Networked Computing in the 1990s Personal computers entered homes and offices (1980s).

. Enabled people of almost all backgrounds to use computers (1990s). Born the idea of Paradigm Shifts, the steady improvements in a variety of technologies as well as maturation of the market. The Four Paradigms of Computing BATCH TIME SHARING DESKTOP NETWORK (1960s) (1970s) (1980s) (1990s) Batch data processed by corporations. Time Sharing shared by many subscribers. Desktop productivity tool for individuals. Network used by groups. Much convenience is achieved during the Network era thru the mobile machines called pericomputers ( i.e. networked laptop devices, electronic pocket calendars ) As electronic devices shrink in size, usefulness & convenience improve. ( i.e. computer chips) smaller size lower costs higher market sales 1980s data memory stored in a diskette 1990s semiconductor device storage (credit card-size) Software 1. Menu style 2. Transcription displays printed versions of handwritten words 3. Speech-Recognition obeys spoken commands Groupware software that supports group activity thru netwoks (i.e. Meeting Maker) Software Evaluation Factors: 1. Speed of Response how fast it reacts w/ the user. 2. Market Distribution how the user obtains the software. Power-thrifty video screens are absolute necessity for pericomputers. examples are LCDs, cathod-ray tubes, field-emission display weaknesses of current batteries: unreusable alkaline designs low capacity Ni-Cd battery bulky Pb-acid battery ----. Along with the changes in technology are the human effects. They challenge not on business but also society. They create more opportunities for educated people but fewer for the uneducated.

 Computer for the 21st Century The most profound technologies are those that disappear or tends to be invisible. refers to machines that are woven into mans lives to the extent that they become indistinguishable, people simply use them unconsciously to accomplish everyday task. concerns the concept of ubiquitous computing. Ubiquitous Computing not just computers that can be carried anywhere but that applies the invisible computing opposed the notion of virtual reality also called as embodied virtuality ( because they reside & embodied in the human world they pose no barrier to personal interactions. Ubiquitous Computers: 1. TABS - smallest (inch-scale) in the form of an active badge. [ active badge ID-size, w/ small microprocessor & infrared transmitter - wearer can trigger automatic opening of doors, telephone forwarding and computer displays ] 2. PADS foot-scale/page-size - w/ two microprocessors, 4 million RAM bytes, high-speed radio link & high resolution pen interface. 3. BOARDS yard-size, used as bulletin boards, flipcharts, video screens, displays - users control display by a wireless electronic chalk that can work in contact or from a distance. - also known as live boards 3 Parts of an Ubiquitous Technology: 1. Computer Display must be low-power - has a recent high-contrast display of 1000 x 800 pixel - w/ billion operations per sec. 2. Software matchbook-size hard disk (60 MB) - standard memory: terabyte 3. Network connects the hardware & software a. tiny-range wireless b. long-range wireless c. very-high speed wired . Ubiquitous technologies could be a source of real harm in the wrong hands. For this purpose, cryptographic techniques already exist to secure messages from

One ubiquitous computer to another & to safeguard private information stored in worked systems.