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Tutorial 18.

Using the Eulerian


Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

Introduction: Mixing tanks are used to maintain solid particles or


droplets of heavy fluids in suspension. Mixing may be required
to enhance reaction during chemical processing or to prevent sed-
imentation. In this tutorial, you will use the Eulerian multiphase
model to solve the particle suspension problem. The Eulerian mul-
tiphase model solves momentum equations for each of the phases,
which are allowed to mix in any proportion.
In this tutorial you will learn how to:
• Use the granular Eulerian multiphase model
• Specify fixed velocities with a user-defined function (UDF) to
simulate an impeller
• Set boundary conditions for internal flow
• Calculate a solution using the segregated solver
• Solve a time-accurate transient problem

Prerequisites: This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the
menu structure in FLUENT and that you have solved or read Tu-
torial 1. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not
be shown explicitly.

Problem Description: The problem involves the transient startup of


an impeller-driven mixing tank. The primary phase is water, while
the secondary phase consists of sand particles with a 111 micron
diameter. The sand is initially settled at the bottom of the tank,
to a level just above the impeller. A schematic of the mixing tank

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

and the initial sand position is shown in Figure 18.1. The domain
is modeled as 2D axisymmetric.
The fixed-values option will be used to simulate the impeller. Ex-
perimental data are used to represent the time-averaged velocity
and turbulence values at the impeller location. This approach
avoids the need to model the impeller itself. These experimental
data are provided in a user-defined function.

.4446 m

.016 m

water

.4446 m

impeller
settled
sand .1728 m
.0864 m
bed .116 m

Figure 18.1: Problem Specification

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

Preparation

1. Copy the files mixtank/mixtank.msh and mixtank/fix.c from


the FLUENT documentation CD to your working directory (as de-
scribed in Tutorial 1).

2. Start the 2D version of FLUENT.

Step 1: Grid

1. Read the grid file (mixtank.msh).


File −→ Read −→Case...
As FLUENT reads the grid file, it will report its progress in the
console window.

2. Check the grid.


Grid −→Check
FLUENT will perform various checks on the mesh and will report
the progress in the console window. Pay particular attention to the
reported minimum volume. Make sure this is a positive number.

3. Display the grid.


Display −→Grid...

(a) Display the grid using the default settings (Figure 18.2).
Extra: You can use the right mouse button to check which
zone number corresponds to each boundary. If you click
the right mouse button on one of the boundaries in the
graphics window, its zone number, name, and type will be
printed in the FLUENT console window. This feature is
especially useful when you have several zones of the same
type and you want to distinguish between them quickly.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

Y
Z X

Grid (Time=2.1000e+01) Jul 30, 2001


FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, eulerian, ske, unsteady)

Figure 18.2: Grid Display

4. Manipulate the grid display to show the full tank upright.


Display −→Views...

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

(a) Under Mirror Planes, select axis.


(b) Click Apply.
The grid display will be updated to show both sides of the tank.
(c) Click Auto Scale.
This option is used to scale and center the current display
without changing its orientation (Figure 18.3).

Y
Z X

Grid (Time=2.1000e+01) Jul 30, 2001


FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, eulerian, ske, unsteady)

Figure 18.3: Grid Display with Both Sides of the Tank

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

(d) Click on Camera... to display the tank in an upright position.


This will open the Camera Parameters panel.

(e) Click with the left mouse button on the indicator of the dial
and drag it in the counter-clockwise direction till the upright
view is displayed (Figure 18.4).
(f) Click Apply and close the Camera Parameters and Views panels.
Note: When experimenting with different view manipulation tech-
niques, you may accidentally “lose” your geometry in the dis-
play. You can easily return to the default (front) view by click-
ing on the Default button in the Views panel.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

X
Y Z

Grid (Time=2.1000e+01) Jul 30, 2001


FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, eulerian, ske, unsteady)

Figure 18.4: Grid Display of the Upright Tank

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

Step 2: Models

1. Specify a transient, axisymmetric model.


Define −→ Models −→Solver...

(a) Retain the default Segregated solver.


The segregated solver must be used for multiphase calculations.
(b) Under Space, select Axisymmetric.
(c) Under Time, select Unsteady.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

2. Enable the Eulerian multiphase model.


Define −→ Models −→Multiphase...
(a) Select Eulerian as the Model.
The panel will expand to show the inputs for the Eulerian
model.

(b) Keep the default settings for the Eulerian model.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

3. Turn on the k- turbulence model with standard wall functions.


Define −→ Models −→Viscous...

(a) Select k-epsilon (2 eqn) as the Model.


(b) Keep the default selection of Standard Wall Functions under
Near-Wall Treatment.
This problem does not require a particularly fine grid, and
standard wall functions will be used.
(c) Under k-epsilon Multiphase Model, select the Dispersed model.
The dispersed turbulence model is applicable in this case be-
cause there is clearly one primary continuous phase and the
material density ratio of the phases is about 2.5. Furthermore,

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

the Stokes number is much less than 1. Therefore, the parti-


cle’s kinetic energy will not depart significantly from that of
the liquid.

4. Set the gravitational acceleration.


Define −→Operating Conditions...
(a) Turn on Gravity.
The panel will expand to show additional inputs.

(b) Set the Gravitational Acceleration in the X direction to -9.81 m/s2 .

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

Step 3: Materials
In this step, you will add liquid water to the list of fluid materials by
copying it from the materials database, and create a new material called
sand.
Define −→Materials...

1. Copy liquid water from the materials database so that it can be


used for the primary phase.
(a) Click the Database... button in the Materials panel.
The Database Materials panel will open.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

(b) In the list of Fluid Materials, select water-liquid (h2o<l>).


(c) Click Copy to copy the information for liquid water to your
model.
(d) Close the Database Materials panel.

2. Create a new material called sand.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

(a) Type the name sand in the Name text-entry box.


(b) Under Properties, enter 2500 kg/m3 as the Density.
(c) Remove the entry for Chemical Formula so the field is blank.
(d) Click on Change/Create and close the Materials panel.
When you click Change/Create, a question dialog box will ap-
pear, asking you if water-liquid should be overwritten. Click
No to retain water-liquid and add the new material, sand, to
the list. The Materials panel will be updated to show the new
material name in the Fluid Materials list.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

Step 4: Phases

1. Define the primary (water) and secondary (sand) phases.


Define −→Phases...

(a) Specify water as the primary phase.


i. Select phase-1 and click the Set... button.

ii. In the Primary Phase panel, enter water for the Name.
iii. Select water-liquid from the Phase Material drop-down list.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

(b) Specify sand as the secondary phase.


i. Select phase-2 and click the Set... button.

ii. In the Secondary Phase panel, enter sand for the Name.
iii. Select sand from the Phase Material drop-down list.
iv. Turn on the Granular option.
v. Define the properties of the sand phase.
A. Enter 0.000111 as the Diameter.
B. Select syamlal-obrien from the Granular Viscosity drop-
down list.
C. Select lun-et-al from the Granular Bulk Viscosity drop-
down list.
D. Enter 0.6 as the Packing Limit.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

(c) Specify the drag law to be used for computing the interphase
momentum transfer.
i. Click the Interaction... button in the Phases panel.

ii. In the Phase Interaction panel, select gidaspow in the Drag


Coefficient drop-down list.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

Step 5: Boundary Conditions


For this problem, there are no conditions to be specified on the outer
boundaries. Within the domain, there are three fluid zones, representing
the impeller region, the region where the sand is initially located, and the
rest of the tank. There are no conditions to be specified in the latter two
zones, so you will need to set conditions only in the zone representing
the impeller.
As mentioned earlier, a UDF is used to specify the fixed velocities that
simulate the impeller. The values of the time-averaged impeller velocity
components and turbulence quantities are based on experimental mea-
surement. The variation of these values may be expressed as a function
of radius, and imposed as polynomials according to:
variable = A1 + A2 r + A3 r 2 + A4 r 3 + ...
The order of polynomial to be used depends on the behavior of the func-
tion being fitted. For this tutorial, the polynomial coefficients shown in
Table 18.1 are provided in the UDF fix.c.

Table 18.1: Impeller Profile Specifications


Variable A1 A2 A3
u velocity -7.1357e-2 54.304 -3.1345e+3
v velocity 3.1131e-2 -10.313 9.5558e+2
kinetic energy 2.2723e-2 6.7989 -424.18
dissipation -6.5819e-2 88.845 -5.3731e+3

Variable A4 A5 A6
u velocity 4.5578e+4 -1.9664e+5 –
v velocity -2.0051e+4 1.1856e+5 –
kinetic energy 9.4615e+3 -7.7251e+4 1.8410e+5
dissipation 1.1643e+5 -9.1202e+5 1.9567e+6

See the separate UDF Manual for details about setting up a UDF using
the DEFINE PROFILE macro. Note that, while this macro is usually used
to specify a profile condition on a boundary face zone, it is used in fix.c

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

to specify the condition in a fluid cell zone. The arguments of the macro
have been changed accordingly.

1. Compile the UDF, fix.c, using the Interpreted UDFs panel.


Define −→ User-Defined −→ Functions −→Interpreted...

(a) Enter fix.c under Source File Name.


! Make sure that the C source code for your UDF and your
mesh file reside in your working directory. If your source
code is not in your working directory, then when you com-
pile the UDF you must enter the file’s complete path in
the Interpreted UDFs panel, instead of just the filename.
(b) Keep the default Stack Size setting of 10000.
(c) Turn on the Display Assembly Listing option.
Turning on the Display Assembly Listing option will cause a
listing of the assembly language code to appear in your console
window when the function compiles.
(d) Click Compile to compile your UDF.
Note: The name and contents of your UDF will be stored in
your case file when you write the case file.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

2. Set the conditions for the fluid zone representing the impeller (fix-
zone).
You will specify the conditions for the water and the sand sepa-
rately. There are no conditions to be specified for the mixture (i.e.,
conditions that apply to all phases); the default conditions for the
mixture are acceptable.
Define −→Boundary Conditions...
(a) Set the conditions on fix-zone for the water.
All of the conditions for the water will come from the UDF.
i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, select water from the
Phase drop-down list and click Set....

ii. Turn on the Fixed Values option.


The panel will expand to show the related inputs.
iii. Select udf fixed u from the drop-down list to the right of
Axial Velocity.
iv. Select udf fixed v for Radial Velocity.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

v. Select udf fixed ke for Turbulence Kinetic Energy.


vi. Select udf fixed diss for Turbulence Dissipation Rate.
(b) Set the conditions on fix-zone for the sand.
All of the conditions for the sand will come from the UDF.
i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, select sand from the
Phase drop-down list and click Set....

ii. Turn on the Fixed Values option.


The panel will expand to show the related inputs.
iii. Select udf fixed u for Axial Velocity.
iv. Select udf fixed v for Radial Velocity.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

Step 6: Solution

1. Set the solution parameters.


Solve −→ Controls −→Solution...

(a) For the Under-Relaxation Factors, set Pressure to 0.5, Momen-


tum to 0.2, and Turbulent Viscosity to 0.8.
(b) Under Discretization, keep the default settings.
2. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.
Solve −→ Monitors −→Residual...
3. Initialize the solution using the default initial values.
Solve −→ Initialize −→Initialize...

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

4. Patch the initial sand bed configuration.

(a) In the Variable list, select sand Volume Fraction.


(b) Select initial-sand in the Zones To Patch list.
(c) Set the Value to 0.56.
(d) Click Patch.

5. Set the time stepping parameters.


Solve −→Iterate...
(a) Set the Time Step Size to 0.005.
(b) Under Iteration, set the Max Iterations per Time Step to 40.
(c) Click Apply.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

6. Save the initial case and data files (mixtank.cas and mixtank.dat).
File −→ Write −→Case & Data...
The problem statement is now complete. As a precaution, you
should review the impeller velocity fixes and sand bed patch after
running the calculation for a single time step. Since you are using
a UDF for the velocity profiles, you need to perform one time step
in order for the profiles to be calculated and available for viewing.

7. Run the calculation for 0.005 seconds.


Solve −→Iterate...
(a) Set the Number of Time Steps to 1.
(b) Click Iterate.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

8. Check the initial velocities and sand volume fraction.


In order to display the initial velocities in the fluid zone where you
have fixed their values (fix-zone), you will need to create a zone
surface for it.
(a) Create a zone surface for fix-zone.
Surface −→Zone...

i. In the Zone list, select fix-zone.


ii. Under New Surface Name, retain the default name.
The default name is the same as the zone name. FLUENT
will automatically assign the default name to the new sur-
face when it is created.
iii. Click on Create and close the panel.
The new surface will be added to the Surfaces list in the
Zone Surface panel.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

(b) Display the initial impeller velocities for water.


Display −→Vectors...

i. Select water Velocity in the Vectors Of drop-down list.


ii. Select Velocity... and water Velocity Magnitude in the Color
By drop-down lists.
iii. In the Surfaces list, select fix-zone.
iv. In the Style drop-down list, select arrow.
v. Click Display.
FLUENT will display the water velocity vector fixes at the
impeller location, as shown in Figure 18.5.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

8.08e-01

7.27e-01

6.46e-01

5.65e-01

4.85e-01

4.04e-01

3.23e-01

2.42e-01

1.62e-01

8.08e-02

8.41e-06

water-velocity Colored By water Velocity Magnitude (m/s) (Time=5.0000e-03) Nov 19, 2001
FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, eulerian, ske, unsteady)

Figure 18.5: Initial Impeller Velocities for Water

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

(c) Display the initial impeller velocities for sand.


Display −→Vectors...
i. Select sand Velocity in the Vectors Of drop-down list.
ii. Select Velocity... and sand Velocity Magnitude in the Color
By drop-down lists.
iii. Click Display.
FLUENT will display the sand velocity vector fixes at the
impeller location, as shown in Figure 18.6.

8.01e-01

7.21e-01

6.41e-01

5.61e-01

4.80e-01

4.00e-01

3.20e-01

2.40e-01

1.60e-01

8.01e-02

0.00e+00

sand-velocity Colored By sand Velocity Magnitude (m/s) (Time=5.0000e-03) Nov 19, 2001
FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, eulerian, ske, unsteady)

Figure 18.6: Initial Impeller Velocities for Sand

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

(d) Display contours of sand volume fraction.


Display −→Contours...

i. Select Phases... and Volume fraction of sand in the Con-


tours Of drop-down lists.
ii. Select Filled under Options.
iii. Click Display.
FLUENT will display the initial location of the settled sand
bed, shown in Figure 18.7.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

5.62e-01

5.06e-01

4.50e-01

3.94e-01

3.37e-01

2.81e-01

2.25e-01

1.69e-01

1.12e-01

5.62e-02

0.00e+00

Contours of Volume fraction of sand (Time=5.0000e-03) Nov 19, 2001


FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, eulerian, ske, unsteady)

Figure 18.7: Initial Settled Sand Bed

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

9. Run the calculation for 1 second.


Solve −→Iterate...
(a) Set the Number of Time Steps to 199.
(b) Click Iterate.
After 200 time steps have been computed (a total of 1 second
of operation), you will review the results before continuing.

10. Save the case and data files (mixtank1.cas and mixtank1.dat).
File −→ Write −→Case & Data...

11. Examine the results of the calculation after 1 second.


(a) Display the velocity vectors in the whole tank for the water.
Display −→Vectors...
! Remember to deselect fix-zone in the Surfaces list.
Figure 18.8 shows the water velocity vectors after 1 second of
operation. The circulation is confined to the region near the
impeller, and has not yet had time to develop in the upper
portions of the tank.
(b) Display the velocity vectors for the sand.
Display −→Vectors...
Figure 18.9 shows the sand velocity vectors after 1 second of
operation. The circulation of sand around the impeller is sig-
nificant, but note that no sand vectors are plotted in the upper
part of the tank, where the sand is not yet present.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

8.11e-01

7.30e-01

6.49e-01

5.68e-01

4.87e-01

4.06e-01

3.25e-01

2.44e-01

1.62e-01

8.14e-02

2.31e-04

water-velocity Colored By water Velocity Magnitude (m/s) (Time=1.0000e+00) Nov 19, 2001
FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, eulerian, ske, unsteady)

Figure 18.8: Water Velocity Vectors after 1 Second

8.17e-01

7.35e-01

6.53e-01

5.72e-01

4.90e-01

4.08e-01

3.27e-01

2.45e-01

1.63e-01

8.17e-02

0.00e+00

sand-velocity Colored By sand Velocity Magnitude (m/s) (Time=1.0000e+00) Nov 19, 2001
FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, eulerian, ske, unsteady)

Figure 18.9: Sand Velocity Vectors after 1 Second

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

(c) Display contours of sand volume fraction.


Display −→Contours...
Notice that the action of the impeller draws clear fluid from
above the originally settled bed and mixes it into the sand. To
compensate, the sand bed is lifted up slightly. The maximum
sand volume fraction has increased as a result of settling un-
derneath the impeller and near the outer radius of the tank.

5.47e-01

4.93e-01

4.38e-01

3.83e-01

3.28e-01

2.74e-01

2.19e-01

1.64e-01

1.09e-01

5.47e-02

0.00e+00

Contours of Volume fraction of sand (Time=1.0000e+00) Nov 19, 2001


FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, eulerian, ske, unsteady)

Figure 18.10: Contours of Sand Volume Fraction after 1 Second

12. Continue the calculation for another 19 seconds.


Solve −→Iterate...
(a) Set the Time Step Size to 0.01.
The initial calculation was performed with a very small time
step size to stabilize the solution. After the initial calcula-
tion, you can usually increase the time step to speed up the
calculation.
(b) Set the Number of Time Steps to 1900.
(c) Click Iterate.

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

The transient calculation will continue to 20 seconds.

13. Save the case and data files (mixtank20.cas and mixtank20.dat).
File −→ Write −→Case & Data...

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

Step 7: Postprocessing
You will now examine the progress of the sand and water in the mixing
tank after a total of 20 seconds.The mixing tank has nearly, but not quite,
reached a steady flow solution.

1. Display the velocity vectors for the water.


Display −→Vectors...
Figure 18.11 shows the water velocity vectors after 20 seconds of
operation. The circulation of water is now very strong in the lower
portion of the tank, though modest near the top.

8.31e-01

7.48e-01

6.65e-01

5.82e-01

4.99e-01

4.16e-01

3.33e-01

2.50e-01

1.67e-01

8.44e-02

1.41e-03

water-velocity Colored By water Velocity Magnitude (m/s) (Time=2.0000e+01) Nov 19, 2001
FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, eulerian, ske, unsteady)

Figure 18.11: Water Velocity Vectors after 20 Seconds

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

2. Display the velocity vectors for the sand.


Display −→Vectors...
Figure 18.12 shows the sand velocity vectors after 20 seconds of
operation. The sand has now been suspended much higher within
the mixing tank, but does not reach the upper region of the tank.
The water velocity in that region is not sufficient to overcome the
gravity force on the sand particles.

8.34e-01

7.51e-01

6.67e-01

5.84e-01

5.01e-01

4.17e-01

3.34e-01

2.50e-01

1.67e-01

8.34e-02

0.00e+00

sand-velocity Colored By sand Velocity Magnitude (m/s) (Time=2.0000e+01) Nov 19, 2001
FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, eulerian, ske, unsteady)

Figure 18.12: Sand Velocity Vectors after 20 Seconds

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

3. Display contours of sand volume fraction.


Display −→Contours...
Figure 18.13 shows the contours of sand volume fraction after 20
seconds of operation.

3.23e-01

2.91e-01

2.59e-01

2.26e-01

1.94e-01

1.62e-01

1.29e-01

9.70e-02

6.47e-02

3.23e-02

0.00e+00

Contours of Volume fraction of sand (Time=2.0000e+01) Nov 19, 2001


FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, eulerian, ske, unsteady)

Figure 18.13: Contours of Sand Volume Fraction after 20 Seconds

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Using the Eulerian Multiphase Model for Granular Flow

4. Display filled contours of static pressure in the mixing tank.


(a) Select Pressure... and Relative Static Pressure in the Contours
Of drop-down lists.
(b) Click Display.
Figure 18.14 shows the pressure distribution after 20 seconds
of operation. Notice that the pressure field represents the hy-
drostatic pressure except for some slight deviations due to the
flow of the impeller near the bottom of the tank.

1.50e+02

1.63e+01

-1.18e+02

-2.52e+02

-3.86e+02

-5.20e+02

-6.55e+02

-7.89e+02

-9.23e+02

-1.06e+03

-1.19e+03

Contours of Static Pressure (pascal) (Time=2.0000e+01) Nov 19, 2001


FLUENT 6.0 (axi, segregated, eulerian, ske, unsteady)

Figure 18.14: Contours of Pressure after 20 Seconds

Summary: This tutorial demonstrated how to set up and solve a granu-


lar multiphase problem using the Eulerian multiphase model. The
problem involved particle suspension in a mixing tank and post-
processing showed the near-steady-state behavior of the sand in
the mixing tank.

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