Macedonia (ancient kingdom) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search "Macedon" redirects here.

For other uses, see Macedon (disambiguation). Page semi-protected Macedonia ?a?ed???a Makedona ? 800s BC 146 BC ? ? ? ?

Kingdom of Macedon after Philip's II death. Capital Aigai until about 400 BC when moved by Archelaus to Pella Languages Ancient Macedonian, later Attic/Koine Greek Religion Ancient Greek religion Government Monarchy King - 808 778 BC Karanus - 359 336 BC Philip II of Macedon - 336 323 BC Alexander the Great - 221 179 BC Philip V of Macedon Historical era Classical Antiquity - Karanus establishes the Argead dynasty 800s BC - Amyntas III unifies Macedon 382 BC - Conquered by the Roman Republic in the Fourth Macedonian War 146 BC Currency Greek drachma Macedonia or Macedon (from Greek: ?a?ed???a, Makedona) was an ancient Greek kingd om. The kingdom, centered in the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula,[1] wa s bordered by Epirus to the west, Paeonia to the north, the region of Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south. The rise of Macedon, from a small kingdom at the periphery of Classical Greek affairs, to one which came to dominate the ent

ire Hellenic world, occurred under the reign of Philip II. For a brief period, a fter the conquests of Alexander the Great, it became the most powerful state in the world, controlling a territory that included the former Persian empire, stre tching as far as the Indus River; at that time it inaugurated the Hellenistic pe riod of Ancient Greek civilization.

Contents [hide] 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Early history and legend 2.2 Involvement in the Classical Greek world 2.3 Rise of Macedon 2.4 Empire 2.5 Hellenistic era 2.6 Conflict with Rome 3 Institutions 3.1 The King 3.1.1 Succession 3.1.2 Finances 3.2 The Assembly 3.3 Council (Synedrion) 3.4 Regional districts (Merides) 4 5 6 7 See also References Further reading External links

Name See also: Makedon (mythology) The name Macedonia (Greek: ?a?ed???a, Makedona) comes from the ancient Greek word a?ed??? (Makednos). It is commonly explained as having originally meant "a tall one" or "highlander", possibly descriptive of the people.[2][3] The shorter Engl ish name variant Macedon developed in Middle English, based on a borrowing from the French form of the name, Macdoine.[4] History Early history and legend The lands around Aegae, the first Macedonian capital, were home to various peopl es. Macedonia was called Emathia (from king Emathion) and the city of Aiges was called Edessa, the capital of fabled king Midas in his youth. In approximately 6 50 BC, the Argeads, an ancient Greek royal house led by Perdiccas I established their palace-capital at Aegae.[5] It seems that the first Macedonian state emerged in the 8th or early 7th century BC under the Argead Dynasty, who, according to legend, migrated to the region f rom the Greek city of Argos in Peloponnesus (thus the name Argead). Herodotus me ntions this founding myth when Alexander I was asked to prove his Greek descent in order to participate in the Olympic Games, an athletic event in which only me n of Greek origin were entitled to participate. Alexander proved his (Argead) de scent and was allowed to compete by the Hellanodikai: And that these descendants of Perdiccas are Greeks, as they themselves say, I happen to know myself, and no t only so, but I will prove in the succeeding history that they are Greeks. More over the Hellanodicai, who manage the games at Olympia, decided that they were s

o: for when Alexander wished to contend in the games and had descended for this purpose into the arena, the Greeks who were to run against him tried to exclude him, saying that the contest was not for Barbarians to contend in but for Greeks : since however Alexander proved that he was of Argos, he was judged to be a Gre ek, and when he entered the contest of the foot-race his lot came out with that of the first."[6] The Macedonian tribe ruled by the Argeads, was itself called A rgead (which translates as "descended from Argos"). Other founding myths served other agenda: according to Justin's, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, Caranus, accompanied by a multitude of Gre eks came to the area in search for a new homeland [7] took Edessa and renamed it Aegae. Subsequently, he expelled Midas and other kings and formed his new kingd om. Conversely, according to Herodotus, it was Dorus, the son of Hellen who led his people to Histaeotis, whence they were driven off by the Cadmeians into Pind us, where they settled as Macedonians. Later, a branch would migrate further sou th to be called Dorians.[8] The kingdom was situated in the fertile alluvial plain, watered by the rivers Ha liacmon and Axius, called Lower Macedonia, north of the mountain Olympus. Around the time of Alexander I of Macedon, the Argead Macedonians started to expand in to Upper Macedonia, lands inhabited by independent Macedonian tribes like the Ly ncestae and the Elmiotae and to the West, beyond Axius river, into Eordaia, Bott iaea, Mygdonia, and Almopia, regions settled by, among others, many Thracian tri bes.[9] To the north of Macedonia lay various non-Greek peoples such as the Paeo nians due north, the Thracians to the northeast, and the Illyrians, with whom th e Macedonians were frequently in conflict, to the northwest. To the south lay Th essaly, with whose inhabitants the Macedonians had much in common both culturall y and politically, while to west lay Epirus, with whom the Macedonians had a pea ceful relationship and in the 4th century BC formed an alliance against Illyrian raids.[10] Near the modern city of Veria, Perdiccas I (or, more likely, his son, Argaeus I) built his capital, Aigai (modern Vergina). After a brief period under Persian r ule under Darius Hystaspes, the state regained its independence under King Alexa nder I (495 450 BC). In the Peloponnesian War Macedon was a secondary power that a lternated in support between Sparta and Athens.[11]

Macedon during the Peloponnesian War around 431 BC. Involvement in the Classical Greek world Prior to the 4th century BC, the kingdom covered a region approximately correspo nding to the Western and Central parts of province of Macedonia in modern Greece . A unified Macedonian state was eventually established by King Amyntas III (c. 393 370 BC), though it still retained strong contrasts between the cattle-rich coa stal plain and the fierce isolated tribal hinterland, allied to the king by marr iage ties. They controlled the passes through which barbarian invasions came fro m Illyria to the north and northwest. It became increasingly Atticised during th is period, though prominent Athenians appear to have regarded the Macedonians as uncouth.[12] Before the establishment of the League of Corinth, even though the Macedonians apparently spoke a dialect of the Greek language and claimed proudl y that they were Greeks, they were not considered to fully share the classical G reek culture by many of the inhabitants of the southern city states, because the y did not share the polis based style of government.[11][13] Herodotus, one of t he foremost biographers in antiquity who lived in Greece at the time when the Ma cedonian king Alexander I was in power, recorded:

"And that these descendants of Perdiccas are Hellenes, as they themselves say, I happen to know myself, and not only so, but I will prove in the succeeding hist ory that they are Hellenes. Moreover the Hellanodikai, who manage the games at O lympia, decided that they were so: for when Alexander wished to contend in the g ames and had descended for this purpose into the arena, the Hellenes who were to run against him tried to exclude him, saying that the contest was not for Barba rians to contend in but for Hellenes: since however Alexander proved that he was of Argos, he was judged to be a Hellene, and when he entered the contest of the foot-race his lot came out with that of the first." [14] Over the 4th century Macedon became more politically involved with the south-cen tral city-states of Ancient Greece, but it also retained more archaic features l ike the palace-culture, first at Aegae (modern Vergina) then at Pella, resemblin g Mycenaean culture more than classic Hellenic city-states, and other archaic cu stoms, like Philip's multiple wives in addition to his Epirote queen Olympias, m other of Alexander. Another archaic remnant was the very persistence of a hereditary monarchy which wielded formidable sometimes absolute power, although this was at times checked by the landed aristocracy, and often disturbed by power struggles within the roy al family itself. This contrasted sharply with the Greek cultures further south, where the ubiquitous city-states mostly possessed aristocratic or democratic in stitutions; the de facto monarchy of tyrants, in which heredity was usually more of an ambition rather than the accepted rule; and the limited, predominantly mi litary and sacerdotal, power of the twin hereditary Spartan kings. The same migh t have held true of feudal institutions like serfdom, which may have persisted i n Macedon well into historical times. Such institutions were abolished by city-s tates well before Macedon's rise (most notably by the Athenian legislator Solon' s famous se?s???e?a seisachtheia laws). Rise of Macedon Main article: Rise of Macedon

Philip II, king of Macedon Amyntas had three sons; the first two, Alexander II and Perdiccas III reigned on ly briefly. Perdiccas III's infant heir was deposed by Amyntas' third son, Phili p II of Macedon, who made himself king and ushered in a period of Macedonian dom inance in Greece. Under Philip II, (359 336 BC), Macedon expanded into the territo ry of the Paeonians, Thracians, and Illyrians. Among other conquests, he annexed the regions of Pelagonia and Southern Paeonia.[15]

Kingdom of Macedon after Philip's II death. Philip redesigned the army of Macedon adding a number of variations to the tradi tional hoplite force to make it far more effective. He added the hetairoi, a wel l armoured heavy cavalry, and more light infantry, both of which added greater f lexibility and responsiveness to the force. He also lengthened the spear and shr ank the shield of the main infantry force, increasing its offensive capabilities . Philip began to rapidly expand the borders of his kingdom. He first campaigned i

n the north against non-Greek peoples such as the Illyrians, securing his northe rn border and gaining much prestige as a warrior. He next turned east, to the te rritory along the northern shore of the Aegean. The most important city in this area was Amphipolis, which controlled the way into Thrace and also was near valu able silver mines. This region had been part of the Athenian Empire, and Athens still considered it as in their sphere. The Athenians attempted to curb the grow ing power of Macedonia, but were limited by the outbreak of the Social War. They could also do little to halt Philip when he turned his armies south and took ov er most of Thessaly. Control of Thessaly meant Philip was now closely involved in the politics of cen tral Greece. 356 BC saw the outbreak of the Third Sacred War that pitted Phocis against Thebes and its allies. Thebes recruited the Macedonians to join them and at the Battle of Crocus Field Phillip decisively defeated Phocis and its Atheni an allies. As a result Macedonia became the leading state in the Amphictyonic Le ague and Phillip became head of the Pythian Games, firmly putting the Macedonian leader at the centre of the Greek political world. In the continuing conflict with Athens Philip marched east through Thrace in an attempt to capture Byzantium and the Bosphorus, thus cutting off the Black Sea g rain supply that provided Athens with much of its food. The siege of Byzantium f ailed, but Athens realized the grave danger the rise of Macedon presented and un der Demosthenes built a coalition of many of the major states to oppose the Mace donians. Most importantly Thebes, which had the strongest ground force of any of the city states, joined the effort. The allies met the Macedonians at the Battl e of Chaeronea and were decisively defeated, leaving Philip and the Macedonians the unquestioned master of Greece. Empire Further information: Wars of Alexander the Great, Wars of the Diadochi, Seleucid Empire, and Diadochi

Alexander's empire at the time of its maximum expansion

The entrance to one of the royal tombs at Vergina, a UNESCO World Heritage site . Philip's son, Alexander the Great (356 323 BC), managed to briefly extend Macedoni an power not only over the central Greek city-states by becoming Hegemon of the League of Corinth (also known as the "Hellenic League"), but also to the Persian empire, including Egypt and lands as far east as the fringes of India. Alexande r's adoption of the styles of government of the conquered territories was accomp anied by the spread of Greek culture and learning through his vast empire. Altho ugh the empire fractured into multiple Hellenic regimes shortly after his death, his conquests left a lasting legacy, not least in the new Greek-speaking cities founded across Persia's western territories, heralding the Hellenistic period. In the partition of Alexander's empire among the Diadochi, Macedonia fell to the Antipatrid dynasty, which was overthrown by the Antigonid dynasty after only a few years, in 294 BC. Hellenistic era Further information: Antipatrid dynasty

Antipater and his son Cassander gained control of Macedonia but it slid into a l ong period of civil strife following Cassander's death in 297 BC. It was ruled f or a while by Demetrius I (294 288 BC) but fell into civil war. Demetrius' son, Antigonus II (277 239 BC), defeated a Galatian invasion as a condo ttiere, and regained his family's position in Macedonia; he successfully restore d order and prosperity there, though he lost control of many of the Greek city-s tates. He established a stable monarchy under the Antigonid dynasty. Antigonus I II (239 221 BC) built on these gains by re-establishing Macedonian power across th e region. What is notable about the Macedonian regime during the Hellenistic times is that it was the only successor state to the Empire that maintained the old archaic p erception of kingship, and never adopted the ways of the Hellenistic monarchy. T hus the king was never deified in the same way that Ptolemies and Seleucids were in Egypt and Asia respectively, and never adopted the custom of Proskynesis. Th e ancient Macedonians during the Hellenistic times were still addressing their k ings in a far more casual way than the subjects of the rest of the Diadochi, and the kings were still consulting with their aristocracy (Philoi) in the process of making their decisions. Conflict with Rome Main article: Macedonian Wars

Kingdom of Macedon under Philip V. Under Philip V of Macedon (221 179 BC) and his son Perseus of Macedon (179 168 BC), the kingdom clashed with the rising power of the Roman Republic. During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Macedon fought a series of wars with Rome. Two major losse s that led to the end of the kingdom were in 197 BC when Rome defeated Philip V, and 168 BC when Rome defeated Perseus. The overall losses resulted in the defea t of Macedon, the deposition of the Antigonid dynasty and the dismantling of the Macedonian kingdom. Andriscus' brief success at reestablishing the monarchy in 149 BC was quickly followed by his defeat the following year and the establishme nt of direct Roman rule and the organization of Macedon as the Roman province of Macedonia. Institutions The political organization of the Macedonian kingdom was a three-level pyramid: on the top, the King and the nation, at the foot, the civic organizations (citie s and thne), and between the two, the districts. The study of these different ins titutions has been considerably renewed thanks to epigraphy, which has given us the possibility to reread the indications given us by ancient literary sources s uch as Livy and Polybius. They show that the Macedonian institutions were near t o those of the Greek federal states, like the Aetolian and Achaean leagues, whos e unity was reinforced by the presence of the king.

The Vergina Sun, the 16-ray star covering what appears to be the royal burial l arnax of Philip II of Macedon, discovered in Vergina, Greece. The King

The king (?as??e??, Basiles) headed the central administration: he led the kingdo m from its capital, Pella, and in his royal palace was conserved the state's arc hive. He was helped in carrying out his work by the Royal Secretary (as?????? ??aat e??, basiliks grammates), whose work was of primary importance, and by the Council . The title "king" (basiles) may have not officially been used by the Macedonian regents until Alexander the Great, whose "usage of it may have been influenced b y his ambivalent position in Persia."[16] The king was commander of the army, head of the Macedonian religion, and directo r of diplomacy. Also, only he could conclude treaties, and, until Philip V, mint coins. The number of civil servants was limited: the king directed his kingdom mostly i n an indirect way, supporting himself principally through the local magistrates, the epistates, with whom he constantly kept in touch. Succession Royal succession in Macedon was hereditary, male, patrilineal and generally resp ected the principle of primogeniture. There was also an elective element: when t he king died, his designated heir, generally but not always the eldest son, had first to be accepted by the council and then presented to the general Assembly t o be acclaimed king and obtain the oath of fidelity. As can be seen, the succession was far from being automatic, more so considering that many Macedonian kings died violently, without having made dispositions for the succession, or having assured themselves that these would be respected. Thi s can be seen with Perdiccas III, slain by the Illyrians, Philip II assassinated by Pausanias of Orestis, Alexander the Great, suddenly died of malady, etc. Suc cession crises were frequent, especially up to the 4th century BC, when the magn ate families of Upper Macedonia still cultivated the ambition of overthrowing th e Argaead dynasty and to ascend to the throne.

An atrium with a pebble-mosaic paving, in Pella, Greece Finances The king was the simple guardian and administrator of the treasure of Macedon an d of the king's incomes (as?????, basilik), which belonged to the Macedonians: and the tributes that came to the kingdom thanks to the treaties with the defeated people also went to the Macedonian people, and not to the king. Even if the king was not accountable for his management of the kingdom's entries, he may have fe lt responsible to defend his administration on certain occasions: Arrian tells u s that during the mutiny of Alexander's soldiers at Opis in 324 BC, Alexander de tailed the possessions of his father at his death to prove he had not abused his charge. It is known from Livy and Polybius that the basilik included the following source s of income: The mines of gold and silver (for example those of the Pangaeus), which were the exclusive possession of the king, and which permitted him to strike currency, a s already said his sole privilege till Philip V, who conceded to cities and dist ricts the right of coinage for the lesser denominations, like bronze. The forests, whose timber was very appreciated by the Greek cities to build thei r ships: in particular, it is known that Athens made commercial treaties with Ma cedon in the 5th century BC to import the timber necessary for the construction

and the maintenance of its fleet of war. The royal landed properties, lands that were annexed to the royal domain through conquest, and that the king exploited either directly, in particular through se rvile workforce made up of prisoners of war, or indirectly through a leasing sys tem. The port duties on commerce (importation and exportation taxes). The most common way to exploit these different sources of income was by leasing: the Pseudo-Aristotle reports in the Oeconomica that Amyntas III (or maybe Phili p II) doubled the kingdom's port revenues with the help of Callistratus, who had taken refuge in Macedon, bringing them from 20 to 40 talents per year. To do th is, the exploitation of the harbour taxes was given every year at the private of fering the highest bidding. It is also known from Livy that the mines and the fo rests were leased for a fixed sum under Philip V, and it appears that the same h appened under the Argaead dynasty: from here possibly comes the leasing system t hat was used in Ptolemaic Egypt. Except for the king's properties, land in Macedon was free: Macedonians were fre e men and did not pay land taxes on private grounds. Even extraordinary taxes li ke those paid by the Athenians in times of war did not exist. Even in conditions of economic peril, like what happened to Alexander in 334 BC and Perseus in 168 BC, the monarchy did not tax its subjects but raised funds through loans, first of all by his Companions, or raised the cost of the leases. The king could grant the atele (?te???), a privilege of tax exemption, as Alexand er did with those Macedonian families which had losses in the battle of the Gran icus in May 334: they were exempted from paying tribute for leasing royal ground s and commercial taxes. Extraordinary incomes came from the spoils of war, which were divided between th e king and his men. At the time of Philip II and Alexander, this was a considera ble source of income. A considerable part of the gold and silver objects taken a t the time of the European and Asian campaigns were melted in ingots and then se nt to the monetary foundries of Pella and Amphipolis, most active of the kingdom at that time: an estimate judges that during the reign of Alexander only the mi nt of Amphipolis struck about 13 million silver tetradrachms. The Assembly All the kingdom's citizen-soldiers gather in a popular assembly, which is held a t least twice a year, in spring and in autumn, with the opening and the closing of the campaigning season. This assembly (koin ekklesia or koinon makedonn), of the army in times of war, of the people in times of peace, is called by the king and plays a significant role through the acclamation of the kings and in capital trials; it can be consulted (without obligation) for the foreign politics (declarations of war, treaties) a nd for the appointment of high state officials. In the majority of these occasio ns, the Assembly does nothing but ratify the proposals of a smaller body, the Co uncil. It is also the Assembly which votes the honors, sends embassies, during i ts two annual meetings. It was abolished by the Romans at the time of their reor ganization of Macedonia in 167 BC, to prevent, according to Livy, that a demagog ue could make use of it as a mean to revolt against their authority. Council (Synedrion) The Council was a small group formed among some of the most eminent Macedonians, chosen by the king to assist him in the government of the kingdom. As such it w as not a representative assembly, but notwithstanding that on certain occasions it could be expanded with the admission of representatives of the cities and of

the civic corps of the kingdom. The members of the Council (synedroi) belong to three categories: The somatophylakes (in Greek literally "bodyguards") were noble Macedonians chos en by the king to serve to him as honorary bodyguards, but especially as close a dvisers. It was a particularly prestigious honorary title. In the times of Alexa nder there were seven of them. The Friends (philoi) or the king's Companions (basilikoi hetairoi) were named fo r life by the king among the Macedonian aristocracy. The most important generals of the army (hgmones tn taxn), also named by the king. The king had in reality less power in the choice of the members of the Council t han appearances would warrant; this was because many of the kingdom's most impor tant noblemen were members of the Council by birth-right. The Council primarily exerted a probouleutic function with respect to the Assemb ly: it prepared and proposed the decisions which the Assembly would have discuss ed and voted, working in many fields such as the designation of kings and regent s, as of that of the high administrators and the declarations of war. It was als o the first and final authority for all the cases which did not involve capital punishment. The Council gathered frequently and represented the principal body of government of the kingdom. Any important decision taken by the king was subjected before i t for deliberation. Inside the Council ruled the democratic principles of isgoria (equality of word) and of parrhsia (freedom of speech), to which even the king subjected himself. After the removal of the Antigonid dynasty by the Romans in 167 BC, it is possib le that the synedrion remained, unlike the Assembly, representing the sole feder al authority in Macedonia after the country's division in four merides. Regional districts (Merides) The creation of an intermediate territorial administrative level between the cen tral government and the cities should probably be attributed to Philip II: this reform corresponded with the need to adapt the kingdom's institutions to the gre at expansion of Macedon under his rule. It was no longer practical to convene al l the Macedonians in a single general assembly, and the answer to this problem w as the creation of four regional districts, each with a regional assembly. These territorial divisions clearly did not follow any historical or traditional inte rnal divisions; they were simply artificial administrative lines. This said, it should be noted that the existence of these districts is not attes ted with certainty (by numismatics) before the beginning of the 2nd century BC. See also Ancient Macedonians Ancient Macedonian army Ancient Macedonian calendar Ancient Greece Vergina Sun List of kings of Macedon Alexander the Great Diadochi Antigonid dynasty Seleucid Empire Ptolemaic dynasty

Crestonia Lynkestis Orestis Deuriopus Tymphaia Elimiotis Almopia Eordaea Mygdonia Paeonia Pelagonia Cleopatra References Notes 1.^ "Macedonia". Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online. 2008. Retr ieved 2008-11-03. 2.^ "Georg Autenrieth, A Homeric Dictionary, a?ed???". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retriev ed 2009-05-05. 3.^ Johann Baptist Hofmann (1950). Etymologisches Wrterbuch des Griechischen. R. Oldenbourg. 4.^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. 'Macedon' 5.^ Ring, Trudy (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Eu rope. Taylor & Francis. p. 753. ISBN 1-884964-02-8. 6.^ (Herodotus, "Histories", Book 5: Terpsichore 22) 7.^ Justin, 7.1. 8.^ Herodotus, Histories, 1.56.3. 9.^ The Cambridge ancient history: The fourth century B.C. edited by D.M. Lewis et al. I E S Edwards, Cambridge University Press, D. M. Lewis, John Boardman, Cy ril John Gadd, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprire Hammond, 2000, ISBN 0-521-23348-8, pp. 723-724. 10.^ Anson, Edward (December 2010). Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian, eds. A Co mpanion to Ancient Macedonia. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. 11.^ a b Kagan, Donald [1] " Twilight of the Polis." Introduction to Ancient Gre ek History. 12.^ A History of Macedonia by R.Malcolm Errington, Catherine Errington,ISBN 1-5 6619-519-5,1994,page 4,"Ancient allegations that the Macedonians were non-Greeks all had their origin in Athens at the time of the struggle with Philip II. ..." 13.^ Ian Worthington, Alexander the Great: A Reader, Routledge, 2003, p. 21: "To Greek literally writers before the Hellenistic period the Macedonians were 'bar barians'. The term referred to their way of life and their institutions, which w ere those of the ethne and not of the city-state, and it did not refer to their speech. We can see this in the case of Epirus. There Thucydides called the tribe s 'barbarians'. But inscriptions found in Epirus have shown conclusively that th e Epirote tribes in Thucydides' lifetime were speaking Greek and used names whic h were Greek. In the following century 'barbarian' was only one of the abusive t erms applied by Demosthenes to Philip of Macedon and his people." 14.^ Herodotus, Histories, 5. 22. Translation from http://www.sacred-texts.com/c la/hh/hh5020.htm. Retrieved 11th April 2012. 15.^ South East Europe History pages - Map showing Upper and Lower Macedon and t he growth of Macedon 4th BC. [2] 16.^ R. M. Errington, "Macedonian 'Royal Style' and Its Historical Significance, " Journal of Hellenic Studies 94 (1974): 20. Further reading Eugene N. Borza: Before Alexander: constructing early Macedonia. Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1999. Pp. 89. ISBN 0-941690-97-0 (pb) Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great, Penguin Books, 1973, ISBN 0-14-008878-4 (pb ). Nicholas G. L. Hammond, The Macedonian State, Oxford University Press, 1989, ISB

N 0-19-814883-6. Pg. 12-13. Macedonian Empire, 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington: A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, Wiley-Blackwe ll, 2010 External links Ancient Macedonia at Livius, by Jona Lendering Hellenism in Macedonia, Britannica Online Twilight of the Polis and the rise of Macedon (Philip, Demosthenes and the Fall of the Polis). Yale University courses, Lecture 24. (Introduction to Ancient Gre ek History) Heracles to Alexander The Great: Treasures From The Royal Capital of Macedon, A Hellenic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy, Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeolog y, University of Oxford

[show] v t e Ancient Greece

 ( )

Category Portal WikiProject

[show] v t e The Division of Alexander's Empire

[show] v t e Kings of Macedonia

Vergina Sun

[show] v t e Ancient Greek and Roman wars

(() ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )

Categories: Former monarchies of Europe Former countries in Europe States and territories established in the 800s BC Articles containing Greek-language text Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text Macedonia (ancient kingdom) Ancient Greece 146 BC disestablishments States and territories established in the 9th century BC

Navigation menu

Create account Log in

Article Talk

Read View source View history

Search

Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Toolbox

Print/export

Languages Afrikaans ??????? Asturianu ?????????? ?????????? (???????????)? ?????????

Bosanski Catal Cesky Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti ???????? Espaol Esperanto Euskara ????? Franais Frysk Galego ??? ??????? Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ????? ??????? Latina Latvie u Ltzebuergesch Lietuviu Magyar ?????????? Bahasa Melayu ?????? Nederlands ????? ???? ??? Norsk bokml Occitan Plattdtsch Polski Portugus Romna ??????? Scots Simple English Slovencina ?????? / srpski Srpskohrvatski / ?????????????? Suomi Tagalog ??? Trke ?????????? Ti?ng Vi?t Vro Winaray ?? Edit links This page was last modified on 23 May 2013 at 03:48. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; add itional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and P

rivacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-pro fit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Wikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki