increased paper
recycling is economic. During the last decade overall
recycling rates have increased fastest in the UK, while
countries in South Eastern Europe, such as Greece and
Romania have struggled.
What has changed in the UK over recent years
is that businesses view their waste as a valuable
resource rather than something that costs money to
be disposed of. Such a change results in new ways
of working and behaving that reduce a businesss
environmental impact and improve its bottom line.
As countries within the Euro area continue
to struggle, the cost benefit to businesses of
implementing more sustainable waste management
practices, could be the key to maintaining the high
level of paper recycling across Europe, while providing
businesses with cost savings and additional income.
THE CHALLENGE IS FOR BUSINESS TO VIEW ITS WASTE AS A RESOURCE
MALCOLM LAWSON
IS COMMERCIAL DIRECTOR AT
SUSTAINABLE PAPER AND BOARD
PACKAGING COMPANY, SAICA
NATUR UK
1305wmw_38 38 5/30/13 10:13 AM
TRASH TALKING
Over 65% of paper consumed in the U.S. was recovered
for recycling in 2012. In fact, annual U.S. paper recovery
has nearly doubled since 1990, making it a true
environmental success story.
More than 60% of paper consumed in the U.S.
has been recovered in each of the past four years.
For comparison: 62.5% of paper was recovered in
2010, while only 27.1% of glass, 19.9% of aluminium
and 8.2% of plastics according to data from the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
The American Forest & Paper Associations (AF&PA)
sustainability initiative - Better Practices, Better Planet
2020 - includes an industry-wide goal to further
increase U.S. paper recycling to exceed 70% by 2020.
Industry-led efforts to increase paper recovery are
among the best examples of how we are protecting our
environment, preserving and growing the economic
contributions of the industry and its businesses, and
fostering the well-being of industry employees and
the communities they live in.
Approximately 76% of all U.S. paper mills use some
recovered fibre to make everything from paper-based
packaging to tissue to office paper and newsprint.
Recovering these valuable resources extends the fibre
supply, allowing our industry to reuse its products to
make new ones.
Recovered paper that was sorted or processed in the
U.S. had a 2012 market value of $8.4 billion, and the
value of U.S. recovered paper exports totalled $3.4
billion in 2012. Voluntary paper recovery has fostered
a dynamic marketplace that allows recovered fibre
to find its highest-value end, which in turn helps to
encourage more recycling.
A COLLECTIVE EFFORT
Paper recovery is a success thanks to the millions of
Americans who recycle at home, work and school
every day, and the ongoing efforts of the industry to
increase recovery.
AF&PA leads a variety of efforts to increase
paper recovery for recycling. Our partnerships with
Kaleidoscope, Project Learning Tree, and Keep America
Beautiful deliver curricula straight to the classroom that
educate students and their families on the importance
of paper recovery. Other initiatives to encourage paper
recycling include collaborations with stakeholders
such as RecycleMania and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
The annual AF&PA Recycling Awards provide
important recognition and incentives for continued
paper recovery success. For more information visit
paperrecycles.org.
CATHY FOLEY
IS GROUP VICE PRESIDENT AT
THE AMERICAN FOREST AND
PAPER ASSOCIATION, U.S.
VOLUNTARY PAPER RECOVERY: AN ONGOING SUCCESS STORY
Michael Hofer
Sales Manager
We reduce everything. Almost everything. But never our know-how.
You can profit from this too, because you are in good company
among our numerous renowned customers worldwide.
More than 1.000 shredders and plants for processing refuse
derived fuels sold they speak for themselves.
State of the LindnerART:
Reduce to the max
1
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REW 2013 I 13. 16. 6. I stanbul I hal l 2 I booth E12 - E12a
1305wmw_39 39 5/30/13 10:13 AM
TRASH TALKING
RECYCLING MUST BENEFIT THE ENTIRE SUPPLY CHAIN
The success of the paper recycling industry is extremely
valuable to society, an example being that it produces
a significant diversion of waste from landfill. However,
in 2011 the U.S. still landfilled around 16.8 million
tonnes of paper, which is also the largest component
of municipal solid waste. With issues of siting and
emissions related to landfilling, as well as the demand
for inexpensive fibres globally, one might ask if it is
possible to increase the current recovery rates?
One reason paper is not recycled at 100% is that
not all paper based products should come from
recycled sources. Some coated graphic papers or
filtration devices with high performance standards
may benefit, from an overall life cycle view, from the
use of ultra-homogenous virgin fibres.
Another example is waxed corrugated container
boxes, which for technical reasons are not generally
recycled. The wax fouls recycling equipment causes
the recycled product to have visual defects, not
convert properly and make slippery boxes.
From a combination of contamination and
difficulty in effective repulping, food packaging is
also not recycled to a significant extent. One option
to recycle wax boxes and food containers is to have
recycle mills that have separate processing lines
for conventionally recycled paper products and for
difficult to recycle products. This additional recycle
line might have specialised pulping and separation
processes, a dedicated disinfection process and paper
machine to deal with the difficult material.
Examples of this currently exist. However, the extra
processing equipment is expensive to purchase and
operate, and savings in the cost of the feedstock would
have to make up for this. In the case of food packaging,
the company that converts the recovered paper to a
new product needs almost a zero purchase price for
the feedstock, removing the economic incentive for
collectors, brokers and transporters to participate.
CONCLUSIONS
There are a multitude of influencers that may in the
future cause the recovery rate to increase. Furthermore
there are many actors in the recycling chain, each
one of which must have a positive value proposition
to participate. Technological advances in product
design and recycling systems, the economics of paper
and fibre and social practices are some of the more
important determinants to the future recovery rate.
RICHARD VENDITTI
IS A PROFESSOR AT THE FOREST
BIOMATERIALS DEPARTMENT
OF NORTH CAROLINA STATE
UNIVERSITY, U.S.
1305wmw_40 40 5/30/13 10:13 AM
TRASH TALKING
TECHNOLOGY IS KEY TO INCREASED QUALITY AND KEEPING PAPER OUT OF RDF
There are two key issues that need to be addressed in
order to further increase the overall paper recycling
rate - quantity and quality. Material Recycling Facilities
(MRFs) are at the front line when it comes to providing
both, but their ability to deliver has been variable to
date. Using manual recovery processes alone, paper
reprocessors have struggled to meet commercially
acceptable consistency and quality.
However, advances in automated paper sorting
technology are transforming the face of paper
recovery, helping MRF operators to overcome these
challenges and securing strong market demand for
high quality recovered paper.
Sensor-based sorting technology works by
analysing the input stream using a fast-moving
scanning sensor installed over a conveyor belt. The
target material can be ejected by a series of high
pressure air nozzles at the end of the conveyor. This
process only takes milliseconds, allowing the sorter
to operate a conveyor full of objects running at up
to three metres per second and handling up to ten
tonnes per hour. The process can often replace six or
more manual pickers.
Such systems have been developed which can
identify recyclables not only by material type - using
a near infrared (NIR) sensor, but also by colour using
a visible spectrum (VIS) sensor. When used in paper
recovery, the VIS sensor can see wavelengths of colour,
separate out non-paper from paper and also produce
different paper grades.
This combination makes it possible to separate a
wide range of fractions including brown cardboard,
printed cartons, plastic-coated cartons, dyed paper,
newsprint and four-colour printed (CMYK) paper. It can
even identify what printing process has been used and
determine the quality of the printing process. Purity
rates of over 95% are achievable.
So, if the technology exists to be able to recover
paper at unparalleled quality levels, we now have
to look at increasing the quantity of material that is
available to treat. With household paper recycling rates
at their highest ever, emphasis must now shift to new
markets for recovering paper.
We need to look to extracting quality paper from
post-recycled municipal solid waste and commercial
and industrial waste. In these waste streams, paper all
too often ends up back in residual waste or in refuse
derived fuel (RDF) when, with the right technology in
place, it could be recovered and count towards paper
recycling targets. These alternative markets must be
explored and exploited if we are to achieve higher
paper recycling rates.
STEPHEN ALMOND
IS A SALES ENGINEER AT TOMRA
SORTING UK
1305wmw_41 41 5/30/13 10:13 AM
Under the Renewable Energy Directive of 2009, EU Member States are obliged to
meet 10% of road and rail transport energy needs from renewable sources. However,
this brought energy crops into competition with food for land resources. To alleviate
the problem, proposals are being considered to double count biofuels made from
renewable feedstocks such as wastes.
By Dr. Bettina Kretschmer
BIOFUEL:
CAN THE EU COUNT
ON WASTE?
G
overnments have until 2020 to
meet the 10% share stipulated in
the Renewable Energy Directive.
The adoption of this target, which
was preceded by a non-binding target of 5.75%
to be met in 2010, has led to a scale up of biofuel
use in the EU since 2003.
The growth in biofuel use has been brought
about by almost entirely relying on food and
animal feed crops as feedstocks. These produce
so-called conventional or first-generation
biofuels. Sugar molecules from sugar crops or
cereals (sugar cane and beet, maize, wheat etc)
are fermented to produce ethanol, replacing
petrol. Vegetable oils (in the EU primarily from
rapeseed but also from imported palm or
soy oil) are converted into biodiesel through
a process called transesterification, replacing
conventional diesel.
While the scale up of ethanol and biodiesel
use has brought the EU closer towards the 10%
target (2010 biofuel consumption amounted to
around 4.5% according to Eurostat data), it has
triggered a new problem. For a couple of years
now, European policy makers and stakeholders
from industry and non-governmental
organisations (NGO) alike have been debating
the nature and scale of Indirect Land Use
Change (ILUC) triggered by biofuel use and
made attempts to measure it.
ILUC refers to the expansion of agricultural
land which results from biofuels being produced
from crops grown on existing cropland, and
potentially in forests or other important habitats.
In order to limit ILUC and associated greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions, the European Commission
has proposed changes to the main policies that
drive biofuel use in the EU.
PROPOSED INCENTIVES FOR
ADVANCED BIOFUELS
One of the proposed changes relates to
increased incentives for advanced biofuels. In
particular, the Commission proposed to count
certain feedstocks, mostly wastes and residues
but also other materials, such as dedicated
energy crops, at a level of two or four times
their energy content towards meeting the REDs
10% target for transport fuels by 2020. Eighteen
feedstocks were on the list.
On the one hand, this approach can be seen
as a welcome initiative to reduce ILUC impacts
and promote more innovative approaches to
support low carbon liquid fuels. Wastes and
residues in principle have many advantages
over first generation feedstocks, most of which
are food crops. On the other hand, sustainability
remains a critical issue.
The Institute for European Environmental
Policy (IEEP), an independent think tank based
in London and Brussels, has analysed in some
detail the list of feedstocks proposed by the
European Commission to be counted two or
four times. This was done to clarify the potential
contribution from wastes and residues to a
more sustainable biofuel mix. In particular, IEEP:
Considered definitions of individual
feedstocks which are vague in the
EU BIOFUEL POLICY BIOWASTE
1305wmw_42 42 5/30/13 10:22 AM
Commissions proposal
Examined the existing uses of these wastes
and residues
Identified potential safeguards to accompany
their use in the biofuels sector to ensure
environmental sustainability.
WASTE A SUSTAINABLE
ALTERNATIVE?
The resulting report contains factsheets for
each feedstock summarising this information
and leading to a broad assessment on the
potential sustainability of the feedstock, which
is summarised in Table 1 to the right.
Note that 4x and 2x denote the feedstock is
proposed for quadruple and double counting,
respectively. This overview should be read in
conjunction with IEEPs report and in particular
the factsheets therein that contains information
on existing uses and ensuing risks from their
potential diversion, as well as proposed
safeguards to mitigate the risks.
Based on the review, the list of potential
feedstocks has been grouped into three
categories of potential sustainability. At this
stage, a large number fall into the potentially
sustainable yellow category, as shown in
the table. This highlights the uncertainties
surrounding many of the feedstocks and
underlines the importance of introducing
appropriate safeguards in EU legislation.
None of the feedstocks are considered to be
likely sustainable without the need to introduce
Sustainability assessment Feedstock
Potentially sustainable
(contingent on safeguards)
Algae (4x)
Biomass fraction of mixed municipal waste (4x)
Biomass fraction of industrial waste (4x)
Straw (4x)
Animal manure and sewage sludge (4x)
Tall oil pitch (4x)
Palm oil mill effluent and empty palm fruit bunches (4x)
Bagasse (4x)
Grape marc and wine lees (4x)
Nut shells (4x)
Husks (4x)
Cobs (4x)
Used cooking oil (2x)
Animal fats (Category 1 and 2) (2x)
Likely unsustainable
Bark, branches, leaves, saw dust and cutter shavings (4x)
Non-food cellulosic material (2x)
Ligno-cellulosic material except saw logs and veneer logs (2x)
Unclear
Crude Glycerine (4x)
1305wmw_43 43 5/30/13 10:22 AM
safeguards. In particular the categories of
cellulosic and ligno-cellulosic material, which
refer primarily to energy crops and short
rotation coppice and are therefore not waste
and residue material, are seen as problematic as
they also require cropland to be grown. They are
not a real solution to the ILUC issue since they
are expected to be grown mainly on existing
cropland.
The list underlying the summary table is by
no means final. After the European Commission
has adopted its proposal, both the European
Parliament and national governments (in the
Council) need to agree the final text, which
may be quite different from the Commission
proposal. At this stage, the proposal faces
considerable opposition on a number of fronts.
A key figure in the debate, the Environment
Committees rapporteur Corinne Lepage,
a French MEP, presented her draft report
commenting on the Commissions proposal
in mid-April. With regard to the proposed list,
Lepage suggests deleting palm oil mill effluents
and empty fruit bunches as well as Bark,
branches, leaves while saw dust and cutter
shavings are proposed to be downgraded
to double (instead of quadruple) counting.
Lepage furthermore calls for safeguards to be
introduced.
SAFEGUARDS TO ENSURE
SUSTAINABLE BIOFUEL
Detailed, feedstock specific safeguards are
suggested in IEEPs report along with a more
general set of environmental safeguards to
be considered in EU policy making. These
safeguards are intended to assist in preventing
the enhanced use of waste and residues
and other feedstocks in biofuel production
from bringing about new impacts, direct or
indirect, with negative environmental, social
or economic consequences. A number of
principles are proposed:
- Ensure clear definitions
The Commissions ILUC proposal in its current
form lacks clear definitions for several feedstocks.
These are important: first to establish more
precisely the materials involved and ensure the
policy is workable; second to allow potential
risks and appropriate mitigating safeguards to
be identified; and third, to improve consistency
of definitions across all EU Member States.
- Adhere to the waste hierarchy
The overall waste hierarchy, as set out in the
EU Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC),
which is to prefer prevention, re-use, recycling
(and composting of materials) over recovery
(for example for energy) and, eventually, over
disposal (ie landfill or incineration without
energy recovery) should be followed in all
cases. This means only non-recyclable and non-
compostable waste should be used for energy
recovery, unless energy recovery can be justified
for particular reasons of technical feasibility,
economic viability or environmental protection.
In other words, incentives to use wastes and
residues as biofuel feedstock must not counter
ongoing efforts to reduce waste and increase
recycling rates.
- Consider complete GHG lifecycle from
using wastes
We need a greater understanding of the
relative lifecycle emissions of different biomass
use pathways, taking into account different
energy and non-energy uses. The Commission
needs to initiate and monitor research. Current
methodologies developed for the purpose of
calculating the emission savings of biofuels
under the RED neglect potentially significant
emission sources. In particular, the RED GHG
methodology considers wastes and agricultural
residues to be zero emission up to the point of
their collection. This ignores the impacts on soil
carbon stocks that can result as the extraction
of residues, such as straw, increases. The GHG
accounting system should be improved and
extended by taking into account changes in
soil carbon stock from agricultural or forestry
residue extraction.
- Assess current uses of feedstocks and
the impacts of diverting them to biofuel
production
The list of feedstocks eligible for multiple
counting (or any other targeted support
measures) needs to be kept under review
in light of continuing research and analysis.
The availability of low-carbon alternatives for
different applications needs to be taken into
account. The value of different wastes could
be changed significantly by new incentives
for use in biofuels and they may be diverted
to a new pattern of industrial uses, driven by
which sector can afford to pay the most. Since
there is a strong public interest to be pursued
alongside market considerations, some way of
establishing priorities in the deployment of
different materials may be needed.
- Mitigate the environmental impacts of
certain advanced conversion pathways
The processing of biomass into biofuels via
advanced biochemical or thermochemical
conversion pathways can require relatively
high energy inputs. These are addressed in
the GHG methodology of the RED. However,
other environmental impacts resulting from
the processing of biomass through advanced
conversion technologies, such as the
consumption of water in processing, should be
investigated and if necessary be addressed by
safeguards.
CONCLUSIONS
Given the findings presented in this report,
IEEP sees value in compiling an inventory of
bio-resources across the EU. One of the great
challenges when compiling the factsheets was
the lack of robust and reliable information about
the extent to which different feedstocks are
already being used, whether for bioenergy or
other industrial applications.
Such information is needed to understand
whether surplus volumes exist that could be
taken up by the biofuel sector without resulting
in negative environmental or other impacts. If
the Commission and Member States are to have
a solid basis of evidence on the potential for
advanced biofuel production based on wastes
and residues, it will be important to establish
an inventory of the bio-resources available and
their sustainability for different applications.
Author Details
Dr. Bettina Kretschmer is a policy analyst
for the Agriculture & Land Management
Programme at the Institute for European
Environmental Policy (IEEP) and is
co-author of the report, The sustainability
of advanced biofuels in the EU: Assessing
the sustainability of wastes, residues and
other feedstocks set out in the European
Commissions proposal on Indirect Land
Use Change (ILUC).
Available at: http://tinyurl.com/buwlr9d
Email: bkretschmer@ieep.eu
This article is online:
The IEEPs report proposed that we need a
better understanding of lifecycle emissions of
diferent biomass use pathways
1305wmw_44 44 5/30/13 10:22 AM
Recycling, composting
and waste to energy
go hand in hand in
the UK, which strives
for sustainable waste
management. In
order to assess what
the best alternatives
are, its important
to first understand
the generation and
composition of municipal
solid waste. A recent
academic study by
Columbia University set
out to do just that.
By Nickolas Themelis and Athanasios
Bourtsalas
As the UK strives to achieve its obligations
under the EU Landfill Directive, it has turned
increasingly to a range of alternative disposal
options. These include increased recycling,
composting, anaerobic digestion and the use
of thermal treatment facilities to recover energy
from waste.
Many new facilities have entered service
over recent years and several others are in
the pipeline. But to ensure the correct mix of
technologies are deployed, it is impostant to
first understand the composition of the waste
to be treated.
With this in mind the objective of the recent
study was to carry out a critical analysis and
cross check various sets of data - either already
available in current literature or solicited from
various government agencies - and develop
information which can guide the future research
of the Waste to Energy Research and Technology
Council UK (WTERT-UK) - headquartered at
Imperial College London.
The research presents a detailed analysis
of the current management of municipal solid
wastes (MSW) in the UK and future challenges.
It includes characterisation of the generation
and disposition of MSW at the national and
regional levels.
MSW PRODUCTION &
COMPOSITION
Recycling, changing habits due to the economic
slump and the successful application of
sustainable waste management programmes
have resulted in a reduction to the generation
of MSW in the UK.
According to figures published by the UK
governments Department for Environment,
Food & Rural Affairs (Defra), in 2012 the UK
produced about 31 million tonnes of Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW). The figures show that this
MSW consists mostly of residential, commercial
and market wastes, with the reported 31.1
million tonnes generated in 2012 representing
an 11% decrease compared to 2007, and 13.1%,
decrease from 2002. The per capita generation
was 0.49 tonnes, and ranged from a high of 0.60
in Scotland to a low of 0.48 tonnes per capita
in England.
The generation of MSW is predicted to
continue to decrease over the next 20 years
from 32.3 million tonnes in 2010 to 29.5 million
tonnes in 2030. This forecast is based on the
Bogner and Matthews model, which shows
a linear relationship between the energy
consumption of a nation and its generation
of MSW, as well as on an energy consumption
forecast published by the UK
UK WASTE
MANAGEMENT:
GROWING OLD OR
GROWING CLEAN?
UK WASTE COMPOSITION WASTE TO ENERGY
1305wmw_45 45 5/30/13 10:22 AM
governments Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC).
The average composition and calorific value of MSW in the UK is calculated
to be 12 MJ/kg. This value corresponds to an equivalent of 3.3 MW per tonne
of waste per hour. Plastics have the highest calorific value, contributing 8.8%
to the total calorific value of MSW. Waste paper and cardboard reperesent
the highest percentage in the total composition of the UK MSW, while also
contributing a large fraction of the calorific value of MSW (Table 1).
In recent years, a combination of recycling and composting has become
the largest means of managing wastes, accounting for 26.7% and 15.5%,
respectively, of the total MSW generated. A total of 73% of the composted
waste is treated in open air windrows . However, 40.3% is still sent to landfill
while only 16% is combusted in 24 waste to energy facilities which recover
1594 GWh of electricity annually - this equates to som 0.41 MWh of electricity
generated for every tonne of MSW combusted.
REUSE, RECYCLING & COMPOSTING
As noted, recycling/reuse together with composting have become the
dominant methods of waste management in the UK, accounting for 42.2%
of the total MSW. In 2012 a total of 13.1 million tonnes of MSW was recycled
or composted in the UK, representing an increase of 27.3% since 2002. The
per capita recycling and composting for UK residents is 0.21 tonnes. England
recycles and composts the least with 0.20 tonnes per capita (42% of the total
MSW produced in England) , followed by Northern Ireland (0.21; 39% of the
total MSW produced in N. Ireland), Wales and Scotland (0.25 each; 50.1% and
42% of the total MSW produced in each country accordingly).
According to the Anaerobic Digestion & Biogas Association
(ADBA) there are currently well over 100 operational anaerobic
digesters, not counting those operating at water treatment facilities.
In 2012, there were also 203 composting sites (149 open windrow, 41 in-vessel
and 13 combined open windrow and in-vessel), the majority of which are located
in the east of England (38), followed by the south east (35) and north west (27).
In the same year, there were 2341 recycling facilities operating, 749 of
which processed end-of-life vehicles (ELV), 761 were vehicle dismantling
facilities, 60 vehicle de-pollution sites and 771 metal recycling plants.
LANDFILLING
The 40.3% of MSW landfilled in the UK is sent to the countrys 725 active landfill
sites; producing some 4979 GWh of electricity from the methane recovered.
Notably, almost 1700 landfill sites have stopped
operation since 2001, showing that the country
is moving away from landfill as an option for
waste management.
England is landfilling less with 0.18 tonnes
per capita, followed by Wales (0.23), N. Ireland
(0.32) and Scotland (0.33).
ENERGY RECOVERY
Of the total MSW produced in the UK in 2012
some 16.1% was processed in waste to energy
plants. This accounted for some 5% of the
countrys total Renewable Energy Sources (RES)
- an increase in the contribution of made by
waste to energy plants of some 300% since
1996. A total of 1739 GWh electricity and heat
combined.
There are 24 plants currently operating,
while 14 new facilities are in various stages of
construction. In England, 0.09 tonnes per capita
were processed in Waste to Energy plants in
2011/12. In Scotland and Wales, however, only
0.02 tonnes per capita was sent to energy
Table 1. Composition of MSW and calorific value
Material % In MSW Contribution to calorific value (MJ/kg)
MJ/kg MJ/kg
Plastics 8.80% 34.51 3.03
Glass 9.00% 0.20 0.01
Textiles 3.30% 16.12 0.53
Paper &Cardboard 21.35% 17.23 3.68
Food waste 17.33% 4.20 0.73
Garden waste 13.68% 18.49 2.53
Other natural organics 2.12% 4.18 0.08
Metal 4.00% 0.00 0
HHW 0.63% 0.00 0
WEEE 2.25% 0 0
Fines 1.52% 7.40 0.11
Other combustibles 10.82% 12.07 1.3
Other non-combustibles 5.20% 0.00 0.00
Total 100.00% 12.00
1305wmw_46 46 5/30/13 10:22 AM
recovery facilities. There was no energy recovery
at all in Northern Ireland.
Additionally, Mechanical Biological
Treatment (MBT) facilities in England processed
1.4% of the total MSW generated in the UK in
2012 to produce Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF)
or Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). This percentage
corresponds to only 0.008 tonnes per capita.
In Scotland and in Northern Ireland there
are no MBT plants, while in Wales 0.005 tonnes
per capita were processed into RDF. In total,
there was an increase of 0.8% of MSW treated
by MBT plants since 2002.
In total, there are about 19 facilities in the UK
using various MBT processes with a production
capacity of approximately one million tonnes of
SRF, used mainly in the cement industry.
The total energy produced by bioenergy
based technologies and waste treatment
operation sites was 12,973 GWh. This represented
an increase in energy production these sources
of 620% from 1996.
The oil equivalent of the energy produced
from wastes in 2011 was 750 thousand tonnes.
Of this 717,300 tonnes equivalent was due to
the production of electricity from waste an
increase of 928% since 1990. An additional
32,700 tonnes of oil equivalent came from the
generation of heat from wastes.
THE ECONOMICS OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN THE UK
The gate fee for landfilling lies between 73 and
127 per tonne, with the median fee paid by
local authorities in 2012 being 85 per tonne.
By contrast, the average gate fee paid at an MRF
was just 9 per tonne of recyclable materials, or
26 per tonne at facilities which entered service
after 2011.
Open air windrow composting sites
averaged 24 per tonne, in-vessel composting
and anaerobic digestions plants both charged
43 per tonne.
The gate fee paid by local authorities at
waste to energy plants was 54 per tonne
for those facilities built prior to 2000 and 73
per tonne of for plants built after the year
2000. The gate fees at MBT plants were 84
per tonne of waste. It is clear to see then, that
the most economically viable form of waste
management, other than prevention, is the
reuse and recycling of materials, with an average
gate fee of only 9 per tonne of waste.
CONCLUSIONS ON THE
GLOBAL STATUS OF WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN THE UK
A Chinese proverb states: The longest journey
starts with a single step. This reflects the
progress made towards improving the waste
management situation in the UK.
The country has rapidly increased its
sustainable waste management practices over
recent years, and has achieved this by placing
an emphasis on recycling and composting. This
is while also significantly increasing its waste
to energy capacity. Using statistics provided by
Eurostat, the Confederation of European Waste-
to-Energy Plants (CEWEP) and the published
data of several other nations, the global waste
management ladder (p45), along with the
position of UK on the ladder.
The concept is to show that nations that
recycle more of their municipal solid waste, and
process more of their residual MSW in waste
to energy facilities, therefore less landfilling,
are higher up the ladder of sustainable waste
management.
The countries were ranked according to
their result on the formula below, where waste
to energy (WTE) includes MBT facilities:
R= 1.2*(RECYCLING +
COMPOSTING) %+WTE%
Taking into account that the UKs Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) per capita (on a purchasing
power parity basis) is approximately 1.1 times
higher than the European average, as well as
its position on the global sustainable waste
management ladder, the country is below
several other European nations.
Therefore, while the UK has now taken
several steps on its journey towards sustainable
waste management practices, the road is long
and there is considerable room for further
advancement.
Professor Nickolas J. Themelis is director
of the Earth Engineering Centre, Columbia
University and chair of the global WTERT
Council
web: www.columbia.edu/cu/wtert
Athanasios C. Bourtsalas is a doctoral
student in the Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Imperial
College London and is also a research
associate at the Earth Engineering Centre,
Columbia University.
email: ab6211@imperial.ac.uk or ab3129@
caa.columbia.edu
Table 2. Gate fees paid for waste management techniques in the United Kingdom
Treatment Grade/material type of facility Prices Median

% change
since 2011
MRF
All - 66 to 73 - 82 to 90.5 9 11 -40.0%
Contracts starting in
2011 or later
- 55 to 4 - 68 to 5 -26 -32 -750.0%
Landfill
Non-hazardous waste
gate fee only
9 to 63 11 to 78 21 26 5.0%
Non-hazardous waste
gate fee plus Landfill tax
73 to 127
90.5 to
157.5
85 105 11.8%
Hazardous waste gate
fee (code 17 05 03)
23 to 50 28.5 to 62 29 36
Hazardous waste gate fee
(code 17 06 01)
40 to 95 50 to 118 85 105
Hazardous waste gate fee
(code 17 06 05)
30 to 60 37 to 74 40 50
WtE
Pre 2000 facilities
32 to 75 39 to 93 64 79 18.5%
Post 2000 facilities
44 to 101 55 to 125 82 102 12.3%
Defra Gate fee data

<200 kt
79 to 131 98 to 163 90 112
200 kt to 300 kt
56 to 102 69 to 127 76 94
350 kt to 450 kt
57 to 78 71 to 97 68 84
MBT

65 to 84 81 to 104 79 98 -6.0%
Organics
Open-air windrow(OAW)
15 to 53 19 to 66 25 31 4.2%
In-vessel(IV),food& garden waste
28 to 60 35 to 75 44 55 2.3%
Anaerobic Digestion (AD)
35 to 60 43 to 75 41 51 -4.7%
1305wmw_47 47 5/30/13 10:22 AM
Landfill disposal will
become an increasingly
premium disposal
option, as regulations
tighten to divert waste
instead for recycling and
energy generation. With
limited space available,
and the need to ensure
absolute containment of
toxic leachate, the use
of highly durable dense
asphaltic concrete as a
lining systems looks set to
spread.
by Ben Messenger
F
or any keen gardeners out there, the
process of building a garden pond
is probably a familiar one. First dig
yourself a nice big hole in the ground,
line it with an impermeable sheet of material
and fill it with water. Pretty soon youll have your
own little aquatic ecosystem of fish, amphibians,
insects, invertebrates and a variety of plant life.
What could possibly go wrong?
Well lets just hope you installed that liner
properly for a start. Preferably with some nicely
padded underlay. Forced by tonnes of water to
take the shape of the underlying hole you dug,
it is vulnerable to punctures from stones and
other sharp objects in the ground. It needs to be
strong, pliable and properly installed. But even
then it has a finite lifespan, over the course of
which it will slowly perish.
One day your pond will spring a leak. The
water will begin to slowly drain into the ground
beneath, leaving you to either keep it topped up
with water, or to take on the not inconsiderable
task of emptying the pond to replace the liner.
Now lets imagine for a moment that it
was not a few thousand litres of innocuous, if
somewhat smelly, water that filled the pond
in your garden. Instead it is filled with a toxic
cocktail of rotten organics, plastics, batteries,
paint, tyres, domestic appliances and a million
other household items - all of which have
been leaching a vast array of chemicals into
a poisonous soupy liquid for decades. Youre
probably wishing youd spent a little longer
choosing and installing a better liner, right?
It may be an unlikely scenario for your
garden pond, but on a much, much bigger
scale, it is a scenario familiar to landfill owners,
operators, designers and builders.
IMPROVING STANDARDS
In the developed world, gone are the days
when a landfill was simply a hole in the ground.
Concerns over groundwater contamination and
greenhouse gases have led to tight regulation.
While there are numerous options for lining
landfills, including clay and a range of polymer
linings such as HDPA, at some sites factors such
as the geological characteristics of the ground,
or the hazardous nature of the materials being
disposed, call for something a little more robust.
Two examples are the Chtillon Landfill,
situated in a former gravel pit to the south of
the city of Fribourg, Switzerland which accepts
fly and bottom ash from waste incineration, and
the 38 hectare Westmill site located in a working
sand and gravel pit in Hertfordshire, UK. Faced
ROCK SOLID
LANDFILL LINER
PROTECTION
We use very large winches, explains Wilson. A paving machine
will be in the region of eight to 10 tonnes in weight, with
anything up to six tonnes of asphalt. Were talking about big
pieces of equipment designed for paving on very steep slopes.
CELL CONSTRUCTION LANDFILL
1305wmw_48 48 5/30/13 10:22 AM
with similar problems in terms of needing to
protect the environment with a high quality
liner, both sites turned to Swiss Dense Asphaltic
Concrete (DAC) specialist, WALO.
Claimed to be completely impermeable and
massively strong, DAC has much in common
with the tarmac used to pave our roads, and has
become a widely accepted solution to landfill
engineering in Switzerland and Germany.
LAYING IT RIGHT
According to David Wilson, managing director
of WALO UK, in essence a DAC landfill lining
system consists of two layers - an asphaltic
binder layer and the dense asphaltic concrete.
The asphaltic binder is usually placed onto a
permeable crushed rock sub grade and is used
as a stabilising layer onto which the DAC is laid,
usually to a thickness of around 80mm.
It isnt as impermeable as the DAC and thats
really because the DAC is laid at about 180C to
190C and if theres any water present, either
from precipitation or from the construction
process itself, as soon as the dense asphaltic
concrete came into contact with the water it
could create steam that may create a bubble
inside the DAC, which would be a potential
weakness. Instead that steam is forced into the
binder layer which is porous below the DAC,
explains Wilson.
Drawing a comparison with road laying
materials, Wilson explains that DAC uses fresh
aggregates, sands and fillers, as does normal
road asphalt. The difference is that for the
sealing asphalt of a landfill liner, the company
is looking for slightly different properties. For a
road pavement a certain degree of stiffness is
required, where as for a landfill liner a certain
degree of flexibility is desirable to accommodate
any settlement within the landfill cell.
Most importantly, what were looking for
is impermeability so we tend to put more
bitumen into our dense asphaltic concrete,
adds Wilson. Its laid in a very similar way to that
of a road pavement. The difference is we have
the capability of doing it on relatively steep
slopes of up to 1:1.6. We have the capability of
laying slopes of slightly in excess of 150 metres.
EXPLOITING THE VOID
The big advantage of being able to line such
steep sides is that it enables the void available
for disposing of waste to be maximised.
But its ability to build tall and steep is not the
only advantage WALOs DAC liners offer in terms
of exploiting the void. According to Wilson, for
a hazardous waste landfill site installing a clay
liner, the Landfill Directive can call for anything
up to five metres of material above a HDPE layer.
The reality is that the impermeability of
DAC means we can use a standard system, so
instead of five metres plus the thickness of the
liner system, we would be looking at a total
thickness of 340mm. So there is a significant
void increase, he adds.
BUILT TO LAST
When it comes to withstanding the harsh
chemical conditions found within a landfill
site, the company says that in terms of its
resistance to chemical attack it is necessary
to take bitumens thermoplastic characteristics
into consideration. The action of acids with a pH
value of <4, or high volumes of solvents, have
the potential to increase the temperature of
the bitumen slightly, which could be linked to a
slight softening of the bitumens structure.
However, WALO also notes that the pH of
most municipal solid waste landfill leachate is
usually in the range of 4.8 to 5.2. It also says that
experiments have shown that any softening of a
DAC barrier through such an attack would only
affect a few mm in the top surface.
Furthermore, according to Wilson while
ordinarily there would be a 300mm layer of
gravel type material on top of the DAC, to act
as a leachate draining system, even if heavy
construction equipment where to travel directly
on the DAC layer, it is comfortably strong
enough to survive unscathed. Something which
is a risk for HDPE and other membrane linings.
When asked how DAC might stand up to
one of the arch nemeses of landfill sites, fire,
Wilson is confident: The point to remember
is that 93% of the DAC lining is made up of
aggregates, anything up to 10 to 14mm all
the way down to very very fine fillers. But its
graded in such a way that its so dense that even
without the bitumen it gives a permeability of
about 10-
8
, which is pretty good because the
Landfill Directive is looking for 10-
9
with clay.
By the time you put the bitumen in youre
looking at around 10-
13
or 10-
14
, he adds. Even if
there was a fire, there might be some softening
of the bitumen, but it wouldnt come to any
harm and experience has shown us that the top
one or two mm may or may not get damaged,
but the reality is its 80mm thick. Weve never
ever in fifty odd years experienced any damage
from that sort of incident to a DAC liner.
COST
According to WALO, as with all barrier systems,
the cost of lining a cell with DAC depends upon
its overall size, base and slope areas, the length
and angle of the slope, its overall height and the
topography of the site.
Clearly such a robust lining system is not
a cheap option, but the company claims that
taking everything into account, such as the
increased void space created by using a much
thinner lining system, the speed of laying, the
steepness of sides and the alternative uses that
a cell with a DAC lining system can be put to,
the price is comparable to other lining products.
CONCLUSIONS
The developed world may be moving
increasingly away from landfill as a favoured
means of disposal, but it is far from leaving
it behind altogether. The sites at which we
continue to bury our waste are not found in
our gardens, but incinerator ash and other toxic
wastes have the potential to leach pollutants
into the underlying groundwater.
As our understanding of the threats posed
by landfills has grown, increasing efforts have
been made to ensure that what goes into
these holes in the ground stays there. With
the volumes of waste being sent to landfill
declining in most developed nations, and the
cost increasing, in the future there will be less
demand for landfill capacity. This will drive
higher standards at the sites we do have.
While vastly different in scale, garden pond
and landfill site liners need to serve the same
purpose: containing liquids and protecting the
ground. Lining landfills with highly resilient
dense asphaltic concrete may not be a new
idea, but as landfill disposal becomes a premium
option, it may well be something that will
become more common.
Ben Messenger is the managing editor of
WMW magazine.
e-mail: benm@pennwell.com
Bifas Westmill site is located in a working sand
and gravel pit and every year receives up to
350,000 tonnes of municipal waste
In addition to replacing the lining at the
Chtillon Landfl the client was looking to
increase the available void
CELL CONSTRUCTION LANDFILL
1305wmw_49 49 5/30/13 10:22 AM
PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLDWIDE
SWEEP-NET 3RD REGIONAL FORUM 14 TO 16 MAY
IN CAIRO, EGYPT
More than 150 waste experts from 20 different countries of the MENA
region (Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Morocco, Palestinian
Territories, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen) and Out of Africa-countries (Austria,
Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Portugal and Spain)
attended the SWEEP-Net 3rd Regional Forum which was held 14 to 16
May in Cairo, Egypt. The Forum titled Solid Waste Management goes
Green, perfectly organised by SWEEP-Net (Solid Waste Exchange of
Information and Expertise Network) and GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft fr
Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH), was a great success.
The Egyptian Minister of State for Environmental Affairs, Dr. Khaled
Mohamed Fahmy Abdel Aal, opened and also partly attended the
forum. In seven consecutive and five parallel sessions topics such as
Political and Fiscal Dimension of Green Economy, Waste to Energy,
Organic Waste Management as a Source of Income Generation, E-Waste
Handling and Recycling- An Ecological Challenge and SWM at the local
level: Moving towards Zero Waste were tackled by high-class speakers
and discussed thoroughly by the delegates. ISWA was represented by
communications manager Gerfried Habenicht who gave a presentation
on Waste Management and Green Economy.
The programme of the forum was rounded up by a field visit to the
Zabbaleen area waste sorting and treatment plant. The Zabbaleen are
Cairos informal garbage collectors. Zabbaleen means Garbage people in
Egyptian Arabic. Spread out among seven different settlements scattered in the Greater Cairo Urban Region, the Zabbaleen population is between
50,000 and 70,000.
Delegates took the forum as an opportunity to present the current
situation and major problems in the SWEEP-Net member countries, to get
an overview on good practices of solid-waste management, to discuss
necessary steps for improving the waste sector of the MENA region in the
context of a greener economy and to explore policy measures to catalyse
change.
For ISWA it is a very important issue to increase and intensify its
activities, presence and membership in Africa. SWEEP-Net as a broker of
experience exchange on waste management issues in the MENA region
is the ideal partner to reach this aim in the north of Africa, and ISWA is
very happy about the excellent co-operation with this well established
network. Two years ago ISWA and SWEEP-NET signed a Memorandum
of Understanding to establish a general collaborative framework. Since
then there is an intensive and very fruitful exchange of knowhow and
experience between both organisations, and also regular mutual support
and contributions to events organised by the one or the other. For
example, at this years ISWA World Congress in Vienna there will be an own
Special Session organised by SWEEP-Net.
ISWA
INFORMATION
VISIT WWW.ISWA.ORG FOR MORE INFORMATION
1305wmw_50 50 5/30/13 11:16 AM
ISWA CALENDAR 2013
JUNE
92nd ASTEE Congress w-
Assisting sustainable and
responsible cities
June 4, France, Nantes
nantes2013@astee.org
Working Group Meeting on
Recycling
and Waste Minimisation
June 6-7, Finland, Tampere
ghabenicht@iswa.org
ISWA Study Tour
Waste-to-Energy
June 24-28, Austria, Vienna
jschoenherr@iswa.org
JULY
ISWA Study Tour
Waste-to-Energy
July 1-5, Austria, Vienna
jschoenherr@iswa.org
Waste Management
Symposium 2013
July 2, Singapore
fangwei.goh@singex.com.sg
STC Meeting
July 16, Portugal, Lisbon
rwilliams@iswa.org
Board Meeting
July 17, Portugal, Lisbon
hkoller@iswa.org
AUGUST
ISWA cooperation conference:
Landfill and Transfer Stations
August 7-9, Australia, Gold Coast
veronica@wmaa.asn.au
2nd ISWA Summer School
August 12-23, Malaysia, Kuala
Lumpur
kwinternitz@iswa.org
SEPTEMBER
ISWA European Group Meeting
September 3-4,Belgium, Brussels
Communication
September 5-6, Austria, Vienna
ghabenicht@iswa.org
Energy Recovery
September 12-13, Italy, Turin
jtang@iswa.org
Romanian National Conference
on Sustainable Municipal
Solid Waste Management.
Concepts
and Strategies
September 25-26, Romania,
Bucharest
OCTOBER
STC Meeting
October 5, Austria, Vienna
rwilliams@iswa.org
Board Meeting
hkoller@iswa.org
General Assembly
ISWA World Congress 2013
October 7-11, Austria, Vienna
office@iswa2013.org
Legal Issues
October 10-11, Austria, Vienna
ghabenicht@iswa.org
NOVEMBER
ISWA Beacon Confrence on
Waste-to-Energy
November 27-28, Sweden, Malm
jakob.sahlen@avfallsverige.se
WG BTW MEETING AND SEMINAR ON 19 APRIL
IN SOFIA, BULGARIA
The ISWA Working Group on Biological Treatment of Waste (WG
BTW) gathered for the first meeting of 2013 in Sofia, parallel to the
Biowaste Sofia 2013 Seminar on Implementation of Organic Waste
Management in Southern and Eastern European Countries Status,
challenges and solutions. The seminar received an overwhelming amount
of representatives from Bulgarian municipalities, who were eager to be
informed about the new national legislation on biological treatment of
waste and on the technical aspects of bio-treatment.
Discussion topics of the working group meeting focused on food
waste treatment options and the application, treatment and regulatory
status of digestate and sewage sludge.
Guest participants included representatives from the European
Composting Network and the Ministry of Environment and Water of
Bulgaria. Special thanks go to the Ministry of Environment and Water of
Bulgaria for hosting the Working Group meeting at their premises and
taking care of the local logistics.
1305wmw_51 51 5/30/13 11:21 AM
DIARY
DIARY OF
EVENTS
ADVERTISERS INDEX
5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM MBT & MRF,
WASTE-TO-RESOURCES 2013
Hannover , Germany
10-14 June, 2013
T: +49 511 23 59 383
E: info@wasteconsult.de
W: www.waste-to-resources.eu
SWMT (SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGY) BRAZIL
Sau Paulo, Brazil
3-4 2013
W: www.greenworldconferences.com
END OF LIFE PLASTICS 2013
Cologne, Germany
4-6 June, 2013
T: +44 117 924 9442
E: rmm@amiplastics.com
W: www.amiconferences.com
EWM INDIA 2013
Hyderbad, India
18-19 June, 2013
T: +91-11- 42403200
E: info@ewm.org.in
W: www.ewm.org.in
UK AD & BIOGAS 2013
Birmingham, UK
3-4 July, 2013
T: +44 (0) 20 3176 4414
E: jamil.ahad@adbiogas.co.uk
W: www.adbiogas.co.uk
BEIJING SOLID WASTE TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT EXHIBITION
Beijing, China
8-10 August, 2013
T: +86(010)-6862 9949
E: bjks2003@163.com
W: www.china-wasteexpo.com
WM IN PARTNERSHIP WITH CIWM
Birmingham, UK
10-12 September, 2013
T: +44 (0)20 8651 7088
E: rwm.exhibition@emap.com
W: www.rwmexhibition.com
18TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS FOR BATTERY
RECYCLING ICBR 2013
Dubrovnik, Croatia
11-13 September, 2013
E: info@icm.ch
F: +41 62 785 10 05
W: www.icm.ch
GREEN ELECTRONICS 2013 WORKSHOP ON
RESOURCE EFFICIENCY IN THE ELECTRIC AND
ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
Budapest, Hungary
4-6 November, 2013
T: +43 1 298 20 20
Einfo@care-electronics.net
W: www.care-electronics.net
BIR AUTUMN CONVENTION
Warsaw, Poland
28-29 October, 2013
T: +32 2 627 5770
F: +32 2 627 5773
E: bir@bir.org
W: www.bir.org
ECOMONDO
Rimini, Italy
06-09 November, 2013
T: +39 541/744 456
E: infovisitatori@riminifera.it
W: www.ecomondo.com
ELECTRONICS RECYCLING ASIA
Singapore
12-15 November, 2013
E: info@icm.ch
F: +41 62 785 10 05
W: http://www.icm.ch/wrf-2013
POLLUTEC HORIZONS
Paris, France
03-06 December 2013
T: +33 (0) 1 47 56 21 12
E: ristiana.rabusin@reedexpo.fr
W: www.pollutec.com
IFAT
Munich, Germany
5-9 May 2014
T: +49 89 949-11358
F +49 89 949-11359
E: info@ifat.de
W: www.ifat.de/en
BABCOCK & WILCOX VOLUND ..........................................................................................................................................................................OBC
BANKE ACCESSORY DRIVES .................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
BOLLEGRAAF RECYCLING MACHINERY ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
CATERPILLAR S.A.R.L. ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
DOPPSTADT CALBE GMBH .................................................................................................................................................................................... IFC
GICOM BV .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................2
HAMMEL RECYCLINGTECHNIK GMBH ............................................................................................................................................................. 35
ISWA ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
JCB SALES LTD. ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
LINDNER RECYCLINGTECH ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
MACPRESSE EUROPA S.R.L. ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
NTM AB ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
ORKEL COMPACTION AS .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
PTF HAEUSSER GMBH ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40
RIMINI FIERA - ECOMONDO 2013 ..................................................................................................................................................................... IBC
SCARAB SWEEPERS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
For information on advertising,
Please contact:
Terry Ash
International
E: terrya@pennwell.com
T: +44 1992 656 600
F: +44 1992 656 700
Roy Morris
International
E: rmorris@pennwell.com
T: +44 1992 656 613
F: +44 1992 656 700
Dottie LaFerney
Regional Manager, Southeast
E: dottiel@pennwell.com
T: (512) 858-7927
F: (512) 858-1910
Craig Wiggins
Regional Manager, East
E: craigw@pennwell.com
T: (610) 430-8181
F: (610) 430-0910
Amy Bailie
Regional Manager, Central/West
E: amyb@pennwell.com
T: (918) 832-9241
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