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Dirk

Huylebrouck,

Editor

Turing:
A Bit Off the Beaten Path
DENNIS A. HEJHAL
athematician, logician, World War II codebreaker, father of m o d e r n c o m p u t e r science, one of Tlme magazine's Top 20 scientists and thinkers of the twentieth century. Most readers of the IHtelligencerwill probably already have at least some degree of familiarity with Alan Turing and his life story. Turing died in 1954, just a few w e e k s shy of his 42nd birthday, of what a coroner's inquest c o n c l u d e d was a self-administered dose of potassium cyanide. Andrew Hodges explores the frustratingly ambiguous circumstances surrounding Turing's death in his excellent 1983 b i o g r a p h y of Turing ([HI: see also [Hi, p. 25]). (A partly eaten a p p l e found on the table beside Turing's b e d has generally been assumed to have had something to do with matters.) The Postscript on page 529 of Hodges's b o o k concludes with a rather forlorn-sounding, "There is no memorial." A couple of years ago, [ was pleasantly surprised to learn that this last assertion is no longer correct. Since June 2001, a poignant, life-like, life-size sculpture of Turing has resided in a small public park in central Manchester, Engkmd, located just a few minutes' walk flom the University of Manchester's Sackville Street campus. If my survey of about twenty colleagues and collaborators provides any indication, this remarkable grass-roots memorial to Turing could benefit from a bit more publicity within the mathematical community. Strangely enough, i myself only learned of the sculpture when, in a Minneapolis coffee shop, I h a p p e n e d to pick up a c o p y of one of our smallest alternative n e w s p a p e r s and wits startled to encounter a picture of it prominently featured in one of the articles. (I seem to have s o m e h o w missed any news of the thing in the "more standard" media 1 norreally scan.) In June 2004, I had the opportunity to make a short mathematical visit to Manchester as part of my three-week stay at the Isaac Newton Institute in Cambridge (and their "travelling lecturer" program). I had never been to Manchester before and thought it w o u l d be interesting to give a lecture there and to take at least a brief look around. (It was in looking around, in fact,

that the idea of possibly preparing a tourist section essay along the present lines first hit me.) The program at the Newton Institute that I was participating in had as its focus recent connections between random matrix theory and zeta functions. Perspective-wise, I think it's fair to say that p e o p l e come to Turing along a variety of avenues, some more c o m m o n than others. With me, the desire to "pay Mr. Turing a visit"

Figure I. The Alan M. Turing statue in Manchester's Sackville

Park.

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was prompted not only by the coffee shop article that I'd seen (which was excellent) but also, scientifically, by a shared interest in computing, more specifically, zeros of zeta-functions. The Dynamical Systems Seminar in Manchester, at which I was invited to speak, met on Wednesdays. To avoid any conflict with the Newton Institute workshop schedule, my hosts proposed that I give my talk on Wednesday, June 23. I agreed and sent back a short reply by e-mail. I could only smile when, working in the Institute library a few hours later, I noticed that the 23rd was Turing's birthday.

Turing and Zeta

Turing had wide interests. Highlights of Turing's work on the Riemann zeta-function ~'(s) can be found in several of the recent series of popular books on the Riemann Hypothesis; e.g., [D,Du,Ro,Sa]. 1 Though by no means his most famous area of work, the "zeta area" was clearly one that held a certain fascination for Turing. Turing's 1953 paper [T] gives a very picturesque account of the first calculation of zeros of ~'(s) ever made by an electronic computer; viz., the Mark 1, at Manchester University in 1950. Turing's "hands on" approach to zeta actually began about a decade earlier with his attempt to build an analog computer specifically intended for calculating values of ~'(s). See [H, pp. 140-141, 155-157] 9 (Hodges remarks that a 1939 visitor to Turing's room found it to contain a veritable "jigsaw puzzle" of brass gear wheels scattered across the floor.) The 1953 paper and Turing's gear wheels strike a note of warm familiarity in anyone, such as myself, w h o has ever worked seriously with computational aspects of zeta functions and their zeros. 2 Though with the advance of technology, the range of svalues over which the Riemann Hypothesis has been verified has grown astronomically (see, e.g., [O,G]), the aspect of [T] that has been found to have lasting value is Turing's elegant result (theorem 5) to the effect that, in checking R.H. over T1 <-- Im(s) --< T2, it suffices to examine ~-(1 + it), more particularly the modified function Z(t), for real values of t only. 3 "Success" is achieved by exhibiting an appropriate number of sign-changes of Z(t) on {T1 =< t =< T2} and over certain small, two-sided neighborhoods of T1 and T2 (the latter sign-changes needing to also be reasonably well-spaced). See [E,L,Ru,Bo] for improvements and additional details.

Turing asserts in [T, p.99] that his calculations were done "in an optimistic hope that a zero would be found off the critical line." (I.e., off o- = 89 italics mine). Whether this contrarian wish was expressed (at least partially) tongue-incheek, we will never know; but it does bring up an interesting point 9 In Turing's theorem, the part about the two-sided neighborhoods is present because the total number of zeta zeros in {T1 <= Im(s) =< Te} is k n o w n "a priori" only up to a term which is effectively 4 the difference 1r-1 arg ~( 89+ tt)]T,. Fulfillment of the neighborhood condition has the effect of causing both "arg" terms in the difference to b e c o m e negligible, thus enabling one to know precisely the total number of zeta zeros which need to be accounted for. Though arg ~'(~ + it) has mean value 0 as t---+ co (and "starts out" modestly enough), its normal order-of-magnitude is c~oog log t (c = l / V 2 ) . A deep theorem of A. Selberg ([S,w says that the values of arg ~(~, + it)/c~oog log t (also log 1~'(~2+ it)l~ c ~ o o g log t) are distributed like a standard Gaussian normal A(0; 1) in the limit of large t. Very loosely put, this property is a manifestation of the fact that log ~'(~ + it) can be approximated by a [lengthy] superposition o} the complex exponentials p it, which, in turn, mimic independent random variables as t--+ m. (Here p denotes a prime 9 Normality then follows from a suitable form of the Central Limit Theorem familiar from basic probability theory (see [F1, pp. 229, 173] for the standard version, and [B,F2] for something closer to what's inw~lved here). 5 For this and several other reasons (see [$2]), there is a sense that, in order for putative counterexamples to R.H. to appear "with any kind of inherent regularity," the value of (c/~r)~ogog ~og-t needs to be fairly big. The extremely slow rate of growth of ~/log log t makes the detection of any such counterexamples highly problematic: at t = 103, (c/~')~oog log t is approximately .31; at 10 l~176 about .52. To reach even the lowly value of 1.52, the base 10 logarithm of t would need to be about 2.78 X 1019. (Compare: [D, p.358].) The laws of physics being what they are, it is clear that--even with the fastest computers imaginable--there is very little prospect of carrying out any computational experiments with ~(~ + it) in the vicinity of this last t, at least not in this universe 9 The only real hope for R.H. "negativists" thus lies more in the direction of sporadic-type counterexamples/'
9

1See [E,Co] for additional background on ~(s) 9 The Riemann Hypothesis, which dates back to 1859, is the conjecture that every nonreal zero of ;(s) (i.e., nonreal root of ~(s) = 0) lies along the vertical line {o- = 89 here s = o- + it = Re(s) + ilm(s). The R.H. is one of the seven Clay Institute Millennium Prize Problems [CI] and is important because of the pivotal role that nonreal zeta zeros play in determining the finer distribution properties of ordinary prime numbers p in the limit of large p 9 (Footnotes 1-6 are appended in the hope of making this and the next section more accessible to general readers. Minimal loss in comprehension occurs if these two sections are read just cursorily.) 2Turing's more theoretical 1943 paper []-2] on ~'(s) (submitted 3/39) may well have been conceived partly with an eye toward some sort of eventual machine implementation, specifically in regimes of "intermediate-sized" Im(s). See []-2, p. 180 (lines 9-12)] and the curiously open-minded statement on p. 197 (line 16). 3The function Z, which has the advantage of being real-valued for real t, is simply ~(12+ it) multiplied by a certain elementary phase factor exp[i0(t)]. See [El. (The exponential factor is of course never zero.) 4Recall here that log w = Ioglwl + i arg(w) and that, in complex function theory, the number of zeros of a function f(z) on a region R is intimately linked with the change manifested by the logarithm of f(z) as z traverses R's boundary. 5A bit more work shows that, for any fixed h 4: 0, the arg(~)-values taken at t and t + h actually become stattstlbally independent as t--> oo; likewise for the values of arg(~) and logiC1 taken at the same t. (The log log t factor arises from the formal variance .T.:p 1, wherein p ranges over those primes _-<t.) 6There is some reason to believe ([Ts,Fa]) that the pertinent "instability indicator" here may take the less egregious form b I ~ o ~ ( I o g log 0% where J = 1/4 and b is some modest positive constant. The waiting time for this expression to become big is, of course, substantially less than that for ( c / ~ - ) ~ g t.

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A More General Setting

T h o u g h stated for ~'(s), it is k n o w n that Selberg's result actually holds for a wide class of number-theoretical zeta Amctions (or Euler products), L(s). See [S,BH]. For each such L, there is an analog of R.H. Prompted partly by Turing's contrarian wish, I thought it w o u l d be fun for my Manchester lecture to highlight a framew o r k in which there definitely were zeros off the critical line, and in which one could say something about their distribution. For sums of zeta functions (more precisely: linear combinations E'l\' b/L/ with N = > 2 and n o n z e r o hi), it turns out that the Selberg theorem for log ILl essentially allows this. See [He1-3]. This being the case, I d e c i d e d to call my talk "Multivariate Gaussians for L-functions with Applicatkms to Zero Counting" and to spend the last 1/3 or so of my lecture time discussing off-line zeros of s

Nearly Faded Footprints

This was actually my s e c o n d visit to the Newton Institute in Cambridge. Because I run several times each week, the Institute housing office placed me (as in 1997) in a sublet apartment situated ve W close to the Haling Way ( t o w p a t h / bike route) paralleling the River Cam from Jesus Green in Cambridge out to Waterbeach, a distance of approximately six miles. (The university crew teams row along the same stretch of river, but typically turn around just past the halfway point, near Baits Bite Lock; see [RM].) Since my Manchester and Newton Institute talks had considerable overlap, I d e c i d e d to prepare both lectures simultaneously, working at the desk in my apartment over a series of evenings. One evening, after running a bit further than normal (to a point about 1 kilometer past Waterbeach), I came h o m e too spent to work and d e c i d e d to simply read a bit in H o d g e s [H], a copy of which I had fortuitously found earlier among the apartment owner's many books. Though I k n e w IT] well, it had frankly b e e n more than 1~ years since I had last even b r o w s e d through [HJ.

1 soon got two very pleasant surprises: 1. The Central Limit Theorem, the zeta-theoretic counterpart of which lay at the heart of both my talks, was actually the subject of Turing's first research paper; viz., his 1934 King's College Dissertation at Cambridge ( u n p u b lished, c o p y available at [T3]). Turing effectively rediscovered the n o w standard Lindeberg-Feller version ILl,F2] of the theorem; I never k n e w this. (See [H, pp. 87-88 and 94]. Also [Z].) 2. Even more relevantly given my tired feet, I was surprised to learn that, while he was Fellow at King's College (both before and after World War II), Turing often took long afternoon runs along the river, sometimes going even as far as Ely and back (a destination about twice as far as Waterbeach). What this meant was clear: in all likelihood, out to W a t e , b e a c h at least, Turing must have followed the sam< very scenic, Haling Way path that I and n u m e r o u s other runners enjoyed using half-a-century later in getting "our own breaths of fresh air." (See [H, pp. 96, 372], and, for running enthusiasts, also [Bu,CW]. As an undergraduate Turing r o w e d for King's College; he was thus well familiar with the Haling Way.) I felt energized learning these small bits of history and looked forward to visiting Manchester.

Sackville Park
Following my arrival by train at Manchester's Piccadilly Station (on June 22nd), I p i c k e d u p a m a p at the information center to locate Sackville P a r k - - w h e r e I k n e w the statue was s i t u a t e d - - a n d a g o o d walking route to my a c c o m m o dations at the University's business school. My m a p s h o w e d the city center divided into 10 subdistricts; Sackville Park lay just off the intersection of Whitworth and Sackville Streets, approximately 1/4 mile from the train station, along the outer e d g e of the city's "Gay Village" a n d (as it turned out) directly across Whitworth Street from the Sackville Street Campus's main building. I d e c i d e d to stop by the park for a quick look prior to continuing on to the business school. The photos in Figures 1, 2 and 4, 5 w e r e taken by me in essentially that order. (To improve readability, my version of Figure 3 has b e e n replaced b y a sharper one from the Web.) The last two photos, Figures 6 and 7, were taken later the same afternoon while I was out doing some additional sightseeing. A few comments on the various pictures . . . The statue was unveiled on June 23, 2001, Turing's 89th birthday. The sculptor, Glyn Hughes, writes on his website [Hu]: The form of the statue, more like a piece of real life frozen into bronze than the c o m m o n p l a c e attempt to be grand or clever, was intended to invite the visitor to touch, and to p e r h a p s sit next to Mr Turing; while there is sufficient, slightly puzzling, imagery, to p r o m p t them to investigate further. To my delight, this has p r o v e d to be the c a s e - - t h e r e are sometimes even queues! A bit earlier, Hughes noted: "I chose rather to present Turing as a very small and ordinary m a n . . . " The "visitor-friendly" aspect is visible in Figure 4, which appears courtesy of a young w o m a n on her way to a class

DENNIS A. HEJHAL eamed his doctorate at Stanford University in 1972. He is a fellow in the supercomputing institute at Minnesota, and is now a professor at both Minnesota and UppsalA He works in analytic number theory and automorphic forms. While he was preparing this paper for publication, he was awarded the 2005 G~rding Prize for some of the same work on off-line zeros that he had descnbed at Manchester. He is a Iongtime running enthusiast.
School of Mathematics University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA e-mail: hejhal@math.umn.edu Mathematics Department Box 480 Uppsala University S-75106 Uppsala Sweden e-mail: hejhal@math.uu.se

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Figure 2. Another view (with a bit of wear-and-tear showing on the face).

in a nearby building. (Also visible in Figure 4 is the understated aspect of the w o r k - - m y height being 5'9".) The bench's back-boards, which the statue and I are obscuring, contain the inscription: Alan Mathison Turing, 1912-1954 IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ The (Enigma-) encrypted portion is reputed to say "Founder of Computer Science"; see [Si].

Figure 5 shows the wording on the informational sign located off to one side of the statue. Due to weather and what not, parts of the sign have b e c o m e faded; to improve readability, the contrast has been enhanced somewhat throughout the pictures. Intended for passers-by in the park, the information given about Turing is clearly rather concise--and, stylistically, perhaps just a bit stark. There's no mention, for instance, of either running or zeta function gear wheels . . . . Yet, in a way, its net effect is perhaps "to prompt visitors to investigate further"; e.g., via [H]. In this spirit, two further items-of-background concerning the memorial itself may be of interest. First, as mentioned on the sign, the British Society for the History of Mathematics contributed to this effort. A report on the unveiling ceremony can be found in their (notso-readily-available) newsletter [Ch]. One thus learns [Ch, pp. 9-10] that: The [unveiling] ceremony marked the fulfilment of four years of tireless effort by the Alan Turing Memorial Fund Committee. The Committee was set up in 1997 by Richard Humphry, a barrister in Manchester, and Glyn Hughes, an industrial designer, sculptor, and computer buff from Lancashire, who had both been drawn to Turing. They found themselves questioning the lack of a memorial to a man who had made such immense and lasting contributions to mathematics, computing, and national security during his brief life. As non-mathematicians coming fresh to the story , perhaps they were especially well placed to appreciate the loss of such a prodigious talent. The idea that Sackville Park would (by virtue of its location) be an ideal spot for placement of a memorial to Turing was suggested to the Manchester City Council independently by both Hughes and Humphry. The Council saw potential in the idea, and the two were put in touch with one another.

Figure 3. The plaque on the ground in front of the sculpture. (linage courtesy of en.wikipedia.org.)

Figure 4. AMT and the author.

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b0 "3

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Figure 6. A slightly different perspective . . .

After the initial wave of enthusiasm [however], H u m p h r y and Hughes soon realised that if anything was actually going to happen, they were going to have to do it themselves . . . . The most striking feature of the early phase of their campaign was an almost total lack of interest from the computer industry, the academic establishment, and the press. Fortunately, Manchester City Council were very supportive of the scheme, and interest was eventually generated by a website and an article in the Daily

Telegraph.
Momentum picked up as various luminaries signed on, including Sir Ian McKellen and Sir DerekJacobi. (Jacobi starred in Hugh Whitemore's 1986 play, Breaking the Code, and became patron of the fund.) Though the projected minimum cost of the statue was s only about s could be raised: s from BSHM members, s from fund-raisers in the Gay Village, and s from other (mainly individual) contributors. Because of this financial shortfall, it was decided to have the sculpture cast at a foundry in China. (Though the bulk of the financial contributions for the statue came from individuals, Andrew Hodges notes in [H2, page 3] that s was donated to the project by Manchester City Council; this was later supplemented by an additional s for the unveiling ceremony.) The second item is a point I decided to check with the sculptor about after reading something about it on the Web. In his e-mail reply, Hughes confirmed that his early-1980sera Amstrad personal computer is indeed buried beneath the sculpture's plinth in tribute to Turing. (On a more technical level, I also learned from Hughes that the sculpture is made out of gunmetal bronze, and that, in parts of the casting, there is some contamination with iron and free carbon which may eventually become visible.) The memorial seeks, of course, to convey something of Alan Turing, the man. When, following my sightseeing, I returned to the park later that afternoon to take the pho-

Figure 7.
tographs in Figures 6 and 7, I again sat for a spell on the park bench. Influenced perhaps by the "mood" (and matter-of-factness) of the sign, I found myself vaguely remembering a short passage I had seen earlier in Sara Turing's b o o k [Tu] about her son. Originally p e n n e d in connection with his running, her words ([Tu, p.111]) struck me as singularly appropriate here at this understated, grassroots, park bench memorial: The club [the Walton Athletic Club] comprised men from all walks of life--road-sweepers, clergymen's sons, dentists, clerks, and so f o r t h - - h e was always at ease a m o n g them and made them feel at ease. After an interval of some years they still talk about him. In a subsequent telephone conversation with Hughes concerning some of the Committee's fundraising efforts, I learned that the second sentence in this quotation is not just "some nice-sounding words." The overwhelming majority of contributions for this memorial were relatively small ones (s from individuals. A significant number of these individuals were senior citizens, w h o often took the time to enclose notes expressing gratitude to Turing for the contributions he made during World War II in helping to defeat Nazism7

7Somewhat ironically, Turing died on June 7, 1954, just one day after the 10th anniversary of D-Day (a wartime turning point whose strategic success hinged in no small way on cryptological breakthroughs achieved at Bletchley Park [Wi, Hin]).

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As o n e might expect of any statue sitting in a center city park, this one has b e e n subjected to its share of wear and tear, e.g., in the form of artistry with felt-tipped pens and what not. Sad-to-say, the "artistry" has most recently come to include splattered red paint a c c o m p a n i e d by a gutterlevel slur scrawled on the sculpture in h e a v y black ink (these two latest "contributions" remaining there largely unexpunged, I am told, but by w e a t h e r effects, for at least several months' time during late 2005 and early 2006). s Figure 7 shows an augmentation of an entirely different kind. Whether the streaks are the b y p r o d u c t of metallic contamination, rainy weather, or simply some residue from cleaning off grime and artwork, they do a d d a certain subtle something to the "freezeframe" quality of the bronze, particularly w h e n v i e w e d up close. One of my Manchester hosts reports (6/2006) that, apart from a general lightening in their color and a bit of fading, the streak marks have not really c h a n g e d that much since the time the p h o t o was taken in June 2004.

Some Further Comments and Personal Impressions

I enjoyed m y Manchester visit very much, even t h o u g h - being largely on foot as I w a s - - I didn't get much b e y o n d the general area of the park and university. The Turing Memorial struck me as excellent: not only appropriate (after so many years), but also something different (in terms of both form and location). I'm glad I took the opportunity to visit "in real life", as o p p o s e d to just virtually. Though, for the most part, matters n o w tend to s p e a k for themselves, real-life visits do have a w a y of bringing out "aspects and angles" of more subtle types not so readily captured, for instance, by a camera's eye. Drawing the reader's attention to several such in an article of this kind seems only reasonable: 1. A Nice Touch. In my case, it was only in sitting quietly next to Mr. Turing for a minute or two that the artistic effectiveness of the statue's understated size hit me on a human level. O n e got the sense of looking at a real p e r s o n "through the lens of time." No longer here perhaps, but still relevant today (as a thinker and h u m a n being). The a p p l e only accentuated this thought-provoking effect. I w o u l d w a g e r that I'm far from the only o n e to have e x p e r i e n c e d this sense while seated on the bench next to Turing. 2. Food f o r Thought. For most people, the b a c k g r o u n d sign in Figure 5 will be an integral part of the memorial. Its description of T u r i n g - - t h o u g h succinct--is not unreasonable. 9 Subsequent to that description, at the end of the acknowledgments, a sentence occurs that seems likely to give most on-site visitors pause; viz.,

Despite m a n y a p p r o a c h e s , the major c o m p u t e r c o m p a nies failed to give any practical support. I found this line unsettling. (It is p o i g n a n t to turn a r o u n d and see a life-size sculpture sitting there in silent r e p o s e but several steps away. I r e m e m b e r thinking to myself at the time, "Doesn't this dark cloud stuff ever stop?") A short time after my trip ended, however, two things d a w n e d on me that s e e m well worth mentioning here, if only for the additional c o n t e x t - - a n d food-for-thought--that they offer. The first of these is that s o m e c o m p u t e r c o m p a n i e s s e e m not to have had any "issue" with Turing. The ACM Turing Award, occasionally referred to as the "Nobel Prize in computer science," has b e e n a w a r d e d annually to international researchers since 1966. Checking back a bit, I found that in the 1990s, the a w a r d was f u n d e d first by AT&T ('91-'95); then its spin-off, Lucent ('96-'99), in the a m o u n t of $25,000/year. 1~ More recently, 1I Intel has taken over, a n d the amount of the a w a r d has risen to $100,000. The second fact concerns geography and is simply the observation that Turing actually w o r k e d at Manchester University's Oxford Road campus, approximately one mile south of Sackville Park ([H, p.394]). It was only in 2004 that Manchester University (formally, the Victoria University of Manchester) and UMIST (the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology) merged to form The University of Manchester. Prior to that time, the buildings on the Sackville Street campus, i.e., basically across the street from Sackville Park, belonged to UMIST--not Manchester U. This fact hints at a possible reason for some of the academic establishment's lack of interest cited earlier in connection with [Ch]. In the case of the c o m p u t e r companies, this factor has less significance and the reason(s) tbr any "funding regrets" must p r e s u m a b l y be sought elsewhere. Exactly w h e r e is unclear. 12 The matter seems likely to remain something about which one can at best only speculate, and p e r h a p s that's just as well. As Albert Einstein said, "In the midst of difficulty lies opportunity." 3. Adieu. Following my lecture, I thought it w o u l d be nice to stop for awhile in Sackville Park prior to continuing on to catch my early-evening train back to Cambridge. My stop was a brief one. In looking again at the statue and sign, I immediately noticed the positive energy that I felt following my lecture less than 40 minutes earlier gradually "morphing" into a kind of quiet sadness, a sadness that Turing never got the chance to see how c o m p u t e r s - - a n d even the central limit t h e o r e m - - w o u l d ultimately come to have important applications in the study of zeta functions ("the zeta e n i g m a " ) - e.g., in opening up new links with random matrix theory. As I stood there and l o o k e d again at the apple, I noticed something curious about the grip of the h a n d and angle of

8The slur is now gone after a telephone call to the city parks department. 9(although some may wish for a better word or two in places; cf, e.g., [Hi, pp. 23,25] and [H, p. 400 (top]]). 101991 was the first year the award had corporate sponsorship. I am told that, though the Manchester Committee knew of the Turing Award, it was not familiar with any of its funding details. (The committee was composed solely of non-academics.) 11apart from two years, 2000-01, when ACM and lntertrust Technologies funded it at its previous level 12My Minnesota colleague, Andrew Odlyzko, recently commented that he was inclined to think that the lack of corporate support was chiefly due to expectations of low visibility of the statue and lack of any connection with current cutting-edge research.

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the lower arm. An ambiguity as it were. The grip was a bit "cupped and left-rotated," not so much like one used in eating (or deep philosophic introspection), but closer to one that might be seen just prior to a person rising u p . . . and simultaneously flinging a small object off to one side. It may have been my mood, but I found the suggestion-intentional or n o t - - a compelling one. I regretted very much that the "lens of time" prevented its fulfillment. For my part, I would like to have seen Turing go for distance. Maximal distance.

[Bu] P. Butcher, Turing as a runner, see link at A. M. Turing's MacTutor History of Mathematics entry (www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uW Biographies/Turing.html). [CW] Cambridge-Waterbeach running map, available at (www.srcf. ucam.org/cuhh), website of the Cambridge University Hare & Hounds running club. Turing was a member of H & H during 1947-48. (See www.go4awalk.com/userpics/sharahiggins5.php for a glimpse of the route.) [Ch] F. Chalmers, Unveiling the Alan Turing Memorial (Manchester, 23 June 2001), BSHM Newsletter 44(2001), 8-11. [CI] Clay Institute website, see (www.claymath.org/millennium/). [Co] J. B. Conrey, The Riemann Hypothesis, Notices of the Amer. Math. Soc. 50 (2003), 341-353. [D] J. Derbyshire, Prime Obsession, Plume (Penguin Group), 2004. [Du] M. DuSautoy, The Music of the Primes, Perennial (HarperCollins), 2004. [El H. Edwards, Riemann's Zeta Function, Academic Press, 1974, especially pages 19, 119, 159, 164, 172-175. (Turing's method is discussed on 172-175.) [Fa] D. Farmer, S. Gonek, and C. Hughes, The maximum size of L-functions, preprint, August 2005, available at www.arXiv.org (math.NT/0506218). [F1] W. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, vol. 1, 2rid edition, John Wiley, 1957. [F2] W. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, vol. 2, 2nd edition, John Wiley, 1971, especially pp. 260(th. 2), 518-520, 544-545, and 262-264(e% 269(b). [G] X. Gourdon, The 1013 first zeros of the Riemann zeta function, and zeros computation at very large height, available at (numbers. computation.free.fr/Constants/Miscellaneous). [He1] D. Hejhal, On a result of Selberg concerning zeros of linear combinations of L-functions, International Math. Research Notices (2000), no. 11, 551-577. [He2] D. Hejhal, On Euler products and multi-variate Gaussians, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris (I) 337(2003), 223-226. [He3] D. Hejhal, On the horizontal distribution of zeros of linear combinations of Euler products, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris (I) 338(2004), 755-758. [Hi] P. Hilton, Working with Alan Turing, The Mathematical Intelligencer 13(1991), no. 4, 22-25. This paper is an important supplement to Hodges's book. [Hin] F. Hinsley, The influence of Ultra in the Second World War, in Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 1-13, especially 10 (top) and 12 (bottom half). [H] A. Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma, Simon and Schuster, 1983. [H2] A. Hodges, www.turing.org.uWturing/scrapbooWmemorial.html [Hu] G. Hughes, www.btinternet.com/-glynhughes/sculpture/turing. htm [J] D. Jefferies, images at (www.ee.surrey.ac.uWPersonal/D.Jefferies/ turing/). [L] R. S. Lehman, On the distribution of zeros of the Riemann zetafunction, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3) 20(1970), 303-320. ILl] J. Lindeberg, Eine neue Herleitung des Exponentialgesetzes in der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung, Math. Zeit. 15(1922), 211-225. [M] J. Mills, www.johnwmills.com. [N] A tribute to Alan Turing, in Notices oftheAmer. Math. Soc. 53 (Nov. 2006), pp. 1179, 1186-1206, 1208-1219. [O] A. Odlyzko, The 1022-nd zero of the Riemann zeta function, in Dy-

Afterword
In October 2004, a second statue of Alan Turing was unveiled (by H.R.H. Prince Edward, The Earl of Wessex), on the campus of the University of Surrey. The work, which is modelled after a 1934 snapshot of Turing (cf. [H, photograph 6]), was sculpted by John W. Mills [M] and stands 8'4" tall. See [H2] or [J] for a picture of it. It seems fair to say that the two statues have a completely different "feel." Two months earlier, in August 2004, an Alan Turing Institute began operations at the University of Manchester as one of their Centres of Excellence. The institute's research theme ([TI]) can be loosely described as mathematical aspects of enabling technologies. According to a university public relations official, there is no connection, however, between the Turing Institute (or any other university "unit") and the memorial in Sackville Park. See [H2] for a list of some further tributes to Turing, and [Wh] for some additional views of Sackville Park. The gargoyle of Turing mentioned in [H2] on the campus of the University of Oregon is discussed at greater length (together with a similar one of J. von Neumann) in [Hi, p. 24]. Readers interested in learning more about Turing's mathematical work will find the combination ofJ. Britton's introduction to [T4] and Max Newman's 1955 Royal SocietyMemoir (reprinted in [T5, pp. 268-279]) an excellent starting point. Turing's MacTutor entry is also quite helpful; see [Bu] for its URL. (Added i n p r o o f : Reference [N], which appeared just recently, furnishes additional information--and places things in a broader context.)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

While preparing this article, I was fomanate to receive comments and encouragement from a number of people, including G. Alexanderson, L. Arkeryd, P. Hilton, D. Huylebrouck, A. Marden, A. Odlyzko, M. Senechal, and R. Sharp. Warm words of thanks also go out to M. Pollicott (for his invitation to speak in Manchester), to the Isaac Newton Institute (for its financial support and hospitality), and to DeAnna Miller (whose serendipitous article sparked my interest in this matter).
REFERENCES

[B] P. Billingsley, Probability and Measure, 2nd edition, John Wiley, 1986, especially pp. 407 (ex 30.1), 408-410. [BH] E. Bombieri and D. Hejhal, On the distribution of zeros of linear combinations of Euler products, Duke Math. J. 80(1995), 821-862. (See Theorem B.) [Bo] A. Booker, Artin's conjecture, Turing's method, and the Riemann Hypothesis, Experimental Math. 15(2006), 385-407. See also pp. 1208-1211 in [N].

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namical, Spectral, and Arithmetic Zeta Functions (ed. by M. van Frankenhuysen and M. Lapidus), AMS Contemporary Math. Vol. 290, 2001, pp. 139-144. See also: (www.dtc.umn.edu/-odlyzko/unpublished). [Ro] D. Rockmore, Stalking the Riemann Hypothesis, Pantheon, 2005. [RM] River Cam Rowing Map, available at (www.firstandthird.org), website of First & Third Trinity Boat Club. See also (www.cucbc.org), and (maps.google.co.uk) under "Fen Ditton." [Ru] R. Rumely, Numerical computations concerning the ERH, Math. of Comp. 61(1993), 415-440, especially w [Sa] K. Sabbagh, The Riemann Hypothesis, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York, 2003. IS] A. Selberg, Old and new conjectures and results about a class of Dirichlet series, in Collected Papers, vol. 2, Springer-Verlag, 1991, pp. 47-63. [$2] A. Selberg, The zeta-function and the Riemann Hypothesis, in Collected Papers, vol. 1, Springer-Verlag, 1989, pp. 341-355, especially 352-355(note 1). [Si] S. Singh, www.simonsingh.net/Turing_Memorial.html [Ts] K. Tsang, The large values of the Riemann zeta-function, Mathematika 40(1993), 203-214, especially 205(middle). [T] A. M. Turing, Some calculations of the Riemann zeta-function, Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 3(1953), 99-117.

[3-2] A. M. Turing, A method for the calculation of the zeta-function, Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) 48(1943), 180-197. [T3] A. M. Turing, On the Gaussian error function, King's College Fellowship Dissertation, 1934, ii + 60 pp. (Available at the Turing Digital Archive, www.turingarchive.org, item AMT/C/28.) F4] A. M. Turing, Collected Works: Pure Mathematics (ed. by J. L. Britton), North-Holland, 1992. [3-5] A. M. Turing, Collected Works: Mathematical Logic (ed. by R. Gandy and C. Yates), North-Holland, 2001. [TI] Turing Institute Website, at (www.knowledgehorizons.manchester. ac.uWcentresofexcellence). [Tu] S. Turing, Alan M. Turing, Heifer, Cambridge, 1959. [Wh] Online encyclopedia article at (www.answers.com/Whitworth_ Gardens). [Wi] F. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, Harper & Row, 1974, especially pp. 2 (middle) and 190 (lines 21-24). The significance of the work done at Bletchley Park is described quite compellingly by Gen. Eisenhower in his letter on p. 2. (Much of this work was underpinned by methods or ideas that originated with Turing.) [Z] S. Zabell, Alan Turing and the central limit theorem, American Math. Monthly 102(1995), 483-494.

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