Nerves

Nerve accessory
Source cranial root: medulla - nucleus ambiguus; spinal root: spinal nucleus of the upper cervical spinal cord
Nerves of the Upper Limb - Listed Alphabetically Branches Motor Sensory no named branches GSE: sternocleidomastoid none and trapezius mm.
antebrachial cutaneous, lateral
musculocutaneous n.
anterior and posterior branches
none
skin of the lateral side of the forearm
antebrachial cutaneous, medial antebrachial cutaneous, posterior anterior interosseous n. axillary n.
medial cord of the brachial plexus
no named branches
none
skin of the medial side of the forearm
radial n.
inferior lateral brachial cutaneous n.
none
skin of the lateral distal arm and posterior forearm none
median n.
no named branches
brachial cutaneous, inferior lateral brachial cutaneous, medial
posterior cord of the brachial plexus radial n. via its posterior antebrachial cutaneous be. medial cord of the brachial plexus
superior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve no named branches
flexor pollicis longus m., radial half of flexor digitorum profundus m., pronator quadratus m. deltoid, teres minor
Notes also known as: CN XI, 11th cranial nerve; spinal root enters cranial cavity by passing through the foramen magnum; exits skull by passing through the jugular foramen; accessory n. is motor only; the subtrapezial plexus of nerves receives proprioceptive fibers: for the sternocleidomastoid m. from the ventral primary rami of spinal nn. C2 and C3 - for trapezius via ventral primary rami of C3 and C4 lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. emerges from the lateral intermuscular interval between biceps and brachialis; it is the continuation of the musculocutaneous n. medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve travels with the basilic vein for part of its course posterior antebrachial cutaneous n. passes posterior to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus courses along the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane axillary n. is endangered by surgical neck fractures emerges at the lateral intermuscular septum just below the deltoid m. communicates with the intercostobrachial n.
skin of the upper lateral arm skin of the lateral side of the distal arm
none
no named branches
none
skin of the medial side of the arm
brachial cutaneous, posterior brachial plexus
radial
no named branches
none
skin of the posterior arm skin of the upper limb
ventral primary rami of C5-8 and T1
C3 ventral primary ramus
C3 spinal n.
C4 spinal n.
C5 ventral primary ramus C6 ventral primary ramus C7 ventral primary ramus C8 ventral primary ramus
C5 spinal n.
dorsal scapular, long thoracic, n. to subclavius, suprascapular, lateral and medial pectoral, medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous, upper, middle and lower subscapular, musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, axillary, radial contributes to: inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, great auricular n., transverse cervical n., supraclavicular nn., phrenic n.; brs. to: longus capitis & colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, trapezius contributes to: supraclavicular nn., phrenic n.; brs. to: longus colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, trapezius contributes to: phrenic n., long thoracic n.
muscles of the upper limb, excluding trapezius
emerges medial to the long head of the triceps brachii muscle plexus is a latin word meaning "braid"; axons from spinal cord levels C5-T1 are mixed (braided) in the brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that each branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental levels
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, longus capitis & colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, respiratory diaphragm
skin of the anterolateral neck; proprioception from the sternocleidomastoid m. and the trapezius m
C3 contributes to the cervical plexus
longus colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, respiratory diaphragm
skin of the root of the neck and the upper shoulder; proprioception from the trapezius m. skin of the ventral arm and ventral forearm skin of the lateral side of the upper limb skin of the posterior side of the upper limb skin of the medial side of the upper limb
respiratory diaphragm, scalene mm., muscles of the shoulder and upper arm scalene mm., muscles of the lower shoulder and arm
C6 spinal n.
contributes to: long thoracic n.
C7 spinal n.
contributes to: long thoracic n. no named branches
muscles of the lower shoulder, arm forearm muscles of the forearm and hand
joins the ventral primary ramus of C6 to form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus joins the ventral primary ramus of C5 to form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus continues as the middle trunk of the brachial plexus joins the ventral primary ramus of T1 to form the inferior trunk of the brachial
C8 spinal n.
common palmar digital nn.
median n.; superficial br. of the ulnar n.
proper palmar digital nn.
deep radial n.
radial n.
posterior interosseous n.
sympathetic motor to the skin; motor nn. to the 1st & 2nd lumbrical mm. are carried on common palmar digital brs. of the median n. extensor carpi radialis brevis m., supinator m., extensor digitorum m., extensor digiti minimi m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis longus m. extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m.
skin of the palmar surfaces of the adjacent sides of two digits no cutaneous branches
plexus the proper branches of these nerves also supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed) deep radial n. passes through the supinator m.; some authors believe that the posterior interosseous n. and the deep radial n. are synonymous, others say that when the deep radial n. emerges from the supinator in the posterior forearm it becomes the posterior interosseous n., and others say that the deep radial n. does not become the posterior interosseous n. until after its last muscular br. has been given off the proper branches of these nerves also supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed) the nail bed is supplied by palmar digital nn. proper palmar digital nn. supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
digital, common palmar
digital, dorsal
radial n.
no named branches
sympathetic motor to the skin; motor nn. to the 1st & 2nd lumbrical mm. are carried on common palmar digital brs. of the median n. sympathetic motor innervation to skin sympathetic motor to the skin
skin of the palmar surfaces of the adjacent sides of two digits dorsal skin of the lateral 3 1/2 digits, except the nail bed median: palmar skin and nail bed of digits 1-3 and the lateral side of 4th digit; ulnar: palmar and dorsal skin on medial side of the 4th digit and all of the 5th digit skin of the dorsal surface of the medial 1 1/2 digits; skin of the medial side of the back of the hand dorsal skin of the lateral 3 1/2 digits, except the nail bed
digital, proper palmar
common palmar digital branches of the median n.; common palmar digital branches of the superficial br. of the ulnar n.
no named branches
dorsal branch of the ulnar n.
ulnar n.
dorsal digital
sympathetic motor innervation to skin
dorsal branch of the ulnar n. emerges at the level of the ulnar styloid process
dorsal digital n.
radial n.
no named branches
the nail bed is supplied by palmar digital nn.
dorsal scapular n. inferior lateral brachial cutaneous n. intercostobra chial n.
intermediate supraclavicula r n. interosseous, anterior
brachial plexus (br. of C5 ventral primary ramus) radial n. via its posterior antebrachial cutaneous be. also known as the lateral cutaneous br. of the ventral primary ramus of T2 cervical plexus (C3&C4)
no named branches
no named branches
rhomboideus major and minor mm.; levator scapulae m. none
none
skin of the lateral side of the distal arm
dorsal scapular n. passes through the scalenus medius m. emerges at the lateral intermuscular septum just below the deltoid m. intercostobrachial n. communicates with the medial brachial cutaneous nerve pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder courses along the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane there is variability in the definition of this nerve; for some, deep radial and posterior interosseous are synonymous; others define this nerve as the articular br. to the wrist from the deep radial lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. emerges from the lateral intermuscular interval between biceps and brachialis; it is the continuation of the musculocutaneous n. lateral pectoral n. communicates with the medial pectoral n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the clavipectoral fascia pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder located on the superficial surface of the serratus anterior m.; lesion of this
no named branches
skin of the medial side of the arm
no named branches
none
median n.
no named branches
interosseous, posterior
deep radial n.
no named branches
flexor pollicis longus m., radial half of flexor digitorum profundus m., pronator quadratus m. some authors say none, others say the deep posterior forearm muscles
skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, near the midclavicle none
none
lateral antebrachial cutaneous
musculocutaneous n.
none
lateral pectoral n.
lateral cord of the brachial plexus
no named branches
pectoralis major m.
no cutaneous branches
lateral supraclavicula r n. long thoracic n.
cervical plexus (C3&C4) brachial plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal
no named branches
none
no named branches
serratus anterior m.
skin of the root of the neck and upper shoulder no cutaneous branches
nerves C5-C7)
lower subscapular n. medial antebrachial cutaneous n. medial brachial cutaneous n. medial pectoral n.
posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C5, C6) medial cord of the brachial plexus
unnamed muscular brs.
subscapularis m., teres major m.
no named branches
none
medial cord of the brachial plexus medial cord of the brachial plexus
no named branches
none
skin of the medial side of the arm no cutaneous branches
nerve causes scapular winging, hence the saying "C5, 6, & 7 keep the wings from heaven" subscapularis and teres major are antagonists (medial rotation vs. lateral rotation of the humerus) medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve travels with the basilic vein for part of its course communicates with the intercostobrachial n. medial pectoral n. communicates with the lateral pectoral n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the pectoralis minor m. pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder the median n. is motor to the flexor muscles of the forearm (except flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial 1/2 of the flexor digitorum profundus),the muscles of the thenar compartment and the lateral 2 lumbricals
no named branches
pectoralis minor m., pectoralis major m.
medial supraclavicula r n. median n.
cervical plexus (C3&C4) lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus
no named branches
none
anterior interosseous n., palmar br., recurrent (motor) br., common palmar digital nn. (for digits 13)
middle subscapular n. musculocutan eous n. palmar digital, common
posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C7, C8) lateral cord of the brachial plexus median n.; superficial br. of the ulnar n.
unnamed muscular brs. lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. proper palmar digital nn.
pronator teres m., flexor carpi radialis m., palmaris longus m., flexor digitorum superficialis m., flexor digitorum profundus m. (radial half), flexor pollicis longus m., pronator quadratus m., abductor pollicis brevis m., flexor pollicis brevis m., opponens pollicis m., lateral 2 lumbrical mm. latissimus dorsi m.
skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, anteriorly skin of the radial half of the palm and palmar side of the lateral 3 1/2 digits (and nail bed for these digits)
no cutaneous branches skin of the lateral side of the forearm skin of the palmar surfaces of the adjacent sides of two digits
also called the thoracodorsal n. musculocutaneous n. passes through the coracobrachialis m. the proper branches of these nerves also supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
coracobrachialis m., biceps brachii m., brachialis m. sympathetic motor to the skin; motor nn. to the 1st & 2nd lumbrical mm. are carried on common palmar digital brs. of the median n.
palmar digital, proper
no named branches
sympathetic motor to the skin
pectoral, lateral
no named branches
pectoralis major m.
median: palmar skin and nail bed of digits 1-3 and the lateral side of 4th digit; ulnar: palmar and dorsal skin on medial side of the 4th digit and all of the 5th digit no cutaneous branches
proper palmar digital nn. supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
pectoral, medial
no named branches
plexus, brachial
posterior antebrachial cutaneous n. posterior brachial cutaneous n. proper palmar digital nn.
radial n.
dorsal scapular, long thoracic, n. to subclavius, suprascapular, lateral and medial pectoral, medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous, upper, middle and lower subscapular, musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, axillary, radial inferior lateral brachial cutaneous n.
skin of the upper limb
lateral pectoral n. communicates with the medial pectoral n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the clavipectoral fascia medial pectoral n. communicates with the lateral pectoral n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the pectoralis minor m. plexus is a latin word meaning "braid"; axons from spinal cord levels C5-T1 are mixed (braided) in the brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that each branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental levels
none
skin of the lateral distal arm and posterior forearm skin of the posterior arm median: palmar skin and nail bed of digits 1-3 and the lateral side of 4th digit; ulnar: palmar and dorsal skin on medial side of the 4th digit and all of the 5th
radial
no named branches
none
no named branches
posterior antebrachial cutaneous n. passes posterior to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus emerges medial to the long head of the triceps brachii muscle proper palmar digital nn. supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
radial n.
posterior cord of the brachial plexus
posterior brachial cutaneous n., inferior lateral brachial cutaneous n., posterior antebrachial cutaneous n., superficial and deep brs.
radial, deep
radial n.
muscles of the posterior arm: triceps brachii m., anconeus m.; muscles of the posterior forearm: brachioradialis, extensor carpi ulnaris m., extensor carpi radialis longus m., extensor carpi radialis brevis m., extensor digitorum m., extensor digiti minimi m., supinator m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m. extensor carpi radialis brevis m., supinator m., extensor digitorum m., extensor digiti minimi m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis longus m. extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m.
digit skin of the posterior arm, forearm and hand
all of the muscles on the posterior side of the arm and forearm are innervated by the radial n.
radial, superficial
radial n.
dorsal digital brs.
sympathetic motor for the skin
subclavius m., n. to
superior trunk of the brachial plexus
no named branches
subclavius m.
skin of the posterolateral wrist and hand; dorsum of the lateral 3 1/2 digits (excluding the skin over the distal phalanx/nail bed) no cutaneous branches
deep radial n. passes through the supinator m.; some authors believe that the posterior interosseous n. and the deep radial n. are synonymous, others say that when the deep radial n. emerges from the supinator in the posterior forearm it becomes the posterior interosseous n., and others say that the deep radial n. does not become the posterior interosseous n. until after its last muscular br. has been given off superficial radial n. is located deep to the brachioradialis muscle
subscapular, lower
posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C5, C6)
nerve to subclavius m. is one of two nerves to arise from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus; suprascapular n. is the other one subscapularis and teres major are antagonists (medial rotation vs. lateral rotation of
subscapular, middle subscapular, upper superficial radial n.
posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C7, C8) posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C5, C6) radial n.
unnamed muscular brs. unnamed muscular brs. dorsal digital brs.
latissimus dorsi m.
no cutaneous branches no cutaneous branches skin of the posterolateral wrist and hand; dorsum of the lateral 3 1/2 digits (excluding the skin over the distal phalanx/nail bed) skin of the lateral side of the proximal arm skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, near the midclavicle skin of the root of the neck and upper shoulder skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, anteriorly no cutaneous branches
the humerus) also called the thoracodorsal n. mesenchyme that forms the subscapularis is derived from somites C5 and C6 superficial radial n. is located deep to the brachioradialis muscle
subscapularis m.
superior lateral brachial cutaneous supraclavicula r, intermediate supraclavicula r, lateral supraclavicula r, medial suprascapular n.
axillary
no named branches
none
emerges at the posterior edge of the deltoid muscle
cervical plexus (C3&C4)
no named branches
none
pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder suprascapular n. passes through the suprascapular notch inferior to the superior transverse scapular ligament T1 is the highest spinal nerve to have a white ramus communicans
cervical plexus (C3&C4) cervical plexus (C3&C4) superior trunk of the brachial plexus (C5-C6) spinal nerve T1
no named branches
none
no named branches
none
no named branches
supraspinatus m., infraspinatus m.
T1 ventral primary ramus
thoracodorsal n. to subclavius m.
posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C7, C8) superior trunk of the brachial plexus
joins the ventral primary ramus of C8 to form the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus unnamed muscular brs. no named branches
muscles of the forearm and hand
skin of the ventral arm and ventral forearm
latissimus dorsi m.
no cutaneous branches no cutaneous branches
also called the middle subscapular n. nerve to subclavius m. is one of two nerves to arise from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus; suprascapular n. is the other one transverse cervical n.
subclavius m.
transverse
cervical plexus
no named branches
none
skin of the anterior
cervical n. ulnar n.
(C2 and C3) medial cord of the brachial plexus (C8, T1) palmar cutaneous br., dorsal br., superficial and deep brs. flexor carpi ulnaris m., flexor digitorum profundus m. (ulnar half), abductor digiti minimi m., flexor digiti minimi brevis m., opponens digiti minimi m., ulnar 2 lumbrical mm., palmar and dorsal interosseous mm. subscapularis m.
surface of the neck skin of the medial side of the wrist and hand; skin of the medial 1 1/2 digits
penetrates the platysma m. but does not innervate it ulnar n. is motor to most of the muscles of the hand
upper subscapular n.
mesenchyme that forms the subscapularis is derived from somites C5 and C6
Nerve aorticorenal ganglion
celiac ganglion
Source preganglionic sympathetic via the lesser thoracic splanchnic n. preganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the greater thoracic splanchnic n.
Nerves of the Abdomen - Listed Alphabetically Branches Motor brs. to the renal plexus vascular smooth muscle of the brs. of the renal aa.
Sensory pain from the kidney, suprarenal gland, upper ureter pain from the stomach, liver & biliary system, spleen, upper half of the duodenum & pancreas
postganglionic sympathetic axons distribute via the celiac plexus along brs. of the celiac trunk
vascular smooth muscle of the brs. of the celiac trunk
collateral ganglia
splanchnic nn. (thoracic, lumbar)
plexuses to abdominal & pelvic viscera
smooth muscle in blood vessels supplying the abdominopelvic viscera
pain from the abdominopelvic viscera
dorsal primary ramus
first branch off of the dorsal side of the spinal nerve
numerous
to the deep back mm.; sympathetic innervation to the skin
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the back
Notes a sympathetic ganglion; located above or near the origin of the renal a. from the abdominal aorta a sympathetic ganglion; usually 2 celiac ganglia are located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the celiac trunk; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through the celiac ganglion without synapsing sympathetic ganglia; also known as: preaortic ganglia which include: celiac, aorticorenal, superior & inferior mesenteric; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through but do not synapse in collateral ganglia a mixed nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers
dorsal root
from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to the spinal nerve dorsal rootlets
none
none
dorsal root ganglion
dorsal rootlets
none
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) one dermatome
esophageal plexus
right and left vagus (X) nn.; thoracic visceral brs. of the sympathetic trunk
anterior and posterior vagal trunks
femoral n.
lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2L4)
femoral cutaneous, lateral ganglia, collateral
lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2L3) splanchnic nn. (thoracic, lumbar)
anterior femoral cutaneous brs., nn. to: sartorius m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m., vastus intermedius m., vastus medialis m., pectineus m. anterior & posterior brs.
preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the vagus n. supply smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic esophagus and abdominal gut and its derivatives proximal to the left colic flexure; postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic visceral brs. supply vascular smooth muscle in the esophageal vessels sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, pectineus
vagus: GVA from the esophagus and abdominal gut proximal to the left colic flexure; thoracic visceral brs.carry pain from the esophagus
dorsal root is entirely sensory in function; it is located dorsal to the denticulate ligament a sensory ganglion; located in the intervertebral foramen of the vertebral column on the dorsal root - one per spinal nerve; location of the cell bodies of somatic afferent (sensory) neurons during development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus rotate 90 to the right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal trunks
skin of anterior thigh
passes under inguinal ligament lateral to femoral a.
skin of the lateral thigh
cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin sympathetic ganglia; also known as: preaortic ganglia which include: celiac, aorticorenal, superior & inferior mesenteric; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through but do not synapse in collateral ganglia minute ganglia located within the myenteric
ganglia, myenteric
preganglionic parasympathetic via
postganglionic parasympathetic via many
smooth muscle of the gut wall
none
ganglia, preaortic
anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) splanchnic nn.
short fibers
plexus; parasympathetic terminal ganglia
plexuses to abdominal and pelvic viscera
vascular smooth muscle of vessels that supply abdominopelvic viscera
pain from abdominopelvic viscera
ganglia, submucosal of the gut
ganglia, sympatheti c chain
preganglionic parasympathetic arrive via branches of the anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) preganglionic sympathetic fibers arrive via white rami communicantes of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1L2
postganglionic parasympathetic via many short fibers
secretomotor to glands in the mucosa of the gut
none
also known as: collateral ganglia which include the celiac ganglion, aorticorenal ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesenteric ganglion; preganglionic parasympathetic axons of vagal trunk origin pass through the preaortic ganglia but do not synapse there terminal parasympathetic ganglia; parasympathetic terminal ganglia; also known as: Meissner's plexus
postganglionic sympathetic fibers depart via gray rami communicantes to all spinal nn.; internal & external carotid nn.; cervical cardiac brs.; thoracic direct visceral brs.; greater, lesser & least thoracic splanchnic nn.; lumbar splanchnic nn.; sacral splanchnic nn.
dilator pupillae, vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands, suprarenal medulla, heart, lungs and gut
pain from viscera
ganglion, celiac
preganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the greater
postganglionic sympathetic axons distribute via the celiac plexus along brs. of
pain from the stomach, liver & biliary system,
located lateral to the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax & abdominopelvic cavity; the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers are also known as the sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2 a sympathetic ganglion; usually 2 celiac ganglia are located on the
thoracic splanchnic n.
the celiac trunk
spleen, upper half of the duodenum & pancreas
ganglion, dorsal root
dorsal rootlets
dorsal rootlets
none
one dermatome
ganglion, inferior mesenteric
preganglionic sympathetic axons from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic n.
contributes to the inferior mesenteric plexus; contributes to the superior hypogastric plexus
vascular smooth muscle of brs. of the inferior mesenteric a.
pain from descending colon and sigmoid colon; pain from upper rectum
ganglion, superior mesenteric
preganglionic sympathetic axons from the celiac plexus
contributes to the superior mesenteric and intermesenteric plexuses
vascular smooth muscle of brs. of the superior mesenteric a.
gray ramus communica ns
cell bodies located in the sympathetic chain ganglia
none
greater thoracic splanchnic n.
neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord levels T5-T9; the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve appears to arise by multiple contributions from the sympathetic trunk
no named branches
carries postganglionic sympathetic axons to the spinal nerve; spinal nerve will carry those axons peripherally to the skin, blood vessels, etc. celiac ganglion; preganglionic fibers supply the adrenal medulla which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood
pain from the lower half of the pancreas and duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and transverse colon none
abdominal aorta at the origin of the celiac trunk; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through the celiac ganglion without synapsing a sensory ganglion; located in the intervertebral foramen of the vertebral column on the dorsal root - one per spinal nerve; location of the cell bodies of somatic afferent (sensory) neurons a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large one a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the superior mesenteric a.
gray rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at all vertebral levels
pain from the abdominal viscera
greater thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the celiac ganglion spread down the aorta and distribute with its branches; they innervate the vascular smooth of these vessels and vascular smooth muscle of the
hypogastric n.
superior hypogastric plexus
inferior hypogastric plexus
supplies vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera
pain from the pelvic viscera
hypogastric plexus, inferior
hypogastric plexus, superior
iliohypogas tric n.
ilioinguinal n.
hypogastric nn. and sacral splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2S4) intermesenteric plexus and lumbar splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons) lumbar plexus (ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve L1) lumbar plexus (ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve L1) preganglionic sympathetic axons from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic n.
contributes branches to: uterine/vaginal plexus, vesical plexus, prostatic plexus
sympathetic: supplies vascular smooth muscle of vessels supplying the pelvic viscera; parasympathetic: supplies smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera
pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera
organs supplied paired; hypogastric n. lies inferior to the common iliac vessels; it contains postganglionic sympathetic axons inferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall
hypogastric nn. (right and left)
vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera (sympathetic)
lateral and anterior cutaneous brs.
muscles of the lower abdominal wall
anterior cutaneous br. (also known as: anterior labial/scrotal n.)
inferior mesenteric ganglion
pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera skin of the lower abdominal wall, upper hip and upper thigh skin of the lower abdominal wall and anterior scrotum/labium majus pain from descending colon and sigmoid colon; pain from upper rectum
superior hypogastric plexus is the continuation of the intermesenteric plexus; it crosses the pelvic brim iliohypogastric n. receives a contribution from T12 in approximately 50% of cases ilioinguinal n. courses through the inguinal canal and superficial inguinal ring a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large one inferior mesenteric plexus contains no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall inferior rectal nerve is one
inferior mesenteric plexus
intermesenteric plexus
multiple unnamed nn. course along the branches of the inferior mesenteric a.
sympathetic: smooth muscle of the vessels supplying the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum external anal sphincter
pain from the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum
inferior
pudendal n.
no named branches
skin of the anus
rectal n. intercostal n. ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1T11 lateral & anterior cutaneous brs. intercostal muscles; abdominal wall muscles (via T7-T11); muscles of the forearm and hand (via T1) sympathetic: smooth muscle of vessels supplying the gut distal to the left colic flexure skin of the chest and abdomen anterolaterally; skin of the medial side of the upper limb (via T1-T2) pain from the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum
of the first branches of the pudendal n. intercostal n.travels below the posterior intercostal a. in the costal groove
intermesent eric plexus
lumbar splanchnic nn. 1 and 2
renal, testicular (or ovarian) and ureteric brs.
least thoracic splanchnic n.
neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord level T12
no named branches
renal plexus
pain from the kidney and suprarenal gland
lesser thoracic splanchnic n.
lumbar n.
neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord levels T10-T11; the lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve appears to arise by multiple contributions from the sympathetic trunk ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L1L5
no named branches
aorticorenal ganglion;
contributes to the formation of the lumbar and sacral plexuses
numerous: see lumbar and sacral plexuses
lumbar plexus
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L1L4
branches of the lumbar plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous
muscles of the lower abdominal wall; cremaster m., psoas major and minor mm., quadratus
skin of the lower abdominal wall, skin of the anterior scrotum/labium
intermesenteric plexus is continuous with the superior mesenteric plexus; it continues inferiorly as the inferior mesenteric plexus and superior hypogastric plexus; intermesenteric plexus does not carry vagal parasympathetic fibers; located anterior to the abdominal aorta between the superior and inferior mesenteric aa. least thoracic splanchnic n.pass through the crus of the diaphragm; it synapses in minute ganglia located in the renal plexus lesser thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the ganglion supply vascular smooth muscle of branches of the renal a. and suprarenal aa.; kidney and suprarenal gland lumbar nn. enter into the formation of the lumbar and sacral plexuses and do not give branches directly to muscles or skin lumbar plexus is noted for its variable branching pattern of nerves that supply the abdominal wall
lumbar splanchnic nn.
lumbar sympathetic ganglia L1-L4
n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m. no named branches
lumborum m., iliacus m.; muscles of the anterior and medial thigh and hip
majus, skin of the anterior and medial thigh and lateral hip
smooth muscle of vessels that supply the abdominal and pelvic viscera
pain from abdominal and pelvic viscera
lumbosacral plexus
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4S4
lumbosacral trunk
mesenteric ganglion, inferior
part of the ventral primary ramus of L4 united with the ventral primary ramus of L5 preganglionic sympathetic axons from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic n.
branches of the lumbosacral plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m., superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to the obturator internus m., n. to the quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to the piriformis m., posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to the pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. no named branches; it contributes to the formation of the sacral plexus
muscles of the lower abdominal wall; cremaster m., psoas major and minor mm., quadratus lumborum m., iliacus m.; muscles of the anterior and medial thigh and hip, muscles of the pelvic & urogenital diaphragm, posterior hip, posterior thigh, leg and foot
skin of the lower abdominal wall, skin of the anterior scrotum/labium majus, skin of the anterior and medial thigh and lateral hip' skin of the perineum, posterior thigh, leg and foot
sympathetic nerves; there are four of these on each side; lumbar splanchnic nn. contribute to preaortic abdominal plexuses (celiac, superior mesenteric, intermesenteric, superior hypogastric) also known as: lumbar & sacral plexuses
muscles of the hip and posterior thigh
see sacral plexus
the lumbosacral trunk is not considered to be part of the lumbar plexus
a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large
mesenteric ganglion, superior
mesenteric plexus, inferior
sympathetic: smooth muscle of the vessels supplying the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum sympathetic: smooth muscle of vessels supplying the lower pancreas, lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon and most of the transverse colon; parasympathetic (vagus): smooth muscle in the gut wall of same distribution area smooth muscle of the gut wall
pain from the lower half of the pancreas and duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and transverse colon pain from the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum
one a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the superior mesenteric a.
mesenteric plexus, superior
celiac plexus, superior mesenteric ganglion
multiple unnamed nn. course along the branches of the superior mesenteric a.
pain & GVA of the parts of the gut named at left
inferior mesenteric plexus contains no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall superior mesenteric plexus contains a mixture of vagal (preganglionic parasympathetic) axons and postganglionic sympathetic axons
myenteric ganglia
myenteric plexus
pelvic splanchnic n.
preganglionic parasympathetic via anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) preganglionic parasympathetic via anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2S4 (cell bodies are
none
minute ganglia located within the myenteric plexus; parasympathetic terminal ganglia
none
parasympathetic terminal ganglia are located here; also known as: Auerbach's plexus
unnamed branches contribute to the pelvic plexus (inferior hypogastric)
smooth muscle and glands of the gut distal to the left colic flexure;
none
parasympathetic nerves; these contain preganglionic
plexus, esophageal
located in the lateral horn gray of the sacral spinal cord) right and left vagus (X) nn.; thoracic visceral brs. of the sympathetic trunk
plexus
smooth muscle and glands of all pelvic viscera preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the vagus n. supply smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic esophagus and abdominal gut and its derivatives proximal to the left colic flexure; postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic visceral brs. supply vascular smooth muscle in the esophageal vessels sympathetic: supplies vascular smooth muscle of vessels supplying the pelvic viscera; parasympathetic: supplies smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera vagus: GVA from the esophagus and abdominal gut proximal to the left colic flexure; thoracic visceral brs.carry pain from the esophagus
parasympathetic axons
during development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus rotate 90 to the right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal trunks
plexus, inferior hypogastric
plexus, inferior mesenteric
hypogastric nn. and sacral splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2S4) intermesenteric plexus
inferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall
sympathetic: smooth muscle of the vessels supplying the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum sympathetic: smooth muscle of vessels supplying the gut distal to the left colic flexure
plexus, intermesent eric
inferior mesenteric plexus contains no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall intermesenteric plexus is continuous with the superior mesenteric plexus; it continues inferiorly as the inferior mesenteric plexus and superior hypogastric plexus; intermesenteric plexus does not carry vagal parasympathetic fibers; located anterior to the abdominal aorta between the superior and
plexus, lumbar
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L1L4
plexus, lumbosacral
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4S4
plexus, myenteric
plexus, rectal
preganglionic parasympathetic via anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus, posterior part
branches of the lumbar plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m. branches of the lumbosacral plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m., superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to the obturator internus m., n. to the quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to the piriformis m., posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to the pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. postganglionic parasympathetic via many short fibers
muscles of the lower abdominal wall; cremaster m., psoas major and minor mm., quadratus lumborum m., iliacus m.; muscles of the anterior and medial thigh and hip
skin of the lower abdominal wall, skin of the anterior scrotum/labium majus, skin of the anterior and medial thigh and lateral hip
inferior mesenteric aa. lumbar plexus is noted for its variable branching pattern of nerves that supply the abdominal wall
also known as: lumbar & sacral plexuses
none
no named branches
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially
pain and general sensation from the rectum
rectal plexus is continuous with the vesical plexus in the male, uterovaginal plexus in the female
plexus, renal
intermesenteric plexus, aorticorenal ganglion, least thoracic splanchnic n.
unnamed branches course along the renal vessels
plexus, superior hypogastric
plexus, superior mesenteric
intermesenteric plexus and lumbar splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons) celiac plexus, superior mesenteric ganglion
the rectum sympathetic: smooth muscle of the blood vessels supplying the kidney, renal pelvis and upper ureter; parasympathetic: smooth muscle of the renal pelvis and upper ureter vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera (sympathetic)
pain from the kidney, renal pelvis and upper ureter
renal plexus contains postganglionic sympathetic axons and preganglionic parasympathetic axons (parasympathetic axons are of vagal origin) superior hypogastric plexus is the continuation of the intermesenteric plexus; it crosses the pelvic brim superior mesenteric plexus contains a mixture of vagal (preganglionic parasympathetic) axons and postganglionic sympathetic axons
preaortic ganglia
splanchnic nn.
sympathetic: smooth muscle of vessels supplying the lower pancreas, lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon and most of the transverse colon; parasympathetic (vagus): smooth muscle in the gut wall of same distribution area vascular smooth muscle of vessels that supply abdominopelvic viscera
pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera pain & GVA of the parts of the gut named at left
ramus communica ns, gray
none
ramus communica
cell bodies located in the lateral horn gray
none
carries postganglionic sympathetic axons to the spinal nerve; spinal nerve will carry those axons peripherally to the skin, blood vessels, etc. axons contained within white rami
none
also known as: collateral ganglia which include the celiac ganglion, aorticorenal ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesenteric ganglion; preganglionic parasympathetic axons of vagal trunk origin pass through the preaortic ganglia but do not synapse there gray rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at all vertebral levels
pain from viscera is carried back to the
white rami communicantes connect
ns, white
matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2;
ramus, dorsal primary
numerous
communicantes will synapse on postganglionic cell bodies that will ultimately innervate the skin, viscera, glands, blood vessels, etc. to the deep back mm.; sympathetic innervation to the skin
spinal cord through the white ramus communicans
the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at vertebral levels T1-L2; carries preganglionic sympathetic axons a mixed nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers
ramus, ventral primary
first branch off of the ventral side of the spinal nerve
numerous
to skeletal mm. of the neck, trunk and extremities; sympathetic innervation to the skin
rectal plexus
inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus, posterior part
no named branches
renal plexus
root, dorsal
from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to the spinal nerve from the ventral horn of the spinal cord to the spinal nerve
none
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum sympathetic: smooth muscle of the blood vessels supplying the kidney, renal pelvis and upper ureter; parasympathetic: smooth muscle of the renal pelvis and upper ureter none
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the back general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the trunk (except the back) and extremities; visceral pain via the white rami of the sympathetic nervous system (T1L2) pain and general sensation from the rectum
a mixed nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers
renal plexus contains postganglionic sympathetic axons and preganglionic parasympathetic axons (parasympathetic axons are of vagal origin) dorsal root is entirely sensory in function; it is located dorsal to the denticulate ligament entirely motor in function; located ventral to the denticulate ligament; at all spinal core levels it
root, ventral
none
to skeletal mm.; preganglionic sympathetic (T1-L2)
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) none
sacral plexus
lumbosacral trunk (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4L5), ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S4
sacral splanchnic n.
sacral sympathetic ganglia
superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to obturator internus m., n. to quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to piriformis, posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. unnamed branches contribute to the pelvic plexus (inferior hypogastric) plexus
muscles of the pelvic diaphragm; muscles of the urogenital diaphragm; muscles of the posterior hip, posterior thigh, leg and foot
skin of the perineum, posterior thigh, leg and foot (excluding the medial side of the leg and foot)
contains GSE for skeletal mm.; at levels T1-L2 it contains GVE (preganglionic sympathetic) for blood vessels, sweat glands, thoracic viscera, abdominal viscera, pelvic viscera the sacral plexus is often grouped with the lumbar plexus as the "lumbosacral plexus"
vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera
spinal n.
formed at the point where the dorsal and ventral rootlets meet; it ends where the dorsal and ventral primary rami diverge
dorsal primary ramus; ventral primary ramus
to skeletal mm.; some levels carry preganglionic sympathetic axons (T1-L2)
splanchnic, greater thoracic
neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord levels T5-T9; the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve appears to arise by multiple contributions from the sympathetic trunk
no named branches
celiac ganglion; preganglionic fibers supply the adrenal medulla which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) from the entire surface of the neck, trunk and extremities; visceral pain (via the white ramus communicans and the sympathetic nervous system) pain from the abdominal viscera
sacral splanchnic nn. contain both preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers with postganglionic fibers predominating in number located at the intervertebral foramen; there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
greater thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the celiac ganglion spread down the aorta and distribute with its branches; they innervate the vascular smooth of these vessels and vascular smooth muscle of the
splanchnic, least thoracic
no named branches
renal plexus
splanchnic, lesser thoracic
splanchnic, lumbar
neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord levels T10-T11; the lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve appears to arise by multiple contributions from the sympathetic trunk lumbar sympathetic ganglia L1-L4
no named branches
no named branches
splanchnic, pelvic
splanchnic, sacral
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2S4 (cell bodies are located in the lateral horn gray of the sacral spinal cord) sacral sympathetic ganglia
unnamed branches contribute to the pelvic plexus (inferior hypogastric) plexus
smooth muscle and glands of the gut distal to the left colic flexure; smooth muscle and glands of all pelvic viscera vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera
none
organs supplied least thoracic splanchnic n.pass through the crus of the diaphragm; it synapses in minute ganglia located in the renal plexus lesser thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the ganglion supply vascular smooth muscle of branches of the renal a. and suprarenal aa.; kidney and suprarenal gland sympathetic nerves; there are four of these on each side; lumbar splanchnic nn. contribute to preaortic abdominal plexuses (celiac, superior mesenteric, intermesenteric, superior hypogastric) parasympathetic nerves; these contain preganglionic parasympathetic axons
subcostal n.
ventral primary ramus of T12
lateral cutaneous br., anterior cutaneous br.
muscles of the abdominal wall
skin of the anterolateral abdominal wall none
submucosal ganglia of the gut
preganglionic parasympathetic arrive via branches of the anterior and posterior vagal
sacral splanchnic nn. contain both preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers with postganglionic fibers predominating in number the subcostal n. is equivalent to a posterior intercostal n. found at higher thoracic levels terminal parasympathetic ganglia; parasympathetic terminal ganglia; also known as: Meissner's plexus
superior mesenteric ganglion
trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) intermesenteric plexus and lumbar splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons) preganglionic sympathetic axons from the celiac plexus
superior mesenteric plexus
sympatheti c chain ganglia
preganglionic sympathetic fibers arrive via white rami communicantes of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1L2
sympathetic: smooth muscle of vessels supplying the lower pancreas, lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon and most of the transverse colon; parasympathetic (vagus): smooth muscle in the gut wall of same distribution area dilator pupillae, vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands, suprarenal medulla, heart, lungs and gut
pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera pain from the lower half of the pancreas and duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and transverse colon pain & GVA of the parts of the gut named at left
superior hypogastric plexus is the continuation of the intermesenteric plexus; it crosses the pelvic brim a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the superior mesenteric a.
superior mesenteric plexus contains a mixture of vagal (preganglionic parasympathetic) axons and postganglionic sympathetic axons
pain from viscera
vagus n.
medulla: dorsal motor nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic);
auricular br., pharyngeal br., superior laryngeal, superior and inferior cervical cardiac brs., recurrent laryngeal n.,
SVE: intrinsic muscles of the larynx, pharynx (except stylopharyngeus), and palate (except tensor
GSA: skin of the external auditory meatus; GVA: viscera of head,
located lateral to the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax & abdominopelvic cavity; the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers are also known as the sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2 also known as: CN X, 10th cranial nerve; the vagus n. passes through the jugular foramen to exit the
inferior ganglion (GVA); nucleus ambiguus (SVE); superior ganglion (GSA); inferior ganglion(SVA)
thoracic cardiac brs., brs. to the pulmonary plexus, brs. to the esophageal plexus, anterior and posterior vagal trunks
ventral primary ramus
numerous
veli palatini); GVE: smooth muscle of the respiratory tree & gut (proximal to the left colic flexure), heart; secretomotor: mucous glands of the larynx, respiratory tree, pharynx and gut; secretomotor to digestive glands to skeletal mm. of the neck, trunk and extremities; sympathetic innervation to the skin
neck, thorax & abdomen proximal to the left colic flexure; SVA: taste from the epiglottis
posterior cranial fossa; vagus means "wanderer" in reference to its extensive distribution to the body cavities
ventral root
from the ventral horn of the spinal cord to the spinal nerve
none
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the trunk (except the back) and extremities; visceral pain via the white rami of the sympathetic nervous system (T1L2) none
white ramus communica ns
cell bodies located in the lateral horn gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2;
none
axons contained within white rami communicantes will synapse on postganglionic cell bodies that will ultimately innervate the skin, viscera, glands, blood vessels, etc.
pain from viscera is carried back to the spinal cord through the white ramus communicans
entirely motor in function; located ventral to the denticulate ligament; at all spinal core levels it contains GSE for skeletal mm.; at levels T1-L2 it contains GVE (preganglionic sympathetic) for blood vessels, sweat glands, thoracic viscera, abdominal viscera, pelvic viscera white rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at vertebral levels T1-L2; carries preganglionic sympathetic axons
Nerve
Source
Nerves of the Pelvis and Perineum - Listed Alphabetically Branches Motor
Sensory
Notes
anococcygea l n. anterior labial n. anterior scrotal n.
coccygeal plexus (S4C1) ilioinguinal n.
no named branches
none
skin overlying the coccyx skin of the anterior aspect of the labium majus skin of the anterior aspect of the scrotum
no named branches
none
anterior cutaneous br. of the ilioinguinal n.
no named branches
none
coccygeal plexus
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S4, S5, C1 sacral plexus (brs. of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4) pudendal n. pudendal n. lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2L3) lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2L4)
anococcygeal n.
none
skin of the region overlying the coccyx
coccygeus m., n. to
no named branches
coccygeus m., levator ani m.
none
anococcygeal n. pierces the sacrotuberous ligament communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. anterior scrotal n. is the continuation of the ilioinguinal n. at the superficial inguinal ring; it communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. only part of the S4 ventral primary ramus is contributed to the coccygeal plexus nerve to coccygeus enters the muscle on its pelvic surface the terminal branch of the pudendal n. the terminal branch of the pudendal n. cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin passes under inguinal ligament lateral to femoral a.
dorsal n., of the clitoris dorsal n., of the penis femoral cutaneous, lateral femoral n.
no named branches no named branches anterior & posterior brs.
sympathetic motor innervation to skin sympathetic motor innervation to skin sympathetic motor innervation to skin
skin of the shaft of the clitoris skin of the shaft of the penis skin of the lateral thigh
preganglionic sympathetic axons from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic n.
anterior femoral cutaneous brs., nn. to: sartorius m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m., vastus intermedius m., vastus medialis m., pectineus m. contributes to the inferior mesenteric plexus; contributes to the superior hypogastric plexus
sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, pectineus
skin of anterior thigh
genitofemor al n.
lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L1-
genital br., femoral br.
cremaster m.
skin of the anterior scrotum/labia majora & upper
a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large one genitofemoral n. lies on the anterior surface of the psoas major in the
L2)
medial thigh
gluteal, inferior
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L5, S1-S2) sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5, S1) superior hypogastric plexus
no named branches
gluteus maximus m.
none
gluteal, superior
superior & inferior brs.
gluteus medius m., gluteus minimus m., tensor fasciae latae m. supplies vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera
none
hypogastric n.
iliohypogast ric n.
ilioinguinal n.
hypogastric nn. and sacral splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2S4) intermesenteric plexus and lumbar splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons) lumbar plexus (ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve L1) lumbar plexus (ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve L1) hypogastric nn. and
abdomen; the genital br. passes through the deep inguinal ring and inguinal canal; brushing the thigh elicits an elevation of the testis via the cremasteric reflex inferior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis m. superior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis m. paired; hypogastric n. lies inferior to the common iliac vessels; it contains postganglionic sympathetic axons inferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall
inferior
contributes branches to:
sympathetic: supplies
pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera skin of the lower abdominal wall, upper hip and upper thigh skin of the lower abdominal wall and anterior scrotum/labium majus pain from the pelvic
superior hypogastric plexus is the continuation of the intermesenteric plexus; it crosses the pelvic brim iliohypogastric n. receives a contribution from T12 in approximately 50% of cases ilioinguinal n. courses through the inguinal canal and superficial inguinal ring inferior hypogastric
hypogastric plexus
inferior mesenteric ganglion
sacral splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2S4) preganglionic sympathetic axons from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic n.
uterine/vaginal plexus, vesical plexus, prostatic plexus
vascular smooth muscle of vessels supplying the pelvic viscera; parasympathetic: supplies smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera
viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera
plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall
sympathetic: smooth muscle of the vessels supplying the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum external anal sphincter
inferior rectal n. intermesent eric plexus
pudendal n.
no named branches
skin of the anus
sympathetic: smooth muscle of vessels supplying the gut distal to the left colic flexure
labial, anterior labial, posterior
ilioinguinal n.
no named branches
none
perineal n. (a branch of the pudendal n.)
no named branches
none
skin of the anterior aspect of the labium majus skin of the posterior aspect of the labium majus
a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large one inferior mesenteric plexus contains no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall inferior rectal nerve is one of the first branches of the pudendal n. intermesenteric plexus is continuous with the superior mesenteric plexus; it continues inferiorly as the inferior mesenteric plexus and superior hypogastric plexus; intermesenteric plexus does not carry vagal parasympathetic fibers; located anterior to the abdominal aorta between the superior and inferior mesenteric aa. communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral
lateral femoral cutaneous n. lumbar n.
lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2L3) ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L1-L5
anterior & posterior brs.
cutaneous n. cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin lumbar nn. enter into the formation of the lumbar and sacral plexuses and do not give branches directly to muscles or skin lumbar plexus is noted for its variable branching pattern of nerves that supply the abdominal wall
lumbar plexus
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L1-L4
branches of the lumbar plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m. no named branches
lumbosacral plexus
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-S4
branches of the lumbosacral plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m., superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to the obturator internus m., n. to the
lumbosacral trunk
mesenteric ganglion, inferior
part of the ventral primary ramus of L4 united with the ventral primary ramus of L5 preganglionic sympathetic axons from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic n.
quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to the piriformis m., posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to the pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. no named branches; it contributes to the formation of the sacral plexus
see sacral plexus
sympathetic: smooth muscle of the vessels supplying the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum muscles of the medial thigh: adductor longus m., adductor brevis m. and adductor magnus m., gracilis m., obturator externus m. obturator internus m., superior gemellus m.
obturator n.
lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2L4)
anterior and posterior brs.
skin of the lower medial thigh
a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large one inferior mesenteric plexus contains no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall obturator n. passes through the obturator canal
obturator internus m., n. to
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L5-S2 )
n. to the superior gemellus m.
none
perforating cutaneous n.
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2S4 (cell bodies are located in the lateral horn gray of the sacral spinal cord) sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-3)
smooth muscle and glands of the gut distal to the left colic flexure; smooth muscle and glands of all pelvic viscera none
none
nerve to obturator internus m. crosses the ischial spine and enters the ischioanal fossa by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen parasympathetic nerves; these contain preganglionic parasympathetic axons
no named branches
skin of the inferomedial buttock
perforating cutaneous n. pierces the sacrotuberous ligament
perineal n.
pudendal
posterior scrotal/labial n., deep (muscular) br.
plexus, coccygeal
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S4, S5, C1 hypogastric nn. and sacral splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2S4) intermesenteric plexus
anococcygeal n.
muscles of the perineum: bulbospongiosus m., ischiocavernosus m., superficial and deep transverse perineus mm., sphincter urethrae m., sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae none
skin of the posterior surface of the scrotum/labium majus
perineal n.branches from the pudendal n. at the posterior margin of the urogenital diaphragm
only part of the S4 ventral primary ramus is contributed to the coccygeal plexus inferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall
plexus, intermesent eric
plexus, lumbar
branches of the lumbar plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral
muscles of the lower abdominal wall; cremaster m., psoas major and minor mm., quadratus lumborum
skin of the lower abdominal wall, skin of the anterior scrotum/labium
inferior mesenteric plexus contains no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall intermesenteric plexus is continuous with the superior mesenteric plexus; it continues inferiorly as the inferior mesenteric plexus and superior hypogastric plexus; intermesenteric plexus does not carry vagal parasympathetic fibers; located anterior to the abdominal aorta between the superior and inferior mesenteric aa. lumbar plexus is noted for its variable branching pattern of nerves that supply the abdominal wall
plexus, lumbosacral
plexus, prostatic
inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus
femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m. branches of the lumbosacral plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m., superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to the obturator internus m., n. to the quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to the piriformis m., posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to the pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. is continuous with the rectal and vesical plexuses
m., iliacus m.; muscles of the anterior and medial thigh and hip
majus, skin of the anterior and medial thigh and lateral hip
plexus, rectal
no named branches
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland and ejaculatory ducts; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland, and ejaculatory ducts sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the
pain from the pelvic viscera listed at left
the autonomic nerve plexuses of the pelvis (prostatic, rectal and vesical in the male; rectal and uterovaginal in the female) are in communication with each other
plexus, sacral
plexus, uterovaginal
intermesenteric plexus and lumbar splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons) inferior hypogastric plexus
superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to obturator internus m., n. to quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to piriformis, posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. hypogastric nn. (right and left)
pelvic viscera, especially the rectum muscles of the pelvic diaphragm; muscles of the urogenital diaphragm; muscles of the posterior hip, posterior thigh, leg and foot
the sacral plexus is often grouped with the lumbar plexus as the "lumbosacral plexus"
continuous with the rectal plexus
plexus, vesical
continuous with the prostatic plexus
posterior femoral cutaneous n. posterior labial n.
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S3) perineal n. (a branch of the pudendal n.)
inferior cluneal nn.; perineal br.
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the uterus, uterine tubes and vagina; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of pelvic viscera, especially uterus, uterine tubes and vagina sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct sympathetic motor innervation to skin
pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera pain from the pelvic viscera listed at left
superior hypogastric plexus is the continuation of the intermesenteric plexus; it crosses the pelvic brim the uterovaginal plexus is a subsidiary plexus of the inferior hypogastric plexus
pain and general sensation from the bladder, seminal vesicle and ductus deferens
vesical plexus is continuous with the other autonomic nerve plexuses in the pelvis and cannot be distinguished from them
skin of the lower buttock & posterior thigh skin of the posterior aspect of the labium majus skin of the posterior
cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n. posterior scrotal n.
no named branches
none
posterior
perineal n., from the
no named branches
none
scrotal n.
pudendal n.
aspect of the scrotum
prostatic plexus
inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus
is continuous with the rectal and vesical plexuses
pudendal n.
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2S4 (sacral plexus)
inferior rectal n., perineal n., dorsal n. of the clitoris/penis
quadratus femoris m., n. to ramus communican s, gray
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5, S1) cell bodies located in the sympathetic chain ganglia
n. to the inferior gemellus m.
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland and ejaculatory ducts; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland, and ejaculatory ducts its branches supply: external anal sphincter, bulbospongiosus m., ischiocavernosus m., superficial & deep transverse perineus mm., sphincter urethrae m., sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae quadratus femoris m., inferior gemellus m.
communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n. the autonomic nerve plexuses of the pelvis (prostatic, rectal and vesical in the male; rectal and uterovaginal in the female) are in communication with each other
its branches supply: skin of the anus, posterior scrotum/labium majus, clitoris/penis
pudendal n. passes through the pudendal canal formed by fascia on the medial surface of the obturator internus m.
none
none
ramus communican s, white
none
rectal plexus
no named branches
carries postganglionic sympathetic axons to the spinal nerve; spinal nerve will carry those axons peripherally to the skin, blood vessels, etc. axons contained within white rami communicantes will synapse on postganglionic cell bodies that will ultimately innervate the skin, viscera, glands, blood vessels, etc. sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the
none
nerve to the quadratus femoris m. passes anterior to the obturator internus tendon gray rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at all vertebral levels
white rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at vertebral levels T1-L2; carries preganglionic sympathetic axons rectal plexus is continuous with the vesical plexus in the male, uterovaginal plexus in the female
rectal, inferior sacral plexus
pudendal n.
no named branches
pelvic viscera, especially the rectum external anal sphincter
skin of the anus
sacral sympathetic ganglia
inferior rectal nerve is one of the first branches of the pudendal n. the sacral plexus is often grouped with the lumbar plexus as the "lumbosacral plexus"
sciatic n.
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5 and S1S3)
tibial n., common fibular (peroneal) n.
semitendinosus m., semimembranosus m., biceps femoris m., ischioconylar part of the adductor magnus m.; its branches supply all muscles of the leg and foot
its branches supply the skin of the leg and foot (excluding the medial side of leg & foot)
scrotal, anterior
no named branches
none
skin of the anterior aspect of the scrotum
scrotal, posterior
perineal n., from the pudendal n.
no named branches
none
skin of the posterior aspect of the scrotum
splanchnic, lumbar
no named branches
sacral splanchnic nn. contain both preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers with postganglionic fibers predominating in number sciatic n. is composed of tibial and common fibular divisions; branches to muscles come from one of the two divisions, so that the sciatic n. is considered to have no direct muscular brs., only 2 terminal brs. anterior scrotal n. is the continuation of the ilioinguinal n. at the superficial inguinal ring; it communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. posterior scrotal n. communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n. sympathetic nerves; there are four of these on each side; lumbar splanchnic nn. contribute to preaortic abdominal plexuses (celiac, superior
splanchnic, pelvic
splanchnic, sacral
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2S4 (cell bodies are located in the lateral horn gray of the sacral spinal cord) sacral sympathetic ganglia
smooth muscle and glands of the gut distal to the left colic flexure; smooth muscle and glands of all pelvic viscera vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera
none
mesenteric, intermesenteric, superior hypogastric) parasympathetic nerves; these contain preganglionic parasympathetic axons
subcostal n.
skin of the anterolateral abdominal wall pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera pain from viscera
sympathetic chain ganglia
intermesenteric plexus and lumbar splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons) preganglionic sympathetic fibers arrive via white rami communicantes of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1-L2
to coccygeus m. uterovaginal plexus
sacral plexus (brs. of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3-S4) inferior hypogastric plexus
no named branches
none
sacral splanchnic nn. contain both preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers with postganglionic fibers predominating in number the subcostal n. is equivalent to a posterior intercostal n. found at higher thoracic levels superior hypogastric plexus is the continuation of the intermesenteric plexus; it crosses the pelvic brim located lateral to the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax & abdominopelvic cavity; the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers are also known as the sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2 nerve to coccygeus enters the muscle on its pelvic surface the uterovaginal plexus is a subsidiary plexus of the inferior hypogastric plexus
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the uterus, uterine tubes and vagina;
vesical plexus
parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of pelvic viscera, especially uterus, uterine tubes and vagina sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct
Nerve anterior femoral cutaneous n. cluneal, inferior cluneal, middle
Source femoral
Nerves of the Lower Limb - Listed Alphabetically Branches Motor Sensory no named branches sympathetic motor skin of the anterior innervation to skin thigh
cluneal, superior
coccygeal plexus
posterior femoral cutaneous n. lateral cutaneous branches of the dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves S1-3 lateral cutaneous branches of the dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves S1-3 ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S4, S5, C1 sciatic n.
no named branches no named branches
none none
skin of the lower part of the buttock skin of the intermediate medial portion of the buttock
Notes cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin "clunis" is a Latin word meaning buttock "clunis" is a Latin word meaning buttock
no named branches
none
skin of the superomedial portion of the buttock
"clunis" is a Latin word meaning buttock
anococcygeal n.
none
common fibular n.
lateral sural cutaneous n., superficial and deep fibular
superficial fibular n.: muscles of the lateral compartment of
superficial fibular n.: distal 1/3 of the
only part of the S4 ventral primary ramus is contributed to the coccygeal plexus "peroneal" is old terminology which has
nn.
common plantar digital nn.
medial plantar n. (1st-3rd); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (4th) common fibular n.
proper plantar digital nn.
the leg (fibularis longus and brevis mm.); deep fibular n.: muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (tibialis anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.) 1st lumbrical m.
anterior surface of the leg, dorsum of the foot excluding the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe and distal interphalangeal segments of all toes; deep fibular n.: skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe skin of the plantar surface of the toes (except the medial side of the great toe and the lateral side of the 5th toe) skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe
been replaced by "fibular"
deep fibular n.
one proper digital br.
muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (tibialis anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.)
digital, common plantar
medial plantar n. (1st-3rd); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (4th) common plantar digital; medial plantar n. (to the medial side of the great toe); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (to the lateral
1st lumbrical m.
digital, proper plantar
no named branches
flexor hallucis brevis m. (from the proper plantar digital n. on the medial side of the great toe)
skin of the plantar surface of the toes (except the medial side of the great toe and the lateral side of the 5th toe) skin of the plantar surface of the toes and dorsal surface of the distal interphalangeal segment
the dorsal surfaces of the distal tips of the toes (nail bed regions) are supplied by the proper plantar digital brs. of these nn. "peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by "fibular"; anterior compartment syndrome - trauma to the anterior side of the leg can result in pressure buildup in the anterior compartment (from swelling or bleeding) that can damage the deep fibular n., resulting in "foot drop" the dorsal surfaces of the distal tips of the toes (nail bed regions) are supplied by the proper plantar digital brs. of these nn. the nail bed is supplied by the proper plantar digital nn.
femoral cutaneous, anterior femoral cutaneous, lateral femoral cutaneous, posterior femoral n.
side of the 5th toe) femoral
no named branches
skin of the anterior thigh
lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2-L3) sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S3) lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2-L4)
skin of the lower buttock & posterior thigh skin of anterior thigh
fibular, common
sciatic n.
anterior femoral cutaneous brs., nn. to: sartorius m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m., vastus intermedius m., vastus medialis m., pectineus m. lateral sural cutaneous n., superficial and deep fibular nn.
sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, pectineus
cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin passes under inguinal ligament lateral to femoral a.
fibular, deep
common fibular n.
superficial fibular n.: muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (fibularis longus and brevis mm.); deep fibular n.: muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (tibialis anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.) muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (tibialis anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.)
superficial fibular n.: distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the leg, dorsum of the foot excluding the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe and distal interphalangeal segments of all toes; deep fibular n.: skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe
"peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by "fibular"
"peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by "fibular"; anterior compartment syndrome - trauma to the anterior side of the leg can result in pressure buildup in the anterior compartment (from swelling or bleeding) that can damage the deep
fibular, superficial
common fibular n.
medial dorsal cutaneous n. to the medial side of the foot; dorsal digital nn. to the lateral 3 toes
muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (fibularis longus and brevis mm.)
genitofem oral n.
lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L1-L2)
cremaster m.
distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the leg; dorsum of the foot excluding the skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe and the distal interphalangeal segments of all toes skin of the anterior scrotum/labia majora & upper medial thigh
fibular n., resulting in "foot drop" "peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by "fibular"; the nail beds are supplied by nerves from the plantar surface of the foot
gluteal, inferior
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L5, S1-S2) sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5, S1) lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2-L3) tibial n.
no named branches
gluteus maximus m.
none
gluteal, superior
gluteus medius m., gluteus minimus m., tensor fasciae latae m.
none
lateral femoral cutaneous n. lateral plantar n.
superficial and deep branches
quadratus plantae m., abductor digiti minimi m., flexor digiti minimi brevis m., lateral 3 lumbrical mm., adductor hallucis m., plantar & dorsal interosseous mm. none
lateral sural cutaneous n.
common fibular n.
fibular communicating br.
skin of the lateral side of the plantar surface of the foot; skin of the plantar surface of the lateral 1 1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes) skin of the lateral side of the leg
genitofemoral n. lies on the anterior surface of the psoas major in the abdomen; the genital br. passes through the deep inguinal ring and inguinal canal; brushing the thigh elicits an elevation of the testis via the cremasteric reflex inferior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis m. superior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis m. cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin lateral plantar n. accompanies the lateral plantar a. though the sole of the foot
contains postganglionic sympathetic axons for supply of sweat glands, arrector pili mm. and
lumbar n.
lumbar plexus
lumbosacr al plexus
lumbosacr al trunk
medial sural cutaneous n.
part of the ventral primary ramus of L4 united with the ventral primary ramus of L5 tibial n.
branches of the lumbar plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m. branches of the lumbosacral plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m., superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to the obturator internus m., n. to the quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to the piriformis m., posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to the pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. no named branches; it contributes to the formation of the sacral plexus
blood vessels lumbar nn. enter into the formation of the lumbar and sacral plexuses and do not give branches directly to muscles or skin lumbar plexus is noted for its variable branching pattern of nerves that supply the abdominal wall
see sacral plexus
no named branches
none
skin of the posterior surface of the leg; skin of the lateral side of the foot
unites with fibular communicating br. to form the sural n.
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L5-S2 )
obturator internus m., superior gemellus m.
none
obturator n.
lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2-L4) sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-3) SEE: fibular, common
perforatin g cutaneous n. peroneal, common
no named branches
muscles of the medial thigh: adductor longus m., adductor brevis m. and adductor magnus m., gracilis m., obturator externus m. none
nerve to obturator internus m. crosses the ischial spine and enters the ischioanal fossa by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen obturator n. passes through the obturator canal
skin of the inferomedial buttock
perforating cutaneous n. pierces the sacrotuberous ligament "peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by fibular "peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by fibular "peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by fibular the dorsal surfaces of the distal tips of the toes (nail bed regions) are supplied by the proper plantar digital brs. of these nn. the nail bed is supplied by the proper plantar digital nn.
peroneal, deep
SEE: fibular, deep
peroneal, superficial
SEE: fibular, superficial
plantar digital, common
medial plantar n. (1st-3rd); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (4th) common plantar digital; medial plantar n. (to the medial side of the great toe); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (to the lateral side of the 5th toe) tibial n.
1st lumbrical m.
plantar digital, proper
no named branches
skin of the plantar surface of the toes (except the medial side of the great toe and the lateral side of the 5th toe) skin of the plantar surface of the toes and dorsal surface of the distal interphalangeal segment
plantar, lateral
quadratus plantae m., abductor digiti minimi m., flexor digiti minimi brevis m.,
skin of the lateral side of the plantar surface of the foot; skin of the
lateral plantar n. accompanies the lateral plantar a.
lateral 3 lumbrical mm., adductor hallucis m., plantar & dorsal interosseous mm. plantar, medial tibial n. plantar cutaneous brs.; proper plantar digital n. (medial side of the great toe); common plantar digital nn. (1st-3rd) abductor hallucis m., flexor hallucis brevis m., flexor digitorum brevis m., 1st lumbrical m.
plexus, lumbar
plexus, lumbosacr al
plexus, sacral
lumbosacral trunk (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5), ventral primary rami of spinal
branches of the lumbar plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m. branches of the lumbosacral plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m., superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to the obturator internus m., n. to the quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to the piriformis m., posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to the pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to obturator internus m., n. to quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to piriformis, posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n.,
plantar surface of the lateral 1 1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes) skin of the medial side of the plantar surface of the foot; skin of the plantar surface of the medial 3 1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes) skin of the lower abdominal wall, skin of the anterior scrotum/labium majus, skin of the anterior and medial thigh and lateral hip
though the sole of the foot
medial plantar n. accompanies the medial plantar a. though the sole of the foot
lumbar plexus is noted for its variable branching pattern of nerves that supply the abdominal wall
nerves S1-S4 posterior femoral cutaneous n. proper plantar digital nn. sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S3) common plantar digital; medial plantar n. (to the medial side of the great toe); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (to the lateral side of the 5th toe) sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5, S1) lumbosacral trunk (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5), ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S4 femoral n.
n. to pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. inferior cluneal nn.; perineal br.
skin of the lower buttock & posterior thigh skin of the plantar surface of the toes and dorsal surface of the distal interphalangeal segment
no named branches
cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin the nail bed is supplied by the proper plantar digital nn.
quadratus femoris m., n. to
quadratus femoris m., inferior gemellus m.
none
sacral plexus
saphenous n.
superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to obturator internus m., n. to quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to piriformis, posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. infrapatellar br.
nerve to the quadratus femoris m. passes anterior to the obturator internus tendon the sacral plexus is often grouped with the lumbar plexus as the "lumbosacral plexus"
none
skin of the medial side of the leg and medial side of the foot
sciatic n.
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5 and S1-S3)
semitendinosus m., semimembranosus m., biceps femoris m., ischioconylar part of the adductor magnus m.; its branches supply all muscles of the leg and foot
saphenous n. travels with the great saphenous v.; it does not pass through the adductor hiatus at the knee; it passes anterior to the medial malleolus at the ankle sciatic n. is composed of tibial and common fibular divisions; branches to muscles come from one of the two divisions, so that the sciatic n. is considered to have no direct muscular brs., only 2 terminal brs.
superficial fibular n.
common fibular n.
superior gluteal n.
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5, S1) common fibular n.
gluteus medius m., gluteus minimus m., tensor fasciae latae m.
distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the leg; dorsum of the foot excluding the skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe and the distal interphalangeal segments of all toes none
"peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by "fibular"; the nail beds are supplied by nerves from the plantar surface of the foot
sural cutaneous, lateral
none
skin of the lateral side of the leg
sural cutaneous, medial sural n.
tibial n.
no named branches
none
tibial n.
formed by the union of the fibular communicating br. of the lateral sural cutaneous n. and the medial sural cutaneous nn. sciatic n.
lateral calcaneal brs., lateral dorsal cutaneous n. of the foot
none
skin of the posterior surface of the leg; skin of the lateral side of the foot skin of the posterior surface of the lower leg; skin of the lateral side of the foot
superior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis m. contains postganglionic sympathetic axons for supply of sweat glands, arrector pili mm. and blood vessels unites with fibular communicating br. to form the sural n. sural n. courses posterior to the lateral malleolus at the ankle with the lesser saphenous v.
medial sural cutaneous n., medial calcaneal brs., medial and lateral plantar nn.
to
sacral plexus
n. to the superior gemellus
semimembranosus m., semitendinosus m., long head of biceps femoris m., ischiocondylar portion of adductor magnus m.; mm. of the superficial and deep posterior compartments of the leg (gastrocnemius m., soleus m., plantaris m., tibialis posterior m., flexor hallucis longus m., flexor digitorum longus m.); muscles of the plantar side of the foot obturator internus m.,
skin of the plantar surface of the foot and toes; skin of the dorsal surface of the distal toes (nail bed region)
tibial n. is the larger of the two divisions of the sciatic n.
none
nerve to obturator
obturator internus m.
(ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L5-S2 )
m.
superior gemellus m.
to quadratus femoris m.
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5, S1)
none
internus m. crosses the ischial spine and enters the ischioanal fossa by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen nerve to the quadratus femoris m. passes anterior to the obturator internus tendon
Nerve abducens
Source pons: abducens nucleus
Nerves of the Head and Neck - Listed Alphabetically Branches Motor no named branches GSE: lateral rectus m. none
Sensory
accessory
cranial root: medulla - nucleus ambiguus; spinal root: spinal nucleus of the upper cervical spinal cord
no named branches
GSE: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius mm.
none
alveolar, anterior superior alveolar, inferior
infraorbital n.
dental plexus
none
mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3)
n. to mylohyoid; inferior dental plexus; mental nerve
mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of the digastric m. via n. to mylohyoid
maxillary canine and incisor teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus teeth of the mandible; skin of the chin
Notes also known as: CN VI, 6th cranial nerve; passes through the superior orbital fissure also known as: CN XI, 11th cranial nerve; spinal root enters cranial cavity by passing through the foramen magnum; exits skull by passing through the jugular foramen; accessory n. is motor only; the subtrapezial plexus of nerves receives proprioceptive fibers: for the sternocleidomastoid m. from the ventral primary rami of spinal nn. C2 and C3 - for trapezius via ventral primary rami of C3 and C4 anterior superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length inferior alveolar n. passes through the mandibular canal; the mental n. is its terminal branch which emerges through the mental foramen
alveolar, middle superior alveolar, posterior superior
infraorbital n.
dental plexus
none
maxillary n.
dental plexus
none
maxillary premolar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus maxillary molar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus
ansa cervicalis
superior root (C1 and C2) and inferior root (C2 and C3) of the ansa cervicalis mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3)
to infrahyoid muscles
anterior deep temporal n.
no named branches
omohyoid m., sternohyoid m., sternothyroid m., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m. temporalis m.
none
anterior ethmoidal n.
nasociliary n.
internal & external nasal brs.
none
mucous membrane lining the anterior ethmoid air cells and upper anterior part of the nasal cavity; skin of the lower half of the nose
anterior superior alveolar n. auriculotempor al n.
infraorbital n.
dental plexus
none
parotid brs., articular brs., anterior auricular brs.
brachial plexus
dorsal scapular, long thoracic, n. to subclavius, suprascapular, lateral
secretomotor to the parotid gland by carrying postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion; [preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in the lesser petrosal br. of the glossopharyngeal n. (IX)] muscles of the upper limb, excluding trapezius
maxillary canine and incisor teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus skin of anterior ear and the skin anterosuperior to the ear; part of the external auditory meatus; temporomandibular joint
middle superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length posterior superior alveolar n. enters bone by passing through the small foramina on the posterior surface of the maxilla superior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis are also known as the anterior and posterior roots a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch anterior ethmoidal n. passes from the orbit into the anterior ethmoidal foramen, passes through the cribriform plate, passes anteriorly on cribriform plate, then exits the cranial cavity through the ethmoid fissure into the nasal cavity anterior superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length two roots of the auriculotemporal n. encircle the middle meningeal a.
skin of the upper limb
plexus is a latin word meaning "braid"; axons from spinal cord levels
buccal branch of the trigeminal n. buccal branches of the facial n.
mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) facial n. (VII)
and medial pectoral, medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous, upper, middle and lower subscapular, musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, axillary, radial no named branches
no motor branches
no sensory branches
C1 spinal n.
C2 spinal n.
C3 spinal n.
C4 spinal n.
C5 ventral
C5 spinal n.
contributes to the superior root of the ansa cervicalis; brs. to: rectus capitis anterior and lateralis mm., longus capitis m. contributes to: superior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis, lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse cervical n.; brs. to: longus capitis & colli, sternocleidomastoid contributes to: inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, great auricular n., transverse cervical n., supraclavicular nn., phrenic n.; brs. to: longus capitis & colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, trapezius contributes to: supraclavicular nn., phrenic n.; brs. to: longus colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, trapezius contributes to: phrenic n.,
zygomaticus major & minor, buccinator, orbicularis oris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris & alaque nasi, risorius, procerus, nasalis rectus capitis anterior and lateralis, longus capitis, omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, geniohyoid omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, longus capitis and longus colli
skin of the cheek, mucosa lining the cheek no sensory branches
C5-T1 are mixed (braided) in the brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that each branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental levels not a motor nerve; easily confused with the buccal branch of the facial n. not a sensory nerve; easily confused with the buccal branch of the trigeminal n.
none
skin behind the ear and on the neck below the mandible; proprioception from the sternocleidomastoid m.
omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, longus capitis & colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, respiratory diaphragm
skin of the anterolateral neck; proprioception from the sternocleidomastoid m. and the trapezius m
skin of the root of the neck and the upper shoulder; proprioception from the trapezius m. skin of the ventral arm
respiratory diaphragm,
joins the ventral primary
primary ramus
long thoracic n.
C6 spinal n.
scalene mm., muscles of the shoulder and upper arm scalene mm., muscles of the lower shoulder and arm muscles of the lower shoulder, arm forearm muscles of the forearm and hand
and ventral forearm
skin of the lateral side of the upper limb
C7 ventral primary ramus C8 ventral primary ramus
C7 spinal n.
skin of the posterior side of the upper limb skin of the medial side of the upper limb
C8 spinal n.
cardiac, sympathetic
cervical sympathetic trunk
no named branches
cardiac, vagal
vagus n. (X)
no named branches
carotid body, n. to
glossopharyngeal n. (IX)
no named branches
heart (sympathetic: increases rate and force of contraction, parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of contraction); bronchial tree & lungs via pulmonary plexus heart (parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of contraction; sympathetic: increases rate and force of contraction); bronchial tree and lungs via pulmonary plexus none
heart, bronchial tree and lungs
ramus of C6 to form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus joins the ventral primary ramus of C5 to form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus continues as the middle trunk of the brachial plexus joins the ventral primary ramus of T1 to form the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus cervical sympathetic trunk usually gives 3 cervical cardiac brs. l (superior, middle and inferior) to the cardiac plexus
vagus n. has 2 cervical cardiac brs. (superior and inferior) and 1 or more thoracic cardiac brs.
sensory receptors in the carotid body and carotid sinus
carotid plexus, external
carotid plexus, internal
superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the external carotid n. superior cervical ganglion of the
distributes along the brs. of the external carotid artery
vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands of face & upper neck vascular smooth muscle of the brain, orbit,
none
most distribute along the brs. of the internal
none
chemoreception (blood pH) in carotid body; blood pressure receptors in carotid sinus; both located near the bifurcation of the common carotid a.; the vagus n. (X) may share a role in this innervation postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers
sympathetic trunk, via the internal carotid n.
carotid artery, although the deep petrosal n. is an exception because it runs a short course independent of an artery contributes to the external carotid plexus
carotid, external
superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
carotid, internal
contributes to the internal carotid plexus
cervical plexus
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C1C4
cervicofacial division
facial (VII)
brs. to: longus colli & capitis, sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m., levator scapulae m., scalenus medius m., rectus capitis anterior and lateralis mm.; superior & inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, n. to the thyrohyoid m., n. to the geniohyoid m., lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse cervical n., supraclavicular nn. (medial, intermediate and lateral), contributions to the phrenic n. from C3 and C4 buccal br., marginal mandibular br., cervical br.
forehead, upper nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and anterior scalp; sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m. vascular smooth muscle of the internal carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the forehead vascular smooth muscle of the external carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the face and scalp longus colli & capitis mm., rectus capitis anterior & lateralis mm., infrahyoid mm., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m., respiratory diaphragm
use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck
none
there may be two or more external carotid nn. that join the external carotid plexus from the superior cervical ganglion internal carotid n. appears to be the upward continuation of the sypathetic trunk
none
skin of the anterolateral neck; skin of the ear and skin behind the ear
close association of the supraclavicular nn. to the phrenic n. results in pain from the respiratory diaphragm referred to the shoulder
muscles of facial expression of the lower part of the face; platysma m. secretomotor to the submandibular and sublingual glands (it carries preganglionic
none
chorda tympani
facial (VII)
no named branches
taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
cervicofacial division usually forms a loop by communication with the temporofacial division of the facial n. chorda tympani joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa and continues with it to the
ciliary ganglion
preganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via the inferior division of the oculomotor n. (III)
postganglionic parasympathetic axons which distribute via short ciliary nn.
parasympathetic axons to the submandibular ganglion) sphincter pupillae m., ciliary m. of the eye
tongue
none
ciliary, long ciliary, short
nasociliary ciliary ganglion: sensory root - from the nasociliary n.(a branch of V1); sympathetic root from the internal carotid plexus; parasympathetic root - from the inferior division of the oculomotor n. (III) vestibulocochlear n.
no named branches multiple short ciliary nn. which leave the ciliary ganglion anteriorly
none sphincter pupillae & ciliary mm. (parasympathetic), dilator pupillae (sympathetic)
eyeball (GSA) eyeball (GSA)
a parasympathetic ganglion; ciliary ganglion is located on the lateral side of the optic n. near the apex of the orbit; sensory and sympathetic axons pass through the ciliary ganglion without synapse - the sensory root is carried via the nasociliary n.and the sympathetic root arrives in the orbit via the internal carotid a. these nerves bypass the ciliary ganglion short ciliary nn. are mixed nerves which contain sensory and 2 types of autonomic nerve fibers; postganglionic parasympathetic neurons whose axons are located in these nerves have their cell bodies located in the ciliary ganglion
cochlear n.
no named branches
none
hearing (SSA)
cranial nn.
nuclei located in the brain, branistem and upper cervical spinal cord
12 pairs: olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
eye muscles, muscles of mastication, middle ear, face, tongue, pharynx, larynx, most suprahyoid muscles, sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m., smooth muscle of the gut, cardiac muscle, bronchial smooth muscle, salivary, lacrimal and mucous glands in the head and
smell, vision, taste, hearing, balance, general sensation form the skin of the face, sense from viscera of the head, neck, thorax and abdomen (proximal to the splenic flexure)
exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing into the internal acoustic meatus details about each cranial nerve may be found elsewhere in this chart
deep petrosal n.
internal carotid plexus
no named branches
neck; glands of digestive system vascular smooth muscle of the mucous membranes of the lower nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palate
none
digastric m., posterior belly, n. to
facial n. (VII)
no named branches
posterior belly of the digastric m.
none
dorsal scapular n. esophageal plexus
brachial plexus (br. of C5 ventral primary ramus) right and left vagus (X) nn.; thoracic visceral brs. of the sympathetic trunk
no named branches
ethmoidal, anterior
nasociliary n.
rhomboideus major and minor mm.; levator scapulae m. preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the vagus n. supply smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic esophagus and abdominal gut and its derivatives proximal to the left colic flexure; postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic visceral brs. supply vascular smooth muscle in the esophageal vessels none
none
deep petrosal n. joins the greater petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the deep petrosal n. contains postganglionic sympathetic axons (synapse occurred in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion) the anterior belly of the digastric m. is formed by mesenchyme from the 1st pharyngeal arch and is supplied by the n. to the mylohyoid m. (V3) dorsal scapular n. passes through the scalenus medius m. during development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus rotate 90 to the right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal trunks
mucous membrane lining the anterior ethmoid air cells and upper anterior part of the nasal cavity; skin of the lower half of the nose
anterior ethmoidal n. passes from the orbit into the anterior ethmoidal foramen, passes through the cribriform plate, passes anteriorly on cribriform plate, then exits the cranial cavity through the ethmoid fissure into the nasal cavity
ethmoidal, posterior
nasociliary n.
no named branches
none
external carotid n.
contributes to the external carotid plexus
external carotid plexus
facial n.
superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the external carotid n. pons and medulla: nucleus solitarius of medulla via nervus intermedius (SVA sensory root) from geniculate ganglion; superior salivatory nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) of pons via nervus intermedius; facial motor nucleus of pons via motor root
vascular smooth muscle of the internal carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the forehead vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands of face & upper neck stapedius m., stylohyoid m., posterior belly of digastric m., muscles of facial expression; secretomotor to lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual, and mucous glands of the nasal and oral cavities
mucous membrane lining the posterior ethmoid air cells and sphenoid sinus none
posterior ethmoidal n. exits the orbit by passing through the posterior ethmoid foramen there may be two or more external carotid nn. that join the external carotid plexus from the superior cervical ganglion postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck also known as: CN VII, 7th cranial nerve; exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing into the internal acoustic meatus, goes through the facial canal; motor to muscles of facial expression exits the skull at the stylomastoid foramen
none
frontal
ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)
greater petrosal n. (preganglionic parasympathetic to pterygopalatine ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic travels with brs. of maxillary division of V), chorda tympani (SVA taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue; preganglionic parasympathetic to the submandibular ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic to the submandibular and sublingual glands), n. to stapedius, posterior auricular n., intraparotid plexus with temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular & cervical brs. supraorbital n., supratrochlear n.
taste (SVA) from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue; part of the skin of the external auditory meatus
none
ganglia, sympathetic chain
preganglionic sympathetic fibers arrive via white rami communicantes of
postganglionic sympathetic fibers depart via gray rami communicantes to all
dilator pupillae, vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands, suprarenal
skin of the forehead and the medial part of the upper eyelid; mucous membrane of the frontal sinus pain from viscera
the most superior linear structure within the orbit
located lateral to the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax & abdominopelvic cavity;
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1L2
spinal nn.; internal & external carotid nn.; cervical cardiac brs.; thoracic direct visceral brs.; greater, lesser & least thoracic splanchnic nn.; lumbar splanchnic nn.; sacral splanchnic nn. postganglionic parasympathetic axons which distribute via short ciliary nn.
medulla, heart, lungs and gut
ganglion, ciliary
sphincter pupillae m., ciliary m. of the eye
none
ganglion, geniculate
facial n. (VII) (chorda tympani branch)
nervus intermedius (SVA sensory root of facial n.)
none
taste (SVA) from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
ganglion, otic
ganglion, pterygopalatin e
preganglionic parasympathetic via the lesser petrosal, from the tympanic n. of the glossopharyngeal n. (IX) preganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from greater petrosal n. of the
postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute with the parotid brs. of the auriculotemporal n. (from V3) postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute via the greater & lesser palatine nn., nasopalatine n., sphenopalatine n. and
secretomotor to the parotid gland
none
secretomotor to: mucous glands of the palate, nasal cavity, lacrimal gland
none
the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers are also known as the sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2 a parasympathetic ganglion; ciliary ganglion is located on the lateral side of the optic n. near the apex of the orbit; sensory and sympathetic axons pass through the ciliary ganglion without synapse - the sensory root is carried via the nasociliary n.and the sympathetic root arrives in the orbit via the internal carotid a. a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; some taste from the palate travels through the greater petrosal n. to the geniculate ganglion; located in the facial canal within the petrous portion of the temporal bone a parasympathetic ganglion; the otic ganglion hangs off of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) inferomedial to the foramen ovale a parasympathetic ganglion; the pterygopalatine ganglion hangs off of the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) within the
facial n (VII); postganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from the deep petrosal n.
zygomatic n.
ganglion, semilunar
ophthalmic (V1) , maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3) divisions of the trigeminal n.
sensory fibers depart via the trigeminal n. (V)
none
ganglion, spiral ganglion, stellate
fibers of the cochlear hair cells neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord level T1
cochlear n. portion of the vestibulocochlear n. (VIII) gray rami communicans to spinal nerves C8 and T1 (postganglionic sympathetic); thoracic visceral br.
none vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands of the C8 & T1 cutaneous distribution on chest & upper limb (C8 and T1 dermatomes); vascular smooth muscle of the lungs secretomotor to the submandibular and sublingual glands and the small glands of the lingual mucosa
skin of the face, mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities, mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue (GSA only) hearing (SSA) pain from lungs
pterygopalatine fossa; preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n. synapse here; postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing (they synapse in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion) a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; also known as. trigeminal or Gasserian ganglion a sensory ganglion of the cochlear part of CN VIII a sympathetic ganglion; stellate ganglion is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the T1 ganglion of the sympathetic trunk
ganglion, submandibular
geniculate ganglion
preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the chorda tympani (accompanying the lingual n. from the mandibular division of the trigeminal n.) facial n. (VII) (chorda tympani branch)
postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute either directly, or with branches of the lingual n. to the submandibular and sublingual glands nervus intermedius (SVA sensory root of facial n.)
none
a parasympathetic ganglion; submandibular ganglion is suspended from the lingual n. near the deep part of the submandibular gland
none
a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; some taste from the palate travels through the greater petrosal n. to the geniculate ganglion; located in the facial canal
geniohyoid m., n. to
C1 fibers from the superior root of the ansa cervicalis
no named branches
geniohyoid m.
none
glossopharyng eal n.
gray ramus communicans
medulla: spinal trigeminal nucleus from the superior ganglion (GVA); nucleus solitarius from the inferior ganglion (SVA); nucleus ambiguus (SVE); inferior salivatory nucleus (GVE - preganglionic parasympathetic) cell bodies located in the sympathetic chain ganglia
tympanic nerve to the tympanic plexus and lesser petrosal n., carotid sinus n., stylopharyngeus brs., pharyngeal brs.
SVE: stylopharyngeus; GVE: secretomotor to the parotid gland (preganglionic parasympathetic via the tympanic n. to the lesser petrosal n. to the otic ganglion; postganglionic parasympathetic via the auriculotemporal n.)
GVA: carotid body, carotid sinus, pharynx, middle ear; GSA: skin of the external ear; SVA: taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
within the petrous portion of the temporal bone nerve to the geniohyoid m. travels with the hypoglossal nerve for a short distance in the superior neck also known as: CN IX, 9th cranial nerve; the glossopharyngeal n. exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing through the jugular foramen;it may penetrate the stylopharyngeus m.
none
great auricular n.
greater occipital n.
greater palatine n.
cervical plexus (contributions from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C2&C3) dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C2 (medial br.) maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)
mastoid n., auricular n.
carries postganglionic sympathetic axons to the spinal nerve; spinal nerve will carry those axons peripherally to the skin, blood vessels, etc. none
none
skin of the ear and skin below the ear
the great auricular n. crosses the superficial surface of the sternocleidomastoid m. muscles innervated by this nerve develop from epimeres in the embryo greater palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and foramen greater petrosal n. joins the deep petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the greater petrosal n. contains: preganglionic parasympathetic axons
no named branches
posterior neck muscles
skin of the posterior surface of the scalp
posterior inferior lateral nasal brs.
none
greater petrosal n.
facial (VII)
no named branches
secretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic) to: lacrimal gland, mucous glands of the lower nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palate
mucous membrane of the inferior part of the lateral nasal wall; mucosa of the hard palate none
hypoglossal n.
medulla: hypoglossal nucleus
no named branches; branches of the ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C1 are carried by this nerve and are not considered to be branches of the hypoglossal nerve
intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except the palatoglossus m.)
none
inferior alveolar n.
teeth of the mandible; skin of the chin
inferior laryngeal n.
recurrent laryngeal br. of the vagus n. (X)
no named branches
inferior oblique, nerve to
inferior branch of the oculomotor n.
parasympathetic root to the ciliary ganglion
all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid; those muscles are: thyroarytenoid, oblique and transverse arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid, aryepiglottic, thyroepiglottic, vocalis; secretomotor to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold preganglionic parasympathetic supply to the ciliary ganglion for innervation of the sphincter pupillae m. and ciliary m.; inferior oblique m.
mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold
bound for the pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse; it passes through the hiatus of canal of greater petrosal n. in the petrous part of the temporal bone also known as: CN XII, 12th cranial nerve; the hypoglossal n. exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing through the hypoglossal canal; the superior root of the ansa cervicalis travels with the hypoglossal n. for a short distance inferior alveolar n. passes through the mandibular canal; the mental n. is its terminal branch which emerges through the mental foramen inferior laryngeal n. is the continuation of the recurrent laryngeal n., the name change occurs at the cricothyroid articulation
none
parasympathetic root carries GVE (preganglionic parasympathetic axons) to the ciliary ganglion short ciliary nn. carry the postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ciliary ganglion to the eyeball
infraorbital n.
maxillary division of the trigeminal n.(V2)
middle alveolar n., anterior superior alveolar n.
none
infratrochlear n.
nasociliary br. of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1) cervical plexus (C3&C4) superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
no named branches
none
intermediate supraclavicular n. internal carotid n.
no named branches
none
superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the internal carotid n.
most distribute along the brs. of the internal carotid artery, although the deep petrosal n. is an exception because it runs a short course independent of an artery no named branches
lacrimal n.
vascular smooth muscle of the external carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the face and scalp vascular smooth muscle of the brain, orbit, forehead, upper nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and anterior scalp; sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m. carries secretomotor axons to the lacrimal gland
mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus; upper premolar, canine and incisor teeth; maxillary gingiva; skin of the lateral nose, lower eyelid, upper lip and zygomatic region skin and conjunctiva of the medial upper and lower eyelids; skin of the lateral surface of the nose skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, near the mid-clavicle none
infraorbital n.passes through the infraorbital groove, canal and foramen
infratrochlear n. passes inferior to the trochlea (pulley) of the superior oblique m. pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder internal carotid n. appears to be the upward continuation of the sypathetic trunk
none
postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck
skin of the lateral portion of the upper eye lid and its associated conjunctiva
laryngeal, inferior
no named branches
all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid; those muscles are: thyroarytenoid, oblique and transverse arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid, aryepiglottic,
lacrimal n. carries the postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the zygomaticotemporal br. of the maxillary n. that originate in the pterygopalatine ganglion inferior laryngeal n. is the continuation of the recurrent laryngeal n., the name change occurs at the cricothyroid articulation
laryngeal, recurrent
vagus n. (X)
esophageal brs., tracheal brs., cardiac brs., pharyngeal brs., inferior laryngeal n.
laryngeal, superior
vagus n. (X)
internal br., external br.
lateral supraclavicular n. lesser occipital n. lesser palatine n.
cervical plexus (C3&C4) ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C2 maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) tympanic nerve, from the glossopharyngeal n. (IX)
no named branches
thyroepiglottic, vocalis; secretomotor to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold upper esophagus, lower pharynx, laryngeal mm. (except cricopharyngeus); smooth muscle of the trachea; secretomotor to mucosal glands in the upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal fold, trachea; cardiac muscle of the heart (slows heart rate, decreases force of contraction) cricothyroid m., inferior pharyngeal constrictor m.; secretomotor to mucosal glands of the larynx above the vocal folds none
upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal folds, GVA from heart
right recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the right subclavian a.; left recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum; the inferior laryngeal br. supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid m. external br. supplies the cricothyroid m.; all other intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n. pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder lesser occipital n. arises from the cervical plexus lesser palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and lesser palatine foramen lesser petrosal n. synapses in the otic ganglion and postganglionic axons distribute to the parotid gland by joining the auriculotemporal n. lingual n. is joined by the chorda tympani (taste and preganglionic parasympathetic) from the facial n. in the
mucous membrane of the larynx above the vocal folds
no named branches
none
skin of the root of the neck and upper shoulder skin behind the ear
no named branches
none
mucous membrane of the soft palate and posterior hard palate none
lesser petrosal n.
otic ganglion
secretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic) for the parotid gland
lingual n.
no named branches
none
general sense from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and floor of the mouth
long ciliary n. mandibular division of the trigeminal n.
nasociliary trigeminal ganglion; motor root arises from the pons
no named branches meningeal br., medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid nn., masseteric n., anterior and posterior deep temporal nn., buccal n., auriculotemporal n., lingual n., inferior alveolar n.
none SVE: mylohyoid m., anterior belly of the digastric m.; tensor tympani m., tensor veli palatini m.; muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid)
eyeball (GSA) GSA: skin of the lower lip and jaw extending superiorly above level of the ear; mucous membrane of the tongue and floor of the mouth; lower teeth and gingiva of the mandibular alveolar arch
mandibular, marginal
facial n. (cervicofacial division)
no named branches
orbicularis oris m., depressor anguli oris m., depressor labii inferioris m., mentalis m. masseter m.
none
masseteric n.
mandibular division of the trigeminal n.
no named branches
none
maxillary division of the trigeminal n.
trigeminal ganglion
meningeal br., posterior superior alveolar n., pharyngeal, posterior superior medial and lateral nasal brs., nasopalatine n., greater and lesser palatine nn., zygomatic n., infraorbital n.
none
GSA: skin of the upper lip, cheek, lower eyelid; mucous membrane of the palate; teeth and gingiva of the maxillary alveolar arch; the mucous membrane lining most of the nasal cavity; the mucous
infratemporal fossa; the submandibular ganglion hangs from the lingual nerve in the paralingual space these nerves bypass the ciliary ganglion also known as: V3; passes through the foramen ovale to exit the middle cranial fossa; the otic ganglion is associated with the medial side of V3 below the foramen ovale; the auriculotemporal n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the parotid gland; the submandibular ganglion is associated withe the lingual n. near the submandibular gland; postganglionic parasympathetics from the submandibular ganglion supply the submandibular gland and the sublingual gland branches of the facial nerve innervate muscles derived from the mesenchyme of the second pharygeal arch masseteric n. passes over the mandibular notch to reach the deep surface of the masseter m. also known as: V2; maxillary division of the trigeminal n. passes through the foramen rotundum to enter the pterygopalatine fossa; the pterygopalatine ganglion is associated with it in the
membrane lining the maxillary sinus
medial supraclavicular n. mental n. middle superior alveolar mylohyoid, n. to
cervical plexus (C3&C4) inferior alveolar n. infraorbital n.
no named branches
none
no named branches dental plexus
none none
nasociliary n.
inferior alveolar n., a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)
no named branches
mylohyoid m., anterior belly of the digastric m.
skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, anteriorly skin of the chin the lower lip maxillary premolar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus none
communicating br. to the ciliary ganglion, long ciliary n., anterior and posterior ethmoidal nn., infratrochlear n.
none
nasopalatine n.
maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)
no named branches
none
eyeball, skin of the nose and medial sides of the eyelids; conjunctiva of the medial sides of the eyelids; mucous membranes of the upper nasal cavity, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses mucous membrane of the nasal septum; mucous membrane of the anterior portion of the palate
pterygopalatine fossa; postganglionic parasympathetic fibers distribute with branches of the maxillary division to mucous glands of the nasal cavity and palate; the zygomatic n. & its brs. carry postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the orbit to reach the lacrimal n. and lacrimal gland pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder mental n. passes through the mental foramen middle superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length n. to mylohyoid arises near the lingula of the mandible; course within the mylohyoid groove of the mandible the distribution of this nerve is indicated by its name - nasociliary
nervus intermedius
pons & medulla: nucleus solitarius of medulla (SVA
joins with the motor root to form the facial n. (VII); its fibers are contained in
secretomotor to the lacrimal gland and mucous glands of the
taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
nasopalatine n. innervates the mucosa overlying the primary palate (development); it passes through two openings in bone: sphenopalatine foramen and incisive canal nervus intermedius occupies an intermediate position between the
sensory root) from geniculate ganglion; superior salivatory nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) of pons
the greater petrosal n. and the chorda tympani
occipital, greater
occipital, lesser occipitalis tertius
oculomotor n.
dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C2 (medial br.) ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C2 dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C3 (medial br.) oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain (extraocular muscles); accessory oculomotor nucleus (nucleus of EdingerWestphal preganglionic parasympathetic)
no named branches
lower nasal cavity; secretomotor to the mucosa of the maxillary sinus and palate (synapse occurs at the pterygopalatine ganglion); secretomotor to submandibular and sublingual glands (synapse occurs at the submandibular ganglion) posterior neck muscles
motor root of VII and cranial n. VIII when they enter the internal acoustic meatus
muscles innervated by this nerve develop from epimeres in the embryo lesser occipital n. arises from the cervical plexus muscles innervated by this nerve develop from epimeres in the embryo also known as: CN III; oculomotor n. passes through the superior orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa
no named branches
none
skin behind the ear
no named branches
skin of the posterior surface of the neck
superior br., inferior br.
of the pterygoid canal
formed by the union of the greater petrosal n. (preganglionic parasympathetic) and the deep
ends in the pterygopalatine ganglion (parasympathetic)
GSE: superior br.: levator palpebrae superioris m., superior rectus m.; inferior br: medial rectus m., inferior rectus m., inferior oblique m.; GVE: ciliary m. & sphincter pupillae m. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons go to the ciliary ganglion via the parasympathetic root, postganglionic parasympathetic go from the ciliary ganglion to the eyeball via short ciliary nn.) secretomotor (parasympathetic) to: lacrimal gland and mucous glands of nasal cavity and maxillary sinus; sympathetic
none
none
contains: preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n. bound for pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse; postganglionic
petrosal n. (postganglionic sympathetic)
innervation to vascular smooth muscle in the same region
olfactory n.
the filaments of the bipolar olfactory epithelial cells constitute the olfactory n.
second order olfactory nerve cell bodies located in the olfactory bulb
none
smell (SVA)
ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n.
trigeminal ganglion
meningeal br., lacrimal n., frontal n., nasociliary n.
none
(GSA) skin of the forehead, upper eyelid and nose; mucous membrane of the upper nasal cavity, frontal sinus, ethmoid air cells and sphenoid sinuses
optic n.
ganglion layer of the retina to the forebrain
none
none
vision (SSA)
otic ganglion
palatine, greater
preganglionic parasympathetic via the lesser petrosal, from the tympanic n. of the glossopharyngeal n. (IX) maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)
postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute with the parotid brs. of the auriculotemporal n. (from V3) posterior inferior lateral nasal brs.
none
none
mucous membrane of the inferior part of the lateral nasal wall; mucosa of the hard
sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. which will pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing also known as: CN I, 1st cranial n.; multiple olfactory filaments pass through the cribriform plate to exit the anterior cranial fossa and synapse in the olfactory bulb; the olfactory tract carries the signal from the bulb to olfactory cortex of the forebrain also known as: V1; the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. passes through the superior orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa; the lacrimal n. receives postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the lacrimal gland from the zygomaticotemporal br. of the zygomatic n. also known as: CN II, 2nd cranial nerve; the course of the optic nerve is: through the optic canal to the optic chiasma, then the optic tract to the lateral geniculate body and optic radiation a parasympathetic ganglion; the otic ganglion hangs off of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) inferomedial to the foramen ovale greater palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and foramen
palatine, lesser
maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) internal carotid plexus
no named branches
none
palate mucous membrane of the soft palate and posterior hard palate none
petrosal, deep
no named branches
vascular smooth muscle of the mucous membranes of the lower nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palate
petrosal, greater
facial (VII)
no named branches
none
petrosal, lesser
tympanic nerve, from the glossopharyngeal n. (IX)
otic ganglion
none
pharyngeal plexus
phrenic n.
motor contributed by the vagus n. (X); sensory contributed by the glossopharyngeal n. (IX), vasomotor contributed by the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion ventral primary rami
no named branches
vagus: all muscles of the pharynx except stylopharyngeus; sympathetic: smooth muscle in the pharyngeal vasculature
glossopharyngeal: mucous membrane lining the pharynx
lesser palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and lesser palatine foramen deep petrosal n. joins the greater petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the deep petrosal n. contains postganglionic sympathetic axons (synapse occurred in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion) greater petrosal n. joins the deep petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the greater petrosal n. contains: preganglionic parasympathetic axons bound for the pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse; it passes through the hiatus of canal of greater petrosal n. in the petrous part of the temporal bone lesser petrosal n. synapses in the otic ganglion and postganglionic axons distribute to the parotid gland by joining the auriculotemporal n. the muscles of the pharyngeal wall are skeletal m. derived from the mesenchyme of the 4th pharyngeal arch
no named branches
skeletal muscle of the
diaphragmatic pleura;
phrenic n. crosses the
of spinal nerves C3C5 (cervical plexus)
respiratory diaphragm
plexus, brachial
plexus, cervical
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C1C4
plexus, esophageal
right and left vagus (X) nn.; thoracic visceral brs. of the sympathetic trunk
dorsal scapular, long thoracic, n. to subclavius, suprascapular, lateral and medial pectoral, medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous, upper, middle and lower subscapular, musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, axillary, radial brs. to: longus colli & capitis, sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m., levator scapulae m., scalenus medius m., rectus capitis anterior and lateralis mm.; superior & inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, n. to the thyrohyoid m., n. to the geniohyoid m., lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse cervical n., supraclavicular nn. (medial, intermediate and lateral), contributions to the phrenic n. from C3 and C4 anterior and posterior vagal trunks
some fibers contributed to the pericardium and to the adjacent mediastinal and costal pleurae skin of the upper limb
anterior surface of the anterior scalene m.
longus colli & capitis mm., rectus capitis anterior & lateralis mm., infrahyoid mm., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m., respiratory diaphragm
plexus is a latin word meaning "braid"; axons from spinal cord levels C5-T1 are mixed (braided) in the brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that each branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental levels close association of the supraclavicular nn. to the phrenic n. results in pain from the respiratory diaphragm referred to the shoulder
preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the vagus n. supply smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic esophagus and abdominal gut and its derivatives proximal to the left colic flexure; postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic visceral brs. supply vascular smooth
during development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus rotate 90 to the right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal trunks
plexus, external carotid
plexus, internal carotid
superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the external carotid n. superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the internal carotid n.
muscle in the esophageal vessels vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands of face & upper neck vascular smooth muscle of the brain, orbit, forehead, upper nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and anterior scalp; sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m. vagus: all muscles of the pharynx except stylopharyngeus; sympathetic: smooth muscle in the pharyngeal vasculature
none
most distribute along the brs. of the internal carotid artery, although the deep petrosal n. is an exception because it runs a short course independent of an artery no named branches
none
postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck
plexus, pharyngeal
posterior deep temporal n.
motor contributed by the vagus n. (X); sensory contributed by the glossopharyngeal n. (IX), vasomotor contributed by the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3)
the muscles of the pharyngeal wall are skeletal m. derived from the mesenchyme of the 4th pharyngeal arch
no named branches
temporalis m.
posterior ethmoidal n.
nasociliary n.
no named branches
none
posterior superior alveolar n.
maxillary n.
dental plexus
none
mucous membrane lining the posterior ethmoid air cells and sphenoid sinus maxillary molar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus
pterygopalatin e ganglion
preganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from greater petrosal n. of the facial n (VII);
postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute via the greater & lesser palatine nn., nasopalatine n., sphenopalatine n. and zygomatic n.
none
a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch posterior ethmoidal n. exits the orbit by passing through the posterior ethmoid foramen posterior superior alveolar n. enters bone by passing through the small foramina on the posterior surface of the maxilla a parasympathetic ganglion; the pterygopalatine ganglion hangs off of the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) within the pterygopalatine fossa;
postganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from the deep petrosal n.
ramus communicans, gray
none
ramus communicans, white
none
recurrent laryngeal n.
vagus n. (X)
semilunar ganglion
carries postganglionic sympathetic axons to the spinal nerve; spinal nerve will carry those axons peripherally to the skin, blood vessels, etc. axons contained within white rami communicantes will synapse on postganglionic cell bodies that will ultimately innervate the skin, viscera, glands, blood vessels, etc. upper esophagus, lower pharynx, laryngeal mm. (except cricopharyngeus); smooth muscle of the trachea; secretomotor to mucosal glands in the upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal fold, trachea; cardiac muscle of the heart (slows heart rate, decreases force of contraction) none
none
preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n. synapse here; postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing (they synapse in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion) gray rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at all vertebral levels
white rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at vertebral levels T1-L2; carries preganglionic sympathetic axons
right recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the right subclavian a.; left recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum; the inferior laryngeal br. supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid m. a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; also known as. trigeminal or Gasserian ganglion
skin of the face, mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities, mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3rds of the
short ciliary n.
spiral ganglion stellate ganglion
ciliary ganglion: sensory root - from the nasociliary n.(a branch of V1); sympathetic root from the internal carotid plexus; parasympathetic root - from the inferior division of the oculomotor n. (III) fibers of the cochlear hair cells neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord level T1
multiple short ciliary nn. which leave the ciliary ganglion anteriorly
sphincter pupillae & ciliary mm. (parasympathetic), dilator pupillae (sympathetic)
tongue (GSA only) eyeball (GSA)
short ciliary nn. are mixed nerves which contain sensory and 2 types of autonomic nerve fibers; postganglionic parasympathetic neurons whose axons are located in these nerves have their cell bodies located in the ciliary ganglion
hearing (SSA) pain from lungs
a sensory ganglion of the cochlear part of CN VIII stellate ganglion is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the T1 ganglion of the sympathetic trunk
submandibular ganglion
suboccipital n.
preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the chorda tympani (accompanying the lingual n. from the mandibular division of the trigeminal n.) dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C1
postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute either directly, or with branches of the lingual n. to the submandibular and sublingual glands no named branches
none
a terminal parasympathetic ganglion; submandibular ganglion is suspended from the lingual n. near the deep part of the submandibular gland spinal nerve C1 has NO cutaneous distribution
superior laryngeal n.
vagus n. (X)
supraclavicular
cervical plexus
no named branches
muscles of the suboccipital triangle: rectus capitis posterior major m., rectus capitis posterior minor m., obliquus capitis superior m., obliquus capitis inferior m. cricothyroid m., inferior pharyngeal constrictor m.; secretomotor to mucosal glands of the larynx above the vocal folds none
mucous membrane of the larynx above the vocal folds
external br. supplies the cricothyroid m.; all other intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n. pain from respiratory
skin of the root of the
, intermediate supraclavicular , lateral supraclavicular , medial supraorbital n.
(C3&C4) cervical plexus (C3&C4) cervical plexus (C3&C4) frontal n, from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1) frontal n, from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1) preganglionic sympathetic fibers arrive via white rami communicantes of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1T5 mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) no named branches none
no named branches
none
medial and lateral brs.
none
neck and upper chest, near the mid-clavicle skin of the root of the neck and upper shoulder skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, anteriorly skin of the forehead; mucous membrane of the frontal sinus skin of the medial forehead and the medial part of the upper eyelid; associated conjunctiva pain from viscera
diaphragm is referred to the shoulder pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder supraorbital nerve passes through the supraorbital foramen (notch) supratrochlear n. passes superior to the trochlea (pulley) of the superior oblique m. located parallel to the vertebral bodies in the neck; there are no white rami communicantes at cervical levels
supratrochlear n.
no named branches
none
sympathetic chain ganglia, cervical
temporal, anterior deep
postganglionic sympathetic depart via gray rami communicans to cervical spinal nn.; internal and external carotid nn.; cervical cardiac brs. no named branches
dilator pupillae m.; vascular smooth muscle; arrector pili muscles and sweat glands of head and neck; heart and lungs temporalis m.
temporal, posterior deep
no named branches
temporalis m.
temporofacial division of the facial n.
facial n.
temporal, zygomatic and buccal brs.
to carotid body
no named branches
muscles of facial expression of the upper part of the face; frontalis m., anterior and superior auricularis mm. none
none
a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch temporofacial division of the facial n. usually forms a loop by communication anteriorly with the cervicofacial division chemoreception (blood pH) in carotid body; blood pressure receptors in carotid sinus; both located near the bifurcation of the common carotid a.; the
to digastric m., posterior belly
facial n. (VII)
no named branches
none
to geniohyoid m.
C1 fibers from the superior root of the ansa cervicalis
no named branches
geniohyoid m.
none
transverse cervical n.
cervical plexus (C2 and C3)
no named branches
none
skin of the anterior surface of the neck
trigeminal n.
trochlear n.
motor root arises from the trigeminal motor nucleus in the pons (SVE); sensory part arises from the trigeminal ganglion (GSA) and projects into the pons to the primary sensory nucleus of V or more inferiorly to the nucleus of the spinal root of V (medulla and upper spinal cord) trochlear nucleus of the midbrain
ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular divisions
SVE: anterior belly of the digastric m., mylohyoid m., tensor veli palatini m., tensor tympani m.; muscles of mastication: temporalis m., masseter m., lateral pterygoid m., medial pterygoid m.
skin of the face; mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities; general sensation (GSA) to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
vagus n. (X) may share a role in this innervation the anterior belly of the digastric m. is formed by mesenchyme from the 1st pharyngeal arch and is supplied by the n. to the mylohyoid m. (V3) nerve to the geniohyoid m. travels with the hypoglossal nerve for a short distance in the superior neck transverse cervical n. penetrates the platysma m. but does not innervate it also known as: CN V, 5th cranial nerve; some brs. carry pre- or postganglionic parasympathetic fibers; the trigeminal n. divides into three divisions at the trigeminal ganglion; SVE supplies muscles of 1st pharyngeal arch origin
no named branches
superior oblique m. of the eye (GSE)
none
tympanic n.
glossopharyngeal n.
tympanic plexus, which gives rise to the lesser petrosal n.
secretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic axons which will synapse in the otic ganglion) to the
mucous membrane lining the middle ear cavity
also known as: CN IV, 4th cranial nerve; the trochlear n. passes through the superior orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa; it is the smallest cranial nerve and the only cranial nerve to arise from dorsum of brainstem tympanic n. passes from the inferior ganglion of CN IX through the tympanic canaliculus to reach the middle ear
vagus n.
medulla: dorsal motor nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic); inferior ganglion (GVA); nucleus ambiguus (SVE); superior ganglion (GSA); inferior ganglion(SVA)
auricular br., pharyngeal br., superior laryngeal, superior and inferior cervical cardiac brs., recurrent laryngeal n., thoracic cardiac brs., brs. to the pulmonary plexus, brs. to the esophageal plexus, anterior and posterior vagal trunks
vestibular n. vestibulocochl ear n.
pons and medulla pons & medulla: vestibular nuclei from the vestibular ganglion of the semicircular ducts; cochlear nuclei in the inferior cerebellar peduncle cell bodies located in the lateral horn gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2;
no named branches divides within the temporal bone into vestibular and cochlear parts
parotid gland SVE: intrinsic muscles of the larynx, pharynx (except stylopharyngeus), and palate (except tensor veli palatini); GVE: smooth muscle of the respiratory tree & gut (proximal to the left colic flexure), heart; secretomotor: mucous glands of the larynx, respiratory tree, pharynx and gut; secretomotor to digestive glands none none
GSA: skin of the external auditory meatus; GVA: viscera of head, neck, thorax & abdomen proximal to the left colic flexure; SVA: taste from the epiglottis
also known as: CN X, 10th cranial nerve; the vagus n. passes through the jugular foramen to exit the posterior cranial fossa; vagus means "wanderer" in reference to its extensive distribution to the body cavities
balance/proprioception (SSA) vestibular: balance/proprioception (SSA); cochlear: hearing (SSA)
vestibular n. is part of the vestibulocochlear n. also known as: CN VIII, 8th cranial nerve; auditory nerve; passes into the internal auditory meatus
white ramus communicans
none
zygomatic n.
zygomaticofacial & zygomaticotemporal
axons contained within white rami communicantes will synapse on postganglionic cell bodies that will ultimately innervate the skin, viscera, glands, blood vessels, etc. carries secretomotor fibers
skin of the face lateral and superior to the orbit
zygomaticofaci
zygomatic from the
no named branches
none
skin of face lateral to
zygomatic n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland (via the communicating br. of the zygomaticotemporal n. which joins the lacrimal n.) zygomaticofacial n.
al n.
zygomaticotem poral n.
maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) zygomatic from the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)
the orbit
passes through the zygomaticofacial foramen zygomaticotemporal n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland (via the communicating br. which joins the lacrimal n.)
communicating br.
carries secretomotor fibers
skin of face superolateral to the orbit
Nerve accessor y
Source cranial root: medulla - nucleus ambiguus; spinal root: spinal nucleus of the upper cervical spinal cord
Branches no named branches
Nerves of the Back Region - Listed Alphabetically Motor Sensory GSE: none sternocleidomastoid and trapezius mm.
cluneal, inferior cluneal, middle
cluneal, superior
coccyge al plexus dorsal primary ramus dorsal root
posterior femoral cutaneous n. lateral cutaneous branches of the dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves S1-3 lateral cutaneous branches of the dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves S1-3 ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S4, S5, C1 first branch off of the dorsal side of the spinal nerve from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to the spinal nerve
none none
skin of the lower part of the buttock skin of the intermediate medial portion of the buttock
Notes also known as: CN XI, 11th cranial nerve; spinal root enters cranial cavity by passing through the foramen magnum; exits skull by passing through the jugular foramen; accessory n. is motor only; the subtrapezial plexus of nerves receives proprioceptive fibers: for the sternocleidomastoid m. from the ventral primary rami of spinal nn. C2 and C3 - for trapezius via ventral primary rami of C3 and C4 "clunis" is a Latin word meaning buttock "clunis" is a Latin word meaning buttock
no named branches
none
skin of the superomedial portion of the buttock
anococcygea l n. numerous
none
skin of the region overlying the coccyx general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the back general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.)
only part of the S4 ventral primary ramus is contributed to the coccygeal plexus a mixed nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers dorsal root is entirely sensory in function; it is located dorsal to the denticulate ligament
none
to the deep back mm.; sympathetic innervation to the skin none
dorsal rootlets
dorsal rootlets
none
one dermatome
dorsal scapular n. intercos tal n.
brachial plexus (br. of C5 ventral primary ramus) ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1-T11
no named branches lateral & anterior cutaneous brs.
occipital , greater
occipital , lesser occipital is tertius ramus, dorsal primary ramus, ventral primary
dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C2 (medial br.) ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C2 dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C3 (medial br.) first branch off of the dorsal side of the spinal nerve first branch off of the ventral side of the spinal nerve
no named branches
rhomboideus major and minor mm.; levator scapulae m. intercostal muscles; abdominal wall muscles (via T7-T11); muscles of the forearm and hand (via T1) posterior neck muscles
none
a sensory ganglion; located in the intervertebral foramen of the vertebral column on the dorsal root - one per spinal nerve; location of the cell bodies of somatic afferent (sensory) neurons dorsal scapular n. passes through the scalenus medius m. intercostal n.travels below the posterior intercostal a. in the costal groove
skin of the chest and abdomen anterolaterally; skin of the medial side of the upper limb (via T1-T2)
muscles innervated by this nerve develop from epimeres in the embryo
none
skin behind the ear
lesser occipital n. arises from the cervical plexus muscles innervated by this nerve develop from epimeres in the embryo
skin of the posterior surface of the neck
numerous
numerous
to the deep back mm.; sympathetic innervation to the skin to skeletal mm. of the neck, trunk and extremities; sympathetic innervation to the skin
root, dorsal
root, ventral
none
none
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the back general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the trunk (except the back) and extremities; visceral pain via the white rami of the sympathetic nervous system (T1-L2) general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) none
a mixed nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers a mixed nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers
dorsal root is entirely sensory in function; it is located dorsal to the denticulate ligament
none
entirely motor in function; located ventral to the denticulate ligament; at all spinal core levels it contains GSE for skeletal mm.; at levels T1-L2 it contains GVE (preganglionic sympathetic) for blood vessels, sweat glands, thoracic viscera, abdominal viscera, pelvic
spinal n.
formed at the point where the dorsal and ventral rootlets meet; it ends where the dorsal and ventral primary rami diverge first branch off of the ventral side of the spinal nerve
to skeletal mm.; some levels carry preganglionic sympathetic axons (T1-L2)
numerous
ventral root
none
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) from the entire surface of the neck, trunk and extremities; visceral pain (via the white ramus communicans and the sympathetic nervous system) general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the trunk (except the back) and extremities; visceral pain via the white rami of the sympathetic nervous system (T1-L2) none
viscera located at the intervertebral foramen; there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
entirely motor in function; located ventral to the denticulate ligament; at all spinal core levels it contains GSE for skeletal mm.; at levels T1-L2 it contains GVE (preganglionic sympathetic) for blood vessels, sweat glands, thoracic viscera, abdominal viscera, pelvic viscera
Nerve abducens
Source pons: abducens nucleus
Nerves of the Body - Listed Alphabetically Branches Motor no named branches GSE: lateral rectus m.
Sensory none
accessory
cranial root: medulla - nucleus ambiguus; spinal root: spinal nucleus of the upper cervical spinal cord
no named branches
GSE: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius mm.
none
Notes also known as: CN VI, 6th cranial nerve; passes through the superior orbital fissure also known as: CN XI, 11th cranial nerve; spinal root enters cranial cavity by passing through the foramen magnum; exits skull by passing through the jugular foramen; accessory n. is motor only; the subtrapezial plexus of
alveolar, anterior superior alveolar, inferior
infraorbital n.
dental plexus
none
mandibular division of the trigeminal n.(V3)
maxillary canine and incisor teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus teeth of the mandible; skin of the chin
nerves receives proprioceptive fibers: for the sternocleidomastoid m. from the ventral primary rami of spinal nn. C2 and C3 - for trapezius via ventral primary rami of C3 and C4 anterior superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length inferior alveolar n. passes through the mandibular canal; the mental n. is its terminal branch which emerges through the mental foramen middle superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length posterior superior alveolar n. enters bone by passing through the small foramina on the posterior surface of the maxilla anococcygeal n. pierces the sacrotuberous ligament superior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis are also known as the anterior and posterior roots lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. emerges from the lateral intermuscular interval between biceps and brachialis; it is the continuation of the musculocutaneous n. medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve travels with the basilic vein for part of its course posterior antebrachial cutaneous n. passes
alveolar, middle superior alveolar, posterior superior
infraorbital n.
dental plexus
none
maxillary n.
dental plexus
none
maxillary premolar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus maxillary molar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus
anococcygeal n. ansa cervicalis
antebrachial cutaneous, lateral
coccygeal plexus (S4-C1) superior root (C1 and C2) and inferior root (C2 and C3) of the ansa cervicalis musculocutaneou s n.
no named branches to infrahyoid muscles
none omohyoid m., sternohyoid m., sternothyroid m., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m. none
skin overlying the coccyx none
antebrachial cutaneous, medial antebrachial cutaneous,
no named branches
none
radial n.
none
skin of the lateral distal arm and
posterior anterior deep temporal n. mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) no named branches temporalis m.
posterior forearm no cutaneous branches
anterior ethmoidal n.
nasociliary n.
none
anterior femoral cutaneous n. anterior interosseous n. anterior labial n. anterior scrotal n.
femoral
no named branches
sympathetic motor innervation to skin flexor pollicis longus m., radial half of flexor digitorum profundus m., pronator quadratus m. none
mucous membrane lining the anterior ethmoid air cells and upper anterior part of the nasal cavity; skin of the lower half of the nose skin of the anterior thigh none
median n.
no named branches
posterior to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch anterior ethmoidal n. passes from the orbit into the anterior ethmoidal foramen, passes through the cribriform plate, passes anteriorly on cribriform plate, then exits the cranial cavity through the ethmoid fissure into the nasal cavity cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin courses along the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. anterior scrotal n. is the continuation of the ilioinguinal n. at the superficial inguinal ring; it communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. anterior superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length a sympathetic ganglion; located above or near the origin of the renal a. from the abdominal aorta two roots of the auriculotemporal n. encircle the middle meningeal a.
ilioinguinal n.
no named branches
no named branches
none
skin of the anterior aspect of the labium majus skin of the anterior aspect of the scrotum
anterior superior alveolar n. aorticorenal ganglion
infraorbital n.
dental plexus
none
auriculotempo ral n.
preganglionic sympathetic via the lesser thoracic splanchnic n. mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3)
brs. to the renal plexus
vascular smooth muscle of the brs. of the renal aa.
parotid brs., articular brs., anterior auricular brs.
secretomotor to the parotid gland by carrying postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion;
maxillary canine and incisor teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus pain from the kidney, suprarenal gland, upper ureter skin of anterior ear and the skin anterosuperior to the ear; part of the external auditory
axillary n.
brachial cutaneous, inferior lateral brachial cutaneous, medial brachial cutaneous, posterior brachial plexus
posterior cord of the brachial plexus radial n. via its posterior antebrachial cutaneous be. medial cord of the brachial plexus radial
superior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve no named branches
[preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in the lesser petrosal br. of the glossopharyngeal n. (IX)] deltoid, teres minor
meatus; temporomandibula r joint
skin of the upper lateral arm skin of the lateral side of the distal arm skin of the medial side of the arm skin of the posterior arm skin of the upper limb
axillary n. is endangered by surgical neck fractures emerges at the lateral intermuscular septum just below the deltoid m. communicates with the intercostobrachial n. emerges medial to the long head of the triceps brachii muscle plexus is a latin word meaning "braid"; axons from spinal cord levels C5T1 are mixed (braided) in the brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that each branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental levels not a motor nerve; easily confused with the buccal branch of the facial n. not a sensory nerve; easily confused with the buccal branch of the trigeminal n.
none
no named branches
none
no named branches
none
dorsal scapular, long thoracic, n. to subclavius, suprascapular, lateral and medial pectoral, medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous, upper, middle and lower subscapular, musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, axillary, radial no named branches
buccal branch of the trigeminal n. buccal branches of the facial n.
mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) facial n. (VII)
no motor branches
no sensory branches
C1 spinal n.
C2 spinal n.
contributes to the superior root of the ansa cervicalis; brs. to: rectus capitis anterior and lateralis mm., longus capitis m. contributes to: superior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis, lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse
zygomaticus major & minor, buccinator, orbicularis oris, levator anguli oris, levator labii superioris & alaque nasi, risorius, procerus, nasalis rectus capitis anterior and lateralis, longus capitis, omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, geniohyoid omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, longus capitis and longus colli
skin of the cheek, mucosa lining the cheek no sensory branches
none
skin behind the ear and on the neck below the mandible;
cervical n.; brs. to: longus capitis & colli, sternocleidomastoid C3 ventral primary ramus C3 spinal n. contributes to: inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, great auricular n., transverse cervical n., supraclavicular nn., phrenic n.; brs. to: longus capitis & colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, trapezius contributes to: supraclavicular nn., phrenic n.; brs. to: longus colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, trapezius contributes to: phrenic n., long thoracic n. omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, longus capitis & colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, respiratory diaphragm
proprioception from the sternocleidomastoi d m. skin of the anterolateral neck; proprioception from the sternocleidomastoi d m. and the trapezius m skin of the root of the neck and the upper shoulder; proprioception from the trapezius m. skin of the ventral arm and ventral forearm skin of the lateral side of the upper limb skin of the posterior side of the upper limb skin of the medial side of the upper limb pain from the heart and lungs
C4 spinal n.
C5 spinal n.
C6 spinal n.
respiratory diaphragm, scalene mm., muscles of the shoulder and upper arm scalene mm., muscles of the lower shoulder and arm muscles of the lower shoulder, arm forearm muscles of the forearm and hand
C7 ventral primary ramus C8 ventral primary ramus
C7 spinal n.
joins the ventral primary ramus of C6 to form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus joins the ventral primary ramus of C5 to form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus continues as the middle trunk of the brachial plexus joins the ventral primary ramus of T1 to form the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus cardiac plexus is continuous with the coronary and pulmonary plexuses; thoracic visceral nn. carry pain from the heart to the upper thoracic spinal cord segments resulting in pain referred to the left upper limb in the T1 and T2 dermatomes
C8 spinal n.
cardiac plexus
cardiac brs. of the vagus n. and cervical sympathetic trunk; thoracic visceral nn.
no named branches
moderates heart muscle (parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of contraction; sympathetic: increases rate and force of contraction); vascular smooth muscle of the heart & lungs (sympathetic); smooth muscle & mucous glands of bronchial tree (parasympathetic)
cardiac, sympathetic
cervical sympathetic trunk
no named branches
cardiac, vagal
vagus n. (X)
no named branches
carotid body, n. to
no named branches
heart (sympathetic: increases rate and force of contraction, parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of contraction); bronchial tree & lungs via pulmonary plexus heart (parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of contraction; sympathetic: increases rate and force of contraction); bronchial tree and lungs via pulmonary plexus none
cervical sympathetic trunk usually gives 3 cervical cardiac brs. l (superior, middle and inferior) to the cardiac plexus
vagus n. has 2 cervical cardiac brs. (superior and inferior) and 1 or more thoracic cardiac brs.
carotid plexus, external
carotid plexus, internal
superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the external carotid n. superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the internal carotid n.
vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands of face & upper neck vascular smooth muscle of the brain, orbit, forehead, upper nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and anterior scalp; sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m. vascular smooth muscle of the internal carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the forehead vascular smooth muscle of the external carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the face and
none
chemoreception (blood pH) in carotid body; blood pressure receptors in carotid sinus; both located near the bifurcation of the common carotid a.; the vagus n. (X) may share a role in this innervation postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck
most distribute along the brs. of the internal carotid artery, although the deep petrosal n. is an exception because it runs a short course independent of an artery
none
carotid, external
none
carotid, internal
none
there may be two or more external carotid nn. that join the external carotid plexus from the superior cervical ganglion internal carotid n. appears to be the upward continuation of the sypathetic trunk
celiac ganglion
preganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the greater thoracic splanchnic n.
scalp vascular smooth muscle of the brs. of the celiac trunk
pain from the stomach, liver & biliary system, spleen, upper half of the duodenum & pancreas
cervical plexus
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C1-C4
cervicofacial division
facial (VII)
brs. to: longus colli & capitis, sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m., levator scapulae m., scalenus medius m., rectus capitis anterior and lateralis mm.; superior & inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, n. to the thyrohyoid m., n. to the geniohyoid m., lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse cervical n., supraclavicular nn. (medial, intermediate and lateral), contributions to the phrenic n. from C3 and C4 buccal br., marginal mandibular br., cervical br.
longus colli & capitis mm., rectus capitis anterior & lateralis mm., infrahyoid mm., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m., respiratory diaphragm
a sympathetic ganglion; usually 2 celiac ganglia are located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the celiac trunk; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through the celiac ganglion without synapsing close association of the supraclavicular nn. to the phrenic n. results in pain from the respiratory diaphragm referred to the shoulder
muscles of facial expression of the lower part of the face; platysma m. secretomotor to the submandibular and sublingual glands (it carries preganglionic parasympathetic axons to the submandibular ganglion) sphincter pupillae m., ciliary m. of the eye
none
chorda tympani
facial (VII)
no named branches
taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
cervicofacial division usually forms a loop by communication with the temporofacial division of the facial n. chorda tympani joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa and continues with it to the tongue
ciliary ganglion
none
a parasympathetic ganglion; ciliary ganglion is located on the lateral side of the optic n. near the apex of the orbit; sensory and sympathetic axons pass through the ciliary ganglion without synapse the sensory root is carried via the nasociliary n.and
ciliary, long ciliary, short
nasociliary ciliary ganglion: sensory root from the nasociliary n.(a branch of V1); sympathetic root from the internal carotid plexus; parasympathetic root - from the inferior division of the oculomotor n. (III) posterior femoral cutaneous n. lateral cutaneous branches of the dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves S1-3 lateral cutaneous branches of the dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves S1-3 ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S4, S5, C1 sacral plexus (brs. of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3S4) vestibulocochlear n. splanchnic nn. (thoracic, lumbar)
no named branches multiple short ciliary nn. which leave the ciliary ganglion anteriorly
none sphincter pupillae & ciliary mm. (parasympathetic), dilator pupillae (sympathetic)
eyeball (GSA) eyeball (GSA)
the sympathetic root arrives in the orbit via the internal carotid a. these nerves bypass the ciliary ganglion short ciliary nn. are mixed nerves which contain sensory and 2 types of autonomic nerve fibers; postganglionic parasympathetic neurons whose axons are located in these nerves have their cell bodies located in the ciliary ganglion
cluneal, inferior cluneal, middle
none none
skin of the lower part of the buttock skin of the intermediate medial portion of the buttock skin of the superomedial portion of the buttock skin of the region overlying the coccyx none
"clunis" is a Latin word meaning buttock "clunis" is a Latin word meaning buttock
cluneal, superior
no named branches
none
coccygeal plexus
anococcygeal n.
none
coccygeus m., n. to
no named branches
only part of the S4 ventral primary ramus is contributed to the coccygeal plexus nerve to coccygeus enters the muscle on its pelvic surface
cochlear n.
no named branches
none
hearing (SSA)
collateral ganglia
exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing into the internal acoustic meatus sympathetic ganglia; also known as: preaortic ganglia which include: celiac, aorticorenal, superior &
common fibular n.
sciatic n.
lateral sural cutaneous n., superficial and deep fibular nn.
common palmar digital nn.
common plantar digital nn.
medial plantar n. (1st-3rd); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (4th) nuclei located in the brain, branistem and upper cervical spinal cord
superficial fibular n.: muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (fibularis longus and brevis mm.); deep fibular n.: muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (tibialis anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.) sympathetic motor to the skin; motor nn. to the 1st & 2nd lumbrical mm. are carried on common palmar digital brs. of the median n. 1st lumbrical m.
superficial fibular n.: distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the leg, dorsum of the foot excluding the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe and distal interphalangeal segments of all toes; deep fibular n.: skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe skin of the palmar surfaces of the adjacent sides of two digits
inferior mesenteric; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through but do not synapse in collateral ganglia "peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by "fibular"
the proper branches of these nerves also supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
cranial nn.
12 pairs: olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
deep fibular n.
common fibular n.
eye muscles, muscles of mastication, middle ear, face, tongue, pharynx, larynx, most suprahyoid muscles, sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m., smooth muscle of the gut, cardiac muscle, bronchial smooth muscle, salivary, lacrimal and mucous glands in the head and neck; glands of digestive system muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg
skin of the plantar surface of the toes (except the medial side of the great toe and the lateral side of the 5th toe) smell, vision, taste, hearing, balance, general sensation form the skin of the face, sense from viscera of the head, neck, thorax and abdomen (proximal to the splenic flexure)
the dorsal surfaces of the distal tips of the toes (nail bed regions) are supplied by the proper plantar digital brs. of these nn. details about each cranial nerve may be found elsewhere in this chart
skin of the web between the great
"peroneal" is old terminology which has
(tibialis anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.)
toe and the 2nd toe
deep petrosal n.
no named branches
none
deep radial n.
radial n.
extensor carpi radialis brevis m., supinator m., extensor digitorum m., extensor digiti minimi m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis longus m. extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m.
digastric m., posterior belly, n. to
facial n. (VII)
no named branches
none
digital, common palmar
sympathetic motor to the skin; motor nn. to the 1st & 2nd lumbrical mm. are carried on common
skin of the palmar surfaces of the adjacent sides of two digits
been replaced by "fibular"; anterior compartment syndrome - trauma to the anterior side of the leg can result in pressure buildup in the anterior compartment (from swelling or bleeding) that can damage the deep fibular n., resulting in "foot drop" deep petrosal n. joins the greater petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the deep petrosal n. contains postganglionic sympathetic axons (synapse occurred in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion) deep radial n. passes through the supinator m.; some authors believe that the posterior interosseous n. and the deep radial n. are synonymous, others say that when the deep radial n. emerges from the supinator in the posterior forearm it becomes the posterior interosseous n., and others say that the deep radial n. does not become the posterior interosseous n. until after its last muscular br. has been given off the anterior belly of the digastric m. is formed by mesenchyme from the 1st pharyngeal arch and is supplied by the n. to the mylohyoid m. (V3) the proper branches of these nerves also supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
digital, common plantar
medial plantar n. (1st-3rd); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (4th) radial n.
palmar digital brs. of the median n. 1st lumbrical m.
digital, dorsal
no named branches
digital, proper palmar
no named branches
digital, proper plantar
dorsal branch of the ulnar n.
common plantar digital; medial plantar n. (to the medial side of the great toe); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (to the lateral side of the 5th toe) ulnar n.
no named branches
skin of the plantar surface of the toes (except the medial side of the great toe and the lateral side of the 5th toe) dorsal skin of the lateral 3 1/2 digits, except the nail bed median: palmar skin and nail bed of digits 1-3 and the lateral side of 4th digit; ulnar: palmar and dorsal skin on medial side of the 4th digit and all of the 5th digit skin of the plantar surface of the toes and dorsal surface of the distal interphalangeal segment
the dorsal surfaces of the distal tips of the toes (nail bed regions) are supplied by the proper plantar digital brs. of these nn. the nail bed is supplied by palmar digital nn.
the nail bed is supplied by the proper plantar digital nn.
dorsal digital
dorsal digital n.
radial n.
no named branches
dorsal n., of the clitoris dorsal n., of the penis
pudendal n. pudendal n.
sympathetic motor innervation to skin sympathetic motor innervation to skin
skin of the dorsal surface of the medial 1 1/2 digits; skin of the medial side of the back of the hand dorsal skin of the lateral 3 1/2 digits, except the nail bed skin of the shaft of the clitoris skin of the shaft of the penis
dorsal branch of the ulnar n. emerges at the level of the ulnar styloid process
the nail bed is supplied by palmar digital nn.
the terminal branch of the pudendal n. the terminal branch of the pudendal n.
dorsal primary ramus
numerous
to the deep back mm.; sympathetic innervation to the skin
dorsal root
from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to the spinal nerve dorsal rootlets
none
none
dorsal rootlets
none
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the back general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) one dermatome
dorsal scapular n. esophageal plexus
brachial plexus (br. of C5 ventral primary ramus) right and left vagus (X) nn.; thoracic visceral brs. of the sympathetic trunk
no named branches
ethmoidal, anterior
nasociliary n.
rhomboideus major and minor mm.; levator scapulae m. preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the vagus n. supply smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic esophagus and abdominal gut and its derivatives proximal to the left colic flexure; postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic visceral brs. supply vascular smooth muscle in the esophageal vessels none
none
dorsal root is entirely sensory in function; it is located dorsal to the denticulate ligament a sensory ganglion; located in the intervertebral foramen of the vertebral column on the dorsal root one per spinal nerve; location of the cell bodies of somatic afferent (sensory) neurons dorsal scapular n. passes through the scalenus medius m. during development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus rotate 90 to the right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal trunks
ethmoidal, posterior
nasociliary n.
no named branches
none
mucous membrane lining the anterior ethmoid air cells and upper anterior part of the nasal cavity; skin of the lower half of the nose mucous membrane lining the posterior ethmoid air cells
anterior ethmoidal n. passes from the orbit into the anterior ethmoidal foramen, passes through the cribriform plate, passes anteriorly on cribriform plate, then exits the cranial cavity through the ethmoid fissure into the nasal cavity posterior ethmoidal n. exits the orbit by passing through the posterior ethmoid foramen
external carotid n.
external carotid plexus
facial n.
superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the external carotid n. pons and medulla: nucleus solitarius of medulla via nervus intermedius (SVA sensory root) from geniculate ganglion; superior salivatory nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) of pons via nervus intermedius; facial motor nucleus of pons via motor root
vascular smooth muscle of the internal carotid system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the forehead vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands of face & upper neck stapedius m., stylohyoid m., posterior belly of digastric m., muscles of facial expression; secretomotor to lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual, and mucous glands of the nasal and oral cavities
and sphenoid sinus none
none
there may be two or more external carotid nn. that join the external carotid plexus from the superior cervical ganglion postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck also known as: CN VII, 7th cranial nerve; exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing into the internal acoustic meatus, goes through the facial canal; motor to muscles of facial expression exits the skull at the stylomastoid foramen
femoral cutaneous, anterior femoral cutaneous, lateral femoral cutaneous, posterior femoral n.
femoral
greater petrosal n. (preganglionic parasympathetic to pterygopalatine ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic travels with brs. of maxillary division of V), chorda tympani (SVA taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue; preganglionic parasympathetic to the submandibular ganglion, postganglionic parasympathetic to the submandibular and sublingual glands), n. to stapedius, posterior auricular n., intraparotid plexus with temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular & cervical brs. no named branches
taste (SVA) from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue; part of the skin of the external auditory meatus
sympathetic motor innervation to skin sympathetic motor innervation to skin
skin of the anterior thigh skin of the lateral thigh
lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2-L3) sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S3) lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal
cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin passes under inguinal ligament lateral to femoral a.
skin of the lower buttock & posterior thigh skin of anterior thigh
anterior femoral cutaneous brs., nn. to: sartorius m., rectus femoris m., vastus
sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus
nerves L2-L4)
fibular, common
sciatic n.
lateralis m., vastus intermedius m., vastus medialis m., pectineus m. lateral sural cutaneous n., superficial and deep fibular nn.
medialis, pectineus
fibular, deep
common fibular n.
superficial fibular n.: muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (fibularis longus and brevis mm.); deep fibular n.: muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (tibialis anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.) muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (tibialis anterior m., extensor hallucis longus m., extensor digitorum longus m., fibularis tertius m.) and muscles of the dorsum of the foot (extensor digitorum brevis m.and extensor hallucis brevis m.)
superficial fibular n.: distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the leg, dorsum of the foot excluding the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe and distal interphalangeal segments of all toes; deep fibular n.: skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe
"peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by "fibular"
fibular, superficial
common fibular n.
frontal
supraorbital n., supratrochlear n.
none
distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the leg; dorsum of the foot excluding the skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe and the distal interphalangeal segments of all toes skin of the forehead and the medial part of the upper eyelid;
"peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by "fibular"; anterior compartment syndrome - trauma to the anterior side of the leg can result in pressure buildup in the anterior compartment (from swelling or bleeding) that can damage the deep fibular n., resulting in "foot drop" "peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by "fibular"; the nail beds are supplied by nerves from the plantar surface of the foot
the most superior linear structure within the orbit
ganglia, collateral
splanchnic nn. (thoracic, lumbar)
mucous membrane of the frontal sinus pain from the abdominopelvic viscera
ganglia, myenteric
ganglia, preaortic
preganglionic parasympathetic via anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) splanchnic nn.
none
sympathetic ganglia; also known as: preaortic ganglia which include: celiac, aorticorenal, superior & inferior mesenteric; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through but do not synapse in collateral ganglia minute ganglia located within the myenteric plexus; parasympathetic terminal ganglia
ganglia, submucosal of the gut
preganglionic parasympathetic arrive via branches of the anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the
none
also known as: collateral ganglia which include the celiac ganglion, aorticorenal ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesenteric ganglion; preganglionic parasympathetic axons of vagal trunk origin pass through the preaortic ganglia but do not synapse there terminal parasympathetic ganglia; parasympathetic terminal ganglia; also known as: Meissner's plexus
ganglia, sympathetic chain
left colic flexure) preganglionic sympathetic fibers arrive via white rami communicantes of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1-L2
pain from viscera
ganglion, celiac
preganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the greater thoracic splanchnic n.
pain from the stomach, liver & biliary system, spleen, upper half of the duodenum & pancreas
ganglion, ciliary
sphincter pupillae m., ciliary m. of the eye
none
ganglion, dorsal root
dorsal rootlets
dorsal rootlets
none
one dermatome
ganglion, geniculate
none
located lateral to the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax & abdominopelvic cavity; the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers are also known as the sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2 a sympathetic ganglion; usually 2 celiac ganglia are located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the celiac trunk; brs. of the vagal trunks pass through the celiac ganglion without synapsing a parasympathetic ganglion; ciliary ganglion is located on the lateral side of the optic n. near the apex of the orbit; sensory and sympathetic axons pass through the ciliary ganglion without synapse the sensory root is carried via the nasociliary n.and the sympathetic root arrives in the orbit via the internal carotid a. a sensory ganglion; located in the intervertebral foramen of the vertebral column on the dorsal root one per spinal nerve; location of the cell bodies of somatic afferent (sensory) neurons a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; some
preganglionic sympathetic axons from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic n. preganglionic parasympathetic via the lesser petrosal, from the tympanic n. of the glossopharyngeal n. (IX) preganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from greater petrosal n. of the facial n (VII); postganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from the deep petrosal n.
ganglion, otic
postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute with the parotid brs. of the auriculotemporal n. (from V3)
none
taste from the palate travels through the greater petrosal n. to the geniculate ganglion; located in the facial canal within the petrous portion of the temporal bone a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large one a parasympathetic ganglion; the otic ganglion hangs off of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) inferomedial to the foramen ovale a parasympathetic ganglion; the pterygopalatine ganglion hangs off of the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) within the pterygopalatine fossa; preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n. synapse here; postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing (they synapse in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion) a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; also known as. trigeminal or Gasserian ganglion
ganglion, pterygopalatin e
none
ganglion, semilunar
none
skin of the face, mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities, mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue (GSA
ganglion, spiral ganglion, stellate
fibers of the cochlear hair cells neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord level T1
only) hearing (SSA) pain from lungs
a sensory ganglion of the cochlear part of CN VIII a sympathetic ganglion; stellate ganglion is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the T1 ganglion of the sympathetic trunk a parasympathetic ganglion; submandibular ganglion is suspended from the lingual n. near the deep part of the submandibular gland
ganglion, submandibular
ganglion, superior mesenteric
preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the chorda tympani (accompanying the lingual n. from the mandibular division of the trigeminal n.) preganglionic sympathetic axons from the celiac plexus
postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute either directly, or with branches of the lingual n. to the submandibular and sublingual glands
none
geniculate ganglion
none
pain from the lower half of the pancreas and duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and transverse colon taste (SVA) from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the superior mesenteric a.
geniohyoid m., n. to
C1 fibers from the superior root of the ansa cervicalis lumbar plexus (ventral primary
no named branches
geniohyoid m.
none
genitofemoral n.
cremaster m.
skin of the anterior scrotum/labia
a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; some taste from the palate travels through the greater petrosal n. to the geniculate ganglion; located in the facial canal within the petrous portion of the temporal bone nerve to the geniohyoid m. travels with the hypoglossal nerve for a short distance in the superior neck genitofemoral n. lies on the anterior surface of the
rami of spinal nerves L1-L2)
majora & upper medial thigh
glossopharyng eal n.
gluteal, inferior
gluteal, superior
gray ramus communicans
medulla: spinal trigeminal nucleus from the superior ganglion (GVA); nucleus solitarius from the inferior ganglion (SVA); nucleus ambiguus (GVA); inferior salivatory nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L5, S1-S2) sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5, S1) cell bodies located in the sympathetic chain ganglia
tympanic nerve to the tympanic plexus and lesser petrosal n., carotid sinus n., stylopharyngeus brs., pharyngeal brs.
GSE: stylopharyngeus; GVE: secretomotor to the parotid gland (preganglionic parasympathetic via the tympanic n. to the lesser petrosal n. to the otic ganglion; postganglionic parasympathetic via the auriculotemporal n.)
GVA: carotid body, carotid sinus, pharynx, middle ear; GSA: skin of the external ear; SVA: taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
psoas major in the abdomen; the genital br. passes through the deep inguinal ring and inguinal canal; brushing the thigh elicits an elevation of the testis via the cremasteric reflex also known as: CN IX, 9th cranial nerve; the glossopharyngeal n. exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing through the jugular foramen;it may penetrate the stylopharyngeus m.
no named branches
gluteus maximus m.
none
gluteus medius m., gluteus minimus m., tensor fasciae latae m. carries postganglionic sympathetic axons to the spinal nerve; spinal nerve will carry those axons peripherally to the skin, blood vessels, etc. none
none
none
none
inferior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis m. superior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis m. gray rami communicantes connect the sympathetic chain to spinal nerves at all vertebral levels
great auricular n.
greater occipital n.
greater palatine n.
cervical plexus (contributions from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C2&C3) dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C2 (medial br.) maxillary division of the trigeminal
mastoid n., auricular n.
skin of the ear and skin below the ear
the great auricular n. crosses the superficial surface of the sternocleidomastoid m.
no named branches
skin of the posterior surface of the scalp mucous membrane of the
muscles innervated by this nerve develop from epimeres in the embryo greater palatine n. passes through the greater
none
n. (V2)
greater petrosal n.
facial (VII)
no named branches
inferior part of the lateral nasal wall; mucosa of the hard palate none
palatine canal and foramen
greater thoracic splanchnic n.
hypogastric n.
neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord levels T5-T9; the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve appears to arise by multiple contributions from the sympathetic trunk superior hypogastric plexus
no named branches
celiac ganglion; preganglionic fibers supply the adrenal medulla which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood
pain from the abdominal viscera
supplies vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera
hypogastric nn. and sacral splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4)
greater petrosal n. joins the deep petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the greater petrosal n. contains: preganglionic parasympathetic axons bound for the pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse; it passes through the hiatus of canal of greater petrosal n. in the petrous part of the temporal bone greater thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the celiac ganglion spread down the aorta and distribute with its branches; they innervate the vascular smooth of these vessels and vascular smooth muscle of the organs supplied paired; hypogastric n. lies inferior to the common iliac vessels; it contains postganglionic sympathetic axons inferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall
hypoglossal n.
intermesenteric plexus and lumbar splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons) medulla: hypoglossal nucleus
superior hypogastric plexus is the continuation of the intermesenteric plexus; it crosses the pelvic brim
no named branches; branches of the ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C1 are carried by this nerve and are not considered to be branches of the hypoglossal nerve
intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue (except the palatoglossus m.)
none
iliohypogastric n.
ilioinguinal n.
lumbar plexus (ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve L1) lumbar plexus (ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve L1) mandibular division of the trigeminal n.(V3)
inferior alveolar n.
skin of the lower abdominal wall, upper hip and upper thigh skin of the lower abdominal wall and anterior scrotum/labium majus teeth of the mandible; skin of the chin
also known as: CN XII, 12th cranial nerve; the hypoglossal n. exits the posterior cranial fossa by passing through the hypoglossal canal; the superior root of the ansa cervicalis travels with the hypoglossal n. for a short distance iliohypogastric n. receives a contribution from T12 in approximately 50% of cases ilioinguinal n. courses through the inguinal canal and superficial inguinal ring
inferior gluteal n.
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L5, S1-S2) hypogastric nn. and sacral splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ventral primary
no named branches
gluteus maximus m.
none
inferior alveolar n. passes through the mandibular canal; the mental n. is its terminal branch which emerges through the mental foramen inferior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen inferior to the piriformis m. inferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall
inferior laryngeal n.
rami of spinal nerves S2-S4) recurrent laryngeal br. of the vagus n. (X)
no named branches
inferior lateral brachial cutaneous n. inferior mesenteric ganglion
radial n. via its posterior antebrachial cutaneous be. preganglionic sympathetic axons from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic n. intermesenteric plexus
no named branches
all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid; those muscles are: thyroarytenoid, oblique and transverse arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid, aryepiglottic, thyroepiglottic, vocalis; secretomotor to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold none
inferior laryngeal n. is the continuation of the recurrent laryngeal n., the name change occurs at the cricothyroid articulation
skin of the lateral side of the distal arm pain from descending colon and sigmoid colon; pain from upper rectum
emerges at the lateral intermuscular septum just below the deltoid m. a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large one inferior mesenteric plexus contains no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall parasympathetic root carries GVE (preganglionic parasympathetic axons) to the ciliary ganglion - short ciliary nn. carry the postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ciliary ganglion to the eyeball inferior rectal nerve is one of the first branches of the pudendal n. infraorbital n.passes
sympathetic: smooth muscle of the vessels supplying the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum preganglionic parasympathetic supply to the ciliary ganglion for innervation of the sphincter pupillae m. and ciliary m.; inferior oblique m.
inferior oblique, nerve to
inferior branch of the oculomotor n.
parasympathetic root to the ciliary ganglion
none
inferior rectal n. infraorbital n.
pudendal n.
no named branches
external anal sphincter
skin of the anus
maxillary division
middle alveolar n., anterior
none
mucous
of the trigeminal n.(V2)
superior alveolar n.
infratrochlear n.
nasociliary br. of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)
no named branches
none
intercostal n.
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1-T11
lateral & anterior cutaneous brs.
intercostal muscles; abdominal wall muscles (via T7-T11); muscles of the forearm and hand (via T1) sympathetic motor innervation to skin
intercostobrac hial n.
intermediate supraclavicula r n. intermesenteri c plexus
also known as the lateral cutaneous br. of the ventral primary ramus of T2 cervical plexus (C3&C4)
no named branches
membrane of the maxillary sinus; upper premolar, canine and incisor teeth; maxillary gingiva; skin of the lateral nose, lower eyelid, upper lip and zygomatic region skin and conjunctiva of the medial upper and lower eyelids; skin of the lateral surface of the nose skin of the chest and abdomen anterolaterally; skin of the medial side of the upper limb (via T1-T2) skin of the medial side of the arm
through the infraorbital groove, canal and foramen
infratrochlear n. passes inferior to the trochlea (pulley) of the superior oblique m.
intercostal n.travels below the posterior intercostal a. in the costal groove
intercostobrachial n. communicates with the medial brachial cutaneous nerve pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder intermesenteric plexus is continuous with the superior mesenteric plexus; it continues inferiorly as the inferior mesenteric plexus and superior hypogastric plexus; intermesenteric plexus does not carry vagal parasympathetic fibers; located anterior to the abdominal aorta between the superior and inferior mesenteric aa. internal carotid n. appears to be the upward
no named branches
none
sympathetic: smooth muscle of vessels supplying the gut distal to the left colic flexure
skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, near the mid-clavicle pain from the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum
internal carotid n.
superior cervical sympathetic
vascular smooth muscle of the external carotid
none
ganglion
interosseous, anterior
median n.
no named branches
interosseous, posterior
deep radial n.
no named branches
system of vessels; sweat glands, arrector pili mm. of the skin of the face and scalp vascular smooth muscle of the brain, orbit, forehead, upper nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and anterior scalp; sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m. flexor pollicis longus m., radial half of flexor digitorum profundus m., pronator quadratus m. some authors say none, others say the deep posterior forearm muscles
continuation of the sypathetic trunk
none
postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck
none
courses along the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane there is variability in the definition of this nerve; for some, deep radial and posterior interosseous are synonymous; others define this nerve as the articular br. to the wrist from the deep radial communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n. lacrimal n. carries the postganglionic parasympathetic axons from the zygomaticotemporal br. of the maxillary n. that originate in the pterygopalatine ganglion inferior laryngeal n. is the continuation of the recurrent laryngeal n., the name change occurs at the cricothyroid articulation
none
labial, anterior
ilioinguinal n.
no named branches
none
labial, posterior lacrimal n.
perineal n. (a branch of the pudendal n.) ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)
no named branches
none
no named branches
carries secretomotor axons to the lacrimal gland
skin of the anterior aspect of the labium majus skin of the posterior aspect of the labium majus skin of the lateral portion of the upper eye lid and its associated conjunctiva
laryngeal, inferior
no named branches
all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid; those muscles are: thyroarytenoid, oblique and transverse arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid, aryepiglottic,
laryngeal, recurrent
vagus n. (X)
laryngeal, superior
vagus n. (X)
lateral antebrachial cutaneous
musculocutaneou s n.
thyroepiglottic, vocalis; secretomotor to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold upper esophagus, lower pharynx, laryngeal mm. (except cricopharyngeus); smooth muscle of the trachea; secretomotor to mucosal glands in the upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal fold, trachea; cardiac muscle of the heart (slows heart rate, decreases force of contraction) cricothyroid m., inferior pharyngeal constrictor m.; secretomotor to mucosal glands of the larynx above the vocal folds none
right recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the right subclavian a.; left recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum; the inferior laryngeal br. supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid m.
mucous membrane of the larynx above the vocal folds skin of the lateral side of the forearm
lateral femoral cutaneous n.
lateral pectoral n.
lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2-L3) lateral cord of the brachial plexus
external br. supplies the cricothyroid m.; all other intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n. lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. emerges from the lateral intermuscular interval between biceps and brachialis; it is the continuation of the musculocutaneous n. cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin lateral pectoral n. communicates with the medial pectoral n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the clavipectoral fascia lateral plantar n. accompanies the lateral plantar a. though the sole of the foot
no named branches
pectoralis major m.
lateral plantar n.
tibial n.
quadratus plantae m., abductor digiti minimi m., flexor digiti minimi brevis m., lateral 3 lumbrical mm., adductor hallucis m., plantar & dorsal interosseous mm.
skin of the lateral side of the plantar surface of the foot; skin of the plantar surface of the lateral 1 1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes)
lateral supraclavicula r n. lateral sural cutaneous n.
cervical plexus (C3&C4) common fibular n.
no named branches
none
none
skin of the root of the neck and upper shoulder skin of the lateral side of the leg
least thoracic splanchnic n.
lesser occipital n. lesser palatine n.
neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord level T12 ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C2 maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)
no named branches
renal plexus
no named branches
none
skin behind the ear mucous membrane of the soft palate and posterior hard palate none
pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder contains postganglionic sympathetic axons for supply of sweat glands, arrector pili mm. and blood vessels least thoracic splanchnic n.pass through the crus of the diaphragm; it synapses in minute ganglia located in the renal plexus lesser occipital n. arises from the cervical plexus lesser palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and lesser palatine foramen lesser petrosal n. synapses in the otic ganglion and postganglionic axons distribute to the parotid gland by joining the auriculotemporal n. lesser thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the ganglion supply vascular smooth muscle of branches of the renal a. and suprarenal aa.; kidney and suprarenal gland
no named branches
none
lesser petrosal n.
otic ganglion
lesser thoracic splanchnic n.
lingual n.
neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord levels T10-T11; the lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve appears to arise by multiple contributions from the sympathetic trunk mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3)
no named branches
no named branches
none
general sense from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and floor of the mouth
lingual n. is joined by the chorda tympani (taste and preganglionic parasympathetic) from the facial n. in the infratemporal fossa; the submandibular ganglion hangs from the lingual
long ciliary n. long thoracic n.
nasociliary brachial plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C5-C7)
none serratus anterior m.
eyeball (GSA) no cutaneous branches
lower subscapular n.
posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C5, C6) ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L1-L5
lumbar n.
lumbar plexus
branches of the lumbar plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m. no named branches
nerve in the paralingual space these nerves bypass the ciliary ganglion located on the superficial surface of the serratus anterior m.; lesion of this nerve causes scapular winging, hence the saying "C5, 6, & 7 keep the wings from heaven" subscapularis and teres major are antagonists (medial rotation vs. lateral rotation of the humerus) lumbar nn. enter into the formation of the lumbar and sacral plexuses and do not give branches directly to muscles or skin lumbar plexus is noted for its variable branching pattern of nerves that supply the abdominal wall
lumbosacral plexus
branches of the lumbosacral plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the
muscles of the lower abdominal wall; cremaster m., psoas major and minor mm., quadratus lumborum m., iliacus m.; muscles of the anterior and medial thigh and hip, muscles of the
skin of the lower abdominal wall, skin of the anterior scrotum/labium majus, skin of the anterior and medial thigh and lateral hip' skin of
lumbosacral trunk
mandibular division of the trigeminal n.
part of the ventral primary ramus of L4 united with the ventral primary ramus of L5 trigeminal ganglion; motor root arises from the pons
psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m., superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to the obturator internus m., n. to the quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to the piriformis m., posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to the pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. no named branches; it contributes to the formation of the sacral plexus
pelvic & urogenital diaphragm, posterior hip, posterior thigh, leg and foot
the perineum, posterior thigh, leg and foot
see sacral plexus
meningeal br., medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid nn., masseteric n., anterior and posterior deep temporal nn., buccal n., auriculotemporal n., lingual n., inferior alveolar n.
SVE: mylohyoid m., anterior belly of the digastric m.; tensor tympani m., tensor veli palatini m.; muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid)
GSA: skin of the lower lip and jaw extending superiorly above level of the ear; mucous membrane of the tongue and floor of the mouth; lower teeth and gingiva of the mandibular alveolar arch
mandibular, marginal
facial n. (cervicofacial division)
no named branches
orbicularis oris m., depressor anguli oris m., depressor labii inferioris m., mentalis m. masseter m.
none
masseteric n.
mandibular division of the trigeminal n. trigeminal
no named branches
none
maxillary
meningeal br., posterior
none
GSA: skin of the
also known as: V3; passes through the foramen ovale to exit the middle cranial fossa; the otic ganglion is associated with the medial side of V3 below the foramen ovale; the auriculotemporal n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the parotid gland; the submandibular ganglion is associated withe the lingual n. near the submandibular gland; postganglionic parasympathetics from the submandibular ganglion supply the submandibular gland and the sublingual gland branches of the facial nerve innervate muscles derived from the mesenchyme of the second pharygeal arch masseteric n. passes over the mandibular notch to reach the deep surface of the masseter m. also known as: V2;
division of the trigeminal n.
ganglion
superior alveolar n., pharyngeal, posterior superior medial and lateral nasal brs., nasopalatine n., greater and lesser palatine nn., zygomatic n., infraorbital n.
upper lip, cheek, lower eyelid; mucous membrane of the palate; teeth and gingiva of the maxillary alveolar arch; the mucous membrane lining most of the nasal cavity; the mucous membrane lining the maxillary sinus
medial antebrachial cutaneous n. medial brachial cutaneous n. medial pectoral n.
no named branches
none
medial cord of the brachial plexus medial cord of the brachial plexus
no named branches
none
skin of the medial side of the arm no cutaneous branches
maxillary division of the trigeminal n. passes through the foramen rotundum to enter the pterygopalatine fossa; the pterygopalatine ganglion is associated with it in the pterygopalatine fossa; postganglionic parasympathetic fibers distribute with branches of the maxillary division to mucous glands of the nasal cavity and palate; the zygomatic n. & its brs. carry postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the orbit to reach the lacrimal n. and lacrimal gland medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve travels with the basilic vein for part of its course communicates with the intercostobrachial n. medial pectoral n. communicates with the lateral pectoral n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the pectoralis minor m. medial plantar n. accompanies the medial plantar a. though the sole of the foot
no named branches
medial plantar n.
tibial n.
plantar cutaneous brs.; proper plantar digital n. (medial side of the great toe); common plantar digital nn. (1st-3rd)
abductor hallucis m., flexor hallucis brevis m., flexor digitorum brevis m., 1st lumbrical m.
medial supraclavicula r n. medial sural cutaneous n.
no named branches
none
tibial n.
no named branches
none
skin of the medial side of the plantar surface of the foot; skin of the plantar surface of the medial 3 1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes) skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, anteriorly skin of the posterior surface of the leg; skin of
pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder unites with fibular communicating br. to form the sural n.
median n.
lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus
anterior interosseous n., palmar br., recurrent (motor) br., common palmar digital nn. (for digits 1-3)
mental n. mesenteric ganglion, inferior
inferior alveolar n. preganglionic sympathetic axons from the intermesenteric plexus and the 2nd lumbar splanchnic n. preganglionic sympathetic axons from the celiac plexus
no named branches contributes to the inferior mesenteric plexus; contributes to the superior hypogastric plexus
pronator teres m., flexor carpi radialis m., palmaris longus m., flexor digitorum superficialis m., flexor digitorum profundus m. (radial half), flexor pollicis longus m., pronator quadratus m., abductor pollicis brevis m., flexor pollicis brevis m., opponens pollicis m., lateral 2 lumbrical mm. none vascular smooth muscle of brs. of the inferior mesenteric a.
the lateral side of the foot skin of the radial half of the palm and palmar side of the lateral 3 1/2 digits (and nail bed for these digits)
the median n. is motor to the flexor muscles of the forearm (except flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial 1/2 of the flexor digitorum profundus),the muscles of the thenar compartment and the lateral 2 lumbricals
skin of the chin the lower lip pain from descending colon and sigmoid colon; pain from upper rectum
mesenteric ganglion, superior
sympathetic: smooth muscle of the vessels supplying the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum sympathetic: smooth muscle of vessels supplying the lower pancreas, lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon and most of the transverse colon;
pain from the lower half of the pancreas and duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and transverse colon pain from the descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum
mental n. passes through the mental foramen a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the inferior mesenteric a.; may be a series of small, indistinguishable ganglia rather than a single large one a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the superior mesenteric a.
mesenteric plexus, superior
inferior mesenteric plexus contains no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall superior mesenteric plexus contains a mixture of vagal (preganglionic parasympathetic) axons and postganglionic sympathetic axons
middle subscapular n. middle superior alveolar musculocutane ous n. myenteric ganglia
posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C7, C8) infraorbital n.
parasympathetic (vagus): smooth muscle in the gut wall of same distribution area latissimus dorsi m.
no cutaneous branches maxillary premolar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus skin of the lateral side of the forearm none
also called the thoracodorsal n. middle superior alveolar n. is enclosed in bone its entire length musculocutaneous n. passes through the coracobrachialis m. minute ganglia located within the myenteric plexus; parasympathetic terminal ganglia
dental plexus
none
lateral cord of the brachial plexus preganglionic parasympathetic via anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) preganglionic parasympathetic via anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) inferior alveolar n., a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)
lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. postganglionic parasympathetic via many short fibers
coracobrachialis m., biceps brachii m., brachialis m. smooth muscle of the gut wall
myenteric plexus
none
mylohyoid, n. to
no named branches
mylohyoid m., anterior belly of the digastric m.
none
nasociliary n.
communicating br. to the ciliary ganglion, long ciliary n., anterior and posterior ethmoidal nn., infratrochlear n.
none
eyeball, skin of the nose and medial sides of the eyelids; conjunctiva of the medial sides of the eyelids; mucous
n. to mylohyoid arises near the lingula of the mandible; course within the mylohyoid groove of the mandible the distribution of this nerve is indicated by its name - nasociliary
nasopalatine n.
no named branches
none
nervus intermedius
pons & medulla: nucleus solitarius of medulla (SVA sensory root) from geniculate ganglion; superior salivatory nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic) of pons
joins with the motor root to form the facial n. (VII); its fibers are contained in the greater petrosal n. and the chorda tympani
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L5-S2 ) lumbar plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L2-L4)
secretomotor to the lacrimal gland and mucous glands of the lower nasal cavity; secretomotor to the mucosa of the maxillary sinus and palate (synapse occurs at the pterygopalatine ganglion); secretomotor to submandibular and sublingual glands (synapse occurs at the submandibular ganglion) obturator internus m., superior gemellus m.
membranes of the upper nasal cavity, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses mucous membrane of the nasal septum; mucous membrane of the anterior portion of the palate taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
nasopalatine n. innervates the mucosa overlying the primary palate (development); it passes through two openings in bone: sphenopalatine foramen and incisive canal nervus intermedius occupies an intermediate position between the motor root of VII and cranial n. VIII when they enter the internal acoustic meatus
none
obturator n.
occipital, greater
occipital, lesser occipitalis tertius
dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C2 (medial br.) ventral primary ramus of spinal nerve C2 dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C3 (medial br.)
no named branches
muscles of the medial thigh: adductor longus m., adductor brevis m. and adductor magnus m., gracilis m., obturator externus m. posterior neck muscles
nerve to obturator internus m. crosses the ischial spine and enters the ischioanal fossa by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen obturator n. passes through the obturator canal
skin of the posterior surface of the scalp skin behind the ear skin of the posterior surface of the neck
muscles innervated by this nerve develop from epimeres in the embryo lesser occipital n. arises from the cervical plexus muscles innervated by this nerve develop from epimeres in the embryo
no named branches
none
no named branches
oculomotor n.
oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain (extraocular muscles); accessory oculomotor nucleus (nucleus of EdingerWestphal preganglionic parasympathetic)
superior br., inferior br.
of the pterygoid canal
formed by the union of the greater petrosal n. (preganglionic parasympathetic) and the deep petrosal n. (postganglionic sympathetic) the filaments of the bipolar olfactory epithelial cells constitute the olfactory n.
ends in the pterygopalatine ganglion (parasympathetic)
GSE: superior br.: levator palpebrae superioris m., superior rectus m.; inferior br: medial rectus m., inferior rectus m., inferior oblique m.; GVE: ciliary m. & sphincter pupillae m. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons go to the ciliary ganglion via the parasympathetic root, postganglionic parasympathetic go from the ciliary ganglion to the eyeball via short ciliary nn.) secretomotor (parasympathetic) to: lacrimal gland and mucous glands of nasal cavity and maxillary sinus; sympathetic innervation to vascular smooth muscle in the same region none
none
also known as: CN III; oculomotor n. passes through the superior orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa
none
olfactory n.
second order olfactory nerve cell bodies located in the olfactory bulb
smell (SVA)
ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n.
trigeminal ganglion
meningeal br., lacrimal n., frontal n., nasociliary n.
none
(GSA) skin of the forehead, upper eyelid and nose; mucous membrane of the upper nasal cavity, frontal sinus, ethmoid air cells and sphenoid sinuses
contains: preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n. bound for pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse; postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. which will pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing also known as: CN I, 1st cranial n.; multiple olfactory filaments pass through the cribriform plate to exit the anterior cranial fossa and synapse in the olfactory bulb; the olfactory tract carries the signal from the bulb to olfactory cortex of the forebrain also known as: V1; the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. passes through the superior orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa; the lacrimal n. receives postganglionic parasympathetic axons to the lacrimal gland from the zygomaticotemporal br. of the zygomatic n.
optic n.
ganglion layer of the retina to the forebrain
none
none
vision (SSA)
otic ganglion
palatine, greater
preganglionic parasympathetic via the lesser petrosal, from the tympanic n. of the glossopharyngeal n. (IX) maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)
postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute with the parotid brs. of the auriculotemporal n. (from V3)
none
also known as: CN II, 2nd cranial nerve; the course of the optic nerve is: through the optic canal to the optic chiasma, then the optic tract to the lateral geniculate body and optic radiation a parasympathetic ganglion; the otic ganglion hangs off of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n. (V3) inferomedial to the foramen ovale greater palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and foramen
none
palatine, lesser
no named branches
none
palmar digital, common
palmar digital, proper
no named branches
sympathetic motor to the skin; motor nn. to the 1st & 2nd lumbrical mm. are carried on common palmar digital brs. of the median n. sympathetic motor to the skin
mucous membrane of the inferior part of the lateral nasal wall; mucosa of the hard palate mucous membrane of the soft palate and posterior hard palate skin of the palmar surfaces of the adjacent sides of two digits
lesser palatine n. passes through the greater palatine canal and lesser palatine foramen the proper branches of these nerves also supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
pectoral, lateral
no named branches
pectoralis major m.
median: palmar skin and nail bed of digits 1-3 and the lateral side of 4th digit; ulnar: palmar and dorsal skin on medial side of the 4th digit and all of the 5th digit no cutaneous branches
lateral pectoral n. communicates with the medial pectoral n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the clavipectoral fascia
pectoral, medial
no named branches
perforating cutaneous n.
perineal n.
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4 (cell bodies are located in the lateral horn gray of the sacral spinal cord) sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-3) pudendal
smooth muscle and glands of the gut distal to the left colic flexure; smooth muscle and glands of all pelvic viscera
none
medial pectoral n. communicates with the lateral pectoral n. anterior to the axillary a.; it pierces the pectoralis minor m. parasympathetic nerves; these contain preganglionic parasympathetic axons
no named branches
none
skin of the inferomedial buttock skin of the posterior surface of the scrotum/labium majus
perforating cutaneous n. pierces the sacrotuberous ligament perineal n.branches from the pudendal n. at the posterior margin of the urogenital diaphragm
posterior scrotal/labial n., deep (muscular) br.
peroneal, common peroneal, deep
SEE: fibular, common SEE: fibular, deep
muscles of the perineum: bulbospongiosus m., ischiocavernosus m., superficial and deep transverse perineus mm., sphincter urethrae m., sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae .
peroneal, superficial petrosal, deep
SEE: fibular, superficial internal carotid plexus
no named branches
none
petrosal, greater
facial (VII)
no named branches
secretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic) to:
none
"peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by fibular "peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by fibular "peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by fibular deep petrosal n. joins the greater petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid canal; the deep petrosal n. contains postganglionic sympathetic axons (synapse occurred in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion) greater petrosal n. joins the deep petrosal n. to form the n. of the pterygoid
lacrimal gland, mucous glands of the lower nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and palate
petrosal, lesser
otic ganglion
none
pharyngeal plexus
phrenic n.
motor contributed by the vagus n. (X); sensory contributed by the glossopharyngeal n. (IX), vasomotor contributed by the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C3-C5 (cervical plexus)
no named branches
canal; the greater petrosal n. contains: preganglionic parasympathetic axons bound for the pterygopalatine ganglion where they will synapse; it passes through the hiatus of canal of greater petrosal n. in the petrous part of the temporal bone lesser petrosal n. synapses in the otic ganglion and postganglionic axons distribute to the parotid gland by joining the auriculotemporal n. the muscles of the pharyngeal wall are skeletal m. derived from the mesenchyme of the 4th pharyngeal arch
no named branches
skeletal muscle of the respiratory diaphragm
plantar digital, common
medial plantar n. (1st-3rd); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (4th) common plantar digital; medial plantar n. (to the medial side of the great toe);
1st lumbrical m.
plantar digital, proper
no named branches
diaphragmatic pleura; some fibers contributed to the pericardium and to the adjacent mediastinal and costal pleurae skin of the plantar surface of the toes (except the medial side of the great toe and the lateral side of the 5th toe) skin of the plantar surface of the toes and dorsal surface of the distal interphalangeal
phrenic n. crosses the anterior surface of the anterior scalene m.
the dorsal surfaces of the distal tips of the toes (nail bed regions) are supplied by the proper plantar digital brs. of these nn. the nail bed is supplied by the proper plantar digital nn.
plantar, lateral
superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (to the lateral side of the 5th toe) tibial n.
segment
quadratus plantae m., abductor digiti minimi m., flexor digiti minimi brevis m., lateral 3 lumbrical mm., adductor hallucis m., plantar & dorsal interosseous mm. abductor hallucis m., flexor hallucis brevis m., flexor digitorum brevis m., 1st lumbrical m.
plantar, medial
tibial n.
plantar cutaneous brs.; proper plantar digital n. (medial side of the great toe); common plantar digital nn. (1st-3rd)
plexus, brachial
dorsal scapular, long thoracic, n. to subclavius, suprascapular, lateral and medial pectoral, medial brachial and antebrachial cutaneous, upper, middle and lower subscapular, musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, axillary, radial no named branches
skin of the lateral side of the plantar surface of the foot; skin of the plantar surface of the lateral 1 1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes) skin of the medial side of the plantar surface of the foot; skin of the plantar surface of the medial 3 1/2 toes (and the nail bed of these toes) skin of the upper limb
lateral plantar n. accompanies the lateral plantar a. though the sole of the foot
medial plantar n. accompanies the medial plantar a. though the sole of the foot
plexus, cardiac
cardiac brs. of the vagus n. and cervical sympathetic trunk; thoracic visceral nn.
plexus, cervical
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves C1-C4
brs. to: longus colli & capitis, sternocleidomastoid m., trapezius m., levator
moderates heart muscle (parasympathetic: decreases rate and force of contraction; sympathetic: increases rate and force of contraction); vascular smooth muscle of the heart & lungs (sympathetic); smooth muscle & mucous glands of bronchial tree (parasympathetic) longus colli & capitis mm., rectus capitis anterior & lateralis mm., infrahyoid
pain from the heart and lungs
plexus is a latin word meaning "braid"; axons from spinal cord levels C5T1 are mixed (braided) in the brachial plexus and repackaged into terminal branches so that each branch contains axons from several spinal cord segmental levels cardiac plexus is continuous with the coronary and pulmonary plexuses; thoracic visceral nn. carry pain from the heart to the upper thoracic spinal cord segments resulting in pain referred to the left upper limb in the T1 and T2 dermatomes
skin of the anterolateral neck; skin of the ear and
close association of the supraclavicular nn. to the phrenic n. results in pain
plexus, coccygeal
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S4, S5, C1 right and left vagus (X) nn.; thoracic visceral brs. of the sympathetic trunk
scapulae m., scalenus medius m., rectus capitis anterior and lateralis mm.; superior & inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, n. to the thyrohyoid m., n. to the geniohyoid m., lesser occipital n., great auricular n., transverse cervical n., supraclavicular nn. (medial, intermediate and lateral), contributions to the phrenic n. from C3 and C4 anococcygeal n.
mm., thyrohyoid m., geniohyoid m., respiratory diaphragm
skin behind the ear
from the respiratory diaphragm referred to the shoulder
none
skin of the region overlying the coccyx vagus: GVA from the esophagus and abdominal gut proximal to the left colic flexure; thoracic visceral brs.carry pain from the esophagus
plexus, esophageal
plexus, external carotid
superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk, via the external carotid n. hypogastric nn. and sacral splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons); pelvic splanchnic nn. (preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the ventral primary
preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the vagus n. supply smooth muscle and glands of the thoracic esophagus and abdominal gut and its derivatives proximal to the left colic flexure; postganglionic sympathetic axons from the thoracic visceral brs. supply vascular smooth muscle in the esophageal vessels vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscles, sweat glands of face & upper neck sympathetic: supplies vascular smooth muscle of vessels supplying the pelvic viscera; parasympathetic: supplies smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera
only part of the S4 ventral primary ramus is contributed to the coccygeal plexus during development of the gut, the stomach and esophagus rotate 90 to the right with the result that the left and right vagus nerves mix in the esophageal plexus and emerge as anterior and posterior vagal trunks
none
postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck inferior hypogastric plexus lies between the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall
rami of spinal nerves S2-S4) intermesenteric plexus
plexus, intermesenteri c
plexus, internal carotid
plexus, lumbar
plexus, lumbosacral
branches of the lumbar plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk (considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m. branches of the lumbosacral plexus: iliohypogastric n., ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n., obturator n., lumbosacral trunk
vascular smooth muscle of the brain, orbit, forehead, upper nasal cavity; arrector pili muscles of forehead and anterior scalp; sweat glands of the forehead; dilator pupillae m. muscles of the lower abdominal wall; cremaster m., psoas major and minor mm., quadratus lumborum m., iliacus m.; muscles of the anterior and medial thigh and hip
none
inferior mesenteric plexus contains no vagal parasympathetic fibers; pelvic splanchnic n. axons join the most distal nn. of the plexus near gut wall intermesenteric plexus is continuous with the superior mesenteric plexus; it continues inferiorly as the inferior mesenteric plexus and superior hypogastric plexus; intermesenteric plexus does not carry vagal parasympathetic fibers; located anterior to the abdominal aorta between the superior and inferior mesenteric aa. postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers use arteries as roadways to enter the head and neck
lumbar plexus is noted for its variable branching pattern of nerves that supply the abdominal wall
muscles of the lower abdominal wall; cremaster m., psoas major and minor mm., quadratus lumborum m., iliacus m.; muscles of the
skin of the lower abdominal wall, skin of the anterior scrotum/labium majus, skin of the anterior and
plexus, myenteric
plexus, pharyngeal
plexus, prostatic
preganglionic parasympathetic via anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) motor contributed by the vagus n. (X); sensory contributed by the glossopharyngeal n. (IX), vasomotor contributed by the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus
(considered to be part of sacral plexus), brs. to the psoas major and minor mm., branches to the quadratus lumborum m., superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to the obturator internus m., n. to the quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to the piriformis m., posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to the pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. postganglionic parasympathetic via many short fibers
anterior and medial thigh and hip, muscles of the pelvic & urogenital diaphragm, posterior hip, posterior thigh, leg and foot
medial thigh and lateral hip' skin of the perineum, posterior thigh, leg and foot
none
no named branches
the muscles of the pharyngeal wall are skeletal m. derived from the mesenchyme of the 4th pharyngeal arch
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland and ejaculatory ducts; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland, and ejaculatory ducts
plexus, pulmonary
plexus, rectal
continuous with the cardiac plexus; thoracic visceral nn.; pulmonary brs. of vagus inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus, posterior part
no named branches
no named branches
plexus, renal
plexus, sacral
lumbosacral trunk (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5), ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S4 intermesenteric plexus and lumbar splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons) celiac plexus, superior mesenteric ganglion
superior & inferior gluteal nn., n. to obturator internus m., n. to quadratus femoris m., sciatic n., n. to piriformis, posterior femoral cutaneous n., pudendal n., n. to pelvic diaphragm, pelvic splanchnic nn. hypogastric nn. (right and left)
parasympathetic: smooth muscle & glands of the bronchial tree; sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the lungs sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum sympathetic: smooth muscle of the blood vessels supplying the kidney, renal pelvis and upper ureter; parasympathetic: smooth muscle of the renal pelvis and upper ureter muscles of the pelvic diaphragm; muscles of the urogenital diaphragm; muscles of the posterior hip, posterior thigh, leg and foot
none
pulmonary plexus is located along the pulmonary vessels and primary bronchi in the root of the lung rectal plexus is continuous with the vesical plexus in the male, uterovaginal plexus in the female
renal plexus contains postganglionic sympathetic axons and preganglionic parasympathetic axons (parasympathetic axons are of vagal origin)
skin of the perineum, posterior thigh, leg and foot (excluding the medial side of the leg and foot) pain from the pelvic viscera; general visceral afferent from the pelvic viscera
superior hypogastric plexus is the continuation of the intermesenteric plexus; it crosses the pelvic brim
plexus, superior mesenteric
sympathetic: smooth muscle of vessels supplying the lower pancreas, lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon and most of the transverse colon; parasympathetic (vagus): smooth muscle in the gut
plexus, uterovaginal
plexus, vesical
posterior antebrachial cutaneous n. posterior brachial cutaneous n. posterior deep temporal n.
radial n.
wall of same distribution area sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the uterus, uterine tubes and vagina; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of pelvic viscera, especially uterus, uterine tubes and vagina sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct none
the uterovaginal plexus is a subsidiary plexus of the inferior hypogastric plexus
skin of the lateral distal arm and posterior forearm skin of the posterior arm no cutaneous branches
radial
no named branches
none
no named branches
temporalis m.
posterior ethmoidal n.
nasociliary n.
no named branches
none
posterior femoral cutaneous n.
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S3)
mucous membrane lining the posterior ethmoid air cells and sphenoid sinus skin of the lower buttock & posterior thigh
posterior antebrachial cutaneous n. passes posterior to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus emerges medial to the long head of the triceps brachii muscle a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch posterior ethmoidal n. exits the orbit by passing through the posterior ethmoid foramen
cutaneous nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic axons to skin
deep radial n.
no named branches
some authors say none, others say the deep posterior forearm muscles
none
posterior labial n. posterior scrotal n.
perineal n. (a branch of the pudendal n.) perineal n., from the pudendal n.
no named branches
none
no named branches
none
skin of the posterior aspect of the labium majus skin of the posterior aspect of the scrotum maxillary molar teeth and gingiva; maxillary sinus
posterior superior alveolar n.
maxillary n.
dental plexus
none
preaortic ganglia
splanchnic nn.
no named branches
common plantar digital; medial plantar n. (to the medial side of the
no named branches
median: palmar skin and nail bed of digits 1-3 and the lateral side of 4th digit; ulnar: palmar and dorsal skin on medial side of the 4th digit and all of the 5th digit skin of the plantar surface of the toes and dorsal surface of the distal
there is variability in the definition of this nerve; for some, deep radial and posterior interosseous are synonymous; others define this nerve as the articular br. to the wrist from the deep radial communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n. posterior scrotal n. communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n. posterior superior alveolar n. enters bone by passing through the small foramina on the posterior surface of the maxilla also known as: collateral ganglia which include the celiac ganglion, aorticorenal ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion and inferior mesenteric ganglion; preganglionic parasympathetic axons of vagal trunk origin pass through the preaortic ganglia but do not synapse there proper palmar digital nn. supply the dorsum of the tip of the digit (nail bed)
the nail bed is supplied by the proper plantar digital nn.
prostatic plexus
great toe); superficial br. of the lateral plantar n. (to the lateral side of the 5th toe) inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus
interphalangeal segment
pterygopalatin e ganglion
preganglionic parasympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from greater petrosal n. of the facial n (VII); postganglionic sympathetic axons arrive via the n. of the pterygoid canal from the deep petrosal n.
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland and ejaculatory ducts; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urethra, prostate gland, and ejaculatory ducts secretomotor to: mucous glands of the palate, nasal cavity, lacrimal gland
none
pudendal n.
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4 (sacral plexus)
inferior rectal n., perineal n., dorsal n. of the clitoris/penis
pulmonary plexus
continuous with the cardiac plexus; thoracic
no named branches
its branches supply: external anal sphincter, bulbospongiosus m., ischiocavernosus m., superficial & deep transverse perineus mm., sphincter urethrae m., sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae parasympathetic: smooth muscle & glands of the bronchial tree;
its branches supply: skin of the anus, posterior scrotum/labium majus, clitoris/penis
a parasympathetic ganglion; the pterygopalatine ganglion hangs off of the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2) within the pterygopalatine fossa; preganglionic axons of the greater petrosal n. synapse here; postganglionic sympathetic axons of the deep petrosal n. pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing (they synapse in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion) pudendal n. passes through the pudendal canal formed by fascia on the medial surface of the obturator internus m.
none
pulmonary plexus is located along the pulmonary vessels and
quadratus femoris m., n. to radial n.
visceral nn.; pulmonary brs. of vagus sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5, S1) posterior cord of the brachial plexus
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the lungs quadratus femoris m., inferior gemellus m.
primary bronchi in the root of the lung none nerve to the quadratus femoris m. passes anterior to the obturator internus tendon all of the muscles on the posterior side of the arm and forearm are innervated by the radial n.
posterior brachial cutaneous n., inferior lateral brachial cutaneous n., posterior antebrachial cutaneous n., superficial and deep brs.
radial, deep
radial n.
muscles of the posterior arm: triceps brachii m., anconeus m.; muscles of the posterior forearm: brachioradialis, extensor carpi ulnaris m., extensor carpi radialis longus m., extensor carpi radialis brevis m., extensor digitorum m., extensor digiti minimi m., supinator m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m. extensor carpi radialis brevis m., supinator m., extensor digitorum m., extensor digiti minimi m., abductor pollicis longus m., extensor pollicis longus m. extensor pollicis brevis m., extensor indicis m.
skin of the posterior arm, forearm and hand
radial, superficial
radial n.
dorsal digital brs.
skin of the posterolateral wrist and hand; dorsum of the lateral 3 1/2 digits (excluding the skin over the distal
deep radial n. passes through the supinator m.; some authors believe that the posterior interosseous n. and the deep radial n. are synonymous, others say that when the deep radial n. emerges from the supinator in the posterior forearm it becomes the posterior interosseous n., and others say that the deep radial n. does not become the posterior interosseous n. until after its last muscular br. has been given off superficial radial n. is located deep to the brachioradialis muscle
ramus communicans, gray
none
ramus communicans, white
none
ramus, dorsal primary
numerous
carries postganglionic sympathetic axons to the spinal nerve; spinal nerve will carry those axons peripherally to the skin, blood vessels, etc. axons contained within white rami communicantes will synapse on postganglionic cell bodies that will ultimately innervate the skin, viscera, glands, blood vessels, etc. to the deep back mm.; sympathetic innervation to the skin
phalanx/nail bed) none
ramus, ventral primary
numerous
rectal plexus
no named branches
rectal, inferior
pudendal n.
no named branches
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the rectum external anal sphincter
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the back general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the trunk (except the back) and extremities; visceral pain via the white rami of the sympathetic nervous system (T1-L2) pain and general sensation from the rectum
skin of the anus
recurrent laryngeal n.
vagus n. (X)
upper esophagus, lower pharynx, laryngeal mm. (except cricopharyngeus); smooth muscle of the
upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal folds, GVA
inferior rectal nerve is one of the first branches of the pudendal n. right recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the right subclavian a.; left recurrent laryngeal n. loops
renal plexus
root, dorsal
root, ventral
none
trachea; secretomotor to mucosal glands in the upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal fold, trachea; cardiac muscle of the heart (slows heart rate, decreases force of contraction) sympathetic: smooth muscle of the blood vessels supplying the kidney, renal pelvis and upper ureter; parasympathetic: smooth muscle of the renal pelvis and upper ureter none
from heart
posteriorly around the aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum; the inferior laryngeal br. supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid m.
renal plexus contains postganglionic sympathetic axons and preganglionic parasympathetic axons (parasympathetic axons are of vagal origin)
none
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) none
sacral plexus
lumbosacral trunk (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5), ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S1-S4 sacral sympathetic ganglia
skin of the perineum, posterior thigh, leg and foot (excluding the medial side of the leg and foot) pain from the pelvic viscera
dorsal root is entirely sensory in function; it is located dorsal to the denticulate ligament entirely motor in function; located ventral to the denticulate ligament; at all spinal core levels it contains GSE for skeletal mm.; at levels T1-L2 it contains GVE (preganglionic sympathetic) for blood vessels, sweat glands, thoracic viscera, abdominal viscera, pelvic viscera the sacral plexus is often grouped with the lumbar plexus as the "lumbosacral plexus"
sacral splanchnic nn. contain both preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers with postganglionic fibers predominating in number
saphenous n.
femoral n.
infrapatellar br.
none
skin of the medial side of the leg and medial side of the foot
sciatic n.
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5 and S1-S3)
scrotal, anterior
no named branches
semitendinosus m., semimembranosus m., biceps femoris m., ischioconylar part of the adductor magnus m.; its branches supply all muscles of the leg and foot none
skin of the anterior aspect of the scrotum
scrotal, posterior
perineal n., from the pudendal n.
no named branches
none
skin of the posterior aspect of the scrotum skin of the face, mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities, mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue (GSA only) eyeball (GSA)
semilunar ganglion
none
saphenous n. travels with the great saphenous v.; it does not pass through the adductor hiatus at the knee; it passes anterior to the medial malleolus at the ankle sciatic n. is composed of tibial and common fibular divisions; branches to muscles come from one of the two divisions, so that the sciatic n. is considered to have no direct muscular brs., only 2 terminal brs. anterior scrotal n. is the continuation of the ilioinguinal n. at the superficial inguinal ring; it communicates with the genital br. of the genitofemoral n. posterior scrotal n. communicates with the perineal br. of the posterior femoral cutaneous n. a sensory ganglion equivalent in histological structure and function to a dorsal root ganglion; also known as. trigeminal or Gasserian ganglion
short ciliary n.
ciliary ganglion: sensory root from the nasociliary n.(a branch of V1); sympathetic root from the internal carotid plexus; parasympathetic root - from the inferior division of the oculomotor n.
multiple short ciliary nn. which leave the ciliary ganglion anteriorly
sphincter pupillae & ciliary mm. (parasympathetic), dilator pupillae (sympathetic)
short ciliary nn. are mixed nerves which contain sensory and 2 types of autonomic nerve fibers; postganglionic parasympathetic neurons whose axons are located in these nerves have their cell bodies located in the ciliary ganglion
spinal n.
(III) formed at the point where the dorsal and ventral rootlets meet; it ends where the dorsal and ventral primary rami diverge
to skeletal mm.; some levels carry preganglionic sympathetic axons (T1L2)
spiral ganglion splanchnic, greater thoracic
splanchnic, least thoracic
splanchnic, lesser thoracic
splanchnic, lumbar
fibers of the cochlear hair cells neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord levels T5-T9; the greater thoracic splanchnic nerve arises by multiple contributions from the sympathetic trunk neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord level T12 neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of spinal cord levels T10-T11; the lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve arises by multiple contributions from the sympathetic trunk lumbar sympathetic ganglia L1-L4
cochlear n. portion of the vestibulocochlear n. (VIII) no named branches
none celiac ganglion; preganglionic fibers supply the adrenal medulla which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) from the entire surface of the neck, trunk and extremities; visceral pain (via the white ramus communicans and the sympathetic nervous system) hearing (SSA) pain from the abdominal viscera
located at the intervertebral foramen; there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
no named branches
renal plexus
no named branches
aorticorenal ganglion
a sensory ganglion of the cochlear part of CN VIII greater thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the celiac ganglion spread down the aorta and distribute with its branches; they innervate the vascular smooth muscle of these vessels and the organs supplied least thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the diaphragm; it synapses in minute ganglia located in the renal plexus lesser thoracic splanchnic n. passes through the crus of the respiratory diaphragm; postganglionic processes from the ganglion supply vascular smooth muscle of branches of the renal a. and suprarenal aa.; kidney and suprarenal gland sympathetic nerves; there are four of these on each side; lumbar splanchnic nn. contribute to preaortic abdominal plexuses (celiac,
no named branches
splanchnic, pelvic
splanchnic, sacral
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S2-S4 (cell bodies are located in the lateral horn gray of the sacral spinal cord) sacral sympathetic ganglia
smooth muscle and glands of the gut distal to the left colic flexure; smooth muscle and glands of all pelvic viscera
none
superior mesenteric, intermesenteric, superior hypogastric) parasympathetic nerves; these contain preganglionic parasympathetic axons
stellate ganglion
gray rami communicans to spinal nerves C8 and T1 (postganglionic sympathetic); thoracic visceral br.
subclavius m., n. to
superior trunk of the brachial plexus
no named branches
vascular smooth muscle, arrector pili muscle, sweat glands of the C8 & T1 cutaneous distribution on chest & upper limb (C8 and T1 dermatomes); vascular smooth muscle of the lungs subclavius m.
pain from lungs
sacral splanchnic nn. contain both preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers with postganglionic fibers predominating in number stellate ganglion is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion and the T1 ganglion of the sympathetic trunk
subcostal n.
skin of the anterolateral abdominal wall none
submandibular ganglion
submucosal ganglia of the gut
preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the chorda tympani (accompanying the lingual n. from the mandibular division of the trigeminal n.) preganglionic parasympathetic arrive via branches of the
postganglionic parasympathetic axons distribute either directly, or with branches of the lingual n. to the submandibular and sublingual glands
secretomotor to the submandibular and sublingual glands and the small glands of the lingual mucosa
nerve to subclavius m. is one of two nerves to arise from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus; suprascapular n. is the other one the subcostal n. is equivalent to a posterior intercostal n. found at higher thoracic levels a terminal parasympathetic ganglion; submandibular ganglion is suspended from the lingual n. near the deep part of the submandibular gland
none
terminal parasympathetic ganglia; parasympathetic terminal ganglia; also known as: Meissner's
suboccipital n.
anterior and posterior vagal trunks (gut proximal to the left colic flexure) and pelvic splanchnic nn. (gut distal to the left colic flexure) dorsal primary ramus of spinal nerve C1
plexus
no named branches
subscapular, lower
posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C5, C6) posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C7, C8) posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C5, C6) common fibular n.
muscles of the suboccipital triangle: rectus capitis posterior major m., rectus capitis posterior minor m., obliquus capitis superior m., obliquus capitis inferior m. subscapularis m., teres major m.
spinal nerve C1 has NO cutaneous distribution
subscapular, middle subscapular, upper
latissimus dorsi m.
no cutaneous branches no cutaneous branches
subscapularis and teres major are antagonists (medial rotation vs. lateral rotation of the humerus) also called the thoracodorsal n. mesenchyme that forms the subscapularis is derived from somites C5 and C6 "peroneal" is old terminology which has been replaced by "fibular"; the nail beds are supplied by nerves from the plantar surface of the foot
subscapularis m.
superficial fibular n.
superficial radial n.
radial n.
dorsal digital brs.
distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the leg; dorsum of the foot excluding the skin of the web between the great toe and the 2nd toe and the distal interphalangeal segments of all toes skin of the posterolateral wrist and hand; dorsum of the lateral 3 1/2 digits (excluding the skin over the distal phalanx/nail bed)
superficial radial n. is located deep to the brachioradialis muscle
superior gluteal n.
superior laryngeal n.
sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5, S1) intermesenteric plexus and lumbar splanchnic nn. (postganglionic sympathetic axons) vagus n. (X)
gluteus medius m., gluteus minimus m., tensor fasciae latae m. vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera (sympathetic)
none
superior gluteal n. passes through the greater sciatic foramen superior to the piriformis m. superior hypogastric plexus is the continuation of the intermesenteric plexus; it crosses the pelvic brim
superior lateral brachial cutaneous superior mesenteric ganglion
axillary
no named branches
cricothyroid m., inferior pharyngeal constrictor m.; secretomotor to mucosal glands of the larynx above the vocal folds none
mucous membrane of the larynx above the vocal folds skin of the lateral side of the proximal arm pain from the lower half of the pancreas and duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon and transverse colon pain & GVA of the parts of the gut named at left
external br. supplies the cricothyroid m.; all other intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n. emerges at the posterior edge of the deltoid muscle
a sympathetic ganglion; located on the abdominal aorta at the origin of the superior mesenteric a.
superior mesenteric plexus
supraclavicula r, intermediate
no named branches
sympathetic: smooth muscle of vessels supplying the lower pancreas, lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon and most of the transverse colon; parasympathetic (vagus): smooth muscle in the gut wall of same distribution area none
supraclavicula r, lateral
no named branches
none
skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, near the mid-clavicle skin of the root of the neck and
pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to
supraclavicula r, medial
no named branches
none
supraorbital n.
suprascapular n.
frontal n, from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1) superior trunk of the brachial plexus (C5-C6)
medial and lateral brs.
none
no named branches
supraspinatus m., infraspinatus m.
upper shoulder skin of the root of the neck and upper chest, anteriorly skin of the forehead; mucous membrane of the frontal sinus no cutaneous branches
the shoulder pain from respiratory diaphragm is referred to the shoulder supraorbital nerve passes through the supraorbital foramen (notch) suprascapular n. passes through the suprascapular notch inferior to the superior transverse scapular ligament supratrochlear n. passes superior to the trochlea (pulley) of the superior oblique m.
supratrochlear n.
frontal n, from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal n. (V1)
no named branches
none
sural cutaneous, lateral
common fibular n.
none
skin of the medial forehead and the medial part of the upper eyelid; associated conjunctiva skin of the lateral side of the leg
sural cutaneous, medial
tibial n.
no named branches
none
sural n.
sympathetic chain ganglia
formed by the union of the fibular communicating br. of the lateral sural cutaneous n. and the medial sural cutaneous nn. preganglionic sympathetic fibers arrive via white rami communicantes of ventral primary rami of spinal
lateral calcaneal brs., lateral dorsal cutaneous n. of the foot
none
skin of the posterior surface of the leg; skin of the lateral side of the foot skin of the posterior surface of the lower leg; skin of the lateral side of the foot
contains postganglionic sympathetic axons for supply of sweat glands, arrector pili mm. and blood vessels unites with fibular communicating br. to form the sural n.
sural n. courses posterior to the lateral malleolus at the ankle with the lesser saphenous v.
postganglionic sympathetic fibers depart via gray rami communicantes to all spinal nn.; internal & external carotid nn.; cervical cardiac brs.; thoracic direct visceral brs.; greater, lesser & least
pain from viscera
located lateral to the vertebral bodies in the neck, thorax & abdominopelvic cavity; the ganglia plus their interconnecting fibers are also known as the
nerves T1-L2
thoracic splanchnic nn.; lumbar splanchnic nn.; sacral splanchnic nn.
sympathetic chain ganglia, cervical
T1 ventral primary ramus
preganglionic sympathetic fibers arrive via white rami communicantes of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves T1-T5 spinal nerve T1
postganglionic sympathetic depart via gray rami communicans to cervical spinal nn.; internal and external carotid nn.; cervical cardiac brs.
dilator pupillae m.; vascular smooth muscle; arrector pili muscles and sweat glands of head and neck; heart and lungs
pain from viscera
sympathetic trunk; preganglionic cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2 located parallel to the vertebral bodies in the neck; there are no white rami communicantes at cervical levels
temporal, anterior deep
joins the ventral primary ramus of C8 to form the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus no named branches
muscles of the forearm and hand
skin of the ventral arm and ventral forearm no cutaneous branches
T1 is the highest spinal nerve to have a white ramus communicans a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch a branch of the motor root of CN V; temporalis m. developed from the mesenchyme of the first pharyngeal arch temporofacial division of the facial n. usually forms a loop by communication anteriorly with the cervicofacial division also called the middle subscapular n. tibial n. is the larger of the two divisions of the sciatic n.
temporalis m.
temporal, posterior deep
no named branches
temporalis m.
temporofacial division of the facial n.
facial n.
temporal, zygomatic and buccal brs.
thoracodorsal n. tibial n.
posterior cord of the brachial plexus (C7, C8) sciatic n.
muscles of facial expression of the upper part of the face; frontalis m., anterior and superior auricularis mm. latissimus dorsi m.
none
no cutaneous branches skin of the plantar surface of the foot and toes; skin of the dorsal surface of the distal toes (nail bed region)
medial sural cutaneous n., medial calcaneal brs., medial and lateral plantar nn.
semimembranosus m., semitendinosus m., long head of biceps femoris m., ischiocondylar portion of adductor magnus m.; mm. of the superficial and deep posterior compartments of the leg (gastrocnemius m., soleus m., plantaris m., tibialis posterior m., flexor
to carotid body
no named branches
hallucis longus m., flexor digitorum longus m.); muscles of the plantar side of the foot none
to coccygeus m.
to digastric m., posterior belly
sacral plexus (brs. of the ventral primary rami of spinal nerves S3S4) facial n. (VII)
no named branches
none
chemoreception (blood pH) in carotid body; blood pressure receptors in carotid sinus; both located near the bifurcation of the common carotid a.; the vagus n. (X) may share a role in this innervation nerve to coccygeus enters the muscle on its pelvic surface
no named branches
none
to geniohyoid m.
C1 fibers from the superior root of the ansa cervicalis sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L5-S2 ) sacral plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal nerves L4-L5, S1) superior trunk of the brachial plexus
no named branches
geniohyoid m.
none
to obturator internus m.
obturator internus m., superior gemellus m.
none
to quadratus femoris m.
none
to subclavius m.
no named branches
subclavius m.
transverse cervical n.
cervical plexus (C2 and C3)
no named branches
none
skin of the anterior surface of the neck
the anterior belly of the digastric m. is formed by mesenchyme from the 1st pharyngeal arch and is supplied by the n. to the mylohyoid m. (V3) nerve to the geniohyoid m. travels with the hypoglossal nerve for a short distance in the superior neck nerve to obturator internus m. crosses the ischial spine and enters the ischioanal fossa by passing through the lesser sciatic foramen nerve to the quadratus femoris m. passes anterior to the obturator internus tendon nerve to subclavius m. is one of two nerves to arise from the superior trunk of the brachial plexus; suprascapular n. is the other one transverse cervical n. penetrates the platysma m. but does not innervate it
trigeminal n.
trochlear n.
motor root arises from the trigeminal motor nucleus in the pons (SVE); sensory part arises from the trigeminal ganglion (GSA) and projects into the pons to the primary sensory nucleus of V or more inferiorly to the nucleus of the spinal root of V (medulla and upper spinal cord) trochlear nucleus of the midbrain
ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular divisions
SVE: anterior belly of the digastric m., mylohyoid m., tensor veli palatini m., tensor tympani m.; muscles of mastication: temporalis m., masseter m., lateral pterygoid m., medial pterygoid m.
skin of the face; mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities; general sensation (GSA) to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
also known as: CN V, 5th cranial nerve; some brs. carry pre- or postganglionic parasympathetic fibers; the trigeminal n. divides into three divisions at the trigeminal ganglion; SVE supplies muscles of 1st pharyngeal arch origin
no named branches
superior oblique m. of the eye (GSE)
none
tympanic n.
glossopharyngeal n.
tympanic plexus, which gives rise to the lesser petrosal n.
ulnar n.
medial cord of the brachial plexus (C8, T1)
palmar cutaneous br., dorsal br., superficial and deep brs.
upper subscapular n.
secretomotor (preganglionic parasympathetic axons which will synapse in the otic ganglion) to the parotid gland flexor carpi ulnaris m., flexor digitorum profundus m. (ulnar half), abductor digiti minimi m., flexor digiti minimi brevis m., opponens digiti minimi m., ulnar 2 lumbrical mm., palmar and dorsal interosseous mm. subscapularis m.
mucous membrane lining the middle ear cavity
also known as: CN IV, 4th cranial nerve; the trochlear n. passes through the superior orbital fissure to exit the middle cranial fossa; it is the smallest cranial nerve and the only cranial nerve to arise from dorsum of brainstem tympanic n. passes from the inferior ganglion of CN IX through the tympanic canaliculus to reach the middle ear ulnar n. is motor to most of the muscles of the hand
skin of the medial side of the wrist and hand; skin of the medial 1 1/2 digits
mesenchyme that forms the subscapularis is derived from somites C5 and C6
uterovaginal plexus
vagus n.
medulla: dorsal motor nucleus (GVE preganglionic parasympathetic); inferior ganglion (GVA); nucleus ambiguus (SVE); superior ganglion (GSA); inferior ganglion(SVA)
auricular br., pharyngeal br., superior laryngeal, superior and inferior cervical cardiac brs., recurrent laryngeal n., thoracic cardiac brs., brs. to the pulmonary plexus, brs. to the esophageal plexus, anterior and posterior vagal trunks
numerous
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the uterus, uterine tubes and vagina; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of pelvic viscera, especially uterus, uterine tubes and vagina SVE: intrinsic muscles of the larynx, pharynx (except stylopharyngeus), and palate (except tensor veli palatini); GVE: smooth muscle of the respiratory tree & gut (proximal to the left colic flexure), heart; secretomotor: mucous glands of the larynx, respiratory tree, pharynx and gut; secretomotor to digestive glands to skeletal mm. of the neck, trunk and extremities; sympathetic innervation to the skin
the uterovaginal plexus is a subsidiary plexus of the inferior hypogastric plexus
GSA: skin of the external auditory meatus; GVA: viscera of head, neck, thorax & abdomen proximal to the left colic flexure; SVA: taste from the epiglottis
also known as: CN X, 10th cranial nerve; the vagus n. passes through the jugular foramen to exit the posterior cranial fossa; vagus means "wanderer" in reference to its extensive distribution to the body cavities
ventral root
none
general sense (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, etc.) to the skin of the trunk (except the back) and extremities; visceral pain via the white rami of the sympathetic nervous system (T1-L2) none
entirely motor in function; located ventral to the denticulate ligament; at all spinal core levels it contains GSE for skeletal mm.; at levels T1-L2 it contains GVE (preganglionic sympathetic) for blood vessels, sweat glands, thoracic viscera, abdominal
vesical plexus
vestibular n. vestibulocochl ear n.
pons and medulla pons & medulla: vestibular nuclei from the vestibular ganglion of the semicircular ducts; cochlear nuclei in the inferior cerebellar peduncle cell bodies located in the lateral horn gray matter of spinal cord levels T1-L2;
no named branches divides within the temporal bone into vestibular and cochlear parts
sympathetic: vascular smooth muscle of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct; parasympathetic: smooth muscle and glands of the pelvic viscera, especially the urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct none none
viscera, pelvic viscera vesical plexus is continuous with the other autonomic nerve plexuses in the pelvis and cannot be distinguished from them
balance/proprioce ption (SSA) vestibular: balance/proprioce ption (SSA); cochlear: hearing (SSA)
vestibular n. is part of the vestibulocochlear n. also known as: CN VIII, 8th cranial nerve; auditory nerve; passes into the internal auditory meatus
white ramus communicans
none
zygomatic n.
zygomaticofacial & zygomaticotemporal
axons contained within white rami communicantes will synapse on postganglionic cell bodies that will ultimately innervate the skin, viscera, glands, blood vessels, etc. carries secretomotor fibers
skin of the face lateral and superior to the orbit
zygomaticofaci al n.
zygomatic from the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)
no named branches
none
skin of face lateral to the orbit
zygomatic n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland (via the communicating br. of the zygomaticotemporal n. which joins the lacrimal n.) zygomaticofacial n. passes through the zygomaticofacial foramen
zygomaticote mporal n.
zygomatic from the maxillary division of the trigeminal n. (V2)
communicating br.
carries secretomotor fibers
skin of face superolateral to the orbit
zygomaticotemporal n. carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland (via the communicating br. which joins the lacrimal n.)
Joints and Ligaments of the Back Region - Listed Alphabetically Joint or Description Notes ligament anterior a ligament that courses from superior to inferior it lies directly posterior to the thoracic and abdominal viscera longitudinal along the anterior surfacesa of all vertebral ligament bodies interspinous a ligament that connects the spinous processes of a syndesmosis ligament two adjacent vertebra intervertebral a fibrocartilaginous disk between adjacent a symphysis; it is composed of two parts: an outer anulus fibrosus and an inner disc vertebral bodies nucleus pulposus; the nucleus pulposus is the remnant of the notochord; the intervertebral disks are important shock absorbers between vertebrae ligamenta a ligament formed predominantly by elastic fibers a syndesmosis; paired; the ligamentum flavum is penetrated by the needle flava which joins the laminae of adjacent vertebrae during spinal tap; the word flavum is derived from the Latin word flavus, which means "yellow" - a reference to the predominance of yellow elastic fibers which gives this ligament its grossly visible color nuchal a midline ligament that extends posteriorly from a syndesmosis; it provides muscle attachments to the cervical spinous ligament the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae and processes without the necessity of long spinous processes that would hinder extends from the base of the skull to the 7th extension of the neck cervical vertebra posterior a ligament that courses from superior to inferior it is broader at the intervertebral disks and narrow at the vertebral bodies longitudinal along the posterior surfaces of all vertebral bodies which gives it a scalloped edge; it is located in the vertebral canal; it is NOT ligament penetrated by the needle during spinal tap supraspinous a ligament that connects the tips of the spinous a syndesmosis; the supraspinous ligament begins at the C7 vertebra and ends ligament processes of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae at the mid-sacral segmental level; it serves as a muscle attachment site zygapophysea a small joint between the articular processes of a synovial plane joint l joint adjacent vertebrae
Joints and Ligaments of the Upper Limb - Listed Alphabetically Joint or ligament acromioclavicular joint Description the joint between the distal end of the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula Notes a plane synovial joint; the shape of the articulation encourages the acromion to slide inferior to the clavicle during dislocation (shoulder separation) a condition
annular ligament
the ligament that encircles the head of the radius
carpometacarpal joint, finger carpometacarpal joint, thumb coracoacromial ligament coracoclavicular joint coracoclavicular ligament
the articulation between the distal carpal bones and the proximal ends of the metacarpal bones of the hand the articulation between the trapezium and the proximal end of the metacarpal bone of the thumb the ligament that connects the coracoid process to the acromion of the scapula the joint between the coracoid process of the scapula and the inferior surface of the lateral portion of the clavicle the ligament that connects the upper surface of the coracoid process to the under surface of the clavicle a ligament that attaches the clavicle to the first rib
that occurs when the coracoclavicular ligament is torn; a small articular disk occurs within this joint capsule it forms 4/5 of a circle - the radial notch of the ulna forms the other 1/5; it attaches to the margins of the radial notch; it holds the head of the radius against the ulna and cups in distal to the head to provide restraint against distal dislocation of the radius a synovial plane joint; limited motion is permitted at the carpometacarpal joint; the carpometacarpal joint is reinforced by dorsal and palmar ligaments a synovial saddle (sellar) joint; this articulation permits two planes of motion: flexion/extension and abduction/adduction which may be combined to produce circumduction it passes superior to both the head of the humerus and the supraspinatus tendon; it provides support for the head of the humerus that prevents superior dislocation a syndesmosis; this joint provides stability to the acromioclavicular joint
costoclavicular ligament
elbow joint
the joint between the distal humerus and the proximal radius and ulna
glenohumeral ligament, inferior glenohumeral ligament, middle glenohumeral ligament, superior intercarpal ligaments, dorsal intercarpal ligaments, palmar interclavicular ligament
a ligament reinforcing the anterior wall of the capsule of the glenohumeral joint a ligament reinforcing the anterior wall of the capsule of the glenohumeral joint a ligament reinforcing the anterior wall of the capsule of the glenohumeral joint a series of short ligaments that connect adjacent carpal bones on their dorsal aspects a series of short ligaments that connect adjacent carpal bones on their ventral aspects a ligament that reinforces the capsule of the sternoclavicular joint
it has two parts: conoid ligament (posteromedial part) and trapezoid ligament; tearing of the coracoclavicular ligament permits the acromion to move inferior to the distal end of the clavicle (shoulder separation), a condition which could result from a fall on the point of the shoulder it resists superior displacement of the proximal end of the clavicle; the combined effect of this ligament, the sternoclavicular ligament and the interclavicular ligament is to produce a very strong sternoclavicular joint that seldom dislocates a synovial hinge joint; the elbow joint is a complex joint consisting of humeroradial, humeroulnar and proximal radioulnar articulations all within a common articular capsule; it is strengthened by the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments it connects the humerus to the scapula; a thickening of the anteroinferior shoulder joint capsule it connects the humerus to the scapula; a thickening of the anterior shoulder joint capsule it connects the humerus to the scapula; a thickening of the anterosuperior shoulder joint capsule intercarpal ligaments reinforce the articular capsule of the intercarpal joints; they prevent excessive movement of these synovial plane joints intercarpal ligaments reinforce the articular capsule of the intercarpal joints; they prevent excessive movement of these synovial plane joints it spans the superior surface of the sternoclavicular joint and manubrium of the sternum; the combined effect of this ligament, the sternoclavicular ligament and the costoclavicular ligament is to produce a very strong sternoclavicular
intermetacarpal joint interosseous membrane, forearm
the articulation between the adjacent sides of the proximal ends of metacarpal bones 25 a fibrous membrane that connects the interosseous borders located on the shafts of the radius and the ulna
joint that seldom dislocates a synovial plane joint; limited motion is possible between at the carpometacarpal joints or between adjacent metacarpal bones a syndesmosis; its fibers are oriented obliquely downward from the radius toward the ulna; the interosseous membrane is the classic example of a syndesmosis; proximally directed forces from the hand pass through the radius and are transferred to the ulna through the interosseous membrane; marked proximally by the oblique cord a synovial hinge joint; these joints are strengthened by medial and lateral collateral ligaments
interphalangeal joints
metacarpophalan geal joint midcarpal joint
the articulations between the proximal and middle phalanges (proximal interphalangeal joint, abbreviated PIP) or the middle and distal phalanges (distal interphalangeal joint, abbreviated DIP) the articulation between the head of a metacarpal and the base of a proximal phalanx the joint which connects the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones
oblique cord
radial collateral ligament, elbow radial collateral ligament, wrist radiocarpal (wrist) joint radioulnar joint, distal radioulnar joint, intermediate
a thickening of connective tissue fibers at the proximal end of the interosseous membrane a ligament spanning the lateral side of the elbow joint it connects the styloid process of the radius with the scaphoid and trapezium synovial, ellipsoidal the articulation between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius the articulation formed by the interosseous membrane
a synovial condyloid (or ellipsoid) joint; it is strengthened by medial and lateral collateral ligaments; the joint has two planes of motion: flexion/extension and abduction/adduction which may be combined to yield circumduction a series of synovial plane joints; small ranges of motion are permitted between carpal bones which take on an additive effect because there are several articulations in a proximodistal row (wrist, midcarpal and carpometacarpal joints); the midcarpal and intercarpal joints are reinforced by numerous ligaments it connects the proximal end of the shaft of the radius to the proximal end of the shaft of the ulna it connects the lateral epicondyle of the humerus with the radius and the annular ligament; it reinforces the lateral side of the elbow articular capsule; it is smaller and less distinct than the ulnar collateral ligament it reinforces the articular capsule on the lateral side of the wrist characterized by an intracapsular articular disk; radius articulates with the proximal row of carpals a synovial pivot joint; this joint has a fibrocartilaginous articular disk that attaches to the styloid process of the ulna and the medial side of the distal radius a syndesmosis; it connects the interosseous border of the ulna to the interosseous border of the radius; proximally directed forces from the hand pass through the radius and are transferred to the ulna through the interosseous membrane a synovial pivot joint; it is the articulation between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna which is completed by the annular ligament a synovial ball and socket joint; the glenoid labrum deepens the socket; glenohumeral ligaments reinforce the joint capsule anteriorly; the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii m. passes through the shoulder joint cavity; the
radioulnar joint, proximal shoulder joint
the proximal articulation between the radius and ulna that is contained within the capsule of the elbow joint the articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula
sternoclavicular joint
the joint what connects the clavicle with the sternum
sternoclavicular ligament
a ligament that reinforces the capsule of the sternoclavicular joint
transverse humeral ligament transverse metacarpal ligament, deep transverse scapular ligament, superior ulnar collateral ligament, elbow ulnar collateral ligament, wrist wrist joint
the ligament that spans the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus a ligament that connects the metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5 on their palmar surface a ligament that spans the suprascapular notch of the scapula a strong ligament spanning the medial side of the elbow joint it connects the styloid process of the ulna to the pisiform and triquetrum the articulation between the distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones
shoulder joint is supported by the muscles of the rotator cuff group (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis); also known as the glenohumeral joint; it is frequently dislocated a synovial joint; its joint capsule is subdivided by a fibrous articular disc; it is strengthened by the sternoclavicular, interclavicular and costoclavicular ligaments; the sternoclavicular joint has the range of movement, but not the form, of a ball and socket joint the sternoclavicular ligament has two parts: anterior and posterior; it is a very strong ligament; the combined effect of this ligament, the costoclavicular ligament and the interclavicular ligament is to produce a very strong sternoclavicular joint that seldom dislocates it connects the greater tubercle of the humerus to the lesser tubercle of the humerus and acts to retain the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii m. in the intertubercular sulcus limited motion is permitted between the distal ends of adjacent metacarpal bones due to the presence of the deep transverse metacarpal ligaments; the metacarpal bones are bound together to form a solid foundation for finger movements it converts the suprascapular notch into a foramen; the suprascapular a. passes superior to the ligament and the suprascapular n. passes inferior to the ligament (Army over the bridge, Navy under the bridge) it connects the medial epicondyle of the humerus with the ulna; it reinforces the medial side of the elbow articular capsule it reinforces the articular capsule on the medial side of the wrist a synovial ellipsoid joint; two primary degrees of motion are permitted: abduction/adduction and flexion/extension - these motions are combined to produce circumduction; the radius actually articulates with the articular disk which in turn articulates with the proximal row of carpal bones (scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum)
Joints and Ligaments of the Head and Neck - Listed Alphabetically Joint or ligament Description Notes coronal suture the articulation between the frontal bone and the a suture two parietal bones intermaxillary the articulation between the palatine processes of a suture; it is a midline feature of the hard palate and marks the line of suture the right and left maxillae fusion of the two palatine shelves (secondary palate) during development lambdoidal the articulation between the occipital bone and a suture suture the parietal bone metopic suture the articulation between the two ossification a suture; a midline structure, it usually disappears during development but centers of the frontal bone is occasionally present in adults pterion the articulation between four bones: the greater a suture; this is a site of relatively thin bone that is frequently fractured in wing of the sphenoid bone, the frontal bone, the blows to the side of the head; the middle meningeal a. is located deep to
sagittal suture sphenomandibul ar ligament squamosal suture stylohyoid ligament stylomandibular ligament temporomandib ular joint
parietal bone, the squamous part of the temporal bone the articulation between the two parietal bones the ligament that attaches to the spine of the sphenoid bone superiorly and the lingula of the mandible inferiorly the articulation between the parietal bone and the squamous portion of the temporal bone the ligament that connects the styloid process with the lesser horn of the hyoid bone the ligament that connects the styloid process with the angle of the mandible the articulation between the head of the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
this site and may be injured in skull fractures at this location, leading to epidural hematoma a suture; it is a midline structure that lies superficial to the superior sagittal venous sinus paired; it is a specialization of the pterygoid fascia and is a remnant of the mesenchymal core of the first pharyngeal arch (Meckel's cartilage) a suture; the greater wing of the sphenoid bone participates in the formation of the anterior end of the squamosal suture a syndesmosis; paired; a remnant of the mesenchymal core of the second pharyngeal arch (Reichert's cartilage) paired; a thickening of the parotid fascia a synovial hinge joint; it is separated into two joint spaces by an intracapsular fibrous articular disc; gliding action occurs superior to the articular disc and hinge action occurs inferior to the disc
Joints and Ligaments of the Thorax - Listed Alphabetically Joint or Description Notes ligament costal the cartilage that caps the medial costal cartilages of ribs 1-7 connect to the sternum; costal cartilages of ribs 8-10 connect to cartilage end of the rib the costal cartilage of rib 7; costal cartilages of ribs 11 & 12 do not articulate anteriorly but end in the muscles of the abdominal wall radiate ligaments that reinforce the these ligaments connect the costal cartilages of ribs 1-7 with the sternum on both the anterior sternocostal sternocostal joint capsule and posterior surfaces of the sternocostal articulation ligaments sternal angle the angle formed by the a synchondrosis; the cartilage within this joint usually does not become ossified until old age; articulation between the the angle formed by this articulation is also called the angle of Louis; the sternal angle marks manubrium and the body of the the level of the second costal cartilage from which all other ribs are counted sternum sternocostal the articulations that connect the a synchondrosis (rib 1) or synovial joints (ribs 2-10); sternocostal synovial joints involving ribs joints costal cartilages with the sternum 2-7 contain thin joint capsules; interchondral joints involving ribs 8-10 have simple gliding synovial articulations; radiate sternocostal ligaments reinforce the sternocostal articulations xiphisternal the articulation that connects the a synchondrosis; the cartilage within this joint usually becomes ossified in old age; the joint xiphoid process with the body of xiphisternal joint marks the inferior extent of the thoracic cavity the sternum
Joints and Joint or ligament inguinal ligament
Ligaments of the Abdomen - Listed Alphabetically Description Notes the ligament that connects the anterior superior iliac spine with the pubic tubercle the inguinal ligament is a specialization of the inferior border of the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis; it is the site of origin for a part of the internal abdominal oblique
lacunar ligament pectineal ligament
an extension of the medial end of the inguinal ligament which connects the pubic tubercle with the pecten of the pubis a thickening of fascia on the pecten of the pubis
muscle and for a part of the transversus abdominis muscle; also known as: Poupart's ligament the lacunar ligament is a flattened portion of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique m. that projects posteriorly from the pubic tubercle; it forms the medial border of the femoral ring and the floor of the inguinal canal at the superficial inguinal ring the pectineal ligament looks like an extension of the lacunar ligament along the surface of the pectineal line; also known as: Cooper's ligament (note: Cooper's ligaments are also found in the breast)
Joints and Ligaments of the Pelvis and Perineum - Listed Alphabetically Joint or Description Notes ligament iliolumbar a ligament that connects the the iliolumbar ligament stabilizes the lumbosacral joint ligament transverse process of the L5 vertebra to the iliac crest lumbosacral the articulation between the L5 a symphysis; this articulation is characterized by all of the features of a typical intervertebral joint vertebral body and the body of articulation which include: an intervertebral disk, anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, the first sacral segment synovial joints between articular processes, ligamenta flava, interspinal and supraspinal ligaments; a strong iliolumbar ligament strengthens this joint pubic the midline joint uniting the a symphysis; a fibrocartilage interpubic disk unites the bones; the subpubic angle in the female is symphysis superior rami of the two pubic greater than the subpubic angle in the male bones sacroiliac the articulation between the ala a synovial joint; the fibrous articular capsule is thickened dorsally and ventrally to form the joint of the sacrum and the auricular sacroiliac ligaments; because of the interlocking nature of the joint surfaces and the strong surface of the ilium sacroiliac ligaments, only limited movement is permitted at the sacroiliac joint sacrospinou the ligament that connects the together with the sacrotuberous ligament, it converts the greater and lesser sciatic notches into s ligament ischial spine to the lateral greater and lesser sciatic foramina surface of the sacrum and coccyx sacrotubero the ligament that connects the together with sacrospinous ligament, it converts the greater and lesser sciatic notches into greater us ligament ischial tuberosity to the lateral and lesser sciatic foramina surface of the sacrum and coccyx
Lower Limb - Listed Alphabetically Joint or ligament Description acetabular a fibrocartilage rim around the labrum acetabulum ankle joint the articulation between the distal tibia, the medial malleolus of the tibia, the lateral malleolus of the fibula and the talus
Notes the acetabular labrum deepens the acetabulum; it cups around the head of the femur and holds it firmly in the acetabulum a synovial hinge joint; the ankle is reinforced by the deltoid ligament (anterior tibiotalar, tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, posterior tibiotalar parts), the anterior talofibular lig., the calcaneofibular lig. and the posterior talofibular lig.; because of the shape of the talus, the ankle is most stable when the foot is dorsiflexed; the
anterior cruciate ligament
a ligament connecting the anterior aspect of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia with the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle
anterior talofibular ligament anterior tibiofibular ligament anterior tibiotalar ligament calcaneofibular ligament deltoid ligament
a ligament that connects the lateral malleolus of the fibula with the anterolateral surface of the talus the ligament that connects the distal ends of the tibia and the fibula anteriorly part of the deltoid ligament connecting the medial malleolus of the tibia with the talus a ligament that connects the lateral malleolus of the fibula with the calcaneus the ligament that connects the medial malleolus of the tibia with the talus, navicular and calcaneus the collateral ligament of the knee that connects the lateral epicondyle of the femur with the head of the fibula the articulation between the os coxae and the head of the femur
ankle is often injured when the foot is plantar flexed an intracapsular ligament located within the fibrous joint capsule of the knee but external to the synovial cavity of the knee; the anterior cruciate ligament limits the anterior movement of the tibia relative to the femur in all positions of joint movement; clipping-type injuries tear the anterior cruciate ligament because the leg is forced anteriorly relative to the femur which places great stress on the anterior cruciate ligament it is a ligament that reinforces the ankle joint
this ligament reinforces the tibiofibular syndesmosis (at the distal ends of these bones) it is a ligament that reinforces the ankle joint
it is a ligament that reinforces the ankle joint the deltoid ligament reinforces the ankle joint; it has the shape of the Greek letter delta, hence its name; it has four parts (from anterior to posterior): anterior tibiotalar lig., tibionavicular lig., tibiocalcaneal lig., posterior tibiotalar lig. an extracapsular ligament, not part of the fibrous capsule of the knee; the fibular collateral ligament passes superficial to the tendon of origin of the popliteus m. a synovial ball and socket joint; it is reinforced by capsular ligaments (iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, zona orbicularis); the fibers of the articular capsule become taut on hip extension and lax on hip flexion; dislocation injuries of the hip are most common when the hip is flexed (sitting in a car seat during an impact that causes the knees to strike the dash board, for example) the iliofemoral ligament is shaped like an inverted "Y"; it connects the anterior inferior iliac spine to the anterior surface of the intertrochanteric line of the femur; also known as: ligament of Bigelow synovial membrane, the deep infrapatellar bursa reduces friction between the patellar ligament and the tibia synovial membrane they connect adjacent tarsal bones; they are named for the two bones that they connect and whether they are located on the dorsal or plantar surface of those bones a syndesmosis
fibular collateral ligament hip joint
iliofemoral ligament infrapatellar bursa, deep infrapatellar bursa, superficial interosseous ligaments of the foot interosseous membrane of the leg interphalangeal joints
the ligament reinforcing the anterior surface of the articular capsule of the hip joint the bursa lying between the patellar ligament and the tibia a subcutaneous bursa overlying the patellar ligament ligaments that reinforce intertarsal (gliding) synovial joints the membrane that connects the interosseous borders of the shafts of the tibia and fibula the articulations between the proximal and middle phalanges (proximal interphalangeal joint, abbreviated PIP) or
a synovial hinge joint; these joints are strengthened by medial and lateral collateral ligaments
ischiofemoral ligament knee joint
the middle and distal phalanges (distal interphalangeal joint, abbreviated DIP) the ligament reinforcing the posterior surface of the articular capsule of the hip joint the articulation between the femoral condyles and the tibial condyles
the ischiofemoral ligament connects the body of the ischium to the posterior portion of the femoral neck a synovial hinge joint; it is reinforced by intracapsular ligaments (anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments) and two types of collateral ligaments (capsular - tibial collateral ligament, and extracapsular - fibular collateral ligament); the medial and lateral menisci are contained within the joint capsule fibrocartilage; it is attached to the coronary ligament and the intercondylar eminence of the tibia the ligament of the head of the femur contains a small artery (the a. of the ligament of the head of the femur) which supplies the femoral head; in fractures of the neck of the femur the retinacular aa. that course along the neck may be damaged, so that the artery to the head may be the only blood supply to the head and proximal neck a ligament that reinforces a complex set of intertarsal (gliding) synovial joints; the long plantar ligament supports the longitudinal arch of the foot a series of plane synovial joints; the longitudinal arch of the foot is formed by the shapes of the metatarsal bones and is supported by the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament and many other small interosseous ligaments; the tendons of the tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior mm. also play a supporting role in maintaining the longitudinal arch of the foot fibrocartilage; it is attached to the tibial collateral ligament, coronary ligament and intercondylar eminence of the tibia; its attachment fo the tibial collateral ligament results in injury to the medial meniscus whenever the medial collateral ligament is injured a synovial condyloid (or ellipsoid) joint; it is strengthened by medial and lateral collateral ligaments; the joint has two planes of motion: flexion/extension and abduction/adduction which may be combined to yield circumduction the quadriceps femoris tendon connects the quadriceps femoris muscle group to the patella and the patellar ligament connects the patella to the tibial tuberosity; the patella is a sesamoid bone within the quadriceps femoris tendon a ligament that reinforces a complex set of intertarsal (gliding) synovial joints; it supports the longitudinal arch of the foot; also known as: short plantar ligament a ligament that reinforces a complex set of intertarsal (gliding) synovial joints; it supports the longitudinal arch of the foot; also known as: spring ligament an intracapsular ligament located within the fibrous joint capsule of the knee but external to the synovial cavity of the knee; the posterior cruciate ligament limits the posterior movement of the tibia relative to the femur in all positions of joint movement
lateral meniscus
ligament of the head of the femur
an intra-articular disc within the knee joint located between the lateral femoral condyle and the lateral tibial condyle an intracapsular ligament that attaches to the fovea of the head of the femur and to the acetabular fossa
long plantar ligament longitudinal arch of the foot
a ligament that connects the plantar surface of the calcaneus, cuboid and the bases of the lateral 3 metatarsal bones the arch that passes from the calcaneus to the talus to the navicular to the cuneiforms to the metatarsal
medial meniscus
an intra-articular disc within the knee joint located between the medial femoral condyle and the medial tibial condyle the articulation between the head of a metatarsal and the base of a proximal phalanx the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps femoris muscle a ligament that connects the calcaneus with the cuboid on their plantar surfaces a ligament that connects the sustentaculum tali with the plantar surface of the navicular bone a ligament connecting the posterior aspect of the intercondylar eminence with the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle
metatarsophalan geal joint patellar ligament
plantar calcaneocuboid ligament plantar calcaneonavicula r ligament posterior cruciate ligament
posterior meniscofemoral ligament posterior talofibular ligament posterior tibiofibular ligament posterior tibiotalar ligament prepatellar bursa
an intracapsular ligament that connects the posterior part of the lateral meniscus with the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle a ligament that connects the lateral malleolus of the fibula with the posterolateral surface of the talus the ligament that connects the distal ends of the tibia and the fibula posteriorly part of the deltoid ligament connecting the medial malleolus of the tibia with the talus posteriorly a subcutaneous bursa overlying the patella the ligament reinforcing the medial surface of the articular capsule of the hip joint the superior extension of the synovial membrane of the knee joint the articulations between the distal row of tarsal bones and the proximal ends of the metatarsal bones the collateral ligament of the knee joint connecting the medial epicondyle of the femur with the medial surface of the medial condyle of the tibia part of the deltoid ligament connecting the medial malleolus of the tibia with the sustentaculum tali part of the deltoid ligament connecting the medial malleolus of the tibia with the navicular the ligament that spans the acetabular notch near the rim of the acetabulum the arch that passes through the distal row of tarsal bones circularly oriented ligamentous fibers that reinforce the capsule of the hip joint
may be absent
it is a ligament that reinforces the ankle joint
this ligament reinforces the tibiofibular syndesmosis (at the distal ends of these bones) it is a ligament that reinforces the ankle joint
pubofemoral ligament suprapatellar bursa tarsometatarsal joints tibial collateral ligament
synovial membrane; inflammation of this bursa leads to the condition known as "housemaid's knee" (prepatellar bursitis), so named because housemaids at one time traumatized this bursa while scrubbing floors on their hands and knees the pubofemoral ligament connects the pubic portion of the rim of the bony acetabulum to the medial surface of the femoral neck it passes deep to the quadriceps femoris tendon; the suprapatellar bursa reduces friction between the quadriceps femoris tendon and the femur gliding synovial joints; they are reinforced by dorsal and plantar ligaments which limit the motion between adjacent bones the tibial collateral ligament reinforces the medial surface of the articular capsule of the knee; it is attached to the medial meniscus which has clinical relevance when the tibial collateral ligament tears in a clipping-type injury (knee abduction), the medial meniscus also tears it is a ligament that reinforces the ankle joint
tibiocalcaneal ligament tibionavicular ligament transverse acetabular ligament transverse arch of the foot zona orbicularis
it is a ligament that reinforces the ankle joint
the acetabular branch of the obturator artery enters the hip joint by passing beneath the transverse acetabular ligament; the artery of the ligament of the head of the femur is a branch of the acetabular a. a series of plane synovial joints; the transverse arch of the foot is supported by the shape of the tarsal bones, many small interosseous ligaments and the tendons of the fibularis longus m., tibialis anterior m. and tibialis posterior m. the zona orbicularis fibers tend to constrict the fibrous joint capsule around the neck of the femur, helping to hold the head of the femur in the acetabulum

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Nerve accessory

antebrachial cutaneous, lateral

anterior and posterior branches

skin of the lateral side of the forearm

antebrachial cutaneous, medial antebrachial cutaneous, posterior anterior interosseous n. axillary n.

medial cord of the brachial plexus

skin of the medial side of the forearm

inferior lateral brachial cutaneous n.

skin of the lateral distal arm and posterior forearm none

brachial cutaneous, inferior lateral brachial cutaneous, medial

superior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve no named branches

skin of the medial side of the arm

brachial cutaneous, posterior brachial plexus

skin of the posterior arm skin of the upper limb

ventral primary rami of C5-8 and T1

C3 ventral primary ramus

C4 ventral primary ramus

muscles of the upper limb, excluding trapezius

C3 contributes to the cervical plexus

longus colli, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, respiratory diaphragm

C4 contributes to the cervical plexus

contributes to: long thoracic n.

contributes to: long thoracic n. no named branches

common palmar digital nn.

median n.; superficial br. of the ulnar n.

proper palmar digital nn.

digital, common palmar

median n.; superficial br. of the ulnar n.

proper palmar digital nn.

digital, proper palmar

dorsal branch of the ulnar n.

sympathetic motor innervation to skin

sympathetic motor innervation to skin

the nail bed is supplied by palmar digital nn.

dorsal scapular n. inferior lateral brachial cutaneous n. intercostobra chial n.

intermediate supraclavicula r n. interosseous, anterior

rhomboideus major and minor mm.; levator scapulae m. none

skin of the lateral side of the distal arm

sympathetic motor innervation to skin

skin of the medial side of the arm

lateral antebrachial cutaneous

anterior and posterior branches

skin of the lateral side of the forearm

lateral cord of the brachial plexus

lateral supraclavicula r n. long thoracic n.

cervical plexus (C3&C4) brachial plexus (ventral primary rami of spinal

unnamed muscular brs.

subscapularis m., teres major m.

skin of the medial side of the forearm

skin of the medial side of the arm no cutaneous branches

pectoralis minor m., pectoralis major m.

medial supraclavicula r n. median n.

middle subscapular n. musculocutan eous n. palmar digital, common

palmar digital, proper

sympathetic motor to the skin

lateral cord of the brachial plexus

medial cord of the brachial plexus

pectoralis minor m., pectoralis major m.

ventral primary rami of C5-8 and T1

muscles of the upper limb, excluding trapezius

skin of the upper limb

sympathetic motor to the skin

posterior cord of the brachial plexus

digit skin of the posterior arm, forearm and hand