Monera

unicellular bacteria that are prokaryotic: small: 1 - 10 m circular DNA small ribosomes cell wall: Gram +, Gram simple cells that replicate quickly 3 basic shapes: spherical coccus rod bacillus spiral spirilla some bacteria can create endospores: cells remove most of their cytoplasm and create a thick wall: this prevents bacteria from dying due to chemicals, heating, salting, cooling, lack of oxygen, drying, and pasteurization pasteurization uses a quick heat to kill the bacteria living in our foods: it destroys 90% of microorganisms but not the proteins, so milk still tastes good (compare this with boiling: kills 99.9% of bacteria, along with the proteins, so milk will taste nasty) some have flagella for movement - see picture on right the mass of monera >>> the mass of all other kingdoms combined bacteria can be found in almost any conditions eg. -4 C to 98 C flagella

Role in Environment pathogens - kill stuff decomposers - break down and recycle nutrients

Bacteria - where do they live? bacteria can live almost everywhere since they are so versatile and there are many types some need oxygen, but some dont (this is why we do not buy bulging or dented cans) some bacteria like the cold; others like it hot some eat other cells; others gain energy from photosynthesis

Bacteria Terminology obligate aerobes - must have air (more specifically, oxygen)

obligate anaerobes - must not have air (again, no oxygen) facultative anaerobes - usually use oxygen but can go without it for short periods of time fermentation - process where bacteria use sugar to make carbon dioxide without using oxygen; may make alcohol in the process saprophytes - eat dead things to get energy and nutrients parasites - steal energy from living things

Where do you get energy from? photosynthesis - energy from sunlight chemosynthesis - energy from chemical compounds

Where do you get nutrients from? (examples of nutrients: CO2, N2, H2O) autotrophs - make their own building blocks for growing heterotrophs - need supplements (eg. Vitamins) from living things

Uses and Importance of Kingdom Monera decomposers for nutrient recycling normal flora protect us from disease (on our skin and in our intestines) lichen are an example of how living things can work together (symbiotic relationship between bacteria and fungi) humans use bacteria to make: rubber alcohol cheese, yogurt hormones such as insulin examples: Escherichia coli (E. coli) are everywhere, including normal flora Staphylococcus are Gram+ and found all over your skin, in your nasal passages Some types of strep bacteria (streptococcus) cause strep throat Salmonella is often associated with food poisoning from raw chickens and raw eggs

Life Cycle of Bacteria most bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission bacteria will undergo rolling circle replication and then divide into 2 equal cells binary fission is very fast (20 min), but there is a problem: very little variation although bacteria mainly do asexual reproduction, there are 3 ways that they encourage diversity (or change): (RCR)

1. Conjugation - a bacteria makes a pilus to transfer a part of their DNA (below, right) plasmid - little circle of DNA not connected to the main one 2. Transformation - sometimes bacteria will take in random DNA from the environment when they are under stress (below, left)

(pilus)

3. Transduction a virus enters the cell and goes into the host DNA (lysogenic cycle) when a stress hits the cell and the virus enters the lytic cycle, it can take extra host DNA with it when it infects the next host bacteria, that bacteria gains new DNA

4. Mutation