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Boundary layers and stress concentration in the circular shearing of annular thin films
Ciprian D Coman and Andrew P Bassom Proc. R. Soc. A 2007 463, 3037-3053 doi: 10.1098/rspa.2007.0106

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Proc. R. Soc. A (2007) 463, 30373053 doi:10.1098/rspa.2007.0106 Published online 4 September 2007

Boundary layers and stress concentration in the circular shearing of annular thin lms
B Y C IPRIAN D. C OMAN 1, *
1

AND

A NDREW P. B ASSOM 2

Department of Mathematics, University of Glasgow, University Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QW, UK 2 School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia

This work addresses a generalization of Deans classical problem, which sought to explain how an annular thin elastic plate buckles under uniform shearing forces applied around its edges. We adapt the original setting by assuming that the outer edge is radially stretched while the inner rim undergoes in-plane rotation through some small angle. Boundarylayer methods are used to investigate analytically the deformation pattern which is set up and localized around the inner hole when this angle reaches a well-dened critical wrinkling value. Linear stability theory enables us to identify both the critical load and the preferred number of wrinkles appearing in the deformed conguration. Our asymptotic results are compared with a number of direct numerical simulations.
Keywords: boundary layers; thin lms; circular shearing; wrinkling

1. Introduction Shear-induced buckling is a form of structural instability whose relevance to the failure of rectangular plates was rst explained by Timoshenko (1921) and Southwell & Skan (1924). Shortly afterwards, Dean (1924) showed how shearinduced buckling can occur in an annular thin plate whose boundaries are subjected to uniform but opposite shearing forces. The key to Deans classical work was a simplication of the pre-buckling stress distribution that led to an ordinary differential buckling equation of Eulerian type, and hence solvable in closed form. The conclusion of his paper makes it clear that Dean realized that his analysis could not be extended for when tension is applied on one (or both) of the circular boundaries. A review of the vast literature on elastic instabilities appearing since suggests that the rst attempt to revisit the problem left open by Dean was some preliminary work described in Coman & Bassom (2007b). There we supposed that the annulus was stretched by applying a uniform displacement eld to the outer boundary while the inner rim was subjected to a small torque. This situation falls within a broader context related to partial wrinkling/buckling instabilities due to non-compressive edge loads, a situation which has attracted considerable interest over the past few decades.
* Author for correspondence (c.coman@maths.gla.ac.uk).
Received 25 June 2007 Accepted 13 August 2007

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There are a number of practical instances where non-compressive edge loading heralds the onset of localized and regular buckling. Examples include the azimuthal shearing of stretched annular thin plates (Li & Steigmann 1993; Miyamura 2000), the in-plane bending of a uniformly stretched rectangular thin plate (Stein & Hedgepeth 1961) and annular-shaped plates, which are uniformly stretched by imposed displacements on the two boundaries (Haughton & McKay 1995). Traditionally, such problems have been analysed using various tension eld theories, which share the property that they all disregard the obvious bending stiffness involved. The seminal work of Steigmann (1990) has proved to be particularly versatile for handling a large number of interesting situations (see, for example, Haseganu & Steigmann (1994); Li & Steigmann (1995) or Roxburgh et al. (1995)). Tension eld theory was formulated with the objective of determining the extent of the wrinkled region and the direction of the wrinkles themselves; the price of tackling these relatively large-scale questions is that the details of the ne structure of the wrinkling pattern are lost. In many cases, the theory has been shown to be a very good approximation to reality in the advanced postbuckling regime, although recently Iwasa et al. (2004) have questioned whether this is always so. Most of the problems for which the tension eld approach is relevant have the particular feature that there is no branching in the wrinkling process as the load increases; although wrinkles do grow in amplitude and lengthen, their number does not change. The genesis of the tension eld theory can be traced to the attempts of the German engineer Wagner in the 1920s to account for the strength of thin metal webs and spars, which can carry a shear load well in excess of the initial buckling threshold. Since it is an approximate theory valid for severe loading conditions, it is likely to be poor for describing the weakly nonlinear regime that sets in immediately after wrinkling is rst triggered. This is not a major handicap, though, as the incipient behaviour is very well suited for classical buckling/post-buckling analyses in which the bending rigidity is fully accounted for. It is such a linearized, buckling regime which will be the main focus of our study in what follows. Recent developments in cell biomechanics (Burton & Taylor 1997; Boal 2002; Bernal et al. 2007) suggest that the quantitative analysis of wrinkled patterns produced by living cells crawling on polymer nanomembranes can be applied to give an estimate of the force applied by the cell cytoskeleton. This requires a delicate modelling that must clearly take into account the bending rigidity of minard et al. (2004) addressed material surfaces. Using classical plate theory, Ge several numerical and experimental aspects of this problem for a simplied model consisting of an annular thin lm with prescribed displacements on both boundaries. Coman & Haughton (2006) and Coman & Bassom (2007a) extended minard et al. (2004) study by investigating the possible relevance of the Ge singular perturbation methods and showed how systematic analytical progress can be made. The developments pursued in these two works have proved to have a broader scope and subsequently motivated further studies (Coman 2007; Coman & Bassom in press). It is helpful to review briey the rationale behind some of these papers. As we have mentioned already, when an elastic lm is acted upon by suitable edge loads, it may become susceptible to a wrinkle instability. If, for the
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moment, we allow ourselves to lapse into relative vagueness, and we shall tighten up our meanings in due course, the articles mentioned consider situations in which a loading parameter, say l, is related to the number of wrinkles generated, n2N. The form of lZl(n) can be determined via the numerical solution of a suitable ordinary differential eigenproblem, and, for any particular lm, it would be expected that there is a preferred wrinkled conguration. In other words, of all the possible n, there is one for which the corresponding l is the smallest; this mode number then requires least loading to excite it and is likely to be the one provoked rst in practice. It can be shown that, in the limit where the thickness of the elastic lm tends to zero, the underlying ordinary differential problem becomes increasingly singular and numerical experiments predict that the preferred wrinkling number grows. Moreover, asymptotic analysis then becomes viable and the rst theories in this direction appealed to standard WKB arguments. Coman & Haughton (2006) demonstrated that WKB methods can provide accurate approximations to the form of l(n) when n[1, but it is not easy to use their results to infer the identity of the most-favoured wrinkling mode. In contrast, the underlying differential system can also be studied using boundary-layer theory and matched asymptotic expansions. While such techniques are commonplace in many elds of uid mechanics, their power and versatility seem to have been rather less recognized for problems involving the stability of solids. In Coman & Bassom (2007a), we demonstrated how these methods can be used to determine the preferred wrinkle mode for a prestressed annular thin lm in tension. Although the analysis necessary to isolate this instability pattern can be carried out relatively quickly, it was found that the resulting predictions are in excellent agreement with numerical simulations. The picture that has emerged from these studies looks seductively general: in each of the examples studied, wrinkling has been shown to be controlled by a hierarchy of boundary-layer problems each solvable in terms of Airy functions. In passing, we remark that it should not be concluded that the boundary-layer approach is superior to the WKB results for in many ways the two techniques yield complementary, but distinct, information. The relative merits of the two techniques have been discussed at length in Coman & Bassom (2007a, in press), hence will not be repeated here. Here, our specic concern is with a description of the wrinkling mode that can be initiated by the circular shearing of an annular thin lm. The relevant eigenproblem, which is presented in 2, has already been the subject of a numerical study by the present authors. The simulations show that a torque applied to the inner rim of the annulus triggers a localized wrinkle mode concentrated in the vicinity of this inner edge, and this problem was analysed using WKB methods in Coman & Bassom (2007b). For small wrinkle wavelengths, it was found that the WKB predictions correlate well with the numerical results, but it was far from clear how the preferred wrinkle pattern could be isolated; this is tackled here via the boundary-layer approach. Moreover, the analysis described in 2 is rather more than a trivial modication of studies like Coman & Bassom (2007a) for reasons we describe later. We proceed as follows. Section 2 provides the background to the partial wrinkling problem that forms the main part of our study. Based on the linearized rma n bifurcation equation for thin plates, an eigenproblem Donnellvon Ka
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(a)

C. D. Coman and A. P. Bassom

(b) s1 s2 M

U0 srr +

U0

R2

sqq + M +

R1

Figure 1. The pre-bifurcation state in a prestressed annular thin lm subjected to a uniform displacement eld on the outer boundary (rZR 2) and azimuthal shearing on the inner rim (r ZR 1). The radial and orthoradial stress distributions shown in (a) are both tensile but, as indicated in (b), one of the two principal stresses s1 and s2 can become compressive in a certain part of the annular domain.

governed by a partial differential equation is derived. With the help of a normalmode solution, this is then recast as a singularly perturbed SturmLiouville problem for an ordinary differential equation with complex-valued coefcients. The main part of our analysis is detailed in 3, where a boundary-layer technique is used to obtain the relationship between the number of wrinkles and a dimensionless form of the bending stiffness of the plate. The attractive feature of the boundary-layer method adopted is that approximations for the critical wrinkling load and the asymptotic structure of the corresponding localized eigenmodes are obtained naturally along the way. Comparisons with direct numerical simulations are included in 4, and we conclude in 5 with a summary and brief discussion.

2. The annular model The model adopted in this paper was introduced and discussed in Coman & Bassom (2007c), so here we restrict ourselves to highlighting only the main features. The general setting is depicted in gure 1a: a clamped annular lm of inner radius R 1, outer radius R 2 and thickness h (h/R 2/1) is stretched by imposing the uniform displacement eld U0O0 around the outer edge while the inner boundary is rotated through some (small) angle by the application of a torque M. Classical plate theory is used to describe the statics of the thin lm and the notation used is standard. Assuming an axisymmetric deformation prior to the onset of instability, the pre-bifurcation state of stress is easily deduced by solving the system of equations for plane stress elasticity. This information is then coupled to the linearized rma n buckling equation, and so leads to the governing Donnellvon Ka eigenproblem in the usual (r, q) polar coordinates for the (innitesimal) outProc. R. Soc. A (2007)

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of-plane lm displacement whw(r, q). This system can be written as 8 B K l > > mK2 L0 w KALC > 1 w K 2 L1 w C 3 L2 w Z 0; for r; q 2 h; 1 ! 0; 2p; > < r r P m : vw > > > r; q Z 0; for r; q 2 fh; 1g !0; 2p; w r; q Z > : vr where the dimensionless radial co-ordinate rhr/R 2 and h Z R1 =R2 denotes the aspect ratio of the annulus. Here we have also introduced the differential operators L2 h v2 1 v ; K vq vr r vq LG 1 h 2 v2 1 v 1 v2 G G and L0 h LC ; 1 2 2 2 r vr r vq vr

together with the two auxiliary constants Ah 1 Cn h2 1 Kn and B h ; 1 Kh2 1 Kh2 2:1

where n is the Poisson ratio of the material. The analysis that leads to (P m), and which is detailed in Coman & Bassom (2007b), also identies two signicant combinations of physical parameters, which play key roles in the description of the wrinkling instability. In particular,   M 1 Kn2 U 0 R2 2 lh and m h 12 ; 2:2 pEhU0 R2 h2 where E is the appropriate Youngs modulus. We see that l is a dimensionless quantity proportional to the ratio between the shear stress and the initial tension in the annulus, while m measures the dominance of membrane action over bending effects. The assumptions used tacitly in the asymptotic analysis included in 3 are: (i) hZOS(1) and (ii) m[1. The second assumption is quite natural as m fR 2/h and reects our interest in the thin-lm limit of the conguration described in gure 1a. We mention in passing that Deans original work and a related numerical contribution by Bucciarelli (1969) dealt with the complementary case m/0. If  s h s (r, l, h, n) denotes the second-order plane stress tensor that characterizes the pre-bifurcation state due to the applied loads, it is known that this tensor has exactly one negative eigenvalue within the annular region ( 2 )1=4 4h4 1 Kn2 C l2 1 Kh2 h h! r! r ; 2:3 41 C n2 as long as p 4h2 n h l0 : 2:4 lO 1 Kh2 The expression that appears on the right-hand side of the inequality (2.4) represents the loading parameter threshold that marks the onset of compressive stresses in the lm; in the case of a true membrane (i.e. mZN), this corresponds

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(a) 4 3 l 2 1 0.1 0.3 h 0.5

C. D. Coman and A. P. Bassom

(b) (c)

0.7

0.1

0.3 h

0.5

0.7

0.1

0.3 h

0.5

0.7

Figure 2. Representative solutions of the system (2.6) and (2.7), with mZ40 and Poisson ratio nZ0.5. Shown is the eigenvalue l as a function of the aspect ratio and the mode number (a) n2[2,6] and (b) n2[7,19], with the arrows indicating the behaviour of the solution with increasing n. The combined results of (a) and (b) are shown in (c).

to the critical wrinkling load. For the sake of completeness, a sketch of the prebuckling principal stress distribution in the annular domain is included in gure 1b. Solutions of the eigenproblem (P m) are sought in the form 2:5 w r; q Z W rexpin q W r h W1 r C iW2 r with the understanding that the real part of (2.5) represents the physical quantity, and where n2N is the mode number (the number of identical halfwaves of the wrinkling pattern). Using the normal-mode ansatz (2.5), it is found that the complex amplitude WhW(r) satises the differential equation W 000 0 C ArW 000 C BrW 00 C CrW 0 C DrW Z 0; where  ! 2n 2 C 1 B 2 Cm A C 2 ; Br hK r2 r  ! 1 2n 2 C 1 B iln 2 Cr h Km A K 2 C 2 r r2 r r 2 Ar h ; r 2:6

and

&   !' 1 n2 n2 K4 B iln 2 2 C : C m n A K r2 r2 r2 r2 Equation (2.6) is supplemented with the boundary conditions Dr h W h Z W 1 Z 0 and W 0 h Z W 0 1 Z 0; 2:7

which follow directly from the original form of (P m). It is the system (2.6) and (2.7) that was tackled numerically in Coman & Bassom (2007b). A sample of those results is illustrated in gure 2, which shows the form of the eigenvalue l as a function of mode number n and aspect ratio h. The graphs displayed are quite representative of the general behaviour of l as n2N varies. If we think of some chosen h, then for smallish n the corresponding l is relatively large. As n grows, l falls before reaching a minimum value, and then
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it rises again with further increase of n. In a physical situation, it is probable that the mode number with corresponding least l is the most susceptible to excitation, on the obvious grounds that it requires the smallest applied torque for wrinkling to be induced. The stability characteristics of elastic plates are usually deduced from the plots of the neutral stability curves akin to those shown in gure 2. (The terminology is borrowed from the literature on hydrodynamics, but has a slightly different connotation in the present context.) Although the numerical solution of the normal-mode system (2.6) and (2.7) is not difcult (but the problem does become increasingly tricky once mT500), there remains the task of identifying that value of n2N for which l is least; in other words, we need to nd the envelope of the neutral stability curves. While WKB methods can be used to approximate this envelope when m[1, and can lead to really quite accurate results for minimal effort (see Coman & Bassom 2007b), it is not at all obvious how one can adapt such analysis to infer the identity of the most dangerous azimuthal mode. The results discussed in Coman & Bassom (2007b) suggest that as m/N, the mode number of the most important wrinkling mode grows, the corresponding eigenvalue l appears to tend to a constant, and the eigenfunction of the system (2.6) and (2.7) seems to be concentrated near the inner rim rZh. The objective of the rest of this paper is to put these statements on a rmer footing, and we do so using boundary-layer analysis combined with asymptotic matching. Before we launch into a detailed discussion of the properties of eigensolutions of (2.6) and (2.7), it is worth reconsidering some of the ndings described in Coman & Bassom (2007a). The eigenproblem under discussion there, that describing the wrinkle instability of a purely tensioned annulus, has, at rst glance, a very close parallel to (2.6). In fact, the only clear distinction is that the imaginary parts of the coefcients in C(r) and D(r) of (2.6) are absent. (We remark that the suppression of these terms would seem to remove the eigenvalue l completely from the eigensystem! However, in the pure tension problem, the corresponding forms of the auxiliary constants A and B dened in (2.1) are in fact functions of the eigenvalue.) In Coman & Bassom (2007a) it was shown that, when the geometrical parameter m[1, the most important modes reside in the scaling regime nZO(m3/4). For such values n2N, the corresponding eigenfunctions are compressed into a thin region of depth O(mK1/2) attached to rZh. Here, the leading-order solutions are governed by a scaled form of an Airy-like equation, which can be solved so that the eigenfunction vanishes away from the inner rim of the annulus and satises the rst equation of the boundary conditions (2.7). However, the derivative parts of (2.7) cannot be immediately enforced on rZh, and this points to the presence of a second layer embedded within the main O(mK1/2)-depth layer. With this solution structure, it is quite straightforward to deduce the form of the eigenvalue lwOS(1) as a function of n and see that the nwm3/4 regime contains the most dangerous mode sought. Given the apparent close similarity between the problem in Coman & Bassom (2007a) and that discussed here, it would seem reasonable to assume that the underlying solution structure detailed earlier should transfer across with minimal difculty; at worst, only a slight reworking of that theory, as suggested by the various minor modications, is needed. Unfortunately, it soon becomes clear that the inclusion of the imaginary terms in the coefcients C(r) and D(r) of (2.6) is
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rather more than small perturbations and, indeed, if we naively adopt the scalings suggested by the paper mentioned, then these terms are actually the dominant ones in the underlying equation. The presence of these relatively large extra terms suggests that the eigenfunctions of the problem oscillate quickly on a short scale: this short scale is much less than the principal O(mK1/2) Airyequation layer identied in Coman & Bassom (2007a, in press)although it is long compared with the extent of the embedded layer. Rapidly oscillating eigenfunctions are consistent with the numerical simulations discussed in Coman & Bassom (2007b; see, in particular, g. 2) and means that the asymptotic description of wrinkles when m[1 is somewhat more than a trivial extension of calculations performed before. With these various comments in mind, we now embark on a detailed analysis of (2.6) and (2.7). 3. The boundary-layer analysis The rapid spatial oscillations in eigensolutions of our problem leave us with the potential difculty of matching together solutions over three distinct length scales: the principal region attached to the inner rim; its small embedded subzone; and the intermediate scale of the oscillations. Rather than try to account for all of these simultaneously, it appears easiest to strip out the spatial oscillations right from the outset and search for solutions of the particular type W r Z V rexpfikm3=4 r Khg; 3:1 with k2R, a constant to be tied down in due course. The cost of writing the solution in this way is that the new equation for the (slowly varying) amplitude V(r) is rather more involved than that for W(r). Nevertheless, it can be arranged conveniently in a form similar to (2.6), so that b rV 000 C B b rV 00 C b b rV Z 0; V 000 0 C A CrV 0 C D 3:2 b b b b where the more complicated coefcients A , B , C and D are listed in appendix A. We note that the required boundary conditions for (3.2) follow immediately from (2.7), so that V(h)ZV(1)Z0 and V 0 (h)ZV 0 (1)Z0. Guided by the analysis discussed at the end of 2, we seek the form of the solution in an O(mK1/2) neighbourhood of rZh, where the coordinate X is dened by r Z h C mK1=2 X with X Z OS 1: The size of this region, together with the O(mK3/4) length scale on which the eigenfunction oscillates, suggests that we seek a solution in which V(r), the eigenvalue l and the mode number n all expand in series of the types V X Z V0 X C V1 X mK1=4 C V2 X mK1=2 C V3 X mK3=4 C/; l Z l0 C l1 mK1=4 C l2 mK1=2 C l3 mK3=4 C/ and 3:3a 3:3b

3:3c n Z N0 m3=4 C N1 m1=2 C N2 m1=4 C N3 C/ ; 3/4 here, the expectation that lZOS (1) and nZO(m ) at leading orders is suggested in the work of Coman & Bassom (2007a). On substituting these expressions into (3.2), we nd at the leading (zeroth) order that non-trivial
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solutions for V0(X ) can exist only if a certain algebraic constraint between N0, l0 and k holds. First-order terms throw up a simple rst-order linear differential equation for V0(X ); it is possible to obtain bounded non-trivial solutions only if the coefcients of the V0 and dV0/dX terms individually vanish. Taken together, these three requirements lead to      2 B N0 l0 N0 B 2 C 2 A K 2 Z 0; 3:4 k A C 2 Ck h h h3 h   B Nl 2k A C 2 C 03 0 Z 0 3:5 h h and an expression for l1. The second of these relations can be used to express k in terms of N0 and l0, whence it follows that
2 4 2 l2 3:6 0 Z 4A h KB : It is remarked that this value is precisely the one appearing in the inequality (2.4), denoting the loading parameter threshold for an idealized membrane. It then follows that  2 N0 Ah2 KB 2 k Z 2 ; 3:7 Ah2 C B h with k!0 (from (3.5)) and, in turn, l1Z0. It is at the following order that the equation which xes the structure of the eigensolution appears. In particular, it is found that

D2 where Dj ( jZ0,1,2) are   B D2 hK A C 2 ; h

d 2 V0 dV C D1 0 C D0 V0 Z 0; 2 dX dX iN1 l0 ; h3

D1 hK

   ! 2 4 2 4 A2 N0 4A2 N0 k N0 N1 B C l2 C 2 AK 2 : D0 h XC h hAh2 C B h3 h Ah2 C B 2 This is just a rescaled Airy equation, hence, in order to ease its solution, the dependent variable is changed according to & ' iN1 l0 V0 X Z Q0 X exp K X : 3:8 2hAh2 C B Elementary manipulations show that the amplitude Q0(X) in (3.8) must satisfy the equation d2 Q0 KaX C bQ0 Z 0; dX 2 where ! 2 4 2 4 A2 N0 h 4A2 N0 h kN0 ah and b h C l2 : 3:9 hAh2 C B Ah2 C B 3 Ah2 C B 2 In order to obtain solutions conned to the XZOS (1) region, it is necessary that Q0(X)/0 as X/N. Thus, by choosing the proportionality constants
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conveniently, Q0 can be given in terms of the Airy function of the rst kind, Z Z a1=3 X : 3:10 Q0 Z AiZ C aK2=3 b; Furthermore, since the inner rim of the annulus is restrained against out-of-plane displacements, we also need aK2=3 b ZKz0 , where Kz0 is the rst zero of Ai (z0z2.3381). This relation can then be rewritten with the aid of (3.9), thus ! !2=3 )  ( l2 h 2 Ah 2 C B 4A2 h2 4A2 h K 2=3 2 : 3:11 C z0 N0 Z N0 l0 2 Ah2 KB Ah2 C B 3 Ah2 C B 2 Now, we see the way in which the minimum possible loading parameter can be determined. Whereas the leading order l0 satises (3.6) and is independent of N0, and l1h0, the correction term l2 does vary with N0 and grows without bound as both N0/0 and N0/N. It is a simple matter to check that l2 is minimized when  3=8 z Ah2 C B 5=8 N0 Z N0 h 0 ; 3:12 3 h1=2 2A1=4 and then 27=3 A4=3 h8=3 l0 h z: 3:13 l2 Z l 2 2=3 0 3Ah2 KB Ah2 C B 1=3 N0 (a ) Higher-order terms Given the initial scalings for our various quantities, the analysis summarized thus far is neither particularly long winded nor complicated. Our predictions for the critical mode number N0 and corresponding eigenvalue should be formally valid as m/N, but we would be fortunate indeed if these effectively leadingorder expressions proved to be accurate approximations for all but very large m. In order to extend the probable usefulness of our results, it would be convenient to have a little more information at hand. Although it can be anticipated that the associated algebraic manipulations will become increasingly tedious as we move to further orders, modern symbolic algebra tools make the task quite tractable. (i) Third order ' iN1 l0 X ; 3:14 2hAh2 C B then expressed in terms of ZZa1/3X, the amplitude Q1 is found to satisfy d2 Q1 dQ0 ; 3:15 KZ K z0 Q1 Z q11 C q12 Z Q0 C q13 C q14 Z 2 dZ dZ where the constants are dened according to   3 h2 8AN0 N1 2N1 N2 B k q11 h 2=3 C A K 2 C 3 N1 l2 C N0 l3 2 2 2 2 h h h a Ah C B h Ah C B   ! 2 N1 l0 N0 l2 C N2 l0 2kN1 l0 N0 iN0 l0 3Ah2 C B 2 K k C 2 C K ; Ah2 C B hAh2 C B h 2h4 2h4 Ah2 C B
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If we seek a solution with

& V1 X Z Q1 X exp K

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q12 h

8A2 hN0 N1 ; aAh2 C B 2

!  2 ih2 N0 1 2 q13 hK 1=3 4k k C 2 C 3 N0 l2 C N2 l0 ; h h a Ah2 C B q14 h il0 N0 3Ah2 C B : a2=3 h2 Ah2 C B 2

Properties of the Airy operator can be used to nd the particular integral of (3.15) analytically. Routine calculations show that 1 d 4 Q0 1 d3 Q0 1 d2 Q0 dQ Q1 Z Z q14 C C C z q C q11 C z0 q12 K q14 0 ; q q 12 13 0 14 3 2 4 4 3 2 dZ dZ dZ dZ and the boundary conditions for V require that Q1(Z )/0 as Z/0. Hence, we deduce that 2 1 q11 C z0 q12 K q14 Z 0: 3:16 3 2 This is a complex-valued constraint, which, when simplied, shows that at critical conditions the correction term l3 h 0:
, the coefcient of the terms proportional to N1 in Note also that when N0 Z N0 (3.16) automatically vanishes so that we can derive no information at this stage about the optimum value N1 . At rst sight, since the previous order problem xed N0 , we might have expected that knowledge of N1 would appear here but this is not the case, solely because our interest is in the neighbourhood of the minimum of the hypersurface lZl(Nj) ( jZ0, 1, 2, .).

(ii) Fourth order The method of solution at this stage follows the now-established pattern. If we relate V2(Z ) to Q2(X ) in the obvious way given in (3.8) and (3.14), this function satises j X d 2 Q2 i d Q0 K Z K z Q Z c Z ; 0 2 ij dZ j dZ 2 i ;j where the numerous cij2C are complicated constants, which can be expressed in terms of quantities introduced at previous orders. Despite the large number of terms, it is purely a mechanistic task to construct a particular solution for Q2(Z ) and it follows that this function tends to Q20 h Q20 l4 ; N0 ; N1 2 R (some constant) as Z/0. Rather than give the general form of the constant, which is complicated and not particularly illuminating, it is worthwhile commenting on some of its properties. Given the pattern established so far, it can be anticipated that the expression for Q20 should contain the eigenvalue correction term l4, a quadratic function of N1 as well as various powers of N0; this is already indicated in the above notation for the constant. In order to determine the smallest
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possible value for the loading, it follows that the mode number correction N1 needs to be chosen to minimize the quadratic; in fact, the details of the calculation for Q20 show that the term linear in N1 is absent so that the desired h 0. Then, the substitution of the minimization occurs when we choose N1 Z N1 remaining critical values yields the result & ' 2 2 2 h2 Ai 0 Kz0 kN0 l4 16N0 z0 A 8A2 h4 C 4AB h2 K17B 2 Q20 h C ; 3:17 Ah2 C B h3 45h2 a2=3 Ah2 C B 2 Ah2 KB . where Q20 Z Q20 l4 ; N0 ; N1 (b ) The embedded layer The solutions obtained so far in the XZOS (1) layer have the property that although Q0(X) and Q1(X) vanish as X/0, Q2(X) does not and, furthermore, the constraints on the derivative of V(X) at the inner rim of the annulus are not fullled. All these matters can be rectied by considering the form of the solution in a thin embedded layer, where we have r Z h C mK1 Y with Y Z OS 1; b 0 Y C/. To the order and where the eigenfunction is expanded as V Z mK1=2V of our working we need to compute only the leading order terms in this inner b 0 satises the equation layer. Routine manipulations show that V   b0 b0 d4V B d2V K A C Z 0: h2 dY 2 dY 4 0 b 0ZV b0 By demanding V Z 0 on YZ0, the resulting solution leads to the asymptotic behaviour h b 0 Y f Y K p V C/ as Y /N; Ah2 C B and then matching with the main solution gives the critical value of l4, ( ) 2=3 1=3 10=3 2 2 2 4 2 2 h 2 A A h C B 4 z 8 A h C 4 AB h K 17 B 1C 0 2 : 3:18 l 4=3 4Z 45h Ah2 C B 1=2 Ah2 KB N0 Ah2 KB 1=2 4. Numerical results With the calculations outlined previously, it follows that for large m the critical lZl is K 1=2 K 1 K 5=4 l Z l0 C l C l ; 4:1 2m 4 m C Om where l j ( jZ0, 2, 4) are given by (3.6), (3.13) and (3.18). The corresponding critical value of the mode number is available directly from (3.12), so that
3=4 m C Om1=4 : ncr Z N0

4:2

In order to assess the usefulness of our predictions, it is necessary to compare these asymptotics with some direct numerical simulations. The neutral stability curves for two typical cases are illustrated in gure 3, in which we show the results for mZ200 and 500. The behaviour depicted here is identical to
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1.5

l 1.0

0.5

0 0.1

0.2

0.3 h

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.1

0.2

0.3 h

0.4

0.5

0.6

Figure 3. Comparisons between the asymptotic approximations of the neutral stability envelope and the direct numerical simulations of (2.6) and (2.7): (a) mZ200 and (b) mZ500; Poisson ratio nZ0.3 in both (a) and (b). The circles show the two-term asymptotic approximation obtained from (4.1); they are joined in order to indicate the overall trend of the stability envelope.

that indicated in gure 2, but a few more remarks are helpful. The dashed lines correspond to those pairs (n, m) that satisfy n/O(m1/2) or, following the terminology adopted in Coman & Bassom (2007b), they fall within the so-called membrane-like regime in which the response curves depend monotonically on both h and n. When mZ200, the mode numbers up to 10 lie in the membranelike regime, but, once mZ500, it is only the rst 14 modes that comprise this regime. The presence of a small bending rigidity in the lm does not allow the number of wrinkles to grow indenitely, and it appears that within the range O(m1/2)!n/m the lm identies a neutrally stable energy conguration with n wrinkles. Then, the lm is in the plate-like regime which is distinguished by the continuous lines in gure 3. The stability envelopes are indicated by the white circles, and it is clear that in both cases the asymptotic formula (4.1) faithfully reproduces the numerical simulations; moreover, as would be expected, the accuracy improves as m grows. Another view of the usefulness of the asymptotic predictions is provided in gure 4. Figure 4a shows the form of the critical mode number for three values of inner rim radius h; the solid line denotes the asymptotic result (4.2) while the squares show the outcome of direct numerical solutions. Of course, there is a slight inconsistency in our description of n cr; in practice, this quantity must be an integer, but the asymptotic expansions do not impose this restriction. The numerical work sought to minimize the predicted loading parameter l over n2N and so, to facilitate a fair comparison, what is shown by the continuous line is the nearest integer function applied to the prediction (4.2). This gives rise to the staircase-like form of n cr, which is observed to be in excellent agreement with the numerical results. We remark that although the theory can be relied upon only for formally large values of m, it appears to provide surprisingly accurate predictions for even quite modest-sized m. Figure 4b shows how the critical load prediction compares with its actual value based on numerical solutions. While the inclusion of the l 2 term gives a
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(a) 60 50 40 ncr 30 20 10 0 100 200

C. D. Coman and A. P. Bassom

(b) 0.8 0.7 h = 0.3 h = 0.2 h = 0.1 0.6 0.5 l* 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 300 m 400 500 0 100 200 300 m h = 0.1 400 500 h = 0.2 h = 0.3

Figure 4. (a) The critical mode number n cr as given by applying the nearest integer function to (4.2) is designated by the staircase-like line. The symbols indicate the result of direct numerical integration of the eigenproblem (2.6) and (2.7). (b) The form of the critical wrinkling load l for large m. Open circles, numerical results; dashed lines, the truncation of (4.1) up to the O(mK1/2) term; solid lines, the full form of (4.1) up to and including the O(mK1) term.

reasonable approximation to l, the next O(mK1) contribution improves the agreement quite substantially. Now, especially at values of m greater than a couple of hundred, the asymptotic result is really quite excellent and justies the effort involved in the higher-order work described in 3. Of course, the accuracy deteriorates for smaller m, but, if it is remembered that the asymptotic analysis was conducted under the implicit assumption that m1/4[1, it is perhaps surprising that the agreement is as good as it is. The relative accuracy (RA) for the sets of data shown is best for the larger values of h, although this is not immediately obvious on inspection of gure 4b. When mZ500 and if hZ0.3, then RAz0.6 and 3.2% for the three- and two-term approximations (4.1), respectively; these results change to RAz9.4 and 22%, respectively, when mZ50. To give an indication of how these results vary with h, it sufces to mention that the counterparts for hZ0.1 of gure 4a,b are RAz2.9 and 8.7%, respectively, when mZ500. 5. Remarks In this work, we have revisited a problem left open by Dean (1924), which is relevant to the buckling instability experienced by annular thin elastic plates under circular shearing. It has long been known that such plates are susceptible to a wrinkling, which takes the form of a large number of equiangular spiral wrinkles that are concentrated around the inner rim of the annulus. Figure 5 shows the type of pattern that is seen in practice; it is observed how a large number of wrinkles are focused in a small neighbourhood of the inner boundary and the individual wrinkles spiral around the centre of the hole. This spiralling effect is the physical manifestation of the intermediate-scale oscillation in the solution eigenfunction. The presence of tensile loads at the outer boundary gives
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Figure 5. Birds-eye view of the wrinkles around the inner hole of the annulus. Here, the aspect ratio hZ0.3, mZ300 and lz0.391.

rise to a situation in which the linearized bifurcation equation is not amenable to closed-form solution so that Deans approach becomes inoperable. The existence of the natural large parameter m, which is related to the initial state of prestress, means that boundary-layer methods can be used to determine both the critical load and the preferred number of wrinkles. It is surprising how the computation of the rst few terms in the asymptotic series for the loading l and the number of wrinkles n give rise to expressions which are in very good accord with direct numerical simulations. We have already mentioned that, in theory at least, symbolic algebra methods combined with matching could be used to calculate further terms in (4.1) and (4.2) but, given the impressive accuracy of the existing terms as evidenced by the results in gure 4, it is by no means certain that such extra work would be commensurate with the gain. The situation explored has the tantalizing prospect that it could be related to other physical scenarios. Lindsay (1992) and Haughton & Lindsay (1993) investigated the deformation of a hyperelastic annular slab caused by the rotation of a rigid shaft passing through the hole and bonded to the annulus. Assuming that the lateral curved surface is kept xed, a second-order elasticity theory was used to describe the deformation of the top surface of the slab. For a very broad class of constitutive equations, a pinching deformation in the vicinity of the shaft was noted, and g. 3 of Haughton & Lindsay (1993) reveals a boundary-layer behaviour akin to that in the present work. Those authors conducted an axisymmetric analysis and it would be of signicant interest to incorporate azimuthal terms. This would both increase substantially the range of possible deformations and enable us to determine which is preferred in practice. Moreover, the studies of Lindsay (1992) and Haughton & Lindsay (1993) demonstrate, to a certain extent, a nite elasticity version of the classical Weissenberg effect for highly viscous uids (e.g. Reiner 1958). In its simplest form, this phenomenon appears when a rod, which is rotated in a non-Newtonian
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uid, leads to the latter climbing up the rod; a comprehensive mathematical analysis was given by Joseph & Fosdick (1973) and Joseph et al. (1973). We intend to return later to probe this apparently unexplored link between our work described here and these other mathematical problems.
C.D.C. acknowledges with gratitude the nancial support received from the Royal Society for a visit to the University of Western Australia. We would like to thank the referees for their comments on this work.

Appendix A The expressions of the coefcients that appear in equation (3.2) are b1 rm3=4 ; b r ZA b0 r CA A b r Z B b 0 r C B b 1 rm3=4 C B b 2 rm3=2 C B b 3 rm2 ; B b Cr Z b C 0 r C b C 1 rm3=4 C b C 2 rm3=2 C b C 3 rm2 C b C 4 rm9=4 C b C 5 rm11=4 ; b r Z D b 0 r C D b 1 rm3=4 C D b 2 rm3=2 C D b 3 rm2 C D b 4 rm9=4 C D b 5 rm11=4 D b 6 rm3 C D b 7 rm7=2 ; CD where
1 2 2 n C 1 2n 2 C 1 b 0 hK@ A b C B h 0 r2 r3 0 1 2 6i k 2 n C 1 b1 h4ik B b b1h A C 1 hK2ik@ A r r2 b0 h 2 A r b 2 hK6k2 B 0
2 2 b 0 h n n K4 D r4

b 1 h2n2 C1 ik D r3

2 6k2 b b 2 h2n2 C1 k D C 2 hK r r2 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 B 1 B i l n n B b 3 hK@A C A b b 3 h @AK A C iln C 3 hK @AK 2 AK 3 D B r r2 r r r2 r2 r4

b C 4 hK4ik3 1 B b C 5 hK2ik@A C 2 A r 0

b 4 hK 2ik D r 2 0 1 3 1 B i l n b 5 hKik4 @AK AC 5 D r r2 r3 b 6 hk4 D b 7 hk2 @A C B A D r2 0 1

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