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Dated: 01-04-2013

By

Dr. Muhammad Saleem


c.engineer@uet.edu.pk Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Pakistan

Earthquake response

Seismic Action

The vertical accelerations recorded by accelerographs are generally lower than corresponding Hz. Component. It is often assumed that peak acceleration in Vt. Direction is 2/3 of max Hz. Acceleration. If the hypocenter is under the city than the vertical component is much more effective. This is seen in 1995 kobe EQ.

Influence of Soil Stiffness

In Soft Soils: Amplification of long period components Generally peak ground acceleration in short period range are reduced Amplifications are also dependent on intensity of shaking.

Influence of Soil Stiffness

In Hard Soils: Amplification decreases Peak ground acceleration also decreases with more duration

There is still controversy as to the extend of site amplification that can be expected from deep alluvial deposits in very sewer E.Qs.

Directionality Effect
The release of energy is not instantaneous along the fault surface. The fracture starts at some point & propagates in one or both directions. Fig. 2.9 Station A downstream is likely to experience more amplification, shock wave than station B

Geographical Amplification
Steep ridges may amplify the response. Structures built at the top of ridge may be subjected to intense shaking

Attenuation Response
These are relationships which are used to findout reduction or change in peak ground acceleration with distance from epicentre. These are necessary to predict seismic response for a given site There are three major factors

Attenuation Response

Energy Released
Spherical waves Cylindrical waves

Total energy transmitted reduces with distance due to material damping The damping may result from wave scattering at interface b/w different layers of the materials

Typical Attenuation Response

Typical Attenuation Response

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Design EQ Intensity & Peak Ground Acce. Relationship


Structures are designed to withstand a specified intensity of ground shaking In the past design modified mercualli scale was considered as a basis for the design EQ but now a days design peak ground acceleration are considered as basis for desing EQ.

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Intensity & Peak Ground Acce. Relationship


The factors which effect intensity are PGA Duration of EQ Frequency content of the strong motion It is observed that diff. EQs with diff PGAs can have different destructive powers The Damage potential of EQ is as much related to PGV as to PGA.

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Return Period: Probability of Occurrence

The probability of occurrence depends upon Characteristics of Ground Shaking Frequency of expectation Large EQs occurs less frequently than smaller EQs

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Return Period: Probability of Occurrence


For a range of possible EQs magnitudes the

probability of occurrence can be represented by GUMBEL EQUATION

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Magnitude - Probability Relationship

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Factors effecting Design Intensity

These Depend on Design Limit states Economic Conditions / Considerations


Design Limit states The intensity of ground motion adopted for seismic design depends upon
Seismicity of the area Level of structural response The acceptable risk associated with the level of

response

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Design Limit states There are three design limit states


Serviceability limit state

Where buildings remain serviceable after the level of GS POC = 0.02/year Damage Control Where Repairable damage to the building may occur POC = 0.002/year Survival LS under extreme EQ where irreparable damage might occur POC = 0.0002/year
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Economic Considerations
Economic factor is another factor which influence the design of structure Against EQ design there are two factors which are important to be considered Cost of str. For given level of seismic protection Value of human life. It is unquantifiable subjective & controversial

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Economic Considerations
Factors affecting assessment of cost for increased seismic resistance Economic considerations vary from country to country It is considered that seismic design practice that cost of building increases with consideration of lateral forces The cost also is associated by improving the detailing of reinforcement. So the total structural cost is about 20-25% of the structure

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Seismic Design of Structures


In general the seismic design depends on Loads Forces Analytical Techniques & Procedures Structural Configuration Economic Consideration In modern Building construction the design EQ corresponding to a return period of 100-500 years

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Seismic Design of Structures


The design EQ forces are too high to design a structure for an elastic behavior and it is common to consider 15-25% of the maximum forces to ensure the ductile behavior. The strc. Is also expected to survive an EQ by large inelastic deformations & energy dissipation corresponding to material distress.

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Seismic Design of Structures

Full strength of structure can be developed for small EQs which occur more frequently than the design level EQs.

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Practical example of damper

Taipai 101

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Practical example of damper

Taipai 101

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Types of Failures observed in EQ

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Types of Failure in EQ

Confinement failure of column base

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Types of Failure in EQ

Failure of Infill walls

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Types of Failure in EQ

Failure of structural walls

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Types of Failure in EQ

Failure of coupling beams b/w shear walls

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Types of Failure in EQ

Failure of short columns

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Types of Failure in EQ

Beam Column Connection Failure

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Background of Seismic Consideration


1st in 1920s & 1930s the importance was given as inertial loading began to be considered. Lateral force upto 10% of the weight of the building was considered to be sufficient. In 1960s accelerograms started giving detailed information on the ground motion The ancestors of modern computer prog. Were also introduced.

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Background of Seismic Consideration


With increased awareness, people started considering the ductile behavior/inelastic behavior. Inelastic response analysis has become popular & efficient energy dissipation concept was introduced by providing suitable ductility.

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Background of Seismic Consideration


Recently, it has become accepted that seismic design should encourage structural forms that are more likely posses ductility. Following new concepts are introduced

Selection of suitable structural configuration Selection of suitable & approximate detailed

locations of plastic hinges for inelastic deformations Insurance through suitable strength that damage at undesirable locations should not occur

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Wooden

houses perform better in EQ regions In case of bridges there is a greater chance of failure in short columns

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Structural Configurations
The

structural systems are supposed to support gravity loads and lateral forces due to EQs The taller a building the more will be the effect of the lateral loads

There are three main categories of structural systems - Structural frame systems - Structural wall systems - Dual systems
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Structural frame systems


Structures with multistory reinforced concrete buildings often consist of frames. Beams supporting floors and columns are continuous and meet at the nodes, often called Rigid joints. Such frames can readily carry gravity loads while providing adequate resistance to horizontal forces, acting in any direction

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Structural wall systems


When functional requirements permit it, resistance to lateral forces may be assigned entirely to structural walls, using reinforced concrete or masonry. Gravity load effects on such walls are seldom significant and they do not control design The special features of reinforced masonry, particularly suited for the construction of walls that resist both gravity & lateral forces

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Dual systems
In these reinforced concrete frames interacting with reinforced concrete or masonry walls together provide the necessary resistance to lateral forces, while each system carries its appropriate share of the gravity loads. These types of structures are variously known as dual, hybrid or wall-frame structures

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The selection of structural system for buildings depends upon


Intended function Architectural consideration

Internal traffic flow


Height and aspect ratio

The intensity of loading

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The selection of a building shape is one of the most important aspect of the overall design It may impose sewer limitations on the structure, in case of seismic protection The structure consisting of flat slabs supported by columns are considered to be unsuitable to provide satisfactory performance under seismic action because of excessive lateral displacement and difficulty to provide the adequate & dependable shear transfer between columns & slabs

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Goss Seismic Response


Response in Elevation: the building as vertical cantilever In this case the total horizontal force and the overturning moment will be transmitted at the level of the foundations Once the lateral force such as may act at each level of the building, are known, the story shear forces as well as the magnitude of overturning moments at any level can be readily be derived from usual equilibrium relationships

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Goss Seismic Response


Response in Plan: centers of Mass and Rigidity It depends upon two aspects

Center of Mass
Center of Rigidity

They should coincide.

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Displacements due to story twist, when combined with those resulting from floor translations, can result in total element interstory displacements that may be difficult to accommodate. For this reason reason the designer should attempt to minimize the magnitude of story torsion. This may be achieved by a deliberate assignment of stiffnesses to lateral force-resisting components, such as frames or walls, in such a way as to minimize the distance between CR and the line of action of the story shear force. To achieve this in terms of floor forces, the distance b/w CR & CM should be minimized.

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Influence of Building Configuration on Seismic Design


An aspect of seismic design of equal if not greater importance than structural analysis is the choice of building configurations The following points should be kept in mind Simple, regular plans are preferred Symmetry in plan should be provided Gross lack of symmetry may lead to significant torsional response, the reliable prediction of which is often difficult

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An integrated foundation system should tie together all vertical structural elements in both principle directions Foundations resting partly on rock and partly on soils should preferably be avoided Lateral-force-resisting system within one building, with significantly different stiffness such as structural walls and frames, should be arranged in such a way that at every level symmetry in lateral stiffness is not grossly violated. Regularity should prevail in Elevation

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MASS AND LATERAL STIFFNESS RELATIONSHIP WITH FLOOR PLANS

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VERTICAL CONFIGURATION

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Tall slender buildings may require large continuous foundations to enable large overturning moments to be transmitted in suitable manner. Building joints, set back, change in direction should be properly evaluated

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VARIATION IN STORY STIFFNESS WITH HEIGHT

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In columns subjected to EQ a source of damage is the interface with the natural deformations of members by rigid nonstructural elements such as infill walls as shown in the figure below

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