Professional Documents
Culture Documents
( )
( )
( )
?
1
(
) ()
()
Papyrus()
De Materia Medica() Tpa()
()
()(
)()()()(
)
()
(Pharmakon) Yls(gnosis)
19 T.W. Martius
Martius 1832 Grundriss der Pharmakognosie des Pflanzenreiches() Pharmakognosie
Martius
1890
H.W. youngken Text-Book of Pharmacognosy
()
, ,
, digoxin, quinine, vincristine, atropine, codeine, morphine ,
3
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
19 William Osler, 1849-1919
pharmacology
1990 34% 1998 42% Journal of the American Medical Association , Nov.11,
1998, Journal of Clinical Oncology, July 2000. )
( 1972
)
( food ), ( food addictive ), ( nutritional
supplement )( drug )
E 1998
4
( 254 126 )
( Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 ) (
) 2000 8 FDA Draft Guidance for Industry- Botanical Drug Product
(OTC)(NDA) (
)
;
1999 8 17
7 6
2 1
1
1 ).
2).
3).
4).
( 2000 17.4
) (
)
1990 ( 784 509 )
32 A
1995 940
150 24% 9%
1141
() ()
()(
) 2). ()
( Huperzine A )3 ). ( Matrine )
() 1997 FDA/IND
( ) (
) (amygdalin, laetrile )( Mistletoe ,
Viscum album L. )( Biological response modifier)
5
6
( )
DNA
()
1994 GMP
( TLC)
( HPLC )
1). ?
?
4). ( ) ?
2). () ?
5). ?
3).
6).
( botanical healing )
3.
GMP
GMP ( cGMP cGMP
( adulted ) GMP )GMP : ()
( product liability )( ) standard operation procedure,
SOP
( ) ( quality assurance) ( ) safety and efficacy
( ) ( in process ) ( end product ) ( Validation ) [ 87.6.15
] ( Validation )
(1). :
( , s/n ratio) (2). :
( Bioavailability)( Bioequivalence ) ( Pharmacokinetic studies ) (3).
cGMP
1965
Dr. Willmar Schwabe Tebonin 1965 ( 16% )1980 (
24% ) 1990 EGB 761 ( 24%6% )
BGA
( 1994
(1). 50 , (2). ( gingo flavone glycoside quercetin, kaempferide isorhamnetin
HPLC ) >24% , (3).
6 ( 28 % )( ;
a) . Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale- Congitive
subscale ( ADAS-Cog )
) 10 %
9 1%( CGIC )
120-240 mg
2-3 2-3
2 aspirin
warfarin EGB 761 60
( 2000 )( )(
cGMP ) (. > 10 g )(
ginkgolide B bilobalide )
14
()
( adulted )( misbrand ) ( :
FDA ( adlterated ) ( Misbrand )) (a)
(b). , (c). (d). (e) (f)
(g). cGMP ( )
( diazepam acetaminophenaminopyrinechlorzoxazoneethoxybenzamide
phenylbutazonepiroxicamindomethacinmefenamic acid prednisone chlorpheniramine piperazine)
( )( : ? )
( 204- 220 ppm )
Sildenafil
Slim Smile
8
mazindol mazindol
""""""""""
F (
B1 )
( )
( )
S( thioacetic acid ,
)
()
1 5 2 25 11
......
xx
xx xx
xx
9
xx
xx Xx
xx
xx xx
xx
xx xx
AB
xx
,
(
> 0.5 ppm, > 5 ppm, > 20 ppm, > 20 ppm, > 150 ppm, > 100 ppm )
1990
1.
2.
3.
1).
(redclover)
10
2).
3). ( ) 4).
(Achillea)5).
6).
7).
strychnine
:
8). ouabain
9).
(Lantadenes )
10).
(
) 11).
12).
( anagyrine )
( 0.5-5g /kg ) cinnamaldehyde () Crocetin( ), ephedrine () , methylephedrine( )oxymatrine ( )
paeoniflorin ( )paeonol( ) pseudoephedrine( ) saponin (), schizandrin () sinomenine (
)( 50-500 mg /kg) camptothecine()cinnamaldehyde () ephedrine() genipin() gentianine
() gomisin A() matrine() methoxycamptothecine() monocrotaline() piperine()
protocatechuic aldehyde() pseudoephedrine() reserpine() rhynchophylline() rubescensine B(
) tetramethylpyrazine() toosendanin() ( 5-50 mg /kg)
aristolochic acid ()
()cantharidin( )durisoline()
()magnoflorine()metetrandrine( ) oleandrin ()
) ( 1978
11
(Georgi Markov)
03 04Bill Frist )
X
12
( JAMA. 2005;294:2342-2351 )
( > 80C1 )
12
1.
( Abrus precatorius L.)( Black alder , Alder Buckthorn , Rhamnus frangula ) ( Black cohosh,
Cimicifuga racemosa) ( Blessed thistle, Cnicus benedictus ) ( Buckthom bark, Rhamnus cathartica )
( Pokeweed, Scoke, Phytolacca americane )
2.
( Aconite , Monkshood, Blue Rocket, Aconitum napellus ) ( Blue Cohosh , Papoose Root, Squaw
Root, Caulophyllum thalictroides) ( Chickweed, Stellaria media ) ( ) (Hawthorn ,
Crataegus laevigata Crataegus oxyacantha Crataegus monogyna ) ( Khat, Catha, Catha
edulis ) ( Indian Tobacco, Lobelia, Asthma Weed, Lobelia inflata ) ( Poke , Pokeweed,
Scoke, Phytolacca americane ) ( Yohimbe , Pausinystalia yohimbe)
3.
4.
Colchicum autumnale L. , Conium maculatum L. , Coriaria myrtifolia L., Erythroxylum coca Lam, Gloriosa superba L.,
Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Hedera helix L., Ilex aquifolium L. , Jatropha curcas L. , Jatropha gossypiifolia, Jatropha hastata,
13
Jatropha macrorhiza, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Myristica fragrans Houtt., Nerium oleander L. , Nicotiana
tabacum L , Peganum harmala L., Ricinus communis L. , Ruta graveolens L., Scilla maritima L. Baker, Senecio Vulgaris L.,
Solanum nigrum L., Spartium junceum L. , Thevetia peruviana (Pers.), Viscum album L. , Wisteria sinensis (Sims),
Sweet
Wisteria floribunda (Willd) DC, ( Asafetida, Devils Dung, Ferula assafoetida, Ferula foetida )
( Bearberry, Uva-ursi , Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) ( ) ( Penny royal, Mentha pulegium,
Hedeoma pulegioides ) ( Poke, Pokeweed, Scoke, Phytolacca americane ) ( Sopbora flavescens )
( White Willow, Salix alba ) ( Yohimbe , Pausinystalia yohimbe)
5.
( Acorus calamus )(Podophyllum) ( Rue , Garden Rue, German Rue, Ruta graveolens )
( )
: , , Bankakri , Taoerqi, Radix Et , Rhizoma Sinopodophylli
: (Berberidaceae ) ( Podophyllum emodi Wall. ) ( P. peltatum L.)
:
: .
- , ,
: (podophyllin), (podophyllotoxin), (picropodophyllin) ,
.
: .
: , . , . 1.5~3g, .
: . .
: , . .
( , )
: ( , , ( ) , ( ) ) , Chuanwu, Radix Aconiti. Common Monkshood Mother
14
Root.
: (Aconitium carmichaeli Debx.)
: .
: .
: , (aconitine) (mesaconitine) (hypaconitine).
: , ; .
: , . . 1.5~3g,
, ; .
:
1.
0.2mg aconitine ( 6 )
2.
: , , , ; ,
; .
3.
: .
4.
: , ,
.
5.
: .
1.
2.
amiodarone .
3.
: , , , ; ,
; .
2.
: .
3.
: (ventricular tachycardia )
15
2.
. .
3.
amiodarone .
4.
( )
: (, , , , , , , ( ) , () ) , Fuzi, Radix Aconiti
Lateralis Preparata, Prepared Common monks- hood Daughter Root.
: (Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.)
: .
: , .
:
- , 1.5~5cm, 1.5~ 3.5 cm. , , ,
, " ", , , , ,
5~7 .
- , .
: , , 4~5 cm, 1~ 3.5 cm. 3~5 mm. ,,
. . .
- , .
: : ( aconitine ) ( mesaconitine ) ( hypaconitine ).
( higenamine ) ( coryneine chloride )
(salsolinol).
: , , .
: , ,
. 3~15g, ;
.
:
1.
18
2.
: , , , ; ,
; .
3.
: .
4.
: , . ,
.
: .
1.
2.
. .
3.
amiodarone .
4.
:, , , ; ,
; .
2.
: .
3.
: ,
. ,
.
: .
1.
2.
. .
3.
amiodarone .
4.
( )
( ) Pishi
Arsenolite
As2O3
As2O3 As2O3
As2O3
0.03~0.075g
1 ~ 2
17
24 " "
, .
1.
30g 6~8
2.
3~5 120g
30g 400
Pishuang
Arsenic trioxide
2000 9 FDA Trisenox 0.15 mg/kg, slow i.v. infusion /D, 24-83 D
( acute promyelocytic leukemia ) ( 1992
1995
) Memorial Sloan-Kettering
()
50%
APL
(NB4 ) 0.1M NB4
0.1M NB4 1M NB4 APL
APL (NB4) (Apoptosis)
18
( )
: , ( , , , , , , ). Xionghuang , Realgar.
: , ( As2S2 ) .
: .
: - . , , . ,
. , , .
- , .
: : ( As2S2 , Arsenic disulphide ), 90% .:
(Arsenous oxide ) : .
: , .
: . , , . .
0.15~0.3g, ; , . , . .
:
,;
, .
1.
2. 1-2
3. T Wave QT Torsade de points
4.
5. ( > 95 % )
6.
7.
8. Mecs line
9.
(SH-)
( Arsenite )( Arsenate )
100 mg 200 mg
:
1.
19
2. ( 0.05% 1% )
X
( (12% 20% , ,
), 5~10 , , 50% 30mL )
3. 200g/l
:
:
( ) : Shuiyin,
Mercury
;
( )
: (
; 0.3-0.6g
0.06-0.09g ;
( , , )
: ( , , ) Zhusha, Cinnabaria
( , HgS )
:
:
: . .
- . . , . .
, . ; , .
- .
: : .
: ; .
,
. . . .
( < 0.01% ) 3-4 g/dl Hg 2+
, ; .
, , ,
.
( )
( Mahaffey, K.R., 2000. Recent advances in recognition of
low-level methylmercury poisoning. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 13, 699 707.
effects of methylmercury. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. )
: .
:
1.
, ,
2.
3.
. .
:
1.
5% .
2.
( )
: ( , , , ) Qingfen, Calomel, calomelas
:
21
: , , , ,
: - , , . , .
: , (Mercurous Chloride, Hg2Cl2 )
: ; .
: : , ; : ,
, , .
: ( < 0.01% ) Hg 2+
, , ,
, , , , ,
, ,
, , ,
,
( acrodynia ),
. , , ,
: .
1.
, . . .
2.
(Unithiol) D-penicillamine
succiimer
3.
, .
4.
3~5% , .
5.
Baijiangdan
, Hygrargyrum chloratum compositum.
( HgCl2 + HgCl )
, ;
0.09~0.15g
:
: - , , , . 1~ 2.5 cm, 3~6mm. ,
, , , . , .
, , .
- , ( , ).
: . ( strychnine ) (brucine). (colubrine)
(vomicine) (icajine) (novacine).
: ; .
: , . .
0.3~0.6g, . .
: 30~100mg, 5mg. ,
, ,
. , ,
. . .
: .
1.
2.
3.
, , 2% 0.05% .
4.
, . 24
: , , ( ), (), ( ), (),
( ), ( ), , (), ( ), Banxia, Rhizoma
Pinelliae
: Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit
:
:
: - , , 0.8~1.9cm. , ,
; , ., , .
- , , .
: , ( homogentistic acid ) , 3,4-,
, ( trigonelline ) ( pinellin )
.
: ; .
:
; , 3~9g;
0.1~1.8g
.
1.
2.
3.
0.02% , .
2.
, .
3.
, .
4.
( )
: ( , , , ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),
, ( ), , , ( ),
: Croton tiglium L.
: , .
: . .
: - ,, , 1.6~2.7cm, 1.5~2cm;
, , , , 6~8 ; , ,
, , . , 1~1.5cm
0.5~1cm, 4~6mm; ,
,
. ( )
: 53~57%, 18%. , ( crotonoside ), 1~ 3.8%
,
( phorbol)
: ; ,
0.1~0.3g,
24
: 1/4 1~3 20
, ;
, ,
,
.
1.
( ) 0.02% , .
2.
3.
60~90g , 100ml.
4.
, 3% .
5.
, 1.5g, . , 5% .
( )
( , , ( ), ( ), ( )). Banmao, Mylabris, Blister beetles.
Meloidae ( ) Mylabris phalerata Pallas ( ) Mylabris
cichori Linnaeus
.
. .
- , 1.5~2.5cm, 0.5~1cm. ,
, , . , ,,
. , ; ;
. .
- , 1~1.5cm; .
cantharidin 1~1.5%. , .
; .
, , . . 0.03~0.06g,
, . .
0.6g , 1.5g. 0.14mg , 10~75 mg .
, .
, .
, ,
.
. .
, . ,
.
: serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) , p38
JNK MAP kinase p53 caspase-3 norcantharidin
( invasion and metastasis) matrix metalloproteinase-2 -9
, caspase-3
.
1.
, 10% 10ml, .
2.
, . .
25
.
3.
. , , ; ; ,
.
4.
, , .
5.
, .
( , )
( , , , ) Qingniangzi
Lytta caraganae Pallas ( Spanish fly ) Lytta vesicatoria
.
- . 12~20mm. .
.
.
.
. .
(Cantharidin) .
.
.
0.1~0.3g ; .
0.6g , 1.5g.
0.14mg , 10mg .
, .
, .
,
, .
.
.
, .
.
1.
, , 10% 10ml , .
2.
, . .
.
3.
. , , ; ; ,
.
4.
, , .
5.
, .
( )
( , , , , ( ), (). Hongniangzi, Huechys
Huechys sanguinea De Geer Huechys philaemata Fabricius.
.
.
26
- 1.5~2.5 cm , 5~7mm .
. ,
. . .
. . .
- , .
.
; .
. . 0.15~ 0.3g , 0.7 g;
. .
.
.
, . .
.
.
1.
, , 10% 10 ml , .
2.
, . .
.
3.
. , , ; ; ,
.
4.
, ,
5.
, .
( )
0.05% .
2.
3.
( ( )), Langdu , Rhizoma Alocasiae
Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott
.
.
12cm, 2.5mm ,
; ( ) , .
.
(Alocasin). (cyanogenic glycosides)- (glucoside).
.
. . 6~15g , .
, ,
. ; , .
.
1.
. 5 % .
2.
, , 250g .
3.
; , (Chloramphenicol)
(Neomycin) .
( , , , ), Tenghuang
Garcinia morella Desv.
-(-Guttiferin) --Guttiferin; Morellic acid
Isomorellic acid
0.03~0.06g ,
4g
,
.
1.
2.
, , , ,
3.
10% 5%
( )
( (),() ,,
), Tianxianzi, Semen Hyoscyami
28
Hyoscyamus niger L.
.
.
, 1mm 0.05mm ,
. .
.
( hyoscyamine ) ( atropine ) ( scopolamine ) DL- ( atroscine ).
.
; .
. . 0.06~0.6g,
.
. 30~60
,
; .
.
.
1.
0.025~0.05% , .
2.
5% .
3.
4.
5.
, ( Lobeline) .
( )
( , ) Qianjinzi
(Euphorbia lathyris L.)
:
- , 50~100cm , . ; .
5mm 4mm
48% (diterpene)
6, 20- ( 6,20-Epoxy-lathyrol ), 7- ( 7-Hydroxylathyrol )
( Lythyrol diacetate benzoate ) - (-Euphol ) - (-Euphorbol );
( Euphorbetin );
1~2g
,, , ,,
29
.
C
( )
(, , , , , , , , ),
Naoyanghua
0.05% 1% , .
2.
, 5% .
3.
, 5% ; .
4.
( 30g ).
( , , , , , ), Xueshang Yizhihao.
Aconitum brachypodum Diels
- 3~8cm , 0.5~2cm
3-
0.06~0.12g
: .
30
1.
( Novocain amide )
2.
0.02%
2.
3.
, 5%, 1~2g .
4.
, ( Isoproterenol0.2~0.4mg 100mL 5%
), .
5.
, .
( )
( , ,
Yangjinhua, Datura
suaveolens Humb. et Bonpl. ex Wild.
Datura metel L.
- , 9~15cm; , 2/5 ,
, 5 , 5 , , , , 10~15cm,
, 5 , 5, , 3/4; 1, , ; , ,
. , ; .
31
2.
3.
4.
( )
Shandougen ( Guangdougen ), (), Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis
Sophora tonkinensis Gapnep.
10~50 cm ,
0.7~1.3 cm
( matrine ) ( oxymatrine )N-
( N-methylcytisine ) (anagyrine) ( sophoranone ) ( sophoranochromene )
3~6g ,
15 ~2
.
1.
2.
0.25% 20 g .
3.
, 5% C .
32
4.
5.
30 g , 20 g .
1.
2.
(cyanogenic plants)
( amygdalin )3% 10-180
0.11 % Fe3+( ferric )
( cytochrome oxidase )(Fe2+ferrous)
ATP
( glycolysis) ATP
30 CNS
(anion
gap acidosis)
( cytochrome oxidase )
( sodium nitrite)
( methemoglobin ) C
(cyan-methemoglobin) ( : cyanide cyanide
rhodanase ( thiocyanate)
(sodium thiosulfate)( hydroxocobalamin )
( cyanocobalamin) hydroxocobalamin cyanocobaIamin
( amyl nitrite,sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate)cobalamine, dicobalt EDTA
3.
(
urushiols ginkgolginkgolic acid anacardic acidcardanolscardols )
4.
5.
(anticholinergic) (
)
physostigmine
6.
( )
33
7.
(solanine)
SLUDGE ( S: Sialorrhea L: lacrimation U: urination
D: diaphoresis G: gastric emptying )
atropine
8.
(mushroom)
5,000
( )
(Chlorophyllum molybdites)
Inocybe asterospora Gyromitra esculenta Amanita species
Amanita abrupta Amanita castanopsidis Amanita spissacea
Amanita vaginata 85
36~40
2.5 ~3 15~35%
B6
Orelline : Cortinarius species C. orellanus C. speciossimusC. gentilus
Orelline Orellanine 2,2-Bipyridine Paraquat, 4,4'-Bipyridine Diquat 2,2-Bipyridine
Cortinarius species 36
3~17 (Interstitial nephritis)
15 ~1 2 ~6 5%
Atropine Muscarine
Coprine ( 1- aminocyclopropanone, antabuse-like) Coprinus atramentarius ( Inky Cap
)C. quadrificus C. variegatusClitocyte claviceps
Coprine Disulfiram ( )
Coprinus atramentarius 2
4 ~12
Gastrointestinal toxins Agaricus hordensus Chlorophyllum molybdites(
)C. esculentum Clitocyte nebularis Omphalates illudens
1~6
( hypovolemic shock) Cortinarius
35
9.
(Alocasia macrorrhiza (L) Schott & Endl. Alocasia odora (Roxb) C. Koch) ( 1986
)
Giant elephant's ear
()
120240C.C
xylocaine
BUNCrCa2+ Oxalates
: :
: Dicalcium phosphate : NaCl = 1 : 3 oxalate
( apomorphine )
10.
83 8 23 55 40
84 6 8
HLA typing
11.
12.
( Stephania tetrandra
) ( aristolochic acid )( >
6g )( DNA adduct)
(
36
Stephania tetrandra S. Moore Aristolochia fangchi Y.C. Wu ex L.D. Chow & S.M. Hwang
L-tetrahydropalmatine
[ ]
Nozaka T, Watanabe F., Tadaki S, et al. Mutagenicity of isoquinoline alkaloids, especially of the aporphine type. Mutation Res. 240:
267-79, 1990
Mengs U. On the histopathogenesis of rat forestomach carcinoma caused by aristolic acid. Arch Toxicol 52: 209-220, 1983
Schmeiser HH, Bieler CA, Wiessler M, et al. Detection of DNA adducts formed by aristolochic acid in renal tissue from patients with
Chinese herbs nephropathy. Cancer Res. 56: 2025-2028, 1996
()
glucocoticoid ; ;
37
gentamycin
()
()
: ;
:
38
()
39
; :
: ; :
: :
()
()
:
40
101
()
: ; :
41
: ;
:
42
()
II
:
43
( Bergapten )( Hyperin )
: , GPT
44
Comfrey
Pyrrolizidine ;
Symphytum
4-6
Coltsfoot
Tussilago farfara
Germander
Pyrrolizidine
4-8
Borage
Pyrrolizidine
Borago officimalis
Chaparral
Larrea Tridentata
Sassafras
( Safrole oil )
Sassafras albidum
Blood thinner
Aconite
Aconitum species
Pennyroyal
Pulegone
pulegioides
( abortifacient )
Liferoot ( Golden
Pyrrolizidine
Poke root
Phytolacca americana
( aantirheumatic )
Wormwood
Artemisia absinthium
Jin Bu Huan
L- tetrahydropalmatine
Ephedra, Ma huang
Ephedra species
Royal jelly
( Tonic )
( emphysema )
( anaphylaxis )
( atopy )
45
, , ,
, , aristolochic acid
,,
, , ,
,
( < 4 )
1.
1.
2. 3.
2.
*** :
1.
30 2.
3.
3.
1.
Nitrate
:
:
46
( )
( half -life )( bioavailability )
( naringebin, naringin, quercetin, kaempferol ) Naringin(~
10% ) cytochrome P450 CYP 3A
digoxin Terfenadine cyclosporine
felodipinenifedipine
( St. Johns wort )
(
)
""
baicalein wogonin glucuroides (
) baicalein wogonin CYP3A baicalein wogonin CYP1A
SGPT Creatinine
?
(
)
( )(
)( ) () ( )( )
() ()()
()(
)( ) () (
) ()() ()( )
()( ) (, )
DNA 94
AP-PCR RAPD
DNA 4 RAPD
47
7 RAPD
8 RAPD
8 RAPD PCR-RFLP
14 PCR-RFLP
12 PCR-RFLP 9 DNA
RAPD
RAPD
RAPD
RAPD
RAPD
12
saponin
anthoquinone
( );
Panax notoginseng Boussingaultia gracilis
var. pseudobaselloides Polygonum cuspidatum Rhoeo discolor Gynura segetum
()
Taraxacum
formosanum Ixeris chinensis Ixeris laevigata Dioscorea bulbifera
Angelica sinensis Angelica acutiloba Sphenomeris chusana ( )
Polygonum plebeium Euphorbia thymifolia Euphorbia
fischeriana Alocasia macrorrhiza Siegesbeckia pubescens
Anisomeles indica Vaccaria pyramidata Ficus pumila
Melastoma candidum
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( );
;
;
48
(
LDL > 160 , :400-1000, HDL < 35 cholesterol > 240)
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) ( eicosapentaenoic acid ( EPA, C20:5n-3 ), docosahexaenoic acid
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reductase HMG-CoA 1958~59 Max Planck Institute
2001 4 Science
Proteomics innovation Bioinformatics )( 1/ 109
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pravastatin ( Mevalotin ) rosuvastatin ( Crestor, Astra Zeneca ) 2003 8
statin 1973~1976 Beecham 8000
1980~1986 ( 1300-1400
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1).
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A & B ) 2). emodin , rhein, sennoside A & B
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1955-1980 ( National Cancer Institute
NCI ) ( 1971 500 )
1955 Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center ( 1960-69 Kenneth
Endicott ), P388 L1210 1958~1982
( Jonathan Hartwell
) 70 35
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1955~ 2001
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Mall ME, et al. Camptothecin and taxol : discovery to clinic. Cancer Res. 55: 753-760, 1995
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Woodburn JR. The epidermal growth factor receptor and its inhibition in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 82: 241-50, 1999
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1999
1984
19
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2030% 70%
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, 40~100ug/ml , ,
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;
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Con A ,
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ricin 1970
150-200 30-40%
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A
American Botanical Council Online
http://www.herbalgram.org/
http://www.umd.umich.edu/cgi-bin/herb/
http://NewWindPub.com/medguide/table.htm
http://www.anmp.org/
B
BioMedNet Databases
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http://www.biota.org/
C
Community of Science Web Server
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http://www.crnusa.org/
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E
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F
Food and Drug Administration
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H
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HerbMed
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http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/pubd.htm
http://www.nejm.org/content/index.asp
http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/
O
Pharmaceutical Information Networks
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R
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S
St. Michael's Hospital Health Science Library
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V
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