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Figure 4.2 Tear at Wrinkle in Ciudad Nezahualcoyotl Pipeline (Mexico City, 1985)
Figure 8.3 Measured Axial and Bending Strains in HDPE Pipe Subject to Nominal Tension Strike-Slip Offsets (After Ha et al., 2008)
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A summary of the current chapters, highlighting new and revised information, is as follows:
NEW Chapter on Earthquake Fundamentals includes basic phenomena and terminology, causes, consequences, and measures of size Description of the various forms of permanent ground deformation (PGD) and procedures to quantify and model the amount and spatial extent of PGD; UPDATED with new lateral spread/fault offset relations as well as characterization of various offshore PGD hazards Review of seismic wave propagation and procedures for estimating ground strain due to travelling wave effects; UPDATED with new information on coherence of seismic waves and its influence on the effective propagation velocity as well as Next Generation attenuation relations from USGS Failure modes and criteria for buried pipelines; UPDATED to include new limit state relations from recent guidelines as well as criteria for offshore pipelines Commonly used techniques to model soil-pipe interaction; UPDATED with descriptions of the underlying mechanics for onshore pipe as well as new relations for trenched offshore pipe and those laid directly on the seabed
Figure 4.1 Pencil in Tear at Wrinkle in RECOPE Pipeline (Limon, Costa Rica, 1991)
Response of continuous pipelines subject to longitudinal and transverse PGD; UPDATED with new analytical relations for the wider PGD zones common in the offshore environment Continuous pipe response due to faulting; UPDATED with new analytical results as well as centrifuge tests for normal and reverse faulting Response of segmented pipeline subject to PGD; UPDATED to include simplified relations from the American Lifeline Alliance, as well as comparisons with full scale laboratory tests Behavior of continuous pipeline subject to seismic wave propagation; UPDATED to include detailed discussion of two seismic WP damage case histories, new material on bends and elbows, and buried pipelines at industrial facilities Behavior of segmented pipelines subject to seismic wave propagation; UPDATED with new mechanics-based approach for damage evaluation for both tensile and compressive ground strain environments NEW Chapter with detailed review of seismic hazards and the performance of buried pipelines in past earthquakes including American Lifeline Alliance fragility relations, as well as ground strain based fragility relations
Figure 12.5 Revised Fragility Relation for Segmented Pipelines from M. ORourke (2009) (After M. ORourke, 2009)
Countermeasures to reduce damage to pipelines including isolation valves; UPDATED to include pipe mitigation using anchor points and soft joints NEW Chapter with three design examples continuous water pipeline subject to lateral spreading, risk assessment of water pipeline subject to wave propagation, and offshore pipeline subject to marine landslide