Planning Exercise 1:

To Determine the Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid Using Standard Sodium Hydroxide

Description: The concentration of HCl, in FA1, is known to be approximately 0.6 mol dm-3. You are required to plan an experiment to determine an accurate value for the concentration of HCl in FA1. Your plan should include the following: The general strategy (provide theoretical background using scientific knowledge and understanding, and treatment of results) a detailed procedure (including apparatus, chemicals and their concentrations where appropriate, consideration of safety matters and reliability of results) You are given: FA 1 is hydrochloric acid and you are required to determine its concentration. FA 3 is 0.100 mol dm-3 NaOH Acid-base indicators Common laboratory glassware 1 Write a balanced equation between aqueous sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. [1] NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O [1] 2 a) Choice of Indicators: Explain if an indicator is necessary for the titration. If yes, justify your choice of a suitable indicator. [1] Yes, there is a need to use an indicator as the reactants and products are both 1 colourless. [ ] 2 Since HCl is a strong acid and NaOH is a strong base, both methyl orange and 1 phenolphthalein can be used. [ ] 2 b) Suggest and explain which solution is to be placed in the burette so that the colour change at end-point is more distinct. [3] In order for the colour change to be more distinct, the colour change should be from a lighter colour to darker colour. Using methyl orange:

1 ] 2 1 - if NaOH is placed in burette, colour change will be from red to orange. [ ] 2

- if HCl is placed in burette, colour change will be from yellow to orange. [ Therefore, HCl should be placed in burette and NaOH pipetted into conical flask for a
1

more distinct colour change. [ Using phenolphethalein:

1 ] 2

1 ] 2 - if NaOH is placed in burette, colour change will be from colourless to pale pink. 1 [ ] 2
- if HCl is placed in burette, colour change will be from pale pink to colourless. [ Therefore, NaOH should be placed in burette and HCl pipetted into conical flask for a 1 more distinct colour change. [ ] 2 3 Pre-calculations: Show, with relevant calculations, that dilution of FA1 is necessary and hence determine the volume of FA1 needed to prepare the 250 cm 3 of diluted hydrochloric acid for titration, with methyl orange as the indicator.
Clues: Work out suitable quantity to be used for analysis by calculating backwards from the assumed titre and analyte volume and using mole ratio from equation in 1). 3 3 i. Desired titre volume from burette should be around 20-30cm (we usually assume it to be about 25cm ) 3 ii. Analyte volume in conical flask is usually taken to be 25cm (using pipette)

[3] Choosing methyl orange as the indicator: Since 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 NaOH is pipetted into the conical flask, 1 25.0 No. of moles of NaOH in 25.0 cm3 of FA3 = x 0.100 = 0.00250 mol [ ] 2 1000 Since mole ratio of NaOH : HCl = 1 : 1 1 No. of moles of HCl needed in 25.0 cm3 of titre = 0.00250 mol [ ] 2 If FA1 is used without dilution,

1 25.0 = 0.015 mol [ ] 2 1000 (more than moles of HCl needed in 25 cm3 of titrant)
No. of moles of HCl in 25.0 cm3 of FA1 = 0.6 x Hence dilution of FA1 is necessary, using a 250 cm3 volumetric flask. No. of moles HCl needed in 250 cm3 of diluted HCl solution (10 times dilution) [ = 0.00250 mol x

1 ] 2

250 1 = 0.025 mol [ ] 25.0 2

Volume of FA1 needed to prepare 250 cm3 of diluted HCl solution 0.025 1 = = 0.04167 dm3 = 41.7 cm3 [ ] 0.6 2
2

Complete the following practical sequence for the experiment. [4]

Prepare standard solution using SOLUTION WITH KNOWN CONC (Dilution)

1 ], transfer (between 41.00 cm3 to 42.00 cm3) [1] of 0.6 mol dm-3 2 1 of FA1 into a 250cm3 VOLUMETRIC FLASK. [ ] 2 2) Top up to the mark using distilled water. 3) Shake well to give a homogeneous solution. Label it FA2.
1) Using a burette [ Common steps during titration, AFTER standard solution is prepared

1) Using a pipette [ FLASK. [

1 ], place 25.0 cm3 FA2/FA3 into a 250cm3 CONICAL 2

1 ] 2

1 ] 2 3) Transfer FA2/FA3 into a burette and titrate FA2/FA3 against FA3/FA2.(dependent on choice of indicator) 4) Stop titration when the solution in conical flask turns from yellow to 1 orange/colourless to permanent pale pink. [ ] 2 5) Repeat the titration until achieve consistent readings of 0.10cm3.
2) Add 2 drops of methyl orange/phenolphethalein. [ Tutors may want to guide the students with diagrams to help them visualize before they write down the steps. Can also show videos on preparation of standard solution. e.g. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EOiCrtvUUM 5 a) Presentation and Manipulation of Data: Show how you would present all the measurements that you would take and record during the experiment (e.g. prepare a titration table) and show how the average titre is calculated. Use the letters A, B, C, etc. to represent each measurement and use these letters to show how your calculated volumes are obtained, e.g. E = B A. Dilution of FA1 Final burette reading / cm3 Initial burette reading / cm3 Volume of FA1 used / cm3 Titration of FA3 with FA2 Titration Final burette reading / cm3 Initial burette reading / cm3 Volume of FA2 used / cm3 1 A B AB 2 C D CD X Y XY

Average titre = b)

[( A B) (C D)] = E cm3 2

Use the letters you have used in 5a) to show how you would process the results to determine the concentration, in mol dm-3, of HCl in FA1. No. of moles of NaOH in 25.0 cm3 of FA3 =

25.0 x 0.100 = 0.00250 mol 1000

No. of moles of HCl in E cm3 of FA2 = 0.00250 mol No. of moles of HCl in 250 cm3 of FA2 (diluted HCl solution) 250 0.625 = 0.00250 mol x = mol E E

0.625 625 E [HCl] in FA1 = = mol dm-3 ( X Y ) E( X Y ) 1000

6 Safety Considerations: State one safety precaution that you would take when performing this experiment. 1. Hydrochloric acid, HCl is corrosive and the liquid can cause severe damage to skin and eyes. If HCl gets into contact with the skin or eyes, wash it off immediately with water. 2. Fill the burette at a suitable height and not above the head level to prevent accidental spillage which may lead to any contact with the chemical. 3. Use of personal protective equipment such as goggles and gloves to prevent injury in the laboratory. 4. Use of a ventilated fume cupboard to remove harmful vapours.