C2: 2012-2013

Knowledge, wealth, and power in the Roman Empire

Dr Ruth Flemming Course Outline: This course will examine the intersection of knowledge, power, and wealth in the Roman Empire: both in an overall sense, through the investigation of a general set of questions about the place and role of experts and expertise in Roman imperial society, and their relationship with the political and social elite, and elite culture; and in a more detailed and specific sense, through close scrutiny of three sets of surviving texts on particular areas of expertise, texts which contain and display particular bodies of knowledge, and speak of, and to, power and wealth in particular ways. The Roman Empire was immensely productive of knowledge. Imperial expansion not only required and generated plenty of information about the world Rome conquered and ruled, but also resulted in the capture of considerable amounts of knowledge, and its practitioners, from the defeated, most especially from the Hellenistic kingdoms of the East. So, for example, already in 167 BC, it was the Macedonian royal library that the victorious Roman general Aemilius Paullus kept for himself and his sons, out of all the vast quantities of booty taken by his armies, and a century later, Sulla reportedly took copies of Aristotles works back to Rome after sacking Athens, and Pompey looted botanical and toxicological treatises, as well as assorted flora and fauna, from the court of Romes great enemy Mithridates VI. Among those enslaved by the Romans on all these campaigns were educated Greeks, skilled and learned in a range of disciplines, from medicine to rhetoric, philosophy to architecture. Indeed, one such, now freed by his master, Pompey, was charged with translating Mithridates medical texts into Latin. As these episodes illustrate, however, despite the obvious value placed on the acquisition of knowledge, or at least its capture and control, by important figures in the Roman elite, this is, in some sense, foreign knowledge, often possessed and practised by slaves, or freedmen, and therefore, somewhat problematic in its status. It might be seen as a challenge to traditional Roman forms of knowledge, and knowing, which were dominated by the figure of the paterfamilias, who included the household knowledge economy in his domain; and, indeed, be seen as part of the wider patterns of challenge to traditional values and practices posed by Romes imperial encounters. Or, this situation might be seen as presenting opportunities to expand and strengthen Roman domination, to put new forms of knowledge into the service of Roman imperial power; and, of course, this opens up opportunities for the possessors and practitioners of these forms of knowledge, a way for Greeks (and others) to find a valued place in the new imperial order. Some certainly successfully did so, and might be richly rewarded, but they, and their Roman colleagues, had to operate in the context of the elite view, as expressed by Cicero, that managing landed estates is the only way of making a living appropriate to a free Roman gentleman: the arts of medicine, architecture, and teaching, for example, are suitable occupations for those a bit further down the social scale, as they involve both intelligence and utility, but

being paid for their practice is degrading and incompatible with the stranding and values of a gentleman. This then is to introduce some of the complexities, the questions, surrounding knowledge, and its relations to power and wealth in the Roman Empire: questions which will be further explored in this paper. These are, moreover, complexities that are often overlooked in studying the impressive products of Roman imperial learning, texts which often were to dominate their discipline well into the Renaissance, and often beyond. Course Structure: The course will involve a mix of lectures and seminars, covering general issues of imperial Romes political and social structure, the cultural landscape of the empire, and, looking at where various sorts of knowledge, and different kinds of experts, fit in to these hierarchies and patterns; as well as closer readings of certain key texts (all in English translation). The focus will be on texts dealing with geography, medicine, and astrology, respectively. These three subjects have been selected as they have different relationships to practice, practitioners, and empire; a range of texts survive (and are accessible in English), which illustrate the sense in which these are topics of contest and collaboration between Romans and Greeks (in so far as these are separable), between elite amateurs and successful professionals (and others), which could be, and were, written about in both Latin and Greek, in different generic forms, and by men whose expertise might range extremely widely, or not. That is, these are texts that, as well as offering influential samples of Roman imperial knowledge, also participate fully in the complex debates about relations between knowledge and power, knowledge, power, and wealth, in the Roman Empire.

Primary Materials (a) Set Texts Celsus, On Medicine (trans. Spencer: Loeb edition, 1938): Prooemium; Book 1; Book 2.pr.-3 and 9-33; Book 3.1-4, 6, 18 and 21; Book 4.1, 12, and 27; Book 5.pr.-17, and 26-27; Book 6.5 and 18; Book 7.pr.,5 and 12; Book 8.1 (pp 202) Dioscorides, On Medical Materials (trans. Beck: Hildesheim, 2005): Book 1; Book 2.190; Book 3.1-50, Book 4.1-50; Book 5.1-10; 87-113 (pp 189) Firmicus Maternus, Mathesis (trans. J. Rhys Bram: Park Ridge, NJ, 1975): Book 1; Book 2. pr. and 30; Book 3; Book 4.pr.-1 and 22; Book 4.pr.-1; Book 7; Book 8.1 and 5-33 (pp 145) Galen, Prognosis (trans. Nutton: CMG edition, 1979; available electronically at http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_05_08_01.html) On my own Books; That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher; Exhortation to the Arts (trans. Singer: Oxford World Classics, 1997) On the Properties of Foodstuffs (trans. Powell: Cambridge, 2003): Book 1; Book

2.11, 27, 30-32, 35-6, 41 and 68; Book 3.1-2, 16, 30 and 41 (pp 137) Manilius, Astronomica (trans. Goold: Loeb edition, 1977): Book 1; Book 2 and Book 4 (pp 121) Pliny the Elder, Natural History (trans. Rackham and Jones: Loeb edition, 1938-63): pref.; Book 2.154-190 and 242-248; Book 3.1-5, 17-18, 31-42, 46, 53-69, and 136-8; Book 4.23-24 and 80-91; Book 5.1-21, 45-6, 66-7, and 75-6; Book 6.4155, 81-89, 141, 160-177; Book 7.1-32 and 112-132; Book 20.1-28; Book 23.1-6 and134-166; Book 24.1-5 and 85-120; Book 25.1-63; Book 26.1-29 and 107-126; Book 27.1-20, 132, 143-146; Book 28.1-56 and 107-134; Book 29.1-38; Book 30.98-104; Book 31.1-15 and 57-68; Book 32.1-24 and 59-65 (pp. 251) Pomponius Melas Description of the World (trans. Romer: Ann Arbor, 1998) (pp 98) Ptolemy, Geography (trans: Berggren and Jones, ; Stevenson, New York, 1981): Book 1; Book 2.pr-3; Book 3.1; Book 4.3 and 8; Book 5.14; Book 7.4-7; Book 8.1-2 Tetrabiblos (trans. Robbins: Loeb edition, 1940) (pp. 287 ) Strabo, Geography (trans. Jones: Loeb edition, 1917-1930): Book 1.1.1-23, 2.1-8 and 4.9; Book 2.2.1-3.8 and 5.1-43; Book 3.1, 1.5 and 1.15; Book 4.1.1-5, 1.12-14, 5.1-5 and 6.1-12; Book 5.3.1-8; Book 6.1.1-13 and 4.2; Book 7.1.1-4 and 7.1; Book 12.3.32-40; Book 14.2.27-28 and 3.2-3; Book 15.1.1-4, 1.14-15 and 3.1-24; Book 16.2.18-20, 2.24-25, 4.14, 4.17, and 4.21-24 (pp. 237) (b) Set Papyri, Inscriptions, and Images Medical Inscriptions: Samama 482/IG XIV 1813; S 478/IGUR 835; S 461 /IGUR 686; S 247/MAMA VI 117; S 150/I.Cos 409; S 188/I.Perg. 1895; S 418/CIG 4766; CIL XIII 2019; CIL XI 5400; CIL VI 3985; CIL VI 9574; CIL XIV 3030; CIL VIII 18314: AEp. (1968) 159 (booklet of pp20 containing texts, photos where available, and my translations will be provided) Astrological Papyri: Neugebauer, O. and H. van Hoesen, Greek Horoscopes (Philadelphia, 1987): nos. 81, 95, 137-138, 161, 187, 345 and 366 (pp. 12)

(c) Other Relevant Texts include Arrian, Periplus Ponti Euxini, trans. A Liddle (London, 2003) Cicero, On Duties, trans. M. Griffin and E. Atkins (Cambridge, 1991) Cicero, On Divination, trans. Falconer (Loeb vol. XX: Cambridge, Mass., 1923) Frontinus, Strategems and Aqueducts of Rome, trans. C. Bennett and M. McElwain (Loeb: Cambridge, Mass., 1925) Galen, On Examining the Best Physicians, trans. A. Iskander (CMG: Berlin, 1988 = http://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/suppl_or_04.html) Galen, On the Medical Art, trans. P. Singer (Oxford, 1997), 345-396 Galen, On the Usefulness of the Parts, 2 vols., trans. M.T. May (Ithaca, 1968) Ptolemy, Harmonics, trans. J. Solomon (Leiden, 2002) Soranus, Gynaecology, trans. O. Temkin (Baltimore, 1956)

Tacitus, Germania, trans. J. Rives (Oxford, 1999) Vitruvius, On Architecture, 2 vols., trans. F. Granger (Loeb: Cambridge, Mass., 1934) Modern Scholarship (a) General Alcock, S., Graecia Capta: The Landscapes of Roman Greece (Cambridge, 1993) Anderson, G., The Second Sophistic (London, 1993) Anderson, J., Roman Architecture and Society (Baltimore, 1997) Arafat, K., Pausanius Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers (Cambridge, 1996) Barnes, J. and M. Griffin (eds.), Philosophia Togata: Essays on Philosophy and Roman Society (Oxford, 1989) Barnes, J. and M. Griffin (eds.), Philosophia Togata II: Plato and Aristotle at Rome (Oxford, 1989 Barnes, T. (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society (Edmonton, 1994) Barton, T., Knowledge and Power: Astrology, Physiognomics and Medicine under the Roman Empire (Ann Arbor, 1994) Beagon, M., Roman Nature: The Thought of Pliny the Elder (Oxford, 1992) Bonner, S., Education in Ancient Rome (London, 1977) Bowersock, G., Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Oxford, 1969) Bowersock, G., Augustus and the Greek World (Oxford, 1965) Bowie, E., Greeks and their past in the Second Sophistic, Past and Present 46 (1970), 3-41; repr. in M. Finley (ed.), Studies in Ancient Society (London, 1974), 166-209 Bradley, K., Slavery and Society in Ancient Rome (Cambridge, 1994) Brunt, P., The bubble of the second sophistic, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 39 (1994), 25-52. Clark, G. and T. Rajak (eds.), Philosophy and Power in the Graeco-Roman World (Oxford, 2002) Crawford, M., Greek intellectuals and the Roman aristocracy in the first century BC, in P. Garnsey and C.R. Whittaker (eds.), Imperialism in the Ancient World (Cambridge, 1978), 193-207 Cribioire, R., Gymnastics of the Mind: Greek Education in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt (Princeton, 2001) Cuomo, S., Technology and Culture in Greek and Roman Antiquity (Cambridge, 2007) DArms, J., Commerce and Social Standing in Ancient Rome (Cambridge, MA, 1981) Dench, E., Romulus Asylum (Oxford, 2005) French, R. Ancient Natural History (London, 1994) Goldhill, S. (ed.), Being Greek under Rome (Cambridge, 2001) Greene, K., Perspectives on Roman technology, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 9 (1990, 209-219) Greene, K., Technological innovation and economic progress in the ancient world: M.I. Finley reconsidered, Economic History Review 53 (2000), 29-59 Joshel, S., Work, Identity, and Status at Rome (Norman, 1992) Joshel, S., Slavery in the Roman World (Cambridge, 2010) Knig, J., and T. Whitmarsh (eds.), Ordering Knowledge in the Roman Empire (Cambridge, 2007)

Lehoux, D., Astronomy, Weather, and Calendars in the Ancient World (Cambridge, 2007) Lloyd, G.E.R., Greek Science after Aristotle (London, 1973) Marrou, H., The History of Education in Antiquity, trans. G. Lamb (London, 1956) Morgan, T., Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds (Cambridge, 1998) Mouritsen, M., The Freedman in the Roman World (Cambridge, 2011) van Nijf, O. The Civic World of Professional Associations in the Roman East (Amsterdam, 1997) Noy, D., Foreigners at Rome: Citizens and Strangers (London, 2000) Rawson, E., Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic (London, 1985) Swain, S., Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power (Oxford, 1996) Syme, R., Pliny the procurator, HSCPh 73 (1969), 201-36 Taub., L., Ancient Meteorology (London, 2003) Volk, K., The Poetics of Latin Didactic (Oxford, 2002) Wallace-Hadrill, A., Greek knowledge, Roman power, Classical Philology 83 (1988), 224-233 Wallace-Hadrill, A., To be Roman, Go Greek: Thoughts on Hellenization at Rome, in M. Austin, J. Harries and C. Smith (eds), Modus Operandi: Essays in Honour of Geoffrey Rickman (London, 1998), 69-82 Wallace-Hadrill, A., Romes Cultural Revolution (Cambridge, 2008) Weitzman, K., Illustrations in Roll and Codex: A Study of the Origin and Method of Text Illustration (Princeton, 1970) Whitmarsh, T., Greek Literature and the Roman Empire: The Politics of Imitation (Oxford, 2001) Wilson, A., Machines, power and the ancient economy, JRS 92 (2002), 1-32 Woolf, G., Becoming Roman, staying Greek: culture, identity and the civilising process in the Roman East, PCPhS 40 (1994), 116-43

(b) Geography Adams, C., and R. Laurence (eds.), Travel and Geography in the Roman World (London, 2001) Almagor, E., Strabos barbaraphonoi: a note, Scripta Classica Israelica 19 (2000), 133-8 Batty, R., Melas Phoenician geography, JRS 90 (2000), 70-94 Berggren.J.L., and A. Jones, Ptolemys Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters (Princeton, 2000) Brodersen, K., and R. Talbert (eds.), Space in the Roman World: Its Perception and Presentation (Mnster, 2004) Brodersen, K., and J. Elsner (eds), Images and Texts on the Artemidorus Papyrus (Stuttgart, 2009) Casson, L., The Periplus maris Erythraeae: Text with Introduction, Translation and Commentary (Princeton, 1989) Casson, L., Travel in the Ancient World, 2nd edn. (Baltimore, 1994) Clarke, K., In search of the author of Strabos Geography, Journal of Roman Studies

(JRS) 87 (1997), 92-110 Clarke, K., Between Geography and History. Hellenistic Constructions of the Roman World (Oxford, 1999) Clarke, K., Universal perspectives in historiography, in C. Kraus (ed.), The Limits of Historiography (Leiden, 1999), 249-79 Dilke, O., Greek and Roman Maps (London, 1985) Dueck, D., The date and method of composition of Strabos Geography, Hermes 127 (1999), 467-78 Dueck, D., Strabo of Amasia: A Greek Man of Letters in Augustan Rome (London, 2000) Dueck, D., Geography in Classical Antiquity (Cambridge, 2012) Dueck, D., H. Lindsay and S. Pothecary (eds.), Strabos Cultural Geography (Cambridge, 2006) Evans, R., Ethnographys freak show: grotesques at the edge of the Roman earth, Ramus 28 (1999), 54-73 Fraser, P., Eratosthenes of Cyrene (London, 1971) Lindsay, H., Symes Anatolica and the date of Strabos Geography, Klio 79 (1997), 484-507 Murphy, T., Pliny the Elders Natural History: The Empire in the Encyclopaedia (Oxford, 2004) Nicolet, C., Space, Geography and Politics in the Early Roman Empire, trans. (Ann Arbor, 1991) Pothecary, S., Strabo: his name and its meaning, Historia 52 (1999), 691-703 Pothecary, S., Strabo, the Tiberian author: past, present and silence in Strabos Geography, Mnemosyne 55 (2002), 387-438 Romer, F., Pomponius Melas Description of the World (Ann Arbor, 1998) Romm, J., The Edges of the Earth in Ancient Thought: Geography, Exploration, and Fiction (Princeton, 1991) Sallmann, K., Die Geographie des lteren Plinius in ihrem Verhltnis zu Varro (Berlin, 1971) Sallmann, K., Reserved for eternal punishment: the Elder Plinys view of Free Germania, AJP 108 (1987), 108-128 Syme, R., Military geography at Rome, Classical Antiquity 7 (1988), 227-51 Syme, R., Anatolica: Studies in Strabo (Oxford, 1995) Talbert, R., Romes provinces as framework for worldview, in L. De Ligt et al. (eds), Roman Rule and Civic Life (Leiden, 2004), 21-37 Talbert, R., The Roman worldview: beyond recovery?, in K. Raaflaub and R. Talbert (eds.), Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-modern Societies (Chichester, 2010), 252-72 van der Vliet, E. The Romans and us: Strabos geography and the construction of ethnicity, Mnemosyne 56 (2003), 257-72

(c) Medicine Baker, P., Medical Care for the Roman Army on the Rhine, Danube and British Frontiers (Oxford, 2004)

Baldwin, B., The career and work of Scribonius Largus, RhM 135 (1992), 74-82 Collins, M., Medieval Herbals: The Illustrative Tradition (London, 2000) Davies, R., The Roman military medical service, Saalburg Jahrbuch 27 (1970), 84-104 Flemming, R., Medicine and the Making of Roman Women (Oxford, 2000) Flemming, R., Galens imperial order of knowledge, in J. Knig and T. Whitmarsh (eds.), Ordering Knowledge in the Roman Empire (Cambridge, 2007), 241-277 Flemming, R., Women, writing and medicine in the classical world, CQ 57 (2007), 257279 Flemming, R. and A.E. Hanson, Dioscorides, De materia medica II 76.2 and 76.7-18, in I. Andorlini (ed.), Greek Medical Papyri I (Florence, 2001), 9-35 Gill, C., T. Whitmarsh and J. Wilkins (eds), Galen and the World of Knowledge (Cambridge, 2009) Hamilton, J., Scribonius Largus on the Medical Profession, BHM 60 (1986), 209-216 Hanson, A.E., and M.H. Green, Soranus of Ephesus: methodicorum princeps, in ANRW II 37.2 (Berlin, 1996), 984-1075 Hankinson, R.J. (ed), The Cambridge Companion to Galen (Cambridge, 2008) Jackson, R., Doctors and Diseases in the Roman Empire (London, 1986) Jackson, R., Roman doctors and their instruments: recent research into ancient practice, JRA 3 (1990), 5-27 Jocelyn, H.D., The new chapters of the ninth book of Celsus Artes, Papers of the Liverpool Latin Seminar 5 (1985), 299-336 Langslow, D., The development of Latin medical terminology: some working hypotheses, PCPhS 37 (1991), 106-30 Langslow, D., Medical Latin in the Roman Empire (Oxford, 2000) Matthern, S., Physicians and the Roman imperial aristocracy: the patronage of therapeutics BHM 73 (1999), 1-18 Nijhuis, K., Greek doctors and Roman patients: a medical anthropological approach, in P. van der Eijk, H. Horstmanshoff and P. Schrijvers (eds.), Ancient Medicine in its Socio-Cultural Context, vol. I (Amsterdam, 1995), 49-67 Nutton, V., Galen in the eyes of his contemporaries, BHM 58 (1984), 315-24; repr. in his From Democedes to Harvey (London, 1988) Nutton, V., The perils of patriotism: Pliny and Roman medicine, in R. French and F. Greenaway (eds.), Science in the Early Roman Empire: Pliny the Elder his Sources and Influence (London, 1986), 30-58; repr. in his From Democedes to Harvey (London, 1988) Nutton, V., The patients choice: a new treatise by Galen, CQ 40 (1990), 235-57 Nutton, V., Style and context in the Method of Healing, in F. Kudlien and R. Durling (eds.), Galens Method of Healing (Leiden, 1991),1-25 Nutton, V., Galen and Egypt, in J. Kollesch and D. Nickel (eds.), Galen und das hellenistische Erbe (Stuttgart 1993), 11-31 Nutton, V., Roman medicine: tradition, confrontation, assimilation, ANRW II 37.1 (Berlin, 1993), 49-78 Nutton, V., The medical meeting place, in P. van der Eijk, H. Horstmanshoff and P. Schrijvers (eds.), Ancient Medicine in its Socio-Cultural Context, vol. I (Amsterdam, 1995), 3-25 Nutton, V., Ancient Medicine (London, 2004)

Pearcy, L., Medicine and rhetoric in the period of the Second Sophistic, ANRW II 37.1 (Berlin, 1993), 445-456 Pellegrino E., and A. Pellegrino, Humanism and ethics in Roman medicine: translation and commentary on a text of Scribonius Largus, Literature and Medicine 7 (1988), 22-38 Riddle, J., Dioscorides on Pharmacy and Medicine (Austin, 1985) Sabbah, G., and P. Mudry (eds.), La Mdecine de Celse (Saint tienne, 1994) Samama, E., Les Mdecins dans le Monde Grec: Sources pigraphiques sur la Naissance dun Corps Mdical (Geneva, 2003) Scarborough, J., Pharmacy in Plinys Natural History: Some observations on substances and sources, in R. French and F. Greenaway (eds.), Science in the Early Roman Empire: Pliny the Elder his Sources and Influence (London, 1986), 59-85 Scarborough, J., and V. Nutton. The preface of Dioscorides Materia Medica: introduction, translation and commentary, Transactions of the College of physicians of Philadelphia (ser. 5) 4 (1982), 187-227 Smith, W.D., Some notes on ancient medical historiography, BHM 63 (1989), 73-109 von Staden, H., Apud nos foediora verba: Celsus reluctant construction of the female body, in G. Sabbah (ed.), Le Latin medical (Saint tienne, 1991), 271-96 von Staden, H., Author and authority: Celsus and the construction of a scientific self, in M. Vzquez Bujn (ed.), Tradicin e innovacin de la medicina latina (Santiago de Compostela, 1994), 103-117 von Staden, H., Anatomy as rhetoric: Galen on anatomy and persuasion, JHM 50 (1995), 47-66 von Staden, H., Galen and the Second Sophistic, in R. Sorabji (ed.), Aristotle and After (London, 1997), 35-54 von Staden, H., Celsus as historian, in P. van der Eijk (ed.), Ancient Histories of Medicine (Leiden, 1999), 251-294 von Staden, H., Division, dissection, and specialization: Galens On the parts of the medical techne, in V. Nutton (ed.), The Unknown Galen (London, 2002), 19-46 Temkin, O., Galenism (Ithaca, NY: 1973) Wilkins, J., Galen and Athenaeus in the Hellenistic library, in J. Knig and T. Whitmarsh (eds.), Ordering Knowledge in the Roman Empire (Cambridge, 2007), 69-87 (d) Astrology Barton, T., Ancient Astrology (London, 1994) Beard, M., Cicero and divination: the formation of a Latin discourse, JRS 76 (1986), 33-46 Beck, R., Ancient Astrology (Oxford, 2007) Cramer, F., Astrology in Roman Law and Politics (Philadelphia, 1957) Denyer, N., The case against divination: an examination of Ciceros de Divinatione, PCPhS 211, n.s. 31, (1985), 1-10 Green, S., and K. Volk (eds.), Forgotten Stars: Rediscovering Manilius Astronomica (Oxford, 2011) Habinek, T., Probing the entrails of the universe: astrology as bodily knowledge in

Manilius Astronomica, in J. Knig and T. Whitmarsh (eds.), Ordering Knowledge in the Roman Empire (Cambridge, 2007), 229-40 Hamilton, N., M. Swerdlow, and G. Toomer, The Canobic Inscription: Ptolemys earliest work, in J.L. Berggren and B. R. Goldstein (eds.), From Ancient Omens to Statistical Mechanics: Essays on the Exact Sciences Presented to Asger Aaboe, (Copenhagen, 1987), 55-73 Iles Johnston, S., and P. Struck (eds.), Mantik. Studies in Ancient Divination (Leiden, 2005) Jones, A., The place of astronomy in Roman Egypt, in T.D. Barnes (ed.), The Sciences in Greco-Roman Society (Edmonton, 1994), 25-52 Jones, A., Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1999) Jones, A., The Stoics and the astronomical sciences, in B. Inwood (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics (Cambridge, 2003), 328-344 Komorowska, J., Vettius Valens of Antioch: An Intellectual Monography (Cracow, 2004) Krostenko, B., Beyond (Dis)belief: Rhetorical Form and Religious Symbol in Ciceros de Divinatione, TAPA 130 (2000), 353-391 Linderski, J., Cicero and Roman divination, La Parola del Passato 37 (1982), 12-38 Lehoux, D., Observation and Prediction in Ancient Astrology, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 35 (2004), 227-246 Long, A., Astrology: arguments pro and contra, in J. Barnes et al (eds.), Science and Speculation: Studies in Hellenistic Theory and Practice (Cambridge, 1982), 165-192 Macmullen, R., Enemies of the Roman Order (Cambridge, MA, 1966) Neugebauer, O., A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, 3 vols. (New York, 1975) Neugebauer, O. and Van Hoesen, H.B. Greek Horoscopes, (Philadelphia, 1959) Riley, M., Theoretical and practical astrology, Ptolemy and his coleagues, Transactions of the American Philological Association, 117 (1987) 235-256 Riley, M., Ptolemys use of his predecessors data, Transactions of the American Philological Association 125 (1995) 221-250 Ripat, P., Expelling misconceptions: astrologers at Rome, Classical Philology 106 (2011), 115-54 Schofield, M., Cicero for and against divination, JRS 76 (1986), 47-65 Swerdlow, N. (ed.), Ancient Astronomy and Celestial Divination (Cambridge, MA, 1999) Taub, L., Ptolemys Universe: The Natural Philosophical and Ethical Foundations of Ptolemys Astronomy (Chicago, 1993) Toomer, G., Ptolemy, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 11 (New York, 1978), 186-206. Volk, K, Manilius and his Intellectual Background (Oxford, 2009) Wilson, A., The prologue to Manilius I, Papers of the Liverpool Latin Seminar 5 (1985), 283-98 REF 15/03/12