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terminal shoot. The method of grafting is similar to stone grafting. July and August
are the best months for soft-wood grafting.
Inarching :
The method of inarching or approach grafting is quite cumbersome and time
consuming, but it is still the leading method for commercial propagation of mango
plants. The method consists of uniting the selected shoot (scion) of a desired parent
tree (mother plant) with the potted or transplanted seedling (rootstock) by approach
grafting. For this purpose, about one-year-old seedlings are most suitable when
they attain a height of about 30-45 cm and thickness ranging from 0.75 to 1.5 cm.
These seedlings are either grown in pots or under the mother plant from which the
grafts are to be prepared. Generally, one-year-old twigs of the scion tree about 60
cm in length and nearly of the same thickness as that of the stock is chosen for
grafting. Young and non-bearing trees should not be selected as mother plants.
A thin slice of bark and wood, about 5 cm in length, 7.5 mm width and 2 mm deep,
is removed by means of a sharp grafting knife from the stem of the stock as well as
from the scion branch. The cuts thus made should be absolutely flat, clean, boat
shaped, even and smooth. The ends of these cuts should be round and not angular.
The cut surfaces of both, i.e., stock and scion are made to coincide facing each
other so that there remains no hollow space between the two. Polythene/alkathene
strips of about 1.5 cm in width are tied around the union. After about one month of
operation, the scion below the graft union and stock above the graft union should
be given light "V" shape cuts at weekly interval in such a way that the grafts can
finally be detached while giving the fourth cut. In the last stage, the top of the
stock above graft union should also be removed completely.
Inarching should be done during the active growth period. The end of the monsoon
in heavy rainfall areas and early monsoons in the light rainfall areas is the best
period for inarching.
Veneer Grafting:
This method of propagation possesses promise for mass scale commercial
propagation. The method is simple and can be adopted with success. The
rootstocks as mentioned for inarching are suitable for this method also. For
conducting this grafting operation, a downward and inward 30-40 mm long cut is
made in the smooth area of the stock at a height of about 20 cm. At the base of cut,
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a small shorter cut is given to intersect the first so as to remove the piece of wood
and bark. The scion stick is given a long slanting cut on one side and a small short
cut on the other so as to match the cuts of the stock. The scion is inserted in the
stock so that the cambium layers comes on the longer side. The graft union is then
tied with polythene strip as recommended for inarching. After the scion remains
green for more than 10 days, the rootstock should be clipped in stages.
The scion wood to be used for veneer grafting requires proper preparation. The
desired shoots should be defoliated at least one week prior to grafting so that the
dormant buds in the axil of leaves become swollen.
Climate :
Mango can be grown under both tropical and sub-tropical climate from sea level
to 1400 m altitude, provided there is no high humidity, rain or frost during the
flowering period. Places with good rainfall and dry summer are ideal for mango
cultivation. It is better to avoid areas with winds and cyclones which may cause
flower and fruit shedding and breaking of branches.
Soil :
Mango comes up on a wide range of soils from alluvial to laterite provided they
are deep (minimum 6') and well drained. It prefers slightly acidic soils (pH 5.5 to
7.5)
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According to Ayurveda,
Bhavamishra has discussed about 4 varieties
1.Sadharana Amra
2.Koshamra
3.Rajamra
4.Maharajamra
5. Baddha rasamra.
According to modern classics 200 varieties.
Fernandin
State: Goa. Fruit size medium-large, fruit shape oval to obliquely oval and fruit
colour is yellow with a blush of red on shoulders; medium keeping quality; mostly
used for table purpose.
Himsagar
State: West Bengal and Bihar. Fruit is medium sized ovate fruit with yellow colour;
good keeping quality; early season variety and mostly used for table purpose.
Kesar
State: Gujarat. Fruit medium oblong with a red blush on the shoulders; good
keeping quality; ideal for pulping and juice concentrates; early season variety.
Kishen Bhog
State : West Bengal and Bihar. Fruit medium oval oblique with yellow colour;
keeping quality is good; bearing heavy.
Langra
State : Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and
Punjab. Trees vigorous and spreading; fruit medium, ovate in shape with lettuce
green colour; poor keeping quality; skin is very thin and pulp is very sweet;
alternate bearing variety mostly used for table purpose.
Mankur
State : Goa and Maharashtra. The variety develops black spots on the skin in rainy
season. Fruit is medium ovate and yellow in colour. Fruit quality is very good but
keeping quality is poor.
Mulgoa
State : Tamil Nadu, Karnataka. Fruit is large roundish-oblique in shape and yellow
in colour; high fruit quality and good keeping quality.
Neelum
State : Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Orissa. Fruit is medium ovate-oblique in shape
and saffron yellow in colour; good keeping quality; high yielding and regular
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bearing; ideal variety for transporting to distant places. This variety is mostly used
for table purpose.
Samarbehisht Chausa
State : Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. Fruit large, ovate to oval oblique in shape and
light yellow in colour, flesh fibrous; medium keeping quality; extremely sweet in
taste; alternate bearing variety; shows apical dominance. It is mostly grown for
table and processing purpose.
Suvernarekha
State : Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Fruit medium ovate oblong fruit, green in
colour with prominent red blush on the shoulders; good keeping quality; bearing is
heavy.
Vanraj
State : Gujarat. Fruit medium, ovate oblong in shape with a blush of jasper red on
the shoulders; good keeping quality.
Hybrid Varieties
Malika (Neelum X Dashehari)
Realising Institute : Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi.
Fruit large, oblong elliptical yellow in colour; fruit and keeping quality is good and
is mostly used for table purpose
Amrapali (Dashehari X Neelum)
Realising Institute : Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi.
Dwarf, regular bearing and late maturing variety; suitable for high density
planting; flesh is fibreless; average yield 16 tonnes/hectare.
Taxonomical Classification
Subclass- Rosidae
Order- Sapindales
Rasa Panchaka
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बीज
कफिितशामक
सतमभन
मूतसङरहणीय
रकतशोधक
वरणरोिक
अिकव फल हद
ृ
दाहपशमन वृषय
रोचन बलय
दीिन वणयय
शूलनाशक बृहं ण
िकव फल शोिणत सथािन
वातिितशामक िुषि
सनहेन
रोचन
अनुलोमन
दीिन
सरक
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उियोग
चरक
- च.िच.२३/२८
- च.िच.४/९७
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वृनद
३. रकताितसारे- आमाजुयनतवचः ।
- अितसारािधकारे
चकदत
- पलीहािचिकतसा
भावपकाश
७. अितसारे- ……तथामधयतवगामजा
अितसार व ं यथ ादाहहंनतयेवाशुनसंशयः॥
वङसेन
समसेिवत व ं ा त बलासरोगान्सवाशअहोथानििदसुतराश।
केमकुतूहलम्
११. आमिानम्
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एलालवगंादयकवासवािसत व ं णा ं सयनरोचकपदम्।
िनवतक
सहृद श ं ल े षमकृदबलयवंणययवंृषयर
ं िचपदम्॥
शाङयधरः
The roots and bark are astringent, acrid, refrigerant, styptic, antisyphilitic,
vulnerary, anti emetic, anti inflammatory and constipating.
They are useful in vitiated conditions of pitta, metrorrhagia, colonorrhagia,
pneumorrhagia, leucorrhoea, syphilis, wounds, ulcers, vomiting, uterities,
diarrhoea, dysentery, diphtheria and rheumatism.
The leaves are astringent, refrigerant, styptic, vulnerary and constipating. They are
useful in vitiated conditions of kapha and pitta hiccough, hypeedisia, burning
sensation, haemarrhages, haemoptysis, wounds, ulcers, diarrhoea, dysentery,
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phaeyngopathy and stouatopathy. The ash of the burnt leaves are useful in burns
and scalds.
The flowers are astringent, refrigerant, styptic, vulnerary and constipating and
haematiuic. They are useful in vitiated conditions of pitta, hypeedisia, burning
sensation, haemarrhages, haemoptysis, wounds, ulcers, dysentery, diarrhoea,
chronic dysentery, auoreunia, dyspepsia, uro-edema, gleet and anaemia.
The unripe fruits are sour, acrid, refrigerant, digestive and calminative. They are
useful in gastropathy, dyypesia, pharyngopathy, ulcers, dysentery, urethrorrhei and
vagiauopathy.
The ripe fruits are refrigerant, sweet, emollient, laxative, cardiotonic, haemostatic,
asphsodisiac and tonic.
They are useful in vitiated conditions of vata and pitta, anorexia, dyspepsia,
cardiopathy, haemoptysis, haemorrhages, emaciation, anaemic and general debility.
The seed kernel is sweet, acrid, astringent, refrigerant, anthelmintic, constipating,
haemostatic, vulnerary and uterine tonic. It is useful in vitiated conditions of pitta
and kapha, helmimthiasis, chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, haemorrhages,
haemoptysis, haemorrhoids, ulcers, bruises, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, diabetes,
heartburn and vomiting.
Leaves, bark, stem and unripe fruit extracts show anti bacterial activity. The anti
fungal micro-organisms are reported to be present in ripe fruit.
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Rogaghnata रोगघता
अिकव फल
अंशुघता
अरिच
अिगनमानद
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आमिुषि
आमिुषिमतीसारकफिित पमेहनुत् ।
असृगधरहर श ं ी त ं िचकृत्गािहवातलम्॥
र
आमामफलम्
आमं बालं कषायामलं रचय म ं ारतिितकृत्।
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Very young fruit of Amra is astringent, sour, helps taste, increases Vaata and pitta.
That which is in its youth is very sour, dry; (causes dryness) aggravates all the
three Doshas and Rakta.
शुषकमामफलं
आममामं तवचाहीनमातिेऽितिवशोिषतम् ।
आमलं सवाद क ु ष ायसंयादेदनक
ं फवातिजत्॥
Unripe fruit, removed of its skin, cut into pieces and dried well in sun, is sour
sweet , astringent, purgative and miti8gates Kapha and Vaata.
िकवम् आमफलम्
िकव त ं ु म ध ुरवंृषयिंसनगधबंलसुखपदम्।
गुर वातहर ह ं ृ द वंणययश
ं ीतमिितलम्।
कषायानुरसं विनहशलेषमशुकिववधयनम् ॥
Ripe fruit is sweet, aphrodisiac, unctuous, gives strength and happiness, hard for
digestion, mitigates vaata, good for heart, color/complexion, cold in potency, not
aggravating pitta, has astringent as after taste, greatly increases digestive fire,
Kapha and Semen.
आम खणड
तसय खणड ग ं ु र ि ररंोचनिंचरिािकच।
मधुर ब ं ृ ं ं ीतलंवातनाशनम्॥
हणंबलयश
Pieces of dried fruit is hard for digestion, best stimulator of taste/ appetite
undergoes digestion slowly, sweet, stoutening, strengthening, cold in potency and
mitigates Vaata.
दगुधयुकतामगुणाः
वातिितहर र ं च यबंृंहणंबलवधयनम्।
वृषय व ं ण य करसंवाददुगुधामंगुरशीतलम्।
Fruit boiled in milk mitigates Vaata and Pitta, helps taste, nutritious, strengthening
aphrodisiac, bestows complexion, is sweet, hard for digestion and cold in potency.
आमावतयलकणम्
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आमाितयोग
मनदानलतव ि ं व ष ं रकतामयबंदगुदोदरच
म जवरच ं ।
आमाितयोगो नयनामय च ं करोित
तसमादित तािन नादात् ॥
एतदामलामिवषय म ं ध ुरामिरनंतु।
मधुरसय िर न ं त े िहततंवादागुणायतः॥
Weakness of digestive fire, irregular (intermittent) fever, diseases of blood,
enlargement of abdomen due to intestinal obstruction or diseases of eyes occur due
to over-eating of Amra. Hence it should not be used in excess.
Occurrence of these diseases are found in only from use of fruits which are sweet,
since sweet are ideally good for eyes.
उिचार
सुणठयमबुरसोनुिान स ं यादामाणामितभकणे।
जीरकं वा पयोकतवय स ं ह सौवचयलेनच॥
(अिभदानमञरी)
आमशूतो वनजो वसतदत
ू सतथा महावृकः ।
चुच
ं ीवानिसथफलः िपयचुंिचक उचयते िनघणटुजैः ॥
Drinking of water boiled with ुणरठी often or powder of जीरक with सौवचररल Salt
are the treatment for the effects of overeating of आमरर fruits.
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Pharmacological activities
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Cardiotonic
Antitumour
Antispasmodial
Antipyretic
Antiamoebic
Coagulase
Suppressor
Hypocholerectic
Antioxidant
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Hypoglycaemic
Diuretic