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Prasanth: I don't see how you could be so ´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ clauses †’ í∫’Jç* ÅC á´J ûª§Úp ؈’ É™«ç-öÀC ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ÷L ´’† con-
versation ¶«í¬ freeí¬, fluentí¬ Öçú≈©çõ‰
indifferent. you could have fixed a ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’.
time for his meeting us. A clause is a group of words with a verb. °j† underline îËÆœ† M. SURESAN ´·êuçí¬ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-
(verbÖçúË group of words clause†’ clause ©Fo èπÿú≈ LqçC 'wh' words ûÓ v§ƒç¶µº-´’-ßË’uN á°æ¤púø÷
(Åçûª E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-L-í¬¢Ó Å®Ωnç questions Å´-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿F, wh word ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-
鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ ´’†Lo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌØË Åçö«ç éπü∆.) 'wh' word clauses. Å®·ûË äéπ ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç
In most sentences above, they are clauses ÉN 'wh' words ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤-ûª’Ø√o, ques- ¶µº-´’ßË’u clauses statement structure™
time Å®·Ø√ E®Ωg-®·ç* ÖçúÌa éπü∆?) èπÿú≈ Öçö«-ߪ’E.
beginning with 'wh' words (why, what, tions 鬴¤ ÅE í∫´’-Eç-î √L. Åçü¿’-éπØË ÅN
Vikranth: Look here, Prasanth. Not that I exercise: practise the following in English
when, where, which, who, whom, whose, question structure (wh+verb+subject/wh
could not ask him all that. I was Vilas: †’¢Áy-°æ¤úø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ correctí¬ îÁ°æp-
and how) word + Helping verb + Sub +Main verb)
about to. But then he disconnected.
™
Ñ 'wh' clauses ´’† daily conversation ™ ™‰´¤, Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ÉN'wh' word ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’i- ™‰ü¿’.
(Åü¿çû√ Åúø-í∫-™‰Íéç é¬ü¿’. Åúøí∫¶ßË’-
very common. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ †-°æpöÀéÃ, statement ™ ¶µ«í¬™‰ éπü∆ Åçü¿’-éπE Kailas: á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhØÓ Ø√Íé correct idea ™‰ü¿’
™í¬ Phone °õ‰d-¨»úø’.) áçü¿’èπ◊, á´-JûÓ, áçûÓ, á´-JüÓ, ᙫíÓ, ÅØË -¢√- statement structure. statement ™ á°æ¤púø÷ Vilas: kumar FûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü∆ Ç°æ-EéÀ áçûª time °æúø’-
Prasanth: Why didn't you call him again?
öÀ-E sentences ™ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç éπü∆. ÅC ´·çü¿’í¬ subject verb
ûª®Ω¢√ûª ´≤ƒh®·. ûª’çüÓ †E?
(´’Sx †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Phone îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?) English ™ ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø÷ Öçô’çC. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω- Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ wh word claus-
ûÓ ´îËa Kailas: ¢√úÕéÀ phone îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
Vikranth: I didn't know which Phone he was ùèπ◊ °j ¢√öÀ™x I don't know where he is now esÅEoç-öÀ™ wh word sub+verb
ûª®Ω¢√ûª ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. ¢√úË Ø√èπ◊
calling from. I saw the number on ÅØËC BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç = ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ structure ™ Öçú≈L. phone îË≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ áçü¿’èπ◊
my cell and called. He called from a ûÁMü¿’. Where he is Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúÓ. eg: Åûªúø’ É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. phone îËߪ’-™‰üÓ Å®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
public Phone. let us take the clauses which begin O’éÃ-§ƒ-öÀéÀ ûÁLÊÆ Öçô’çC. english™ word Vilas: ÆæÍ®. ¢√úÕéÀ phone îËÆ œ ´’Sx †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ ®√í∫-
(à Phone ™ç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúÓ with 'wh' words in the other sentences: order °æü∆© Å´’-Jéπ sentence™ ûÁ©’í∫’ word ©¢Ó Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p. ´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™
Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Cell ™ Ç number 1) Any idea when vijai is coming = order èπ◊ î√™«-´-®Ωèπ◊ oppositeí¬ Öçô’çC.
E®Ωg-®·ç-î√¢√?
îª÷Æœ phone î˨»†’. ÅC Public èπ◊úÕ áúø´’ Å´¤ûª’çC. 鬕-öÀd °j sentence ᙫ Kailas: ØËØÁ™« E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-í∫-©†’ ØËØÁ-°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒhØÓ Ø√Íé
Nïß˝’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ FÍé-´’Ø√o idea Öçü∆?
Phone) begin îË≤ƒhç? I dont know ûÓ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË?
3) I do not know what he wants from me =
Prasanth: I am not able to say whose fault it I dont know when he will be here. (when will Vilas: Å®·ûË kumar èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË phone îËÆ œ
is.
¢√úÕéÀ Ø√†’ç* àç 鬢√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. decide îÁ®·u.
he be here é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
4) He didn't make clear why he would see me Answer:
(ÅC á´J §Ò®Ω-§ƒö ؈’ îÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ a) á´-J-E °œ©’-≤ƒh-úø-ØËC ¢√úÕéÀ Ææç•çCµç*† N≠æߪ’ç
¢√úø’- †-ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ Ææp≠ædç Vilas: you haven't (have not) told me correct-
ÖØ√o†’) = who he is going to invite (whom - old fash- ly when you will return.
îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. ioned) is his business. Kailas: I dont my self/ I myself have a
We are unable to decide what we (Ø√Íé)
5) a) I don't see why you didn't ask him = correct idea when I will return
have to do now. b) ¢√úÕ ´’†-Ææ’™ à´·çüÓ á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’?
Vilas: Hasn't kumar told you how much time
†’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åúø-í∫-™‰üÓ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. who knows what he has in his mind?
it will take?
(É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç àç îËߪ÷™ ûË©’a-éÓ-™‰-
(see = îª÷úøôç, éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ- who knows question.
èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oç) (Ééπ\úø ¶µ«í∫ç Åçü¿’-éπE Kailas: I want to call him. I don't know where
Vikranth: Ah here he is! He has come.
´ôç) question mark.) he is. He said he would call me. I don't
b).... when exactly he wanted to come = c) Ç °æ¤-Ææhéπç áéπ\-úø’çüÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? = see why he hasn't phoned me.
(Ç.. ´î√aúËx)
á°æ¤púø’ correct í¬ ®√¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúÓ Vilas: OK. Phone him and tell me when you
Prasanth: What a relief! Do you know where the book is?
can come back again. Have you decid-
6) We do not know whether to wait him for or (´’Sx í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ where the book is = °æ¤Ææhéπç ed when we should return.
(Å•s ´î√aúø’ éπü∆!)
to go about our work = Kailas: when I don't know myself when I will
Ñ≤ƒJ †’ç* é¬Ææh advanced level of áéπ\úø ÖçC? ÅE é¬ü¿’ Å®Ωnç. '°æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø
ÖçüÓ— ÅE return
conversational skills îª÷ü∆lç. Åçü¿’- ´’†ç ÅûªúÕ éÓÆæç îª÷ú≈™ ™‰ü∆ ´’† °æE-O’ü¿
Vilas: Then phone kumar and decide.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 156 b) To walk alone/ walking alone at midnight He doesn't mind if I use his bike = ¢√úø-´îª’a—
is not always safe = ÅûªúÕ bike ؈’ ¢√úø’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅûªØËç ņ’-éÓúø’. 8) You waste time talking - Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ waste
ûª®√yûª àC waste îË≤ƒh¢Á÷ ü∆Eo îÁ°œp, Ç ûª®√yûª
'ing' form´Ææ’hçC.
a) He wastes time talking about others =
He is sending his boy who will .. 'Whose' ¢√úÕ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç. Å®Ωnç, á´J bikes
Å®·ûË Åûªúø’ repair î˨»úÓ... ņo-ô’xí¬ ´Ææ’hçC.
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å™« ņç.
I have a number of friends whose bikes he
6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike 5) He is out with another customer. He is buy- has repaired, and they are all happy.
Kedar: But What happened to his mechanic?
to the shop. The mechanic will attend to it. ing a bike. He wanted this mechanic's opin- 9) He repaired my cousin's bike six months
His shop is next to the fast food joint. It
7) Our mechanic does his job well. His knowl- ion. ago, it hasn't given him trouble ever since.
is very close to his rooms.
é¬F ÅûªúÕ mechanic à´’-ߪ÷uúø’? Ç edge of mechanism is sound. Åûªúø’ ÉçéÓ customer ûÓ ¢Á∞«xúø’. Ç customer éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç – Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ which ûÓ éπ©’-§Ò-a-
öÀ°∂œØ˛ centre Shop. Nikhil
°æéπ\ØË ÅûªúÕ 8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their bike éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç éπü∆?
¢√∞¡x rooms èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω. bikes. They are all happy. 鬢√L. My cousin's bike which he repaired six
(Rooms = Bachelors ™«çöÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅüÁlèπ◊ 9) He repaired my cousin's bike. It hasn't given Combine the above. Use 'who' - ´’†’-≠æfl©’ months ago hasn't given him any trouble
BÆæ’èπ◊E ÖçúË í∫CE rooms Room
Åçö«®Ω’. ÅE him any trouble since then. 鬕öÀd. ever since.
Singular ™ ¢√úø®Ω’ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ) Oô--Eoç-öÀF ´’†ç who, which, whose and that He is out with another customer who is buy- Åûªúø’ Ç®Ω’ ØÁ©© éÀçü¿ repair îËÆœ† ´÷ cousin
Kailas: It seems he is out with another cus- ûÓ éπL°œ *†o sentences í¬ ´÷®Ω’ü∆lç. ing a bike and wanted his opinion. bike Å°æpöÀ†’ç* à trouble É´y-™‰ü¿’.
tomer. He is buying a bike. He wanted 1) Isn't it Nikhil who/ that called? Bike éÌçô’†o ÉçéÓ customer ÅûªúÕ ÅGµ- Ever since = Å°æpöÀ†’ç*
this mechanic's opinion. ÉC ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ conversation ™ ¢√ú≈-Lq†/ ´’†èπ◊
customer
v§ƒßª’ç 鬢√-©-†-úøçûÓ ûª†’ (¢Á’é¬-Eé˙) Åûª-úÕûÓ ÉN ´÷ô™x ¶«í¬ practice -îË-ߪ’çúÕ.
Åûªúø’ ÉçéÓ ûÓ •ßª’-öÀéÀ NE-°œçîË expression - ¢Á∞«xúø’.
bike
¢Á∞«xúø’. Åûª-ØËüÓ éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. Ñ E"™¸ é¬ü∆ °œL-*çC? ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ E"™¸ éπü∆
mechanic ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ °œL-*çC? = Is it Nikhil who/ that called? EXERCISE ANSWER
Åûª-úÕE BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xúø’. È®çúÕç-öÀéà not ûËú≈. Ééπ\úø who/ that È®ç-úÕçöÀ™ Practise the following aloud in English.
Kedar: So what are you going to do? Preethi: Hi Prema, how's your brother?
àüÁjØ√ ¢√úÌa. Å®·ûË v§ƒùç-™‰E ´Ææ’h-´¤© (éÀçC ¢√öÀ™xwho, which, whose, that ¢√úøçúÕ)
Å®·ûË †’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Prema: OK. I took him to the doctor who
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ who ®√ü¿’, that ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Preethi: Hi Prema, O’ ûª´·t-úÁ™« ÖØ√oúø’?
Kailas: I've already called our mechanic and practises by the temple. The medi-
Which èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. Prema: ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. í∫’úÕ °æéπ\†practice
told him of it. He is sending his boy. He cines which he gave had a good
eg. Isn't it the book that / which you want? îËÊÆdoctor ü¿í∫_-®ΩÍé BÆæ’-Èé-∞«x†’. Çߪ’†
will fetch the bike to the shop. The effect. He is better now.
mechanic will attend to it. (Fèπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC é¬ü∆?) Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø É*a† ´’çü¿’©’ ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-¨»®·. É°æ¤úø’
Preethi: He is the doctor who treats all of us.
mechanic Phone who, which etc ûÓ join îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. é¬Ææh èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
The medicines which he prescribes
Ø√ èπ◊ îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp†’. ¢√∞¡x Preethi: ´÷Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÊÆ ú≈éπd®Ω’ Çߪ’ØË.
èπ◊v®√-úÕE °æ秃úø’. Åûªúø’ •çúÕ BÆæ’-èπ◊-´ÊÆh 2) Our mechanic repaired my bike. Nikhil wants
Çߪ’† prescribe îËÊÆ ´’çü¿’©’ ¶«í¬ work. He is one of those whose diag-
mechanic ü∆Eo repair îË≤ƒhúø’. him
°æE-îË-≤ƒh®·. ¢√uCµ E®Ωgߪ’ç (diagnosis) nosis does not go wrong.
Kedar: Our mechanic does his job well. His ´’† mechanic §Ú®·† ¢√®Ωç Ø√ bike repair ûª°æ¤p-§ÚE doctors ™ Çߪ’-ØÌ-éπúø’ Prema: He was the only one who did not
knowledge of mechanism is sound. î˨»úø’, Nikhil èπ◊ ûª†’ 鬢√L. (whose ¢√úøçúÕ)
mechanic treat my brother till yesterday in this
´’† ¶«í¬ØË îË≤ƒhúø’. Ééπ\úø who/ that ¢√úÕ Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ Prema: ´÷ ûª´·túÕo E†oöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ treat îËߪ’E
Mechanism area. The others in the area have all
°æôx Åûª-úÕéÀ Ö†o Å´-í¬-£æ«† éπ©-°æ-´-a-éπü∆, É™« îª÷úøçúÕ. áçûª effective í¬ doctor Çߪ’-ØÌ-éπ\úË. Ñ area ™ N’í∫û√
´’ç*üË. treated my brother.
Öçô’çüÓ. Doctors Åçü¿®Ω÷ ´÷ ûª´·t-úÕE îª÷Æœ-†-
Sound = good; Sound Health - ´’ç* Ç®Óí∫uç Nikhil wants our mechanic who/ that ¢√∞Ïx. Preethi: You must take still greater care of
sound knowledge - ´’ç* knowledge repaired my bike last week. Preethi: ÅûªúÕ Ç®Óí∫uç °æôx Éçé¬ v¨¡ü¿l¥ ´£œ«ç-î √L him.
sound sleep - Prema: That's our worry.
´’ç* Evü¿ Ø√ bike †’ repair îËÆœ† ´’† mechanic Nikhil O’®Ω’.
sound financial position - ´’ç* ÇJnéπ °æJ-ÆœnA. Prema: ÅüË ´÷¶«üµ¿.
èπ◊ 鬢√L.