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CHAPTER 1 TABLES CRIME SURVEY

Introduction: Rule of Law 1.1.1 Law enforcement and management of law and order, security, crime prevention and crime detection are essentially enforced and performed by the Police authorities. The role and performance of police is governed by the following 3 major laws. (a) (b) (c) The Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872. The Code of Criminal Procedure 1973.

1.1.2 The Indian Penal Code is the general penal code for the country. It identifies the acts of omissions and commissions that constitute the offences and makes them punishable under this Act. It provides punishments for offences committed within India, punishment for offences committed beyond, but which by law may be tried within India and also extends applicability of the Act to extra-territorial offences. Over the years, the scope of the Act has been enlarged by few amendments and by insertion of specific provisions as extensions. 1.1.3 The Indian Evidence Act is a major law relating to evidence and applies to all judicial proceedings in any court or court martial. This Act has undergone few amendments to enlarge the scope of acceptance of evidence and presumptions as admissible. 1.1.4 The Criminal Procedure Code is the major procedural law relating to conduct of investigations, trial and appeal. This procedural law underwent major amendments in the year 1973. 1.1.5 Apart from these, to cater to various specific needs, several new laws have been enacted. As such, several Special Laws and Local Laws(SLL) have been enacted from time to time to meet the growing crime prevention needs. They are broadly categorised as (i) Special Law (vide Section 41 of IPC) which is applicable to a particular subject, and (ii) Local Law (vide Section 42 of IPC) which is applicable to a particular part of India. Offence and crime 1.1.6 The word `Offence' (Sec. 40 IPC) denotes any act or omission, made punishable, by any law, for the time being in force. While the term `offence' may be specific, the term `crime' is generic, largely signifying offences which are serious in nature. Cognizable and Non-Cognizable Crimes

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1.1.7 The Criminal Procedure Code (Cr.P.C.) divides all crimes into two categories. (i) (ii) Cognizable (vide Sec.2(c) CrPC). Non-cognizable (vide Sec.2(1) CrPC).

N.C.R.B., (M.H.A.)

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Cognizable Crimes 1.1.8 All cognizable crimes reported in the country are dealt by the Police in which, a police officer may arrest a person without a warrant. In such crimes, the police has a direct responsibility to take immediate action on receipt of a complaint or of credible information, visit the scene of the crime, investigate the facts, apprehend the offender and arraign him before a court of law having jurisdiction over the matter. Cognizable crimes are broadly categorised as those falling either under the `Indian Penal Code (IPC)' or under the `Special and Local Laws (SLL)'. Non-Cognizable Offence 1.1.9 Non-Cognizable crimes are generally left to be pursued by the affected parties themselves in Courts. Police does not initiate investigation in noncognizable crimes except with magisterial permission. The first schedule of the Cr.P.C. gives the classification of the offences of the IPC into cognizable & Noncognizable. 1.1.10 The various crimes, that are being recorded for Statistical Information System, can be broadly grouped under the following categories. A. i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) List of Crimes under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) Crime against life: Murder, Its attempt, Culpable Homicide not amounting to Murder, Kidnapping & Abduction, Hurt Against Property: Dacoity, its preparation & assembly, Robbery, Burglary, Theft, Kidnapping & Abduction of Women & Girls. Crime Against Women: Rape, Dowry Death, Cruelty by Husband or Relatives, Molestation, Sexual Harassment and Importation of Girls. Other IPC crimes. Against Public: Riots, Arson Economic crimes: Criminal Breach of Trust, Cheating, Counterfeiting *Crime against Children: Child Rape, Kidnapping & Abduction of Children, Procuration of minor girls, Selling of girls for Prostitution, buying of girls for Prostitution, Abetment of Suicide, Exposure and Abandonment, Infanticide, Foeticide * Data under Monthly Crime Statistics only (not in Crime in India data). B. i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) xii) xiii) xiv) xv) xvi) xvii) xiii) List of Crimes under the Special Laws (SL) Arms Act Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act Gambling Act Excise Act Prohibition Act Explosives & Explosive Substances Act Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act Indian Railways Act Registration of Foreigners Act Protection of Civil Rights Act Indian Passport Act Essential Commodities Act Terrorist & Disruptive Activities Act Antiquity & Art Treasure Act Dowry Prohibition Act Child Marriage Restraint Act Indecent Representation of Women (P) Act Copyright Act

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xix) Sati Prevention Act xx) SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act xxi) Forest Act xxii) Other crimes(not specified above) under Special and Local Laws Other Law Enforcement Agencies 1.1.11 There are few Central Law Enforcing Agencies characterised as `Special Investigation Agencies' which also register cognizable crimes, investigate and place results to `Normal' or `Special' Courts, for trial. They include `the Central Bureau of Investigation', `the Directorate of Enforcement', `the Central Board of Direct Taxes', `the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence', `the Directorate of Preventive Operations', `the Narcotics Control Bureau', `the Directorate of Income Tax' at the Centre and the Agencies like `the Directorates of Vigilance', `the Directorates of Enforcement', `the Forest Cells' etc. functioning under State Governments. Complaints Received by Police 1.1.12 To judge the quantum of work load on police, the total number of complaints received by police whether oral, written, distress call or the ones initiated suo-moto by police is attempted. The quantum of such complaints visavis actual number of cognisable crime cases registered by Police are presented in [Table-1A]. 1.1.13 In all 56,62,773 such complaints were received thoughout the country by police during the year. Of these 36.2 percent were written complaints, 18.5 percent were oral complaints, 41.8 percent were initiated by Police and 3.5 percent distress calls booked over phones (No.100). It is observed that nearly 91 percent of these complaints were actually registered as a cognizable offences. The quantum of these complaints increased by 4.8% over the previous year (1999). Reported incidence of Cognizable crimes 1.1.14 The incidence level of crime in the country, during the decade 1990 to 2000 is presented in Table-1. As many as 51,67,750 cognizable crimes were reported in the country during 2000. These comprised 17.7 lakh cases under the IPC and 34.0 lakh cases under the SLL. The ratio of IPC to SLL crimes, which showed decrease during last few years further decreased from 1:2.47 in 1998 to 1:1.78 in 1999. This however, showed increase to 1.92 in the year 2000, signifying nearly 2 SLL crimes against 1 IPC crime. Table-1.1 Cognizable Crimes registered during 1995-2000
YEAR 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 IPC 16,95,69 6 17,09,57 6 17,19,82 0 SLL 42,97,47 6 45,86,98 6 46,91,43 9 TOTAL 59,93,17 2 62,96,56 2 64,11,25 9 RATIO (IPC: SLL) 1:2.53 1:2.68 1:2.73 1.2.47 1:1.78 1:1.92

N.C.R.B., (M.H.A.) 17,78,81 5 17,64,62 9 17,71,08 4 44,03,28 8 31,98,90 2 33,96,66 6 61,82,10 3 49,11,73 0 51,67,75 0

CRIME IN INDIA-2000

1.1.15 In addition to the 51,67,750 cognizable crimes, the other investigating agencies under the Central and State Governments also registered 70,646 cognizable crimes. Thus, crimes registered by the aforesaid agencies increased the cognizable crimes from 51,67,750 to 52,38,396. The agency-wise details are tabulated below:

Table-1.2 Cognizable crimes Registered by various Enforcement Agencies in 2000

Sl.No. (1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Agency (2) State & UT Police authorities -doVigilance Deptt. of States & UTs Central Bureau of Investigation Enforcement Directorate Central Board of Direct Taxes Directorate of Revenue Intelligence Narcotics Control Bureau Directorate of Preventive Operations Act under which cases registered (3) Indian Penal Code Special and Local Laws Prevention of Corruption & related Sections of IPC - do FERA, 1973 Income Tax Act Customs Act, 1962 NDPS Act, 1985 and PIT NDPS Act, 1988* Customs & Central Excise, Customs Act, 1962 No. of cases registered (4) 17,71,084 33,96,666 2,943 921 2,425 5,321 39,178 12,460 7398

Total * Number of seizures made by central and State agencies

52,38,396

Population 1.2.1 Mid-year estimated population is used for calculating crime rate. The midyear estimate of population for the year 2000 was 10021 lakhs as compared to 8,270 lakhs for the year 1990 (Table-1). The population of the country in the decade (1990-2000) increased by (21.2) per cent, with a compound growth rate of 1.9 per cent per annum. CRIME TREND AT ALL-INDIA Total Crimes (IPC + SLL) Crime Incidence

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1.3.1 The total cognizable crimes in the country had been steadily increasing. It is however keeping pace with the increase in population, though at varying rates, over the past 50 years. The incidence increased by 5.5 percent over the decade with a compound growth rate of only 1.0 percent per annum. 1.3.2 The IPC crimes have reported higher increase to the tune of 10.4 percent during the decade compared to lower increase in SLL crimes (3.1%). Crime Rate 1.4.1 Population is one of the factors influencing incidence of crime. There is a positive correlation between the growth in incidence and the population of the country. Besides population, the other factors influencing the crime incidence of a particular place could be growing urbanisation leading to migration of population from neighbouring places, unemployment, income disparity etc. However, the present analysis of crime rate is restricted to the influence of population only. The analysis of Crime Rate of a particular state shouldnt be, therefore, construed as the sole indicator of crime position of that particular state in relation to others. 1.4.2 The rate of crime defined as the `incidence of crime per lakh (1,00,000) of population is universally taken as a more realistic indicator since it balances the effect of growth in population. The rate of total cognizable crimes in the country during 2000 was 515.7. This crime rate increased marginally by 3.6 per cent over previous year. The crime rate in respect of IPC crimes decreased by 1.2 per cent and SLL crime rate increased by 6.2 per cent during the year. Crime Incidence - IPC 1.5.1 17,71,084 IPC crimes were reported in the country during the year, as against 17,64,629 during 1999 recording marginal increase of 0.4 per cent only. The share of IPC crimes to total cognizable crimes in percentage terms, however, decreased to 34.3 from 35.9 in 1999. 1.5.2 The crime head-wise incidence of IPC crimes are presented in Table-2. This table also gives percentage variations in 2000 over 1990, over the quinquennial average (1995-99) and also over the year 1999. Crime Rate - IPC 1.6.1 The IPC crime rate of 176.7, compared to crime rate (194.0) in 1990 recorded a decline of 8.9 per cent. The decadal (1990-2000) variation showed a compound decreasing rate of 1.0 per cent per annum. The crime rate during the year also decreased by 3.0 per cent over the quinquennial average (1995-99) rate of 182.1. Compared to 1999, it is observed that the IPC crime rate at All-India level also decreased by 1.2 per cent. Crime Pattern (IPC crimes) 1.7.1 The crime head-wise pattern of IPC crimes during 1996-2000 in Table-3 reveals that percentage share of crimes such as Cheating, Hurt, Molestation and Cruelty by Husband or Relatives continue to record increasing trend over the years. While those of property crimes such as Theft and Burglary reported decline.

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1.7.2 The proportion of the specified crimes has decreased from 56.7 per cent in 1999 to 56.0 per cent in 2000 i.e. more number of cases were reported in the `Others category as compared to the previous year (1999). 1.7.3 Table-2 signifies that there is a uniform trend in Violent crimes and declining trend in Property and Economic Crimes in the country. Table-1.3 Chart-1.1 Percentage Distribution of various IPC crimes during 1998-2000
Sl. No. (1) 1. 2. 3. 4. Crime Distribution (2) Violent Crimes Property Crimes Economic Crimes Other crimes 1998 (3) 14.3 22.9 3.1 IPC 59.7 199 9 (4) 13. 5 21. 7 3.3 61. 5 2000
2000
VIOLENT CRIMES 13.4%

(5) 13.4 20.6 3.2 62.1

OTHER IP C CRIMES 62.1 %

P ROP ERTY CRIMES 20.6%

ECONOMIC CRIMES 3.2%

Violent Crimes 1.8.1 2,38,381 Violent crimes constituting 13.4 per cent of the total IPC crimes were reported during the year. The incidents and crime rate of violent crime decreased compared to 1999. The rate of violent crimes decreased from 24.3 to 23.8 in 2000. Detailed analysis, in respect of violent crimes, has been separately done in the chapter on Violent Crimes. Property Crimes 1.9.1 A total number of 3,63,979 Property crimes constituting 20.6 per cent of the total cognizable crimes under the IPC were reported during the year. As compared to the previous year, this form of crime recorded a decrease of 5.0 percent. The share of these crimes has also been steadily decreasing during the past 4 decades. From a two third share of 67.1% in 1953, the proportion of these crimes has come down to only 20.6 per cent in 2000. The rate of such crimes also decreased from 38.9 in the previous year to 36.3 in this year (2000). Economic Crimes 1.10.1 58,581 Economic Crimes constituting 3.3 per cent of the total cognizable crimes under the IPC were reported in the country, showing marginal increase of 0.6 per cent in the incidence level, compared to the previous year. The rate of such crimes at the national level, however, remained constant at 5.9. IPC CRIME TRENDS - STATES IPC Crimes Incidence 1.11.1 The State, UT and city-wise incidence of total cognizable IPC crimes during

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1995-2000 and the percentage variations during 2000 over the Q.A. of 1995-99 and over 1999 are given in Table-4. The States of Sikkim (44.3%) and Lakshadweep (22.6%) reported higher decline in the reporting of crimes as compared to previous year. A&N Islands reported (24.7%) increase in the reporting of crimes. Madhya Pradesh reported the highest incidence with 2,16,441 cases, accounting for 12.3 per cent of the total IPC crimes followed by Maharshtra (9.8%). These 2 states together accounted for 22.1 per cent of the total cognizable IPC crimes reported in the country during the year. The number of States and UTs falling under different ranges of incidence of IPC crimes during the year is tabulated below. Table-1.4 Incidence Level of IPC Crimes in States & UTs During 2000
Sl. No. (1) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Incidence-Range Numb er (3) 5 4 3 6 14 States Names (4) Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka Kerala, West Bengal, N.C.T. of Delhi Assam,Haryana, Himchal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Orissa Punjab Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, A&N Islands, Chandigarh, D&N Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep, Pondicherry 32

(2) Above 1.5 Lakhs cases 1 to 1.5 lakh cases 50 thousand to 1 lakh cases 10 thousand to 50 thousand cases 5 thousand to 10 thousand cases Below 5,000 cases Total Number of States & UTs

Crime Rate 1.12.1 The State & UT-wise incidence of all the cognizable IPC crimes (violent + non-violent) registered during the year alongwith the percentage contribution of each State & UT, estimated mid-year population, crime rate and the rank of criminality are presented in Table-5. NCT of Delhi reported the highest IPC crime rate at 399.0 in the country as compared to national average rate of 176.7. Among the States, the crime rate was the highest in Kerala (306.1). Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, which contributed higher percentage of crimes at All-India level are ranking low mainly because of their high population. States recording crime rate above and below the national average (for total IPC crimes) have been indicated along with the crime rate in the table below. However, in the chapter on violent crimes, the States & UTs have been re-arranged as per violent crime rate prevailing in the respective state. Table-1.5 Rate of IPC Crimes in States During 2000
(All-India : 176.7) States with crime rate (total IPC crimes) above All-India average States with crime rate (total IPC crime) below All-India average

N.C.R.B., (M.H.A.) Sl.No. (1) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. State (2) Kerala Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Mizoram Gujarat Karnataka Haryana Arunachal Pradesh Maharashtra Rate (3) 306.1 298.8 269.8 244.3 241.5 238.9 209.2 198.2 197.3 189.7 Sl.No. (4) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

CRIME IN INDIA-2000 State (5) Jammu & Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Goa Orissa Assam Bihar Punjab Uttar Pradesh Manipur Tripura West Bengal Nagaland Sikkim Meghalaya Rate (6) 175.4 165.1 159.9 150.8 137.4 133.8 123.4 103.2 102.4 101.7 88.6 83.0 80.7 76.9 69.4

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Chart-1.2
RATE OF TOTAL IPC CRIMES DURING 2000 (STATES-WISE)
A LL-INDIA : 1 76.7

STATE
Meghalaya Sikkim Nagaland West Bengal Tripura Manipur Uttar Pradesh Punjab Bihar Assam Orissa Goa Andhra Pradesh Him achal Pradesh J am m u &Kashm ir Maharashtra Arunachal Pradesh Haryana Karnataka Gujarat Mizoram Tam il Nadu Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Kerala

50

1 00

1 50

200

250

300

350

CRIME RATE

Chart-1.3
STATE-WISE PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION TO TOTAL IPC CRIMES DURING 2000
OTHER STATES & UTs 1 8.4% M AHARASHTRA 9.8% M ADHY A PRADESH 1 2.2% RAJ ASTHAN 9.1 % UTTAR PRADESH 9.9% TAM IL NADU 8.5% BIHAR 7.0% KARNATAKA 6.2% KERALA 5.6% ANDHRA PRADESH 6.8% GUJ ARAT 6.5%

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CRIME TRENDS-UNION TERRITORIES Total Crimes (IPC+SLL) 1.13.1 In order to assess the crime situation and its trends in the centrally administered regions of the country, the 7 union territories were separately grouped for analysis. It is observed that out of total (IPC+SLL) 51,67,750 cognizable crimes reported in the country, 80,363 cases constituting 1.6 per cent were reported in the 7 union territories. An overall decline of 3.5 per cent, over previous year, was observed in the incidence level of crimes reported in the Union Territories. Rate 1.13.2 The crime rate for the total cognizable crimes (IPC+SLL) in the Union Territories was 475.4, as against 516.4 in States and 515.7 at the national level. However, a decrease of 6.7 per cent over the previous years rate of 509.8 was recorded for UTs. IPC Crimes Incidence 1.14.1 Out of 64,031 cases reported during the year in the seven Union Territories, 56,249 (87.8%) were reported in the National Capital Territory of Delhi alone. This constituted 3.2 per cent of the total (17,71,084) crimes reported at the national level. Rate 1.15.1 Delhi recorded the highest crime rate for IPC crimes 399.0 (more than double the national average of 176.7). The crime rate for all the cognizable crimes i.e. IPC+SLL in Delhi was 482.9 which was however, lower than the national average of 515.7. TREND ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS IPC CRIMES IN STATES AND UTs Incidence 1.16.1 The State & UT-wise incidence of various IPC crimes alongwith the crime rate is shown in Table-6 while the comparative crime statistics relating to incidence during the year 1999 and 2000 under various crime-heads and the percentage variations are presented in Table-7. Incidence under individual crime heads are analysed below. 1.16.2 Crime head-wise analysis on Murder, Attempt to Commit Murder, Culpable Homicide not amounting to Murder, Rape, Kidnapping & Abduction, Dacoity, its preparation & Assembly, Robbery, Riots, Arson and Dowry Death have been separately analysed in the chapter Violent Crimes. Burglary 1.16.3 The incidence (1,05,391) of Burglary recorded a continuous decline during past with a decline of 19.8 per cent in 1999 as compared to 1990. It reported a decline of 8.4 per cent over over the Q.A. of 1995-99 and 5.3 per cent over the

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previous year. The highest number of burglary cases (17,245) were reported from Madhya Pradesh followed by Maharashtra (14,930) and Uttar Pradesh (9,569). Together, these three states accounted for 39.5 per cent of the total burglary cases reported in the country during the year. Punjab reported highest increase (30.1%) as compared to previous year.The crime rate was the highest at 40.0 in Mizoram against the national average of 10.5. Theft 1.16.4 The incidence of Theft cases also reported a continual declining trend over decade with a decline of 26.8 percent over 1990, 8.7 percent over Q.A. of 19951999 and 4.9 percent over the previous year. Though in A&N Islands, the number of Theft cases increased from 51 to 89 it reported the highest increase of 74.5% in such cases. The significantly higher rate (149.6) was reported at N.C.T. of Delhi followed by Chandigarh (119.8) against the national average rate of 25.8. Chart-1.4
INCIDENCE OF BURGLARY & THEFT DURING 1996-2000
350000 300000 INCIDENCE 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 BURGLARY 1996 CRIME HEAD 1997 1998 1999 2000 THEFT

Auto Theft 1.16.4.1 Additional information on incidence of Auto Thefts cases was included in the report since the year 1999. These cases also reported a decline of 1.4 percent over previous year. 1.16.4.2 Auto Theft cases represent 22.6 percent of total Theft cases in the country. Once again, N.C.T. of Delhi (57.1) and Chandigarh (38.5) reported higher rates as against All-India average of 5.8. Criminal Breach of Trust 1.16.5 The incidence of Criminal Breach of Trust cases also showed a declining trend with 11.9 per cent decrease over the 1990, 6.0 per cent over Q.A. of 19951999 and 3.2 per cent over the previous year. However, D&N Haveli and Pondicherry both reported an increase of 266.7 percent from 3 cases to 11 cases

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during 2000. D&N Haveli also reported the highest crime rate at 5.7 followed by Gujarat (4.0) compared to national average of 1.5 only. Cheating 1.16.6 The incidence of cheating showed a steep rise of 70.4 per cent over the decade 1990-2000, 16.3 per cent increase over the Q.A.. However, cheating cases remained almost constant when compared with the previous year. The highest incidence (6,338) of Cheating was reported from Rajasthan, followed by Uttar Pradesh (5,207). The crime rate was the highest (19.4) in UT of Chandigarh followed by N.C.T. of Delhi 13.8, while it was the lowest at 0.7 in Tripura against the national average of 4.2. Counterfeiting 1.16.7 The incidence of counterfeiting cases have shown alternate increasing/decreasing trend during last few years. However, there was significant increase of 70.7 percent in cases over previous year at national level, while Karnataka reported steep rise of 745.7 percent. This state also reported the highest number of cases 685 and the highest crime rate at 1.3. Hurt 1.16.8 Hurt cases showed continual increasing trend over last 5 years with increase of 6.6 percent over Q.A. and 1.8 percent over previous year. Madhya Pradesh recorded the highest incidence (33,080) followed by Andhra Pradesh (29,987). The crime rate as highest 55.4 in Kerala against the national average of 24.0. Molestation 1.16.9 Molestation cases also showed increasing trend with increase of 9.9 percent over the Q.A. and 1.9 percent over the previous year. A total of 32,940 cases were reported in the country. Madhya Pradesh (8,516) reported the highest incidence and rate (10.6) against the national average of 3.3. Importation of girls 1.16.10 64 cases were reported during the year as compared to only one case in the previous year reporting steep increase of 6300 per cent. 40 cases alone were reported from Bihar followed by 13 from Orissa, 7 from Tamil Nadu and 4 from Madhya Pradesh. Other IPC Crimes 1.16.11 IPC crimes, which do not fall under any of the 21 specified categories of crime heads are clubbed under `Other IPC Crimes'. As many as 7,79,757 other IPC crimes which are presently not recorded under the specified crime head accounting for 44.0 per cent of the total cognizable crimes were registered in the country during the year. Madhya Pradesh with 1,05,470 such cases accounted for 13.5 per cent of the total cases reported at the national level. Incidence of IPC Crimes in Districts and Big Cities:

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1.17.1 The District-wise and City-wise IPC crime figures can be seen in Table-8 and Table-9 respectively. Cities with 5 lakh or more population have been included for the purpose of compilation of these statistics. The crime situation in the 23 cities (Cities/Urban Agglomerations which had a population of 10 lakh or more as per the 1991 census) has also been separately discussed and analysed under `Crimes in Mega Cities'. 1.17.2 Out of 672 Police Districts (including Railway Police Districts) in India during 2000, as many as 86 districts registered more than 5,000 cognizable IPC crimes. Of these, 11 Police districts, viz., Hyderabad city in Andhra Pradesh, Ahmedabad Commissionerate in Gujarat, Bangalore Commissionerate in Karnataka, Eranakulam, Trivandraum in Kerala, Bhopal, Indore in Madhya Pradesh, Mumbai in Maharashtra, Jaipur in Rajasthan, Kolkata Commissionerate in West Bengal and South District in UT of Delhi registered more than 10,000 cognizable IPC crimes each. Of the above 11 districts, Mumbai Commissionerate registered the highest IPC cases (29,238) during the year, amongst all the Police districts in India. Table-1.6 Number of District according to volume of crime incidence during 19962000
Sl. No. Crime Incidence (IPC) 1996 No. (1) 1. 2. 3. (2) More than 10,000 5,000 - 10,000 Less than 5000 (3) 10 91 491 % (4) 1.7 15.4 82.9 1997 No. (5) 13 73 546 % (6) 2.1 11.6 86.3 1998 No. (7) 9 79 577 % (8) 1.3 11.9 86.8 1999 No. (9) 10 79 578 % (10) 1.5 11.8 86.7 No. (11) 11 75 586 672 2000 % (12) 1.6 11.2 87.2 100.0

592 100.0

632 100.0

665 100.0

667 100.0

1.17.3 The number of Police Districts in the country during the year 2000 increased to 672 from 667. The majority 568 (nearly 87%) of the police districts have been observed to record less than 5,000 IPC cases in the year 2000. 1.17.4 The Police Districts, which recorded more than 10,000 IPC crimes during 2000 along with the incidence are as under: Table-1.7 Police Districts registering above 10,000 IPC cases in 2000
Sl.No. (1) Name of the District (2) Incidence (3)

N.C.R.B., (M.H.A.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Mumbai Bangalore Commissionerate Jaipur District Ahmedabad city Ernakulam Indore Bhopal Kolkata Hyderabad city South Delhi Trivandradum

CRIME IN INDIA-2000 29,238 27,184 20,709 14,150 13,458 13,216 13,150 12,976 11,592 11,147 10,633

Crimes under the Special and Local Laws (SLL) 1.18.1 The crime head-wise incidence and rate of cognizable crimes under the Special and Local Laws (SLL) during 1990 and 1995 to 1999 are presented in Table-10. The quinquennial average(Q.A.) of incidence and rate for the period 1995-99 as also the percentage variations during 2000 over 1990, and over the previous year (1999) are also presented in this table. 1.18.2 A total of 33,96,666 cognizable crimes were reported in the country under various Special Laws and Local Laws. Cases under these Acts represent proactive policing, i.e. they indicate that police are taking steps to curb these offences. These incidents showed an increase of 3.1 percent over 1990. These, however, reported a decline of 19.6 over Q.A. and 7.9 percent over 1999 respectively. 1.18.3 State/UT and crime head-wise analysis of SLL crimes in the year 2000 as compared to previous year is done in Table-12A. It is observed that Sikkim State reported a steep increase of 1384.6 percent over previous year as compared to national level increase of only 7.9 percent. 1.18.4 The crime head-wise percentage distribution of various cognizable crimes under the SLL during the last 5 years (1996 to 2000) is presented in Table-11. It is observed that the 21 specified crimes heads accounted for (28.7%) of the total SLL crimes, while the remaining 71.3 per cent were clubbed as `Other SLL crimes'. The `Prohibition Act' and `Gambling Act', though enforced in only a few States, were a major contributor with 20.0 per cent share towards total SLL crimes. Next in order were the `Excise Act' (3.5%), `Arms Act' (1.8%) and Indian Railways Act (1.3%). Each of the remaining 16 specified crimes contributed less than 1 per cent and together accounted for just 2.1 per cent of the total SLL crimes.

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Chart-1.5
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS SLL CRIMES DURING 2000

ARM S A CT 1 .8% OTHERS 73.4% GAM B LING A CT 4.2%

P ROHIBITION ACT 1 5.8%

EXCISE ACT 3.5% INDIAN RA ILWA YS ACT 1 .3%

Trends-States 1.19.1 The crime head-wise incidence and rate of cognizable SLL crimes in different State, UTs and metropolitian cities is presented in Table-12. A view point is that the offences under SLL are registered by police on their own initiative and such registration has preventive value. Proactive steps taken by police in detecting and registry of SLL cases have a sobering effect on society. Arms Act 1.19.2 The incidence of cases reported under Arms Act which increased during the year 1995 to 1997 decreased there after resulting in net decline during the year 2000 as compared to Quinquennial Averages of cases reported during the years 1995 to 1999. As compared to the previous year (1999), a marginal decline of 0.4 percent was reported. Uttar Pradesh reported the highest incidence constituting (60.7%) and rate 21.4 as compared to national average crime rate of 6.0. Narcotics Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act 1.19.3 The incidence showed an increasing trend with increase of 12.4 percent in 2000 as compared to Q.A. of years 1995 to 1999 and 12.9 percent as compared to previous year. The highest incidence constituting 42.6 percent of total crimes was reporting from Uttar Pradesh. However, the highest rate of crime 25.5 was reported from Nagaland as compared to 2.3 at national level. Gambling Act 1.19.4 The incidence which showed steady declining trend during the year 1995 to 1998 however increased significantly with 21.0 percent in 2000 over 1999. The highest incidence (38,369) constituting 27.2 per cent of the total cases registered in the country was reported from Andhra Pradesh. The Crime rate was the highest (63.1) in Goa compared to 14.1 at the National level.

N.C.R.B., (M.H.A.)

CRIME IN INDIA-2000

Excise Act 1.19.5 The incidence under the Excise Act showed a rise of 26.3 per cent over the year 1990, followed by decline of 8.1 percent over the Q.A. and further increase of 11.4 percent over the previous year. Madhya Pradesh reported the highest incidence with a share of 28.0 per cent to the total cases reported under this Act. The crime rate varied from a minimum of 0.1 in Pondicherry to a maximum of 70.8 in Punjab against the national average of 11.9. Prohibition Act 1.19.6 These cases represent nearly 16 percent of total SLL cases in the country. The incidence has shown continuing declining trend with decreases of 9.6 per cent over the year 1990, 6.7 percent over Q.A., and 1.8 per cent over the year 1999. The highest incidence (2,95,789) constituting 55.0 per cent of the total cases registered in the country was reported from Tamil Nadu state. The rate was also highest at 477.6 in Tamil Nadu against national average of 53.6. Explosives & Explosive Substances Act 1.19.7 The incidence under the Explosives & Explosive Substances Act which showed decline during last 5 years, however, increased by 8.2 percent over previous year. The highest incidence constituting 27.2 per cent of the total cases were reported from Uttar Pradesh. The crime rate was however, maximum at 3.1 in Jammu & Kashmir against national average of only 0.5 . Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1.19.8 The incidence under the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, showed steady increasing trend since 1997, with an increase of 1.6 per cent over year 1999. Tamil Nadu state reported 73.0 percent of such cases with highest crime rate at 11.2 against the national average of 0.9 only. Indian Railways Act 1.19.9 The incidence has shown alternate increasing/decreasing trend during recent past with increase of 18.7 percent and 23.0 percent over Q.A. and 1999 respectively. Madhya Pradesh emerged as the major contributor (33.8%) where 15,005 such cases were registered. The crime rate too was the highest (18.7) in Madhya Pradesh against the national average of 4.4. Registration of Foreigners Act 1.19.10 The incidence has shown alternate increasing/decreasing trend during last few year with marginal increase of 0.2 percent over Q.A and decrease of 9.6 percent over the previous year. West Bengal State alone reported 71.8 percent cases at national level while Mizoram State reported the highest crime rate of 19.7 against the national crime rate of only 0.2.

N.C.R.B., (M.H.A.)

CRIME IN INDIA-2000

Protection of Civil Rights Act 1.19.11 The incidence under the Protection of Civil Right Act showed a considerable decline of 53.7 per cent over the quinquennial average of 1995-99 and 18.7 per cent over the previous year. The crime rate was the highest (1.5) in Pondicherry against the national average 0.1 while Andhra Pradesh state reported the highest (34.7%) incidence of these crimes. Indian Passport Act 1.19.12 The incidence under the Indian Passport Act declined by, 49.2% over the quinquennial average of 1995-99 and by 34.5 percent over the previous year. The highest incidence (48) constituting 15.5 per cent of the total cases was reported from Punjab during the year. Essential Commodities Act 1.19.13 The incidence under the Essential Commodities Act decreased by 13.6 per cent, over the previous year and by 8.4 percent when compared to the quinquennial average of 1995-99. The highest incidence (1,005) constituting 20.9 per cent of the total cases, was reported from Uttar Pradesh. Antiquity & Art Treasure Act 1.19.14 Andhra Pradesh state reported nearly one third of total cases at national level. The incidence under this Act showed an increasing trend over last a few years except the year 1999. In the current (2000) year, it increased by 167.5 percent over the previous year. Dowry Prohibition Act 1.19.15 The incidence under the Dowry Prohibition Act showed an increase of 33.5 per cent over the quinquennial average and decline of 6.1 percent over 1999. Bihar registered the highest incidence sharing 30.2 percent of total cases. The crime rate was, however, the highest in Orissa (1.2) against national average of 0.3. Child Marriage Restraint Act 1.19.16 The number of incidents reported under this crime have increased by 58.6 per cent over the cases reported during the year 1999. Maharashtra reported 33 cases out of total 92 in the country. Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act 1.19.17 The number of incidents registered under `Indecent Representation of Women (P) Act showed an increasing trend with increase of 205.4 per cent over Q.A. and 198.2 per cent increase over the previous year. Andhra Pradesh reported 57.2 percent of total cases registered in the country.

N.C.R.B., (M.H.A.)

CRIME IN INDIA-2000

Copy Right Act 1.19.18 The incidence under Copy Right Act showed a rise of 19.4 per cent over 1999. Maharashtra registered more than 25.7 per cent of the total cases reported in the country. SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1.19.19 The incidence reported under the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act showed an increase of 3.9 percent over the previous year. Forest Act 1.19.20 The number of cases registered under this Act recorded a decline of 4.3 per cent over the previous year. Two States together i.e. Uttar Pradesh (2,677) and Rajasthan (1,317) shared 81.2 per cent of the total incidence reported in the country during the year. Himachal Pradesh recorded the highest crime rate of 4.2 as against the national crime rate (0.5).

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