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History Definition Methodology Applications Challenges, Risks, and Ethics
History
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Continuum Assumption: A medium is indefinitely divisible without changing its physical nature.
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History
Local density
Density is not a constant and fluctuates with time even at macroscopic equilibrium. When the dimension is comparable with or smaller than that of the mechanistic length, such as molecular mean free path, the continuum assumption will break down.
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History
History
Outline
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History Definition Methodology Applications Challenges, Risks, and Ethics
Definition
Nanometer
A nanometre (American spelling: nanometer; symbol nm) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre. The name combines the SI prefix nano- (from the Ancient Greek , nanos, "dwarf") with the parent unit name metre (from Greek , metrn, "unit of measurement"). The nanometre is often used to express dimensions on the atomic scales: the diameter of a helium atom, for example, is about 0.1 nm, and that of a ribosome is about 20 nm. In these uses, the nanometre appears to be supplanting the other common unit for atomic scale dimensions, the angstrom, which is equal to 0.1 nanometre.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre
12,756 km
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Definition
Definition
http://www.nano.gov
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Definition
Definition
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
NAT NANOTECHNOL NANO TODAY ADV MATER NANO LETT ACS NANO ADV FUNCT MATER SMALL NANO RES NANOMED-NANOTECHOL J PHYS CHEM LETT
27.270 15.355 13.877 13.198 10.774 10.179 8.349 6.970 6.692 6.213
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NANOSCALE NANOTOXICOLOGY LAB CHIP BIOSENS BIOELECTRON WIRES NANOMED NANOBI NANOMEDICINE-UK J PHYS CHEM C ACS APPL MATER INTER J BIOMED NANOTECHNOL NANOTECHNOLOGY
5.914 5.758 5.670 5.602 5.186 5.055 4.805 4.525 4.216 3.979
Definition
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Outline
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History Definition Methodology Applications Challenges, Risks, and Ethics
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Methodology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schema_MEB_(en).svg
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Methodology
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Methodology
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Methodology
Methodology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearfield_scanning_optical_microscopy
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Methodology
Focused ion beam (FIB) systems operate in a similar fashion to a scanning electron microscope (SEM) except, rather than a beam of electrons and as the name implies, FIB systems use a finely focused beam of ions (usually gallium) that can be operated at low beam currents for imaging or high beam currents for site specific sputtering or milling.
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Methodology
Methodology
Methodology
Advantages
Disadvantages
http://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1835
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History Definition Methodology Applications Challenges, Risks, and Ethics
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Applications
Chocolate
Self-assembly
Making chocolate considered "good" is about forming as many type V crystals as possible. This provides the best appearance and texture and creates the most stable crystals, so the texture and appearance will not degrade over time. To accomplish this, the temperature is carefully manipulated during the crystallization.
Crystal Melting temp. I II III IV V VI 25 17 C (63 F) 21 C (70 F) 26 C (79 F) 28 C (82 F) 34 C (93 F) 36 C (97 F)
Notes Soft, crumbly, melts too easily Soft, crumbly, melts too easily Firm, poor snap, melts too easily Firm, good snap, melts too easily Glossy, firm, best snap, melts near body temperature (37 C) Hard, takes weeks to form
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate
Applications
Smart phone
A smartphone is a mobile phone built on a mobile computing platform, with more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a feature phone.The first smartphones mainly combined the functions of a personal digital assistant (PDA) and a mobile phone or camera phone. Today's models also serve to combine the functions of portable media players, low-end compact digital cameras, pocket video cameras, and GPS navigation units. Modern smartphones typically also include high-resolution touchscreens, web browsers that can access and properly display standard web pages rather than just mobile-optimized sites, and high-speed data access via Wi-Fi and mobile broadband.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone
Applications
Cosmetics
In cosmetics there are currently two main uses for nanotechnology. The first of these is the use of nanoparticles as UV filters. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Zinc oxide (ZnO) are the main compounds used in these applications. Organic alternatives to these have also been developed. The second use is nanotechnology for delivery. Liposomes and niosomes are used in the cosmetic industry as delivery vehicles. Newer structures such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) have been found to be better performers than liposomes. In particular, NLCs have been identified as a potential next generation cosmetic delivery agent that can provide enhanced skin hydration, bioavailability, stability of the agent and controlled occlusion. Encapsulation techniques have been proposed for carrying cosmetic actives.
http://www.observatorynano.eu/project/filesystem/files/Cosmetics%20reportApril%2009.pdf
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Applications
Morpho
http://emily-louise-smith-chelsea.blogspot.tw/2010/12/morphotex.html Many Morpho butterflies are colored in metallic, shimmering shades of blue and green. These colors are an example of iridescence: the microscopic scales covering the Morpho's wings reflect incident light repeatedly at successive layers, leading to interference effects that depend on both wavelength and angle of incidence/observance. Thus the colors produced vary with viewing angle, however they are actually surprisingly uniform, perhaps due to the tetrahedral (diamond-like) structural arrangement of the scales or diffraction from overlying cell layers. This structure may be likened to a photonic crystal. The lamellate structure of their wing scales has been studied as a model in the development of fabrics, dye-free paints, and anti-counterfeit technology used in currency. 28 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpho Nanoscale Engineering Radiation Lab
Applications
High tensile strength (~63 GPa) >> High-carbon steel (1.2 GPa) High elastic modulus (~ 1 TPa) High thermal conductivity along the nanotube (6000 W/m/K) >> Copper (385 W/m/K) High electrical current density for armchair nanotubes (~1000 times that of metals)
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Accplications
Applications
Moores Law
The number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits double every year.
http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/index.htm
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"..(T)he first microprocessor only had 22 hundred transistors. We are looking at something a million times that complex in the next generationsa billion transistors. What that gives us in the way of flexibility to design products is phenomenal." Gordon E. Moore ,1965.
Applications
Lotus Effect
The lotus effect refers to the very high water repellence (superhydrophobicity) exhibited by the leaves of the lotus flower (Nelumbo). Dirt particles are picked up by water droplets due to a complex micro- and nanoscopic architecture of the surface, which minimizes adhesion. The hydrophobicity of a surface is related to its contact angle. The higher the contact angle the higher the hydrophobicity of a surface. Surfaces with a contact angle < 90 are referred to as hydrophilic and those with an angle >90 as hydrophobic. Plants with a double structured surface like the lotus can reach a contact angle of 170 whereas a droplets actual contact area is only 0.6%. All this leads to a self-cleaning effect.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_effect
Applications
Fuel Cells
Catalysts are used with fuels such as hydrogen or methanol to produce hydrogen ions. Platinum, which is very expensive, is the catalyst typically used in this process. Companies are using nanoparticles of platinum to reduce the amount of platinum needed, or using nanoparticles of other materials to replace platinum entirely and thereby lower costs. Fuel cells contain membranes that allow hydrogen ions to pass through the cell but do not allow other atoms or ions, such as oxygen, to pass through. Companies are using nanotechnology to create more efficient membranes; this will allow them to build lighter weight and longer lasting fuel cells. Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have investigated the storage of hydrogen in graphene (single atom thick carbon sheets). Hydrogen has a high bonding energy to carbon, and the researchers used annealing and plasma treatment to increase this bonding energy.
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Outline
Outline
History Definition Methodology Applications Challenges, Risks, and Ethics
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