CSE 364 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Lab. Report To: Mr.

FUNG Pik Chi

Lab 003 Group 03 Experiment Date: 13-02-2009 Group Member: 07263223D Fung Ho Kit 07116028D Leung Kin Fung 07231127D Wong Chi Ho 07224590D Lai Chor Kin 07092155D Lun Wai Chun 07222255D Chan Kin Man

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Laboratory P1: pH, Colour, Turbidity and Conductivity Objective: To determine the colour, turbidity, pH of water or wastewater samples. Introduction: Colour, turbidity, pH are common drinking water quality parameters. They are easily measured by simple instruments and are often determined in water treatment processes. Colour in natural water is resulted from contact of water with organic debris, such as leaves, needles of conifers and wood, all in various stage of decomposition. They are primarily negative charged colloidal particles and are therefore removed by alum coagulation. Turbidity is a measurement of the passage of light through water. Suspended matters and colloidal particles are major compounds that cause turbidity in natural water. Because of the wide variety of materials that cause turbidity in nature waters, a standard was chosen in which 1 mg SiO2/ L = 1 unit of turbidity. pH is a measurement of the hydrogen-ion concentration in water. The term may be represented by: pH=-log [H+] or pH=log1/[H+] and the pH scale is usually represented as ranging from 0 to 14, with pH=7 representing absolute neutrality. Acidity increases as pH value decreases and alkalinity increases as pH value increases. pH affects many chemical and biochemical reactions involved in water and wastewater treatment. It is one of the most commonly measured parameters in public health engineering. Conductivity is a numerical expression of the ability of an aqueous solution to carry an electric current. This ability depends on the presence of ions, their total concentration, mobility, valance and relative concentrations as well as on the temperature of measurement. Conductivity can be used to estimate total dissolved solids of a sample given that the correction factor for the sample was determined. A constant relationship between EC (Conductivity) and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) is expected from any particular water source where wide variations in quality are absent. Generally,

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The value of this constant is usually found to lie between 1.2 and 1.8 when conductivity is measured in /cm and TDS in mg/L.

Apparatus: pH meter Lovibond comparator Nessleriser disc for colour measurement Tintometer Turbidity meter

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Procedures: pH measurement 1. The pH meter should be calibrated before for use. 2. Rinse the electrode with distilled water and blot dry gently. 3. Place the electrode into the sample. Stir until the reading is steady and note the reading. 4. Rinse electrode between measuring different samples. Colour measurement Using Tinotometer 1. Ensure that the cell compartment is empty. 2. 3. 4. 5. With the cell compartment empty, press the [zero] key Place the sample up against the front of the cell compartment in the right-hand beam. Close the cell compartment lid and press the [READ] key. Note the reading appeared and record as Hazen unit.

Turbidity measurement 1. The turbidmeter should be tuned on and calibrated. 2. Select the appropriate range. If the range is unknown, begin with the highest range and work down. 3. Fill a clean sample cell to the mark with the test sample and place it in the cell 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. holder. Align the dot with the raised mark on the spill ring around the cell holder opening. Be sure the cell is down completely and held in place by the spring clip. Cover the sample cell with the light shield. Wait at least 15 seconds in each position to allow the instrument to stabilized. Select the lowest range possible without having an over-range condition. Read the turbidity of the sample from the digital display.

Conductivity measurement 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Turn on the conductivity meter. Rinse the probe with distilled water. Immerse the probe into the sample up to the overflow hole on it. Note the reading on the display. If the meter indicate value over-range, dilution is required. For diluted samples, multiply the readings by the corresponding dilution factors. Page4

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Laboratory C3: Alkalinity Objective: To determine the phenolphthalein alkalinity and total alkalinity of water and waste water. Introduction: The alkalinity of water is a measure of the capacity of that water to neutralize acidic substances. The alkalinity of natural water is primarily due to the salts of weak acids and bases. Bicarbonates and carbonates are the major forms of alkalinity in fresh water systems and ground water. This is due to the action of dissolved and hydrated carbon dioxide upon the basic soil materials. The salts of weak acids, such as borates, phosphates and silicates also contributed to the alkalinity. Salts of organic acids such as humic and tannic acids (acetic, propionic, etc.) produced by anaerobic bacteria are also contributors to alkalinity. Industrial wastewater containing hydroxide and hydrated ammonia will contribute alkalinity to the receiving water. Under certain conditions, lakes and reservoirs will contain measurable amount of hydroxide and carbonate alkalinity during algae bloom. Apparatus: Burette and Burette stand. Volumetric pipettes. Conical flasks Carbon dioxide free distilled water. Phenolphthalein indicator solution. Standard sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid titrant, 0.02N. Bromocresol green indicator, pH 4.5 (0.1g in 100 mL H2O) or bromocresol green methyl red mixed indicator (pH=4.8). Sodium thiosulfate solution, 0.1N

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Procedure: 1. Measure and transfer an exact volume of sample to a clean conical flask. 2. Remove free chlorine residual by adding 1 to 2 drops of 0.1N sodium thiosulfate solution. 3. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to sample. 4. Record the initial burette reading. 5. Titrate over a white surface with 0.02N standard acid. 6. Colour changes from pink to colourless at pH 8.3 which is the end point for Phenolphthalein Alkalinity. 7. Record the second burette reading. 8. 9. Add a few drops of bromocresol green indicator to the sample which the phenolphthalein alkalinity has just been determined. Titrate over a white surface with standard acid again.

10. Colour changes from blue to green (or green to purple for mixed indicator) at pH 4.5 which is the end point for Total Alkalinity. 11. Record the third burette reading. Calculation:

where A = volume of standard acid used to reach the phenolphthalein end point. B = total volume of standard acid used to reach the bromocresol green methyl red mixed indicator end point. N = normality of standard acid used.

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Laboratory P2: Solids Objective: To determine the various solid content of water or wastewater samples. Introduction: Solids in water may be either suspended or dissolved. In each category the solids may be volatile (driven off gasses at 550C) or fixed (stable at 550C). The following grouping represents the total solid contents.

It can be seen that: Total Volatile Solids (TVS) = Total Fixed Solids (TFS)=

VSS+VDS FSS+FDS

Laboratory tests are usually conducted to find TSS, TDS, FSS and FDS. From these results, all the others may be deduced. Refer to worksheets no. P2a and P2b for details on how to determine various solid contents.

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Laboratory P2a:

Suspended Solids

Objective: To determine the Total and Fixed suspended solid contents of water or wastewater samples Apparatus: Glass fiber filter paper Filtration system. Oven at 103-105C Muffle furnace at 550C Analytic balance. Desiccator.

Procedures: 1. Preparation of filter paper before use: Rinse the clean filter papers by distilled water and dry in an oven at 103C -105C for 2 hours. If volatile solids are to be measured, ignite the papers at 550 for 15 minutes in a muffle furnace. Cool the filter papers in desiccators to room temperature and they are ready for use. 2. Weigh the filter paper immediately before use and record as A in g. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Shake the sample thoroughly. Under vacuum, filter an appropriate volume of sample (usually 100mL) through the pre-weighed filter. Rinse the filter disk with distilled water a few times. Remove the filter paper and dry at 103-105C for at least 2 hours. Cool the paper in desiccators to room temperature and weigh paper again. Record the weight as B in g. For volatile SS, ignite the paper at 550C for 15 minutes in a muffle furnace. Cool the paper again in desiccators to room temperature and reweigh. Record the weight as C in g.

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Discussion: PH:
1 S1 S2 S3 6.93 7.13 7.57 2 6.8 6.9 7.62 3 6.7 6.79 7.71 4 6.66 6.62 6.9

pH: pH value is one of the parameters for determining water quality. The pH value of pure water is 7, however, there is no pure water in nature. Certain amount of CO2 in the atmosphere would dissolve into water, so the pH value of natural water is usually below 7. In this experiment, we found that average pH value of settled sewage, treated effluent and tap water are 6.77, 6.86 and 7.45 respectively. Comparing settled sewage and treated effluent, their pH values were very similar, it showed the treatments being carried out in a sewage farm would not affect waters pH value. Meanwhile, the pH value of settled sewage was a little bit lower than tap water. It might be because there were sewage sources discharging acidic chemical from factory into water. On the other hand, we found that the pH value of tap water was different from final treated water quality requirements of WSD. It might be because water pipe would have some clefts and rain would go into water and make the pH value decrease.
Also, there are some errors, for example, the pH detector cannot determine pH very accurately.

As the alkalinity of phenolphthalein is 0, the pH value of tap water being smaller 8.3 matches the previous pH testing result.

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Color
1 S1 S2 S3 225 40 0 2 265 105 0 3 242 108 5 4 286 82 5

Colour As we all know, the colour of different samples are different, but we cannot precisely identify the colour just by our naked eyes. So, we need to carry out colour testing experiment. In this experiment, we use the Tintometer to find out the colour of the samples. If a colour is in deep colour, the reading will be higher. We can see that S1 has a higher value than S2 while S3 has the smallest value. S1 has the largest value, this is because it contains a lot of precipitates and metal ions in the sample. Those precipitates and ions include suspended and dissolved solid and bacteria. Since S2 has been treated, some coloured free ions and organic suspended solid has been removed. S3 is tap water which has been treated and most of the microorganism has been killed and some coloured dissolved solid is removed, so it appears colourless. In conclusion, we can state that the colour of the samples depends on the concentration of the suspended and dissolved solid and the microorganism. The standard value for colour testing of drinking water is <5HU. Thus, S3 fulfill the requirement.

Turbidity
1 S1 S2 S3 70.3 2.91 0.337 68.8 2.4 0.171 2 3 75.2 2.41 0.345 4 68.1 2.34 0.36

Turbidity The turbidity test measures the intensity of light that can pass through the sample, it reflects how clear the sample is. As in the colour test, if the sample contains more suspended, dissolved solid and other microorganism, it is in deep colour, less light can pass through and the test result will be higher. So, we can find that in our testing result, S1 have the highest result, S2 in the middle and S3 is the smallest, because S1 is untreated water, S2 is treated water and S3 is tap water. Department of Civil and Structural Engineering Page10

In both colour and turbidity experiments, although the machines can get a exactly result, there may be some errors caused by man made. Such errors are listed below:
1. The tube outside surface may not clean well enough, so the passing rate of the light intensity may be affected. 2. The testing samples may not shake well before the experiment begins, so the precipitates may distribute unevenly.

The standard value for tubidity test of drinking water is <1FTU. Thus, S3 fulfill the requirement. Conductivity
1 S1 S2 S3 16.59mS/cm 15.83mS/cm 127.5uS/cm 18.4C 19.6C 20.9C 16.34 15.75 132.6 2 16.61mS/cm 15.91mS/cm 120.3uS/cm 3 19.2C 17.7C 20.2C 16.57 15.67 129.4 4 18.3 19.5 21.8

Calculation:

EC = electrical conductivity in /cm TDS = Total dissolved solid in mg/L Combine all groups results For S1 sample Average EC = Average SS = Average TS =

16 .59 16 .34 16 .61 16 .57 10 3

4
84 111 99 = 98 mg/L 3

= 16.5275 103/cm

10824 10859 11162 = 10948.33 mg/L 3

Average TDS = avg TS avg SS = 10948.33 98 = 10850.33 mg/L

16 .5275 10 3 EC = = 1.52 (within the range of 1.2 to 1.8) 10850 .33 TDS

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For S2 sample Average EC = Average SS = Average TS =

15 .83 15 .75 15 .91 15 .67 10 3

4
10.8 9.6 11.8 = 10.73 mg/L 3

= 15.79 103/cm

7986 9555 10573 = 9371.33 mg/L 3

Average TDS = avg TS avg SS = 9371.33 10.73 = 9360.60 mg/L

15 .79 10 3 EC = = 1.69 (within the range of 1.2 to 1.8) 9360 .60 TDS

Individual Result : For S1: EC = 16.61/cm SS = 111mg/L TS = 10824 mg/L TDS = TS-SS = 10713 mg/L
16 .61 10 3 EC = = 1.55 (within the range of 1.2 to 1.8) 10713 TDS

Discussion: As electrical conductivity is directly related to total salt ion concentrations, mainly sodium and chloride ions will contribute to the conductivity. For S1 sample, it is untreated waste water and contains more organic matter than the treated effluent (S2). Those organic matters will exhibit the buildup some of free ions. However, the sodium and chloride ions level of treated effluent (S2) has not been reduced through the water treatment. Therefore the electrical conductivity of untreated waste water will be slightly smaller than treated waste. By comparing the results with S3, we can see that the water quality is closely related to the electrical conductivity. By the drinking water requirement, most of the free ions have been removed. Therefore EC levels give a general guide to how many free ions in that
sample.

By

EC = constant , the concentration of total dissolved solids can be calculated TDS

from the experimental result.

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Total solid
sample S1 S2 S2 S2 S1 S1 S3 S3 Dish No. 308 7 5 8 304 303 309 3 Dish 105.2562 115.2488 106.8795 107.8119 106.1287 97.4482 99.8574 110.7708 Dish+Solid 106.3386 116.0474 107.835 108.8692 107.2146 98.5644 99.8641 110.7763 Weight of Total Solid(mg) 1082.4 798.6 955.5 1057.3 1085.9 1116.2 6.7 5.5 Concentration(mg/l) 10824 7986 9555 10573 10859 11162 67 55

Total solid consists of dissolved and suspended solid. The major dissolved solid is salt. The main substance being removed in total solid by secondary treatment is organic matter. Therefore the total solid difference in S1 and S2 is only attributed by the organic matter. However the organic matter is only a minor part of total solid in S1, and salt is inorganic compound. Thus, the difference of S1 and S2 is not very significant because large amount of dissolved salt remains. As S3 is drinking water, it should not contend much total solid. Therefore the testing result of S3 is much lower than S1 and S2. Suspended solid
Sample S1 1 S2 S1 2 S2 S1 3 S2 S1 4 S2 Filler paper 08467 08445 08447 08444 08446 08451 08449 08443 P 0.1883 0.2125 0.1833 0.1872 0.1861 0.1863 0.1885 0.1856 P+S 0.1967 0.2179 0.2008 0.1957 0.1972 0.1911 0.1984 0.1915 SS(mg) 8.4 5.4 17.5 8.5 11.1 4.8 9.9 5.9 Concentration(mg/l) 84 10.8 175 17 111 9.6 99 11.8

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S1 is settled sewage and S2 is treated effluent. For the primary sedimentation tanks, it should remove 50 to 70 percent of the suspended solids and 25 to 40 percent of the BOD5. The rest of the suspended solids should have density close to water, so they did not settle at the bottom of the tank or flow on the surface. Some of them are organic suspended solid. It will be removed at secondary treatment by microorganisms and bacteria. However some inorganic suspended solid will not be removed by biological treatment. Hence, the treated effluent have little amount of suspended solid and the concentration of suspended solid of S1 is much greater than S2. Alkalinity
end Alkalinity Sample S3 1 S4 S3 2 S4 S3 3 S4 S3 4 S4 init 16.9 19 25.1 18 31.2 11.1 26.6 28.5 point1 N/A 23.6 N/A 23.2 N/A 16.1 N/A 33.5 end point2 19 26.2 27.4 25.1 32.9 18 28.3 35.2

Group 1 2 3 4

S3 Total alkalinity 42 46 34 34

S4 Phenolphthalein alkalinity 920 1040 1000 1000

S4 Total alkalinity 1440 1420 1380 1340

Calculation Group 3 S3 (Tap water)

S4 (Alkaline water)

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Discussion In the experiment, alkalinity is a measurement of the volume of acidic solution which is required to be neutralized by carbonates and bicarbonates. For tap water, the phenolphthalein indicator would reach the end point upon the start of titration. Also, the lower pH value of tap water implies that tap water required less volume of acid (H2SO4 ) than the alkaline water. However, there exist some errors in the experiment like the alkalinity differences among the groups are great. To minimize this error, we should not go through the process once and we should repeat the steps 3-11 for alkaline water and the steps 8-11 for tap water 3-4 times and then take average of the. Moreover, the colour change is not obvious. We may use more acid so that the alkalinity is inaccurate.

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