Spatial Segregation In Urban Communities

Gemal Sigit Pattisahusiwa Doctoral Program in Architecture and Urbanism Diponegoro University
Abstract This study aimed to analyze the pattern of segregation and segmentation of urban space and residential segregation mechanism and the factors that explain this are stored in the micro and macro levels. in the context of society and social system that is literally associated with residential segregation and strong spatial, we tried to assess the extent of segregation processes lead to the original form of spatial segmentation is preserved and strengthened forms of socio-spatial divisions and its influence on public service spaces and the extent to which segregation may affect the working system of urban space at the global level urban spatial organization. then pursue more detailed research on the regional level. analyzing housing practices developed by the socio-economic groups are different, they consider the occupation strategy of geographical and economic space, their tendency to cluster in a settlement that leads to social segregation. Keywords: Social segregation, spatial pattern, structure of space.

Introduction The phenomenon of segregation is one common phenomenon that occurs in almost all parts of the region in the world, many researchers who analyzed about the segregated spaces in which the causes of urban problems such as racial differences in regions of America, caste or social level India and various phenomena of segregation in other areas Classic issues of segregation of space by groups where each group maintains more dominating identity with group symbols as those they region identity or similarity of feelings and interests that rejects all forms of cultural assimilation beyond the concept and threaten the survival of togetherness One of the concepts of globalization in which the forces of urban process itself into such issues as job availability, education, health care, decent housing environment and sociospatial disparities become increasingly complex, thus opening broad new areas in order to accelerate the development process denngan good to walk that leads to the creation of heterogeneous areas. Deterioration of the socio-spatial distribution of population in the face of current developments are getting stuck era of globalization, particularly in areas that in segregation forced to get an important concern, the issue of urbanization in urban architecture in the present era is not just looking at the level of crowdedness of urban population, development konservativ on the environment, but more deeply towards the socio-spatial relations concerns within the community itself in the form of space. This study is expected to provide significant contribution to the urban planning and increase vocabulary knowledge on how to manage a segregated spaces that have a sensitivity to a very large conflict is a common phenomenon in nearly all developing countries which, when where not observed wisely, it will bring bad effect to the conflict are quite large, so in the hope that this research can provide a positive contribution towards the management of segregation associated with the structure of urban space.

I. Spatial Segregation Of Period In Globalization

A. Segregation: Problems of Urban Planning The new paradigm emerged which include systems that insist that the holistic perspective of human settlements reflected on a natural order. The new settlement will assume the characteristics of living systems that will regulate itself, defend itself, repair itself, the integrity to distinguish yourself as a living system that will used and integrate into larger systems into society, as well as an integrated part way into the body . One of the complex problems faced in urban areas since the past until today is that there are so many fundamental differences in a society that dominated in the process of establishing settlements, which will form groups that broke away and formed their own association. Increased population in an urban area is always followed by an increase in space requirements. The city as a geographical manifestation is always changing from time to time. Two major factors are very influential factor is the population (demographic) and aspects of demography, One of a phenomenon that explains the theory of strength development of the city that is dynamic, the underlying thing is because of the perception of the environment of different population there arose the forces which causes the movement of population which resulted in a change of use of land outside the city or the suburbs, Best efforts in supporting research which makes several related theories as the basic reference of thought and then express openly that there are phenomena in the field is palpable. by revealing some fundamental theories (basic knowledge) and literature-related literature in the formation of urban settlements, settlement and socio spatial system so as to provide basic knowledge about the patterns of living space to the structure of the ideal city. On the other hand showed the phenomenon of segregation of space in almost all parts of the region in the world by revealing several areas that became the bases of research on segregation of this space so as to give an idea of the direction in this research. Next is a study of a framework of understanding, and reveal the phenomena in an open field that is expected to provide its own discourse in dissecting the issue about segregation settlement patterns of urban spatial structure in depth.

B. The Availability Of Urban Space On Settlement Patterns Residential segregation is a common phenomenon in almost every parts of the region in the world, the era of globalization to impose the creation of this climate in which each maing more community groups leading to individualistisnya in maintaining self-identity, residential segregation is an important mechanism for the survival of the group ( Boal, 1976,) the group, residential segregation can be sourced from a variety of basic things such as, income level or economic class, occupation, gender, race, social status or caste, even by religion, where the group further strengthens its activities and its identity with how clustered in the same residential area. Preindustrial cities over the mark with the existence of segregation on the social level (Ben Arieh, 1975) which is more directed to the types of settlements are characterized by social status, income and social characteristics of themselves, which brings cunstructed segregation on settlements them. In some countries there segregation based on ethnicity and religion and the tendency to which society groups that reside around the holy sites or religious symbols as happened in the countries in the Middle East region, especially Jerusalem (Jews) are segregated on the basis of cultural, majority religious group (Lewis, 1976).As for several other factors that

cause tersegregasinya settlements in industrial areas such as the segregation based on the placement type of work is more common in comparison with the segregation based on social classes in industrial countries like the UK where a group of workers tend to occupy the area around the location where their work (Muller and Graves, 1979), just as happened in Boston where workers choose rental housing in the area around where they work (Warner, 1962), while the racial polarization in the United States is an extreme example of segregation that have shown sustained and high real difference to community groups are homogeneous Spesific use of land in urban areas more metropolitan look to selectively to zones or residential areas of a city, this segregation occurs in the frame of a broad socio-economic variables resulting mosaic of social areas in the city (David Ley, 1983), segregation in the base- certain base of the structure of society in general are emphasized as a source of difensisasi settlements where this is visible also in increasing numbers or further worsen social divisions in society, lifestyle, social culture, ethnicity and lifestyle is the trigger of aspects of segregation in the life in the community that formed the pattern of dwelling expansion, this is more in worsen with the validity of the management of urban management that resulted in improvements to these restrictions. Environment have a significant influence on residential segregation embryo formation, which in the ecological classification put forward by Shevky and Bell, 1955) is a community on specific areas that have a dependency (social dependence) at high stages. In this ecological study of the effect they seek from relationships atara these weaknesses by studying the multi-variation of the classification procedure that appears on areas of social theory that they claim have been formed in advance so that they produce is the concept of social areas in implies a major benchmarks to depart, as with the real state of natural areas. They judge from the standpoint that social areas such as human beings with the same social position in an environment, they see the socialist-free area as something that is not bound by geographical frame, does not also look at the implications associated with the interaction between people within a community this is because they study the patterns of space in a natural way without any indications that the emphasis will change the paradigm that actually happened. Segregation is a manaifestasi of socio-economic structures that exist on the mechanism to assert about the social structure of society determines the standard of dividing the space on the structure of urban settlements in different trends from one region to other regions as one of the legal framework on land use to residential but the segregation of space has become a phenomenon, caused by both demand factors, such as security, or a new lifestyle, profitability and supply factors, particularly with large-scale internalization of externalities in a very controlled development (Greenstein, Sabatini, & Smolka, 2000), according to Blakely and Snyder (1997 ), in Jurgens and Gnad (2002) In the United States, explained, there are three types of community demand, community lifestyle, community prestige, and community safety zone, while in Southeast Asia reflects a mixture of community needs, modern design ideas and the capitalist ( Leisch, 2002) Several studies suggest that globalization has intensified the spatial segregation in cities, (de Queiroz Ribeiro and Telles, 2000) show that at present socio-economic changes in the city of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) showed that the strengthening trend towards dualism of space and fragmentation in urban. Likewise, there is a tendency to increase the spatial boundaries between income, race, and religious groups, along with global economic integration into the city (Chakravorty, 2000) There are three traditional perspective 'to describe the patterns and processes of spatial segregation. First, there is human ecology approach that saw the city as a separate entity and assume that the city develop through competition for space, resultingin zones where socioeconomic characteristics of the different location of the housing.The second perspective is based on social and environmental analysis of factorial ecology which attempt to map the spatial patterns of socio-economic city. The third perspective is the behavioral approach, focusing on the demand side of housing (van Kempen and Ozuckren Accordingto (1998), In addition, there are

two other approaches, the perspective of Marxist and Neo-Marxist includingthe, which considers the spatial segregation as a reflection of social class, and perspective Neo-Weber, who view spatial segregation as a result of accessing the group into the housing market. in his research of the above discussed theoretical perspectives, (Falah 1996) argues that there are some things related to spatial segregation, including a class of theories that view that spatial segregation as a manifestation of socio-economic class memisakan himself from theories that explain the spatial segregation as results of preference groups to live in areas dominated by the same groups, in the context of developed countries, there are two perspectives that first considers the structure of the western capitalist economy can change the city, social class stratification and socioeconomic segregation are also deepen the gap between poorer areas and rich in the city. In this perspective, the arrangement of the economic structure has resulted in social inequality and spatial segregation based on social strata. The second view that social stratification should be considered independently of residential segregation that explains why rich people do not have to live in an area rich in urban centers. Quite often, the segregation of space also resulted from the failure of urban planning, system to cope with the overall urban development process, which only react to and try to overcome shortterm urban problems. In Accra, Ghana, for example, urban planning system has led to the separation of residential sections of town, marked by the contrast between the elite status of a planned housing, occupied by high-income groups, such as senior government officials and military personnel, while the income-group under or poor urban settlements that are occupied slums consist of pockets of indigenous settlements with buildings constructed with no care at all with the urban planning system (Larbi, 1996) Several cases of segregation living room as was the case in India where according to traditional patterns proposed by Sjorberg (1960) for Asian cities pre-modern, urban morphology reflects a social model of layered society, with people of high status are concentrated in city center where most of the art of economic activity and trade, trade, and political seat of power is also located, while low social class is limited to the outskirts of town (Naqvi, 1968, p. 89). In suburban areas they were separated, and the mark with poverty, (Gupta, 1998, p. 54) for 19 Shahjahanabad century. As shown by Brush (1977), field studies show how various types of urban structures have survived in many cities in India until the 1960s. However, some authors (Rao, 1983; Schenk, 1986), also underlines that the preindustrial urban pattern, In particular, the development of industrialization is along the main routes of transportation available (Rao, 1983, p. 174) and the emergence of housing groups New in the peripheral sector is still affected to the traditional pattern and structure inherited from British colonial rule As for other studies that explain the pattern of human settlement on the basis of social classes, described as follows by Brush (1986), on the basis of factor analysis, pattern of living in Delhi there is the separation of upper-class population, urban population consists of traditional merchants and the owners of the shares and the personeducated with high social status is, but on the one hand, traders and other middle-class entrepreneurs who mostly come from the Punjabi region they moved to West Delhi and Karol Bagh, and on the other hand, the elite is assigned to the areas in New Delhi and Delhi South related to the functions of the national government of India. Segregation-segregation that occurs in regions of India tendency to segregation, social segregation that is motivated by the social classes in atan more familiar with the caste structure. Hindu socio-religious hierarchy underlying the traditional caste system which also implies a segmentation and hierarchy of space, from the Sanskrit treatise on architecture which recommended the separation of space based on caste (Begde, 1978). At the lowest level of social structure, housing segregation is most evident and their timeless and still is systematically implementing the distribution system residence of tingktan high to the lowest (Ege Deli, 1995). examples of some cities such as the Paria, which specializes in employment, continue to

separate, which put the environment on the outskirts. This principle is also applied to the Mughal cities, as described by (Hambly, 1982) that controls the segregation based on the job. According to the study of segregation patterns of living space by Dupont, 2002 says that, Although a city-based socio-economic and functional division of the capital, Delhi proven large industrial sector is relatively heterogeneous in terms of types of residential groups and socioeconomic population, however, misleading to concluded that residential segregation in Delhi is a minor phenomenon, homogeneity and heterogeneity is an idea that depends on the scale of observation. In fact, segregation, housing in Delhi occur at finer scales. In a study in stressed again that, in some form of residential segregation were observed in Delhi is the result of differential residential mobility, combined with the process of social selection, as shown in the case of Chicago by the pioneering urban ecology studies in the 1920s (Burgess, 1925). The pattern that gave rise to differences in social spaces may be the result of active or passive filtering mechanism, or a combination of both. For example, the return of the social composition at the center of town, where people are able to move out of the downtown zone and look for a new building, more modern and comfortable housing conditions, while low-income groups live again on the same site because it has no alternative housing options. In the urban periphery, many groups forming the block housing the same group of people who describe deliberate process of screening the population, while in the village organic actually turned into the pockets of traditional settlement by the expansion of urban agglomeration. Thus, social mosaic that make up metropolitan community development emerged as an ever sosiospatial settings. Segregation is a phenomenon in urban settlements of significant interest among researchers around the world and summarized in the debate for decades. however, the debate as well as a few examples of such cases there is segregation of space in Africa is not as much as European countries, the United States. the colonial and apartheid regime in South Africa which started with residential segregation. For example, in Nairobi, residential segregation is rooted in early colonialism. In 1900, a separate race Nairobi has been established. Racial segregation continues in Nairobi from early times until 1963 when Kenya achieved independence. racial segregation turned into socio-economic housing segregation and the law. The value of a space are intimately associated with the organization, as for the relationship and form more space due to the limitations or differences Batasa-space form which shows the size of the interests of both the functional, formal and symbolic so that the system of values can be created because of the size, shape unique and location. Further described by Kostof (1991) Pattern of organic is a growing organism in accordance with cultural values and socially in their communities and usually develop from time to time without any planning. This organic pattern perubahaanya occur spontaneously and shape to follow the existing topography. The nature of this organic pattern is flexible, not geographical, usually a curved line and in the development community have a major role in determining the form of his city. The nature and pattern of urban street layout can be identified as a boundary which plays an important role in identifying a place and environment in the city (Golledge and Stimson, 1987). and take part in building the identity of the population with the environment and allows to distinguish themselves from other neighborhood residents. In addition, the layout of the city can serve as a channel for symbolic communication (Rappaport, 1982) which can contribute to a sense of community (Plas and Lewis, 1996). In this respect, the layout space of social homogeneity and social interaction in the environment, it is expected to contribute to the social sphere, environment and organization. Changes in the development of a region and some cities may be affected also by the geographical location of a city. It was very influential on the changes caused due to the growth areas in the city, (Eisner, 1993), when located on the outskirts of a sloping beach, and situated in the position of transportation networks and networks of relationships between cities it already can be sure that the city will experience rapid growth rate that some elements of the urban area will also change rapidly. In daalam some process changes that result in increased scale large enough

changes in the environment including land use change organically, this can occur because of environmental causes and in the settlements, in this housing environment can be assumed as a collection of various artifacts that occur because of the merger betweensite, events and sign. The road network, open space, public areas, building models, and include other physical elements on the site (Site) as a whole is a sign of certain events. This indicates a permanent sustainability that are so complex that characterizes a residential neighborhood (Rossi, 1984).

C.

Segregation Analysis Study Reference

Research done by Drake and Horace R. Cayton is more focused on quality of life of black Chicago, in Black Metropolis, Drake and Cayton discuss typical patterns of housing and settlement patterns of blacks in Chicago. In 1945, housing patterns to maintain a line of skin color in Chicago. Skin color line finally became known in Chicago as the "Black Belt". Contour Black Belt visible and tangible. Creation and maintenance of the "Black Belt" itself has become the focus of many books and scholarly articles (Park and Burgess 1925 1965 Clark, Hirsch 1983) In 1930, racial segregation in Chicago because of rapid growth and sharp on the black population (Wallace 1953). According to a recent study conducted for the conference of skin color in 2003, Chicago was the most segregated city in 2000 (Sandoval 2003). One of the interesting findings from previous studies is that more than half of segregation in Chicago can be explained by the population of Latin and black leather on the pattern of residential housing. (Sandoval, 2000) In other words, the new urban landscape of segregation is no longer white and black lines. has changed and the contour of the Black Belt has been changed. Research will be undertaken by Alan Walks, 2001 on racial segregation in Canada suggests that the level of income and ethnic groups and geographical objec very important role in determining the housing segregation that occurred in Canada, this, the study will be undertaken by several researchers, most of the literature The dominant discuss the issue of establishment based urban racialization of skin color in the United States and several other areas provide a clear picture in which racial segregation has been a major problem, a study found that not only the population based on skin color tersegregasinya will however give a negative impact on the environment that grows in areas of concentrated racial. Although the latest census in small towns in the territory of the United States showed a decrease both residential segregation and poor neighborhoods, this change has mostly occurred in cities with a population of blacks or Hispanics will be but is different in cities with larger where black population where the level of segregation is still very clear (Jargowsky 2003 in Kingsley and Pettit 2003). In the United States live in a segregated environment in the lowest economic level does not only show a person's poverty but also limit the ability of residents to get out of poverty due to lack of social networks, locally based, resources, and access to employment (Wilson 1987; Massey and Denton 1993 ; 1997 Jargowsky; Ihlanfeldt 1999). A number of writers associated with racial segregation regional concentration of ethnic groups that appear and some group members who have a desire to leave these bags, crystallized because they felt the inconsistency of some of the needs of minority groups, while the racial groups are formed through a desire on behalf of the community against the interests of members group so as to make them can not easily escape or exit from the group and mingle with other groups (Marcuse 1997), further distinguishing between migrants (immigrants) in the old city areas, usually seen as a comfortable environment while containing resources ethnic groups at any time to pull themselves out of the group (immigrants) and mingle with people of ethnic groups, so that by itself establish, 'ethnic community'. Unlike the immigrants, ethnic and cultural groups view the ethnic community as an end in determining the residence of karma it is assumed that an environment with one group dominant and at the same time relatively prosperous (Logan, 2002). environmental concentration of visible minority groups violates traditional ecological

models that look and integrate migrants that they assimilate ethnic groups are geographically culture (Park, 1925). racialization in the context of the United States is a residential area concentrated on a particular racial or ethnic groups, the majority of its members were forced to stay there because of discrimination on behalf of indigenous communities (Philpott 1978; Massey and Denton 1993; Peach 1996; 1997 Jargowsky, 1997 Marcuse; Logan et al. 2002; Johnston et al . 2003; Pattillo 2003). This difference is produced through race-based discrimination in housing and labor markets. The sense is this distinction more to the workers, further according to Wilson (1987) which examined a high poverty rate among black people and the environment, with the indigenous population, showed that industrial decentralization and globalization play a role in assisting the process of racial formation in the settlement segregation in America. In recipient countries, such as in Sweden, many immigrant groups that are spatially separated and concentrated in the housing. in a few cases other forms of segregation result from discriminatory practices by local communities (Indigenous People), while in other cases they (the immigrants) seeks to defend title by group cohesiveness, both by improving the cultural identity and avoid discrimination. There is debate about the advantages and disadvantages of segregation. For example, the spatial concentration of immigrant groups from a single ethnic background can increase the communication between group members and encourage the development of businesses and institutions. On the other side of segregation, housing, either spatial or particular housing, can reduce the opportunity for structural integration. As happened in Sweden in which housing policy changes resulted in changes in movement patterns of the immigrants because of the availability of areas for those immigrants and refugees so that it becomes the driving force model for this segregation space and residential segments. It often happens that stock outlook between immigrants and indigenous people (the majority), immigrants are often discriminated against by the majority to limit the movement of immigrants to become a threat to economic prosperity and identity of the area, things like this often occurs in areas social dislocation and the improvement of economic structure (Castels and Miler, 1993). differentiation of space in the housing market, differentiation or segmentation related to the concentration of groups in the housing market, usually based on ownership. Spatial segregation is important because it is closely related to social distance (Duncan and Lieberson, 1959, p. 364; Peach, 1975). small social distance between individuals, it is likely that they will live near each other. Also, the closer people live to one another, greater potential for social interaction and less social distance. Therefore, physical and social distance tend to mutually reinforce segregation with the results in space is a good size and in the social distance. concentration of immigrants in certain parts of the country (Sweden), which eventually form the level of residential segregation and segmentation of space. Castles and Miller, 1993) identified three main types of immigrants, although they also noted that the differences between them has become less obvious or more subtle, the first that the classical immigration countries like the United States, Canada, Australia, Sweden, which encourages immigration persistent, clustered on family relations and the security level demand on housing. The second is by the colonial powers like France, Holland and Britain that gives preferential improvement of life for immigrants from former colonies and countries workplaces such as Germany, Switzerland, Belgium which has a tighter control on a permanent settlement and family relations, Which separation problem has become part of public policy. In Sweden and the Swedish integration policy appears relatively negative, especially regarding the segmentation of housing, which has been organized by the Swedish government and policy planners. In the case of inin-called problem of segregation is the improvement of the social structure or identity, in some periods, segmentation of the housing is still the ownership and rental homes, residential segregation based on economic status is recognized as a social problem especially in the social context, the difference in class between the occupants and owneroccupied and multi-family residence. Finally, ethnic segregation is also considered as a social problem, especially as immigrants from countries such as Greece, Italy and Turkey tend to concentrate in the family (Sou, 1975). For immigrants and refugees have better growth, ability on

certain things in the ability closely related to housing and economic resources. Families with relatively low economic position tended to concentrate on areas that is considered poor by mentioning the status of housing with a low probability. Therefore, for many immigrant groups, residential segregation and segmentation of space has become the norm. Housing policy. Housing policy and housing market characteristics are very important in providing opportunities for or impose constraints on the settlement of new immigrant groups. Because of differences in ethnic background, race and lifestyle, social distance between new immigrants and Sweden increased. Also, employers' attitudes towards new immigrants is gradually changing, because of low education and skill levels, not that they regard as something major by the immigrant workforce in the previous period, Despite strong economic growth, and high demand for labor, unemployment rate two to three times immigrant Swedes and the income of immigrants also declined further relative to those from Sweden (Ekberg and Gustafsson, 1995). Immigrant integration policy in Sweden, as developed from the 1970s, is based on three objectives: equality, and free enterprise and partnership. The aim of this equality is meant to provide immigrants with the same rights and opportunities as native Sweden, especially in jobs and housing. Free enterprise and partnering to ensure that immigrants have the right to maintain their cultural heritage and partnership based on mutual tolerance and solidarity between Sweden and the immigrant population. Segregation that occurred in parts of Ireland according to the results of Poole (1996), which provides preliminary evidence that the Northern Ireland town vary radically in the intensity of religious segregation which they live. However, further stimulus provided by the comparative study of urban America in the separation of blacks from whites. For example, (Massey and Denton, 1987) concluded that the most likely to segregation would be relaxed through the mobility to towns small and medium-sized black settlements where some black people are currently living. This view has more recently been supported by (Farley and Frey, 1994) but added that the new towns in the South and West appear to offer better prospects to relax segregation of older metropolitan areas of North and South Old . This is to distinguish between the segregation of terkjadi in Ireland and segregation in some areas of America that trend occurred in the social classes (Racial), but did not rule out any segregation based on skin color terjai in ireland, Combination of local area and the evidence international shows that there are large geographical variations between cities in the intensity and the tendency of segregation. This means the need to avoid falling into the trap of assuming that all of Northern Irelands towns of the same - from the assumption, for example, that, because Belfast has the environment that might be described as a ghetto (the Black and White), the segregation should explain contrast multi-residential space. This last requirement, one of the appropriate response to (Boal's, 1987) petition for, the development of sound theoretical perspective for the study of segregation, wise with the appropriate empirical material ". A further justification for an urban area. Several studies of residential space separator to be something very dominant in the determination of segregation in urban areas, the influence of other factors such as environment and unfavorable impact in the establishment of relations of the ideal interaction in an urban area, besides the selection of space settlement could hamper the process of economic assimilation, especially if the ethnic enclaves are present.groups live together often affect the job. Job opportunities that arise in the community are preferred, such as language and cultural barriers, for example when someone is present or when obtaining a job was associated with country of origin. This can quickly promote segregation, because they limit the interaction of foreign citizens with urban natives (Majority Group) (Borjas, 2000). In addition, it has been shown that one important weakness related to the integral settlement was the failure of education (Datcher, 1982), and this can affect the process of assimilation. Research will be undertaken by (Falvia, 2002) showed that the distribution list of housing foreigners to identify areas of spatial segregation. The process will be evaluated by analysis of each group, so that the index of segregation by the group and the location is calculated, and mapped the distribution of occupancy which allows the preparation of easy to learn the motion pattern space. As in Rome (Italy) Public policy for the integration of housing in which integration of housing to be part of Rome's urban policy became one of the most problematic aspect of immigrant integration. Many

believe that the foundation of social integration is the abode of stabilization on the part of foreigners and their progressive towards equality with citizens of Italy in the equality of civil rights "(Caritas, 1997), Post-modern theories maintain that the suburbanisation process is linked to the decline in residential segregation , but few detailed studies revealed that the "socio-spatial segregation remain weak group" (Massey, 2000), many factors influence the pattern of settlement, including cultural differences between ethnic groups, housing market segmentation, about places of worship and social aggregation, the presence of certain services and types of jobs residents. (Massey and Denton, 1988) Urban ethnic segregation in Lebanon is a unique model, in which depending on religious and cultural backgrounds. Demographics of this religion has historically shaped the face of urban, and empowered by the political institutions in the territory of Lebanon, and is also maintained by the community in a broad social network that is reflected in their physical settings, and determine the formulation of the informal areas according to their ethnic diversity. (Soliman, 2008) Movement in Beirut urban areas have been affected by these changes, or perhaps also by the political policies or else in because of the conflicts that occur in almost all parts of the city. Lebanon has 17 officially recognized religions, and the majority of the population is under the umbrella of two Muslim religion (Sunni, Shiite, Druze, and Alawites) and Christians (Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant). More than five thousand Jews who still live in Lebanon (Faghaley, K, 2002) Separation of urban space in the bottom of the ethnic and cultural characteristics of the population, thus the legacy of segregation is not discriminatory past, but the characteristics and general description of Lebanese society. Heterogeneity of urban areas in Beirut to put pressure on families by creating alternative sources are available for individual identification. Religious institutions put pressure on group members to adopt a religious identity. Ethnic and political ideology of the group given a similar pressure. Therefore, every resident of religious adherents in Beirut has established urban areas as urban informality, so follow the same path.Urban settings much reinforced by kinship ties and make them pentingdan become stronger. This is due to strong family ties so that the role of mediator is something critical, so that political leaders will play a major role in shaping and developing the environment as a socio-political role and economic development in urban areas. Income inequality, hunger and war, and discriminatory practices in the housing market led to the concentration of ethnic minorities are disproportionately high in certain urban areas in the city of Beirut. For example, a major district to the Jewish community in Beirut is located in Wadi Abou Gameal. Each ethnic group has a specific location within the city; and urban informality followed the same pattern (Soliman, 2008). Parse of a few cases of segregation of urban space in particular concentrated on residential segregation is something that is prevalent in nearly all parts of the region, segregation of urban space, especially in socio-economic segregation-segregation is a common phenomenon but it can carry a less harmonious effect in interaction relationships between groups segregated society, lack of economic peningktan, accomplished public services to the public, the rights of civil society who intimidated and improved settlement systems are things that can barely keep it away from segregation in the living room. Are like things that happen in a few areas where the welfare of American blacks received less attention in the development of self and group, which worse off economy, living in an environment of conflict and violence that are full with low levels of education which makes the larger gaps that occur between citizens of different colors on the terms skin. lain the case in Canada, differences in skin color is also dominant in determining segregation patterns of space but rather a tendency to level of economic income, people who have a better level of income will opt out of the settled together with community groups who are poor or lower classes but segregation spaces are still present in one area of the skin color line and settled separately based on the economic level of each individual. Segregation of space that occurred in India, settled segregation as was the case in India where according to traditional patterns proposed by Sjorberg (1960) in which the research by exploring

the city Sjorberg pre-industrial city is more the city focuses on religious characteristics, retainsymbols symbol. But the segregation that occurred in India over the differences in caste, religious segregation disni felt very smooth, while the location of the settlement were greatly influenced by the caste in which citizens have a higher caste will occupy the residential areas on the main transportation routes. Examples of other cases that occurred in the region Segregation ireland is the segregation of religious radicals are formed based on this line is causing concern to the development of urban areas in because of the separator chamber by religious radicals is more fundamental to the political interests which the Protestant community in assume themselves as a group union and Catholic groups on the other hand consider themselves as nationalist group which formed in the region segregation ireland is a derivative of heritage preserved in public life. different things with religious characteristics of segregation on the terms that occurred in Lebanon since the conflict in which each respective forcing religious institutions to introduce more group members individually to determine the formulation of the informal areas according to their ethnic diversity, religious differences that occur in pieces to the group- small groups, two religious groups the majority only become part of almost neglected so that in this discourse of segregation in Lebanon are found almost no majority group.Separation of urban space in the bottom of the ethnic and cultural characteristics of the population, thus the legacy of segregation is not discriminatory past, but the characteristics and general description of Lebanese society.

II. STRUCTURE OF THE CITY According to Elisabeth in the Ever, 1982) that one theory is enough to get followers of Urban Social Ecology Theory, developed around in the 20s and known by the name of the Chicago School. The Chicago School adherents are ultimately developed three basic models of urban development. Burgees preparing a thesis or a theory of concentric circles. Burgees states that social areas characterized by social and economic city like the shape of a circle arranged around the central rise. And variables to measure these traits systematically with the structure of land prices, the closer the land from the city center the more expensive, increasingly distant from the center becomes more affordable. By Hoyt develop Sector Model and some other developing core corpuscular theory. (Ever, 1986). Sector Model by Hoyt is the zoning patterns of settlement and social characteristics of particular social status. Variable types of work and ownership of caste and the measuring instrument Similarly systemic form groups and separate settlements. There is a settlement of fishermen, employee housing, housing-growing elite housing, in addition there are also residential slumsettlements. All of that form in communal settlements separate. Sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt. This is a modification of the concentric zone model of urban development. Advantages of applying this model is able to progress beyond growth. Like all simple models of complex phenomena with a limited validity. While accepting the existence of a central business district, Hoyt suggested that tersebuat zone will extend out from the city center along the transportation routes. With make Chicago area as an example, the housing sector is growing out along the north shore of Lake Michigan desirable from the central business district, while the industry will grow to the south in sectors that follow the trajectory of other transport points. In developing this model Hoyt observed that it was common for low-income households become near railroad tracks, and berpendapata high or large corporations will grow along the main road or artery. Recognizing that the various transportation routes into urban areas, including railways, seaports, and tram lines, represented greater access, Hoyt argues that cities tend to grow in the

sector-shaped patterns derived from the central business district and centered on major transportation routes . High levels of access to a higher mean value of the land, thus, many commercial functions would remain in the CBD but manufacturing functions would develop in slices around transport routes. Residential function will grow in patterns with adjacent housing sector manufacturing or industrial sector, while the secondary sector and high-income households are located furthest from the function. Hoyt's model tries to state a broad principle of urban organization. While the core model to make ethnic differences as a variable size. Settlements tend to be formed on the basis of ethnic communal. There are settlements according to certain ethnic, where the settlement has a set of socio-cultural characteristics, including social, economic, political, and religious customs of each. Core model of multiple ecological model proposed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in a 1945 article "The nature of the City." This model explains the layout of the city. It notes that although a town may have started with a central business district, similar industries with common land use and financial requirements set close to each other. This grouping is the direct influence of their environment. Hotels and restaurants spring around the airport, for example. The number and type of growth marks a city's core.This theory was formed based on the idea that people have a greater movement due to increased car ownership. Increased movement allows for the specialization of regional centers (such as heavy industrial, business park). There is no clear CBD (Central Business District) in this type of model. While Shevky and Bell in the late 50s early 60s dn propagandize with the name Social Area Analysis. (Evers, 1986:5). Shevky Analysis and Beel and his followers on the analysis of social areas in American cities to limit further the problems of social ecology, but expanding the database with the use of census materials are more extensive (E. Shevky and Wendell Bell, 1974). They assume, that the structure of urban areas can be explained by three principal variables, each of which consisted of different characteristics. The third variable is the social status, ethnic and cultural segregari city, where the latter is a combination of demographic characteristics, which is a measure of family structure and household. Social city region can be described and dipilahkan by combining these three basic variables.

Conclusion and Closing Notes urban morphology reflects a social model of community-plated, segregation at certain bases of the structure of society in general are emphasized as a source of difensisasi settlements where this is visible also in increasing numbers or further worsen social divisions in society, lifestyle, social culture, ethnicity and lifestyle is the trigger of aspects of segregation, some things related to spatial segregation, including a class of theories that view that spatial segregation as a manifestation of socio-economic class memisakan himself from theories that explain the spatial segregation as a result of preference for group live in areas dominated by the same groups patterns and processes of spatial segregation. First, the approach to the economic environment in which they view the city as a separate entity and assume that the city develop through competition for space, resultingin zones where socio-economic characteristics of the different location of the housing. Focuses on how the impact of this spatial segregation contributed to the growth and development of urban space Thought the second is based on the analysis of social and ecological environment factorial trying to map the spatial patterns of socio-economic city which makes reinforcement-strengthening of certain urban spaces in certain communities and provide economic power groups that affect the growth of the city in the direction utilization of environmental Understanding the third is the behavioral approach, focusing on the demand side of housing, residential segregation can be sourced from a variety of basic things such as, income level or economic class, occupation, gender, race, social status or caste, even by religion, which the group further strengthen the activities and identities in a way clustered in the same residential area that greatly affects on the

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