Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted To
Md. Anwar Hossain Lecturer Department of Pharmacy Manarat International University
Submitted By
NAME : Arfia Chowdhury ID: 0709BPM00145 BATCH: 9th Batch COURSE TITLE: Advanced Analysis COURSE CODE: BPM 421
Content
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Introduction .. .. What is management . TQM ... Definition and Explanation of the concept of total quality management system...... History of TQM . Whats the goal of TQM ... TQM and Six Sigma .. Productivity and TQM ........................ Basic Tenets of TQM The three aspects of TQM Advantages of Total Quality Management . Disadvantages of Total Quality Management Principles Of TQM .. Main Principles of TQM .. Total Quality Management Leadership ... The concept of continuous improvement Total Quality Management and Continuous Improvement .. TQM Implementation Approaches ... Obstacles to Implementing TQM . Strategies to develop TQM Where is the best place to start TQM Some criticisms of TQM Product development in a TQM environment .......................... Quality Management in Pharmaceutical Industry The Cost of TQM ........................ Conclusion 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 14
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Introduction
Total quality management is a popular "quality management" concept. However, it is about much more than just assuring product or service quality. TQM is a business philosophy - a way of doing business. It describes ways to managing people and business processes to ensure complete customer satisfaction at every stage. TQM is often associated with the phrase - "doing the right things right, first time". This revision note summarises the main features of TQM. Like most quality management concepts, TQM views "quality" entirely from the point of view of "the customer". All businesses have many types of customer. A customer can be someone "internal" to the business (e.g. a production employee working at the end of the production line is the "customer" of the employees involved earlier in the production process). Total Quality Management is often associated with the development, deployment, and maintenance of organizational systems that are required for various business processes.
What is management
The American Management Association defines management as "the process of getting work done through people." It is management's responsibility to achieve and maintain a business organization's effectiveness. Traditionally, management includes the following activities: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. More specifically, management is responsible for the primary activities of the firm; those being inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and service. Management is also responsible for the support activities of infrastructure, human resource management, technology development, and procurement. Management comprises directing and controlling a group of one or more people or entities for the purpose of coordinating and harmonizing them towards accomplishing a goal. The verb manage comes from the Italian maneggiare (to handle especially a horse), which in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand). The French word mesnagement (later mnagement) influenced the development in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.
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TQM
Total - made up of the whole Quality - degree of excellence a product or service provides Management - act, art or manner of planning, controlling, directing,. Therefore, TQM is the art of managing the whole to achieve excellence.
History of TQM
After the First World War, quality inspection became more commonplace in manufacturing environments and this led to the introduction of Statistical Quality Control (SQC), a theory developed by Dr. W. Edwards Deming. This quality method provided a statistical method of quality based on sampling. Where it was not possible to inspect every item, a sample was tested for quality. The theory of SQC was based on the notion that a variation in the production process leads to variation in the end product. If the variation in the process could be removed this would lead to a higher level of quality in the end product. After World War Two, the industrial manufacturers in Japan produced poor quality items. In a response to this, the Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers invited Dr. Deming to train engineers in quality processes. By the 1950s quality control was an integral part of Japanese manufacturing and was adopted by all levels of workers within an
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organization. By the 1970s the notion of total quality was being discussed. This was seen as company-wide quality control that involves all employees from top management to the workers, in quality control. In the next decade more non-Japanese companies were introducing quality management procedures that based on the results seen in Japan. The new wave of quality control became known as Total Quality Management, which was used to describe the many quality-focused strategies and techniques that became the center of focus for the quality movement.
Top management must provide leadership and support for all quality initiatives. Preventing variability is the key to producing high quality. Quality goals are a moving target, thereby requiring a commitment toward continuous improvement. Improving quality requires the establishment of effective metrics. We must speak with data and facts not just opinions.
Principles Of TQM
Definition of Quality Management Principle
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"A quality management principle is a comprehensive and fundamental rule / belief, for leading and operating an organisation, aimed at continually improving performance over the long term by focusing on customers while addressing the needs of all other stake holders". The eight principles of TQM are ... 1- Be Customer focused: whatever you do for quality improvement, remember that ONLY customers determine the level of quality, whatever you do to foster quality improvement, training employees, integrating quality into processes management, ONLY customers determine whether your efforts were worthwhile. 2-Insure Total Employee Involvement: This done after you remove fear from work place, then empower employee ... you provide the proper environment.
3- Process Centered: Fundamental part of TQM is to focus on Process thinking. 4- Integrated system: All employee must know business mission and vision, must monitor the process. An integrated business system may be modeled by MBNQA or ISO 9000.
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5- Strategic and systematic approach: Strategic plan must integrate quality as core component. 6- Continual Improvement: Using analytical and creative thinking in finding ways to become more effective. 7- Fact Based Decision Making: Decision making must be ONLY on data, not personal thinking or situational. 8- Communication : Communication strategy, method and timeliness must be well defined.
Getting things right Better not to produce at all than produce something defective first time Quality everyone involves Quality is not just the concern of the production or operations department - it involves everyone, including marketing, finance and human resources Businesses should always be looking for ways to improve processes to help quality Those involved in production and operations have a vital role to play in spotting improvement opportunities for quality and in identifying quality problems
Implementing Total Quality Management ( TQM ) alone cannot ensure its long term business success. The leader has to drive the TQM implementation in accordance to the TQM principles, follow the TQM model, provides regular TQM training to all levels of employees. He or she must take the lead to verify the Total Quality culture is indeed being practiced by the employee as a whole. One obvious behavior in a Total Quality Culture is the continuous improvement culture building.
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Continuous Improvement
Principles
Customer Focus
Process Improvement
Total Involvement
Elements
Leadership Education and Training Supportive structure Communications Reward and recognition Measurement
7- Create process improvement teams. 8- Managers should support effort by planning, training, time .... to the team. 9- Integrate changes for improvement in daily process management and standardizations take place. 10- Evaluate progress against plan (step 8) and adjust as needed. 11- Constant employee awareness and feedback on status are provided and a reward/ recognition process is established.
Using the guides of one of the leading quality thinker. 3- Organization model approach: The organization use Benchmarking or MBNQA as model for excellence. 4- Japanese total quality approach: Companies want to get deming prize use deming principles.
Quality management plays a key role in the pharmaceutical industry. To ensure that products are safe and effective, manufacturing processes are subject to strict legal conditions. National and international authorities constantly monitor the manufacturers' adherence to regulations. The directives and procedural instructions for validation require companies in the industry to document the entire logistics chain in full - from goods inwards to delivery, and from the development of new preparations to the maintenance of mixers and packaging lines. Because the pharmaceutical industry has traditionally focused upon the application of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), it has been slow to consider the potential benefits to be gained by implementing an EN ISO 9001 Quality Management System (QMS). Over the last few years the global pharmaceutical market has undergone significant change, forcing pharmaceutical companies, more than ever before, to focus on customer needs and upon their own internal efficiency in order to continue to compete effectively.
Appraisal costs are associated with the vendors and customers evaluation of purchased materials and services to ensure they are within specification. They can include: Verification Inspection of incoming material against agreed upon specifications.
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Quality Audits Check that the quality system is functioning correctly. Vendor Evaluation Assessment and approval of vendors.
Failure costs can be split into those resulting from internal and external failure. Internal failure costs occur when results fail to reach quality standards and are detected before they are shipped to the customer. These can include: Waste Unnecessary work or holding stocks as a result of errors, poor organization or communication. Scrap Defective product or material that cannot be repaired, used or sold. Rework Correction of defective material or errors. Failure Analysis This is required to establish the causes of internal product failure.
External failure costs occur when the products or services fail to reach quality standards, but are not detected until after the customer receives the item. These can include: Repairs Servicing of returned products or at the customer site. Warranty Claims Items are replaced or services re-performed under warranty. Complaints All work and costs associated with dealing with customers complaints. Returns Transportation, investigation and handling of returned items
Conclusion
The benefits of total quality management, which involves teaching all employees exactly what is expected of them, include getting everyone on the same page and helping customers more efficiently in the end. Consider implementing a total quality management training program with information from a portfolio manager in this free video on business strategies.
Reference
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_quality_management
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http://managementhelp.org/quality/tqm/tqm.htm http://www.johnstark.com/fwtqm.html http://www.bexcellence.org/Total-quality-management.html http://www.bexcellence.org/Cost-Of-Quality.html http://american-business.org/809-total-quality-management.html http://logistics.about.com/od/qualityinthesupplychain/a/TQM.htm http://tqmcasestudies.com/ http://www.isixsigma.com/index.php? option=com_k2&view=itemlist&layout=category&task=category&id=45&Itemid =179 http://www.crossroad.to/Quotes/TQM.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1070069/ http://www.thinkingmanagers.com/business-management/total-qualitymanagement.php http://american-business.org/809-total-quality-management.html http://www.contactpakistan.com/Communitylibrary/general/news16.htm http://www.accountingformanagement.com/total_quality_management.htm http://www.iqmsglobal.com/total_quality_management.htm http://www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/total-quality-management-promisingfixation-accomplish-zero-defects http://www.thinkingmanagers.com/business-management/total-qualitymanagement.php
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