Chapter 20 Entropy and the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Things to learn
We define the concept of entropy and understand the 2nd law of thermodynamics (Entropy never decreases) We will understand engines and refrigerators as devices interconverting heat and work.

20-2 Irreversible Processes and Entropy

Irreversible process Inverse process is improbable ! Fig 20-1 free expansion [entropy is increasing] Entropy : multiplicity of a system Reversible process Inverse process happens [entropy is invariant]

20-3 Change in Entropy

Irreversible process

Reversible process

Entropy calculation

SP 20-1

CP 1
Water is heated on a stove. Find the entropy changes of the water as its temperature rises.

CP 2
Find the entropy changes of the two processes of an ideal gas.

SP 20-2

Entropy as a state function

Entropy change is independent of the path. Once we know i and f states, we know the Entropy change.

SP 20-1 Once again

free expansion Gas was the only system (closed). Entropy of the closed system has been increased! irreversible process Corresponding Reversible process Gas + Reservoir was the closed system Entropy of the closed system has been unchanged reversible process Reservoir gave the same dQ to gas at the same T

20-4 The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

The entropy of a closed system never decreases Reversible process : constant Irreversible process : increasing

Problem 18

20-5 The entropy in the real world

Heat Engine Heat (QH) is supplied from the hotter reservoir. (gasoline explosion) Through the expansion of gas, work W is performed. (rotate the crank) Partial heat (QL) is lost to the colder reservoir. (outside the engine)

The Carnot Engine

= ideal engine (reversible). = the most efficient engine. No energy loss due to friction and turbulence.

The Carnot Engine (Work)

Work = Heat in Heat out

The Carnot Engine (Entropy)

The Carnot Engine (Efficiency)

Perfect engine impossible

SP 20-4

20-6 Refrigerator
Refrigerator is cooling a cold reservoir cooler. Input : Work (compressor) Output : QL (heat lost by the cold reservoir)

Perfect Refrigerator impossible

Perfect Refrigerator is cooling without input Work . violates the 2nd law of Thermodynamics impossible

20-7 The efficiencies of real engines

No real engine has efficiency greater than C. If X > C, couple X to Carnot refrigerator:

Violate the 2nd law of thermodynamics

20-8 A statistical view of entropy

Macroscopic definition dS=dQ/T

Microscopic definition S=k ln W

k=Boltzmann constant W=multiplicity W=1 for each microscopic configuration

Multiplicity calculation
S=k ln W Count the number of ways to distribute balls in the two partitions

Multiplicity calculation
As n , the peak value of the W becomes sharper and sharper at n1=n2=n/2 Entropy (log multiplicity) becomes maximum at this point

For a system with a large number of particles (order of mol), system tends to make a transition into a state with more multiplicity, which has a larger entropy. Second law of thermodynamics