Section 3 - Loads and Load Factors (SI) SPECIFICATIONS COMMENTARY

.
J

PermanentLoads
DO DC DW EH EL ES EV

= =
= = =
=

downdrag dead load of structural components and

nonstructuralattachments
dead load of wearing surfaces and utilities horizontal earth pressure load accumulated locked-in effects resulting from the construction process earth surcharge load vertical pressure from dead load of earth fill

.
~

Transient Loads

SR
CE CR CT CV EQ FR IC 1M LL LS PL SE SH TG TU WA WL WS

=
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

vehicular braking force

vehicular centrfugal force creep vehicular collision force vessel collision force earthquake friction ice load vehicular dynamic load allowance vehicular live load live load surcharge pedestrian live load settlement shrinkage temperature gradient uniform temperature water load and stream pressure wind on live load wind load on structure

IJJ W

;
;

;: :
,

1: \.:

3.4 LOAO FACTORS ANO COMBINATIONS 3.4.1 Load Factors and Load Combinations C3.4.1 The background for the load factors specified herein, and the resistance factors specified in other sections of these Specifications is developed in Nowak (1992).
0-/

The total factored force effect shall be taken as:

Q

= r~;V;Q;

(3.4.1-1)

where:

[:

~
Q

=
=

load modifier specified in Article 1.3.2

force effects from loads specifiedherein

load factors specified in Tables 1 and 2 .) G

Vi =

11 3-6

Section 3 Loads and Load Factors (SI) SPECIFICATIONS

I

COMMENTARY s~an in which it is located. For example, at Strength 1 lImlt Statewhere the permanentload reaction is positive and live load can cause a negative reaction, the load combination would be 0.9DC + 0.65DW + 1.75(LL+IM). If both reactions were negative, the load combination would be 1 25DC + 1.50DW + 1.75(LL+IM). For each force effect, both extreme combinations may need to be investigated by applying either the high or the low load factor as appropriate. The algebraic sums of these products are the total force effects for which the bridge and its components should be designed. Water load and friction are included in all strength load combinations at their respective nominal values. For creep and shrinkage, ~h~ specified nominal

lieu of better information, the resistance factor, <p, may

be taken as:
. When the geotechnical parameters are well defined, and the slope does not support or contain a structural element 0.85 When the geotechnical parameters are based on limited information, or the slope contains or supports a structural element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.65

. ::

;.
1;
i

For structural plate box structures complying with the provisions of Article 12.9, the live load factor for the vehicular live loads LL and 1Mshall be taken as 2.0.

values should be used. For frlctlon, settlement, and

water loads, both minimum and maximum values need to be investigated to produce extreme load combinations.

. Load Combination DC DD DW EH EV ES Yp

Table 3.4.1-1 - Load Combinations and Load Factors LL 1M CE BR PL LS WA WS WL FR TU CR SH TG SE Use One of These at a Time Ea IC CT CV

Limit State STRENGTH-I (unless noted)

~

EL
1.75

.
~

1.00
1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.40 0.40 0.30 -

1.0 1.0 -

1.00 0.50/1.20 YTGYSE 1.00 0.50/1.20 YTG YSE -

STRENGTH-II
STRENGTH-III

Yp
Yp Yp
1.5 Yp Yp Yp 1.00 1.00

1.35
1.35 YEO 0.50 1.00 1.30

'1 i
~

1.00 0.50/1.20 YTG YSE 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

STRENGTH-IV
EH, EV, ES, DW
DC ONLY STRENGTH-V EXTREME EVENT -1 EXTREME
EVENT -11

0.50/1.20
0.50/1.20 1.00/1.20 1.00/1.20 YTG YSE -

" ~

1.00 -

1.00 -

1.00 -

1.00 -

SERVICE-I SERVICE-II
1

YTG YSE -

SERVICE-III FATIGUE-LL, CE ONLy-o. 1M&

I

1.00

0.80
i

1.00
i

i -

1.00

1.00/1.20 YTG YSE I

I
;

:
I. . , i . i

075 75

11
3 - 10

l.

1-1 - I -

D
-

G ,.. \:

Section 3 - Loads and Load Factors (SI)

SPECIFICATIONS COMMENTARY
p

@ :..;~
.~-4': ' .Jo;\ .'
I

Table 3.4.1-2- Load Factorsfor PermanentLoads,V

Load Factor

Type of Load
DC: ComDonent and Attachments DO: DowndraQ DW: Wearing Surfaces and Utilities EH: Horizontal Earth Pressure
8
8

Maximum
1.25 1.80 1.50

Minimum
0.90

0.45 0.65

Active At-Rest

1.50 1.35
1.0

0.90 0.90
1.0

EL: Locked-in Erection Stresses EV: Vertical Earth Pressure

8
8 8 8

Overall Stability RetainingStructure Rigid Buried Structure Rigid Frames

Flexible Buried Structures other than Metal Box Culverts

1.35 1.35 1.30 1.35

1.95

N/A 1.00 0.90 0.90

0.90

8
8

Flexible Metal Box Culverts

1.50
1.50

0.90
0.75 The load factor for temperature gradient should be determined on the basis of the: 8
8

ES: Earth Surcharge

~ (:',,';'1' .~.. . :, ~..,!

'.

The load factor for temperature gradient, VTG,and settlement, VSE' should be considered on a projectspecific basis. In lieu of project-specific information to the contrary, VTG may be taken as:
8
8

Type of structure and

f;
1.1

0.0 at the strengthand extremeevent limit states,

1.0 at the service limit state when live load is not considered, and

Limitstate being investigated.

!; i
;

Open girder construction and multiple steel box girders have traditionally, but perhaps not necessarily

0.50 at the service limit state when live load is

considered.

correctly, been designed without consideration of temperature gradient,i.e., VTG= 0.0.

For segmentally constructed bridges, the following combination shall be investigated at the service limit state: DC + DW + EH + EV + ES + WA + CR + SH + TG + EL (3.4.1-2) Past editions of the Standard Specifications used
VEO

I:
,
!
:

The load factor for live load in Extreme Event Load

Combination 1, VEO' shall be determined on a projectspecific basis.

partial live load, i.e., VEO < 1.0, with earthquakesshould

be considered. Application of Turkstra's rule for combining uncorrelated loads indicates that VEO = 0.50 is reasonable for a wide range of values of average daily truck traffic (ADTT)

= 0.0. This issue is not resolved. The possibilityof

~\~;
\,\..
3-11

~ ( l1)
.~
TARLE 3.23.1 Distribution of Wheel Loads

HIGHWAY BRIDGES
in m~mben wi!h

C
lh~

I 9 q b)
narTOW ~dg~s of lh~ lamlnalions ~anng on II-Oivision 11) load !h~ on llooring~ach slring~r belw~~n shall !h~ string~rs be !h~ ~aclion lo acl

3.22.3
!h~ sup-

LongitudlnaJ

Bums

pons

(se~

Anlcl~

20

Bridge

Deslgned

whe~lloads. 'In

lhis

cas~ assuming!h~

as

of sim. a !h~

Bridge fl KJnd of oor O De 1r'8m

Designed La c ne

for

for 1r'8m

Two

or Lan c

mo~

pl~

beam '.'Deslgn of March I-B~am 1948. Bndg~s

..
by N M N~lOImark-Proc~edlngs.

es

ASCE,

'The limber' Plankb Naillaminal~d' 4" layer" !hick NaJllammat~d< 6" ot mo~ !hick S/S.O Ir use Glued Panels larrunated 4" !hick laminated' on glued stnngers S/4.S S/4.0 S exceeds foolnole S f. , S/4.2S If use S exceeds foolnote ~.S . 6" o!her the ' les. same x , thick or lloors . muluple ov~r S" S/4.S S/4.0 "Wheel Professor These 2'" Journol above S/4.0 S/3.7S rior and

sid~lOIaJk ~xterior indicated box

liv~

load gird~rs he~in.

(se~ d~signed

Anicl~ in

31S) accordance

shaJI

~ lOIi!h

omined the

for IOIheelload

inle-

distributon 'Distribution ~

faclors based substantially

for

Steel on!he

Bridge follolOlmg

Comlgaled ~fe~nce:

Plank

set

fonh

o/ Load of

Washington Distribution

Acad~my of Steel

o/ Bridge University

Sci~nc~s. Plank." of Maryland, based should primary

Vol by

67. Conrad

No. P.

2.

1977 Heins,

Civil

Engineering, faclors plank.

distribution steel comlgated configurations or ~ler!han

lOI~re The

developed faclo~

on Yleld ~nding

studies safe resulrs stiffness

using for is stud-

comlgated as

provided Ihe 6" x 2" comlgated

plank

used

in

!he

6" or more !hick

S/6.0

S/S,O

IfSexceeds6' usefoolnolef. On steelstring~~ 4" !hick 6" or mo~ !hick Conc~l~ On steell-Beam
stringersC and

IfSexceeds7.S' usefoolnote f. S/4.0 S/4.S Ir S exceeds 7' usefoolnote f.

3.22.4 When long spanstructuresare being designedby dbe f . . load factor deslgn, the garnma an ta actors SpeCI fied
for Load Factor Design represent general conditions and should be increased if, in the Engineer's judgment. d l d . d. . , expecte oa s. servlce con Itlons. or maten al s o f construction are different from those anticipated by the specifications.

S/4S S/S,2S Ir S exceeds S.S' usefootnote f,

preslressed conc~tegirde~

On concrete
T-Beams

sn.o , Ir S exceeds 10 usefoolnote f.

S/6.S
IrS exceeds 6'

SIS.S If S exceeds 14 usefootnote f.

S/6.0,
IfS exceeds 10

3.22.5 Structures maybeanalyzed for anoverload that

is selected by fue operatingagency. Sizeand configuration
.. . . . of the overload. loadmg combmatlons. and load dlstnbu-

tion will beconsistenl with procedures defined in pennit policy of that agency-The load shall be applied in Group

.-'

use footnote f.

use footnote f,
SIS.O
If5exceeds lO'

m asdefined in Table 3.22.1A, For allloadings lessthan

H 20, Group lA 10adingcombinauon shall be used (see Art
'
IC

Ontim~r
stringe~
Concrete box
girde~h S/80 IfS use On sleel box grders See exceeds footnote Article 12' f. 10.39.2. sn.o IfS use exceeds footnote ]6' f.

S/6.0
IfSexceeds6'

5)

use footnote f

use footnote f.
Part C

DISTRIBUTION

OF

LOADS

On preslressed concrele spread box

3 23 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS TO
.

Beams

SeeAnicle 3.28.
S/4S
5/6.0 If use S exceeds foolnole 6' f.

STRINGERS, LONGITUDINAL
ANO FLOOR BEAMS*
S/4.0
s/s.o If use S exceeds foolnote 10.5' f. 3.23.1 Position of Loads for Shear

BEAMS,

Ste~1 grid
(Less than 4.' lhck)
(4" or more)

Steel bridge
Comlgal~d plank'

(2" min depth)

S

S/S.S

5/4.5
feet

3.23.1.1 In calculalmg end shearsand end reactlons in transversefloor beams and longitudinal beams and stringers. no longitudinal distribution of fue wheel load shall be assumed for fue wheelor axle load adjacentto lhe h d f th I . d. be
transverse f1oor beam or l e en o
at which

1; L- d h f I h kn Im""r ImenSlons s own are or nomlna t IC ess 'Plank lloors conslst of piece~ of lumber laid ~dge 10 edge with the wlde faces beanng on !h~ suppons (see Anicle 20 17-Divison 11)
2

'

average

stnnger

spacing

in

e ongltu In*
detennined,

_1

arn

or stringer

the stress is being

'Nall
Wllh to Ihe !he

lamlnaled
narrolOl ~dges pece

lloors
beanng (see

conSISI of peces of lum~rlad

on Anicl~ Ihe 20 suppons. IS-Division each plece 11)

face lo face
belng nalled

3.23.1.2
ends of the

Lateral distribullon
.

of the wheel loads al

be that produced by

pr~c~ding

beams

or

stnngers

shall

'MlJlllpl~ lav~r oclng '(ilued la.d

lav=r al an

lloor~ angle pan~1

consist 10 th~

of olh~r

two Ise~

or

more Anicle of venlcally

layers 20

01" 17-0lvlsion glu~d

planks,

each 11)

lamlnal~d

lloor~

conSI~1

lamlnaled

.Provislons

in

Ihls

Anlcl~

shall

no!

apply

to

onholropic

deck

bridge

.:~

.1

';
\

i Secti 4 Struc Ana and Eva (SI) l AA (-f rb cI 6 ~ g ) . SPEC CO Table 4.6.2 Com Oec Sup Co in Ar 4. a 4 C SUP COM TYP OF OE TY C Steel Beam Cas con sla prec con slab ste ~ l. 1 -, 1 ~ ;Close grid glue pan Stee or Prec Cas con sla Conc Boxe ~ D ffi U ~ '1 ; CastConc Mon con '.~ CastConc Mon con
i
) I

stressed wood

(a)
I

,
~ ~

.: :!

(b)

, :

Open Steel or Precast Concrete Boxes

Cast-in-place concrete slab, precast concrete deck slab

117 ~'
I

(c)

.)
~

:
t

Multicell Box

~l:JC:J[::::Jl~
(d)

(~~~~~~:J[=~~~~: J[~=~~~~:: ]

"(

Tee Beam

~=:=O~~::iJ==:::=i1
(e)

, , !
.'

Precast Salid, Voided or Cellular Concrete Boxes with Shear Keys

Cast-in-place concrete overlay

~
D

5Ejcil~~~dl
D
I O O O
(f)
. ~

t
., .~
, ,
, I , .1 I '1 '.; ., j

i :..

4 - 26

Section 4 - Structural Analysis and Evaluatlon (SI)

SPECIFICATIONS
@~ ~~;~~:
-

COMMENTARY

SUPPORTING COMPONENTS
Precast Salid, Voided, or Cellular Concrete Box

TYPE OF DECK
Integral concrete

TYPICAL CROSS-SECTION

with

or without Shear Transverse Keys and with Post-Tensioning

i;
i
~

b lDIDIDld
( ) 9

D D D D D L
+

~ost enslon

i~
..

Precast Conc~ete . Channel Sectlons wlth

Shear Keys

Cast-in-place concrete overtay

~f~r'~~~~w~~
(h)

,
!

;; 'i

:
Precast Concrete Double Keys and with or without
Section with Shear

~
;

Integral concrete

Transverse

Posttensioning

'ir l]:J'nrlFiJ'ir1 .
(1) Integralconcrete

L
post

Tee

tension

';

f,::Ji:;~

;~,
1
~

prec.astC?ncreteTee Sectlonwlth Shear Keys

and with or without
Transverse P tt . .

~I==11=S=='==~
(J ")
t

. .J

pos . t enslon

) .,
,1

os enslonlng Precast Concrete I or Bulb-Tee Sections Cast-in-place concrete, precast concrete

'; , :~
~j ..

'Ir

1r
(k)

1r

1r~
n

' '1

:~ , ,
J'
i

Wood Beams

Cast-in-place concrete or
plan k, glued/spiked panels or

I\.

stressed wood
I~ .:

~
~

~
~

~
1.;1

I~I

[;J

(I)

,J '1
; \

l. :
i

462.2.2 Shear
{!~I~i"; 4.6.2.2.

Distribution Factor Method for Moment and

':
. :
!

2a Interior Beams with Wood Decks

\"'1{l
":-'

The live load flexural moment and shear for interior

.;

beams with transverse wood decks may be determined

4 - 27

I " l' : '. .,

!:" " .

'~

11

, i Conc Deck on I One Des Lan Lo S/ S . 1 s ! Wood Beam Two or Mo De La Lo S/ ) 0 ( ~ ) 0 .4 .3 ( ! ]6 5Y .s L . 7 s ( ~ ; Conc Beam conn to 430 L Lt3 N ~ 4 ~ T -Bea act as a unit s : T and Doub Two or Mo De La Lo 0.0 ] O '. ) 0 ( 8 ) ( K ,2 .6 g ( 8 290 L Lt3 s use less of the val ob fro th N = 3 ; equ abo wit Nb = 3 or the le ru I Multic Conc d One Des Lan Lo 2 S . 4 s () ( ) 0 ( ) 0 .3 18 00 .4 .s L . 7 0 s ~ Box Beam C !! 1.7 ~ ~ N ) ~ c : Two or Mo De La Lo If > 8 u N = 8 . c c , f ) 0 ( ~ ) ( . 0 ! .3 .2 ( ~ :~ N 430 L \~ c i Conc ':; Deck on b, c One Des Lan Lo 1 S ~ 3 " Spre Box 0.3 ( ) 0 .2 6 .s L . 4 0 s ( ~ ) .!! 4 d 1 .' Beam , 910 L 2 N ~ 3 Two or Mo De La Lo ) O ) 0 ( ~ 6 ( ~ 190 L2 \; '; Use Lev Ru S > 3 !j ~ j 1 ; : ! : , " # 1; ~ 1, .. : . 1 , j,: :; 1. J , i ; 4 30 ~
: Section 4 - StructuralAnalysisand Evaluation (SI)
~-

:i

Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1- Distributionof Live LoadsPer Lanefor Momentin Interior Beams Applicable Cross-Section from Table 4.6.2.2.1-1 a, I Distribution Factors

Type of Beams

Range of Applicability

:.

Wood Deck on Wood or Steel Beams

See Table4.6.2.2.2a-1

':

ConcreteDeck, Filled Grid, or Partially Filled Grid on Steel or

a, e, k and also i, j if sufficiently

One DesignLane Loaded: 0.06 +

1100.s S .s4900
110 ~ 1s.s 300

0.1

Sections

,',
:

1100

..~

J.

!
Section 4 Structural Analysis and Evaluation (SI)

..

Type of Beams

Applicabl~
Cross-Sectlon from Table 4.6.2.2.1-1

Distribution Factors

Range of
Appllcability

~
,
:

~.,

Concrete Beams used in Multibeam D

ecks
I

One Design Lane Loaded: ( b ) O 5 ( I ) 025

k -

900 s b s 1500 6000 s L s 37 000

5 S Nb S 20

2.8L where: if sufficiently connected t.o act as a unlt

9

J k = 2.S(Nb)-0.2~ 1.5

1
~

~
~

;
~
. .-

Two or More Design Lanes Loaded: k ( - b ) 06 ( -b ) 0.2 ( -1) 0.06

7600
h

;
"
~
;

Regardless of Number of Loaded Lanes: 8/D

where:

.:

C = K (W/L) O = 300 [11.5 - NL+ 1.4NL(1 - 0.2C)2]

:;
..

.;

D = 300[11.5- NJ ~

j
~

f
~

,~

if connected
only enough to relative vertical displacement at the interface
prevent.

g,i,j

K=

~
.'

~~
J
.

for prellmlnary deslgn, fue follOWlngvalues of K may be used:

i,j
.~

BeamTvpe Nonvoidedrectangular beams

Rectangular beams with circular voids: Box section beams

!S

0.7
0.8 1.0

1 '~

3
:l

Channelbeams
T -beam Double T-beam
8teel Grids on 8teel
Beams

2.2
2.0 2.0
8 s 1800 mm

:',

" ~,

One Design Lane Loaded: 8/2300 If ~< 100 mm 8/3050 If ~~ 100 mm

!
, ~
.'j

:
;

Two or More Design Lanes Loaded: 8/2400 If ~< 100 mm 8/3050 If L~ 100 mm Concrete Deck on Multiple 8teel Box
Girders 0.05
.

8 s 3200 mm N 0.5 s --.!: s 1.5

Nb

b, c

Regardless of Number of Loaded Lanes: N

0.8S--.!: .
Nb

: ,
\

,;

~
NL

"1

,~
,

1
:: . '..

(1J1 .'~ . 1;: '

~

")
'J

';

4 - 31

--

Section 4 - StructuralAnalyslsand Evaluation (SI)

!
,
\

Table 4.6.2.2.2d-1- Distributionof Live Loads Per Lanefor Momentin ExteriorLongitudinal Beams

Type of Superstructure

Applicable CrossSection from Table 4.6.2.2.1-1 a, I

I

One Design Lane Loaded LeverRule

Lever Rule

Two or More Design Lanes Loaded Lever Rule

Lever Rule

Range of Applicability N/A

N/A

WoodDeck on Wood or
Steel Beams
,,
I

~ ; :.

Concrete Beams

Deck on Wood

.,

Concrete Deck, Filled Grid, or Partially Filled

,

a, e, k and also}, j

Lever Rule

9 = e ginterior d

-300

~ de ~ 1700

!
!
)

Grid on Steel or
Concrete Beams; Concrete T -Beams, T and Double T Sections

If sufficlently
connected to act as a unit

e = 0.77 + --.!.2800

i
1

;
,~

use lesser

of the

Nb

=3

,;

.
Multicell Concrete Box Beams, Box Sections d W g = --.!.-4300

values obtained from the equation above with Nb = 3 or the lever rule W g = --.!.-4300 We
~

:i ~ "
~

ConcreteDeck on
Concrete Spread Box
Beams

b, c

LeverRule

9 = e 9b'11erior
d
e e = 0.97 + 8700

O~

de ~ 1400

,~ 'j i

.
j
~

1800 < S ~ 3500

~ ,
,'i

Use Lever Rule Concrete Box Beams Used in Multibeam Decks t, 9 Lever Rule 9 = e 9inlerior e = 1.04
+

S > 3500 -300 ~ de ~ 600

-1
:
~

'1
:1

d --.!.7600

:~

i, :: , :

Concrete Beams Other than Box Beams Used in Multibeam Decks

h i, j it connected only enough to prevent relative vertical displacement at the

Lever Rule

Lever Rule

N/A

(
\

.
;
~

interface
Steel Grid Deck on Steel
Beams

Lever Rule

Lever Rule

N/A

:1 " I

:
,

Concrete Deck on Multiple Steel Box

b, c

As specified in Table b-1

; .1
.)

i:O

. .'.\ .
:, .. ~\ . ,4 ,
; , :: , I .. I

~ ' .;).. (','

"'!"

Girders

..

4 - 33