1. Definition of communication 2. Objectives of communication 3. Importance of communication 4. Networks of communication in the organization 5. Process of communication 6. Types of feedback 7.

Types of communication 8. Characteristics of language 9. Technical communication

Latin Roots of "Communication"

"Communication" is a word with a rich history. From the Latin communicare, meaning to impart, share, or make common, it entered the English language in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The key root is mun- (not uni-), related to such words as "munificent," "community," "meaning," and Gemeinschaft. The Latin munus has to do with gifts or duties offered publicly--including gladitorial shows, tributes, and rites to honor the dead. In Latin, communicatio did not signify the general arts of human connection via symbols, nor did it suggest the hope for some kind of mutual recognition. Its sense was not in the least mentalistic: communicatio generally involved tangibles."
~John Durham Peters (1999, p. 7)

Related Latin Words

commnicti/ -nis f. imparting; (rhet.) making the audience appear to take part in the discussion. commnic/ -re -v -tum vt. Share (by giving or receiving); impart, communicate. cnsilia cum make common cause with. commn/i -re -vi & -i -atum vt. build (a fortification); fortify; strengthen. commni/ -nis f. sharing in common, communion. commn/is a. common, general, universal; (person) affable, democratic. -ia loca public places. -s loc general topics. -is snsus popular sentiment. Aliquid -e habre have something in common. - -is n. common property; state. in -e for a common end; equally; in general. -iter adj. in common, jointly. commnt/s --tis commnti -nis f. fellowship; sense of fellowship; affability. f. preparing the way.

Communication skill or communication skills may refer to Rhetoric, the facility of speakers or writers to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences Communication, the activity of conveying information through speech, writing, or other behavior English studies, an academic discipline that studies the English language

1. The act of communicating; transmission. 2.

a. The exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior. b. Interpersonal rapport. 3. communications (used with a sing. or pl. verb) a. The art and technique of using words effectively to impart information or ideas. b. The field of study concerned with the transmission of information by various means, such as print or broadcasting. c. Any of various professions involved with the transmission of information, such as advertising, broadcasting, or journalism. 4. Something communicated; a message. 5. communications A means of communicating, especially: a. A system, such as mail, telephone, or television, for sending and receiving messages. b. A network of routes for sending messages and transporting troops and supplies. 6. communications The technology employed in transmitting messages. 7. Biology The transfer of information from one molecule, cell, or organism to another, as by chemical or electrical signals or by behaviors. 8. Anatomy a. An opening or connecting passage between two structures. b. A joining or connecting of solid fibrous structures, such as tendons and nerves.

In an organization, communication flows in 5 main directions1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. Downward Upward Lateral Diagonal External Downward Flow of Communication: Communication that flows from a higher level in an organization to a lower level is a downward communication. In other words, communication from superiors to subordinates in a chain of command is a downward communication. This communication flow is used by the managers to transmit work-related information to the employees at lower levels. Employees require this information for performing their jobs and for meeting the expectations of their managers. Downward communication is used by the managers for the following purposes Providing feedback on employees performance

Giving job instructions Providing a complete understanding of the employees job as well as to communicate them how their job is related to other jobs in the organization. Communicating the organizations mission and vision to the employees. Highlighting the areas of attention. Organizational publications, circulars, letter to employees, group meetings etc are all examples of downward communication. In order to have effective and error-free downward communication, managers must:

Specify communication objective Ensure that the message is accurate, specific and unambiguous. Utilize the best communication technique to convey the message to the receiver in right form

2.

Upward Flow of Communication: Communication that flows to a higher level in an organization is called upward communication. It provides feedback on how well the organization is functioning. The subordinates use upward communication to convey their problems and performances to their superiors. The subordinates also use upward communication to tell how well they have understood the downward communication. It can also be used by the employees to share their views and ideas and to participate in the decision-making process. Upward communication leads to a more committed and loyal workforce in an organization because the employees are given a chance to raise and speak dissatisfaction issues to the higher levels. The managers get to know about the employees feelings towards their jobs, peers, supervisor and organization in general. Managers can thus accordingly take actions for improving things. Grievance Redressal System, Complaint and Suggestion Box, Job Satisfaction surveys etc all help in improving upward communication. Other examples of Upward Communication are -performance reports made by low level management for reviewing by higher level management, employee attitude surveys, letters from employees, employee-manager discussions etc.

3.

Lateral / Horizontal Communication: Communication that takes place at same levels of hierarchy in an organization is called lateral communication, i.e., communication between peers, between managers at same levels or between any horizontally equivalent organizational member. The advantages of horizontal communication are as follows: It is time saving.

It facilitates co-ordination of the task.

It facilitates co-operation among team members.

It provides emotional and social assistance to the organizational members.

It helps in solving various organizational problems.

It is a means of information sharing

It can also be used for resolving conflicts of a department with other department or conflicts within a department.

4.

Diagonal Communication: Communication that takes place between a manager and employees of other workgroups is called diagonal communication. It generally does not appear on organizational chart. For instance - To design a training module a training manager interacts with an Operations personnel to enquire about the way they perform their task. External Communication: Communication that takes place between a manager and external groups such as suppliers, vendors, banks, financial institutes etc. For instance - To raise capital the Managing director would interact with the Bank Manager.

5.

FIVE TYPES OF FEEDBACK

1. Confirmatory Response The simplest and perhaps the most widely used of all the systems of response is the confirmatory feedback. Here, the recipient of the information simply acknowledges the receipt of the information. However, when someone yells out got it, it does not necessarily means he or she understood it. Some of the more popularly known response in this category includes nods, Yes, No, shrugs, head shaking, thumbs up or thumbs down. For those more techy people out here, the read receipt in emails is a good example. Samples:

Statement: The author is cute. Response: Ok, if you say so.

Statement: Handling angry customers is difficult if you dont listen to them. Response: Yes it is OR No, its really easy.

2. Corrective/affirmative response A corrective feedback either provides correction to the statement or agrees with it. This is a tad more informative than the previous type. Even though this is a very simple response, it provides additional information that can help clarify the opinion or views of the person. Samples:

Statement: The author is cute. Response: No hes not, hes really, really cute.

Statement: Handling angry customers is difficult if you dont listen to them. Response: Yes thats true, listening is important.

Source: photo by anankkml via freedigitalphotos.net

3. Explanatory Response Moving one more step higher, the explanatory response offers more information. In this case, apart from confirming and affirming the statement, the person provides reason to his/her opinion or view. Samples:

Statement: The author is cute. Response: Yes he is, look at those beautiful eyes. OR Are you crazy, he has a huge nose!

Statement: Handling angry customers is difficult if you dont listen to them. Response: Yes, listening allows you to pin point the root cause of the customer complain.

4. Diagnostic Response Sometimes it is insufficient to give ones opinion and explanation. For such instances, a diagnostic response is required. Here, a person offers an analysis of the information that supports his or her opinion. This provides clarification on the subject although it may not always be logical or right. Samples:

Statement: The author is cute. Response: Yes he is, his eyes are blue and I really love that eye color.

Statement: Handling angry customers is difficult if you dont listen to them. Response: No its not; if you know the common problems you can offer solutions right away. It only becomes difficult if you dont know what you are doing.

Source: photo by renjith krishnan via freedigitalphotos.net

7 Organizational Development resources that can change your business

1. Effective Communication in the Workplace: Poor Questions Sap the Creativity of Employees

2. Principles of Effective Communication We Take for Granted 3. Effective Business Communication: How to Create Concise Corporate Correspondences. 4. 3 Corporate Communication Pitfalls 5. Excellent Teams Help Each Other Grow 6. How To Harness The Power of Listening 7. Corporate Realities That Stop Innovation, Change and Business Success
5. Elaborative Response This response is essential to many businesses as it offers additional information apart from what is presented. Moreover, elaborative responses include reference to personal experiences, studies or researches and other information that can enlighten the discussion. Samples:

Statement: The author is cute. Response: Perhaps, but cute is a subjective term. Since cute is also used to describe dogs, Id be careful in using the term to describe him.

Statement: Handling angry customers is difficult if you dont listen to them. Response: It is difficult if you are not prepared in handling irate customers. Research has shown that properly handling angry customers decreases customer anxiety. By listening intently you can offer possible solutions to the problem.

Make no mistake about it, the quality of information you get will help your business grow. However, if you are still stuck in the confirmatory response level, then youd better make changes in the way you communicate with people.

Extra Personal Communication is that way of communication in which a human interacts with other species. - Like an old lonely woman talking to her cats. - Or a prized poodle being child-reared (Bought up like a child) by it's owner. - Shouting at an inanimate object (Like a toaster) for not working. - People who are quite mentally stable but talk to themselves when alone. - Praying to a God.

Intrapersonal communication is communicating with one's self, that is any for of relaying messages to your own person.

Normally successful communication requires having an independent sender and receiver, who sens messages back and forth between them. This definition is currently challenged, there are some people who consider intrapersonal communication too useful to be discounted. Whether or not intrapersonal communication is a valid form of communication, the following actions are considered intrapersonal communication:

Dreaming (especially daydreaming and lucid dreaming) Talking to oneself. This action is normal, since often saying and hearing again helps a person retain information. It becomes abnormal when a person talks to oneself in socially inappropriate situations.

Your internal monologue, any thoughts you have about what is happening around you. Gesturing while you think.

Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. (Edward Sapir) Levels of Communication Scholars categorize different levels and types of communication. These distinctions are somewhat artificial, since types of communication more realistically fit on a continuum rather than in separate categories. Nevertheless, to understand the various types of communication, it is helpful to consider various factors. The distinguishing characteristics include the following: Number of communicators (one through many). Physical proximity of the communicators in relation to each other (close or distant). Immediacy of the exchange, whether it is taking place either (1) live or in apparently real time or (2) on a delayed basis. Number of sensory channels (including visual, auditory, tactile and so on). The context of the communication (whether face-to-face or mediated). Note that each level of communication may be formal or informal, personal or impersonal. Note also that the purposes of communication may vary and overlap, giving a communicator a potentially wide list of choices for communication channels. Broadly speaking, the levels of communication can be categorized in a four-fold pattern as

intrapersonal, direct interpersonal, mediated interpersonal, and mass.

intrapersonal Communication Intrapersonal communication takes place within a single person, often for the purpose of clarifying ideas or analyzing a situation. Other times, intrapersonal communication is undertaken in order to reflect upon or appreciate something. Three aspects of intrapersonal communication are selfconcept, perception and expectation. Self-concept is the basis for intrapersonal communication, because it determines how a persona sees him/herself and is oriented toward others. Self-concept (also called selfawareness) involves three factors: beliefs, values and attitudes. Beliefs are basic personal orientation toward what is true or false, good or bad; beliefs can be descriptive or prescriptive. Values are deep-seated orientations and ideals, generally based on and consistent with beliefs, about right and wrong ideas and actions. Attitudes are learned predisposition toward or against a topic, ideals that stem from and generally are consistent with values. Attitudes often are global, typically emotional. Beliefs, values and attitudes all influence behavior, which can be either spoken opinion or physical action. Some psychologists include body image as an aspect of intrapersonal communication, in that body image is a way of perceiving ourselves, positively or negatively, according to the social standards of our culture. Other things that can affect self-concept are personal attributes, talents, social role, even birth order. Whereas self-concept focuses internally, perception looks outward. Perception of the outside world also is rooted in beliefs, values and attitudes. It is so closely intertwined with self-concept that one feeds off the other, creating a harmonious understanding of both oneself and ones world. Meanwhile, expectations are future-oriented messages dealing with long-term roles, sometimes

called life scripts. These sometimes are projections of learned relationships within the family or society. Intrapersonal communication may involve different levels of communication activity: internal discourse, solo vocal communication, and solo written communication. Internal discourse involves thinking, concentration and analysis. Psychologists include both daydreaming and nocturnal dreaming in this category. Prayer, contemplation and meditation also are part of this category, though from a theological point of view the argument may be made that this is not solely internal to one person. In Sufi tradition, this is similar to the concept of nafs, negotiating with the inner self. Example: Consciously appreciating the beauty of a sunset. Solo vocal communication includes speaking aloud to oneself. This may be done to clarify thinking, to rehearse a message intended for others, or simply to let off steam. Example: Talking to yourself as you complain about your boss. Solo written communication deals with writing not intended for others. Example: An entry in a diary or personal journal. Direct Interpersonal Communication Direct interpersonal communication involves a direct face-to-face relationship between the sender and receiver of a message, who are in an interdependent relationship. Because of interpersonal communications immediacy (it is taking place now) and primacy (it is taking place here), it is
Unit 4. Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Communication Page 37

characterized by a strong feedback component. Communication is enhanced when the relationship exists over a long period of time. Interpersonal communication involves not only the words used but also the various elements of nonverbal communication. The purposes of interpersonal communication are to influence, help and discover, as well as to share and play together. Interpersonal communication can be categorized by the number of participants. Dyadic communication involves two people. Example: Two friends talking. Group communication involves three or more persons, though communication scholars are

inconsistent as to the top end of the number scale. The smaller the number in the group, the more closely this mode resembles interpersonal communication. Often group communication is done for the purpose of problem solving or decision making. Example: University study group. Public communication involves a large group with a primarily one-way monologue style generating only minimal feedback. Information sharing, entertainment and persuasion are common purposes of public communication. Example: Lecture in university class. Another way of categorizing interpersonal communication is on the function or setting of the communication. Organizational communication deals with communication within large organizations such as businesses. This is sometimes considered part of group communication, but communication scholars have built up a body of knowledge focused primarily on organizations. Example: Workfocused discussion between employer and employee. Family communication focuses on communication patterns within nuclear, extended and blended families. Like organizational communication, this too is sometimes seen as part of the general category of group communication, but much research has been focused specifically on communication within a family relationship. Family communication can be enhanced by the long-standing and close relationships among participants as well as the likelihood that families have shared heritage, similar values, and social rituals. Patterns differ in communication between spouses, between parent and child, among siblings, and within the wider family context. Example: Conversation during a holiday meal.

TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION
Technical communication is a professional task performed by specialized employees or consultants. For example, a professional writer may work with a company to produce a user manual. Some companies give considerable technical communication responsibility

to other technical professionalssuch as programmers, engineers, and scientists. Often, a professional technical writer edits such work to bring it up to modern technical communication standards. To begin the documentation process, technical communicators identify the audience and their information needs. The technical communicator researches and structures the content into a framework that can guide detailed development. As the body of information comes together, the technical communicator ensures that the intended audience can understand the content and retrieve the information they need. This process, known as the 'Writing Process', has been a central focus of writing theory since the 1970s, and some contemporary textbook authors apply it to technical communication. Technical communication is important to most professions, as a way to contain and organize information and maintain accuracy. The technical writing process can be divided into five steps: 1. Determine purpose and audience 2. Collect information 3. Organize and outline information 4. Write the first draft 5. Revise and edit
Determining purpose and audience [edit]

All technical communication serves a particular purposetypically to communicate ideas and concepts to an audience, or direct an audience in a particular task. Technical communication professionals use various techniques to understand the audience and, when possible, test content on the target audience. For example, if bank workers don't properly post deposits, a technical communicator would:

Review existing documentation (or lack thereof) Interview bank workers to identify conceptual errors Interview subject matter experts to learn the correct procedures Author new material that describes the correct procedures Test the new material on the bank workers

Similarly, a sales manager who wonders which of two sites is more appropriate for a new store might ask a marketing professional to study the sites and write a report with

recommendations. The marketing professional hands the report off to a technical communicator (in this case, a technical editor or technical writer), who edits and formats the document, and adds graphics as needed. In each of these instances, a technical communicator transfers knowledge from someone who knows to someone who needs to know. This is the basic definition of technical communication. Audience type affects many aspects of communication, from word selection and graphics use to style and organization. A non-technical audience might misunderstand or not even read a document that is heavy with jargonwhile a technical audience might crave detail critical to their work. Busy audiences often don't have time to read entire documents, so content must be organized for ease of searchingfor example by frequent headings,white space, and other cues that guide attention. Other requirements vary according to particular audience's needs. Technical communication in the government is particular and detailed. Depending on the segment of government (and country), the government component must follow distinct specifications. The US Army, for example, uses the MIL-spec (Military specification). Information changes continuously and technical communications (technical manuals, interactive electronic technical manuals, technical bulletins, etc.) must be updated. The United States Department of Defense, for example uses many technical manuals, and their creation and maintenance is a core agency responsibility. Though detailoriented in their requirements, the DoD has deficiencies in technical communication. The following paper discusses those deficiencies and identifies the major contributing factors.[4]
Collecting information [edit]

Technical communicators must collect all information that each document requires. They may collect information through primary (first-hand) researchor secondary research, using information from existing work by other authors. Technical communicators must acknowledge all sources they use to produce their work. To this end, technical communicators typically distinguish quotations, paraphrases, and summaries when taking notes.
Organizing and outlining information [edit]

Before writing the initial draft, the technical communicator organizes ideas in a way that makes the document flow well. Once each idea is organized, the writer organizes the document as a wholeaccomplishing this task in various ways:

Chronological: used for documents that involve a linear process, such as a step-by-step guide that describs how to accomplish something Parts of an object: Used for documents that describe the parts of an object, such as a graphic showing the parts of a computer (keyboard, monitor, mouse, etc.) Simple to complex (or vice versa): starts with easy ideas and gradually goes into complex ideas Specific to general: starts with many ideas, then organizes the ideas into sub-categories General to specific: starts with a few categories of ideas, then goes deeper

After organizing the whole document, the writer typically creates a final outline that shows the document structure. Outlines make the writing process easier and save the author time.
Writing the first draft [edit]

After the outline is complete, the writer begins the first draft, following the outline's structure. Setting aside blocks of an hour or more, in a place free of distractions, helps the writer maintain a flow. Most writers prefer to wait until the draft is complete before any revising so they don't break their flow. Typically, the writer should start with the easiest section, and write the summary only after the body is drafted. The ABC (abstract, body, and conclusion) format can be used when writing a first draft of some document types. The abstract describes the subject, so that the reader knows what the document covers. The body is the majority of the document and covers topics in depth. Lastly, the conclusion section restates the document's main topics. The ABC format can also apply to individual paragraphsbeginning with a topic sentence that states the paragraph's topic, followed by the topic, and finally, a concluding sentence.
Revising and editing [edit]

Once the initial draft is laid out, editing and revising can be done to fine-tune the draft into a final copy. Four tasks transform the early draft into its final form, suggested by Pfeiffer and Boogard[citation needed]:

Adjusting and reorganizing content [edit] In this step, the writer revises the draft to elaborate on topics that need more attention, shorten other sectionsand relocate certain paragraphs, sentences, or entire topics. Editing for style [edit] Good style makes writing more interesting, appealing, and readable. In general, the personal writing style of the writer is not evident in technical writing. Modern technical writing style relies on attributes that contribute to clarity:

Headings, lists, graphics Generous white space Short sentences Present tense Active voice[5] (though some scientific applications still use the passive voice) Second and third person as required

Technical writing as a discipline usually requires that a technical writer make particular use of a style guide. These guides may relate to a specific project, product, company or brand and in general they ensure that technical writing is devoid of a personal style. In the United States, the Chicago Manual of Style is the bible for general technical communication. Other style guides have their adherents, particularly for specific industriessuch as the Microsoft Style Guide in some information technology settings. Editing for grammar and punctuation [edit] At this point, the writer performs a mechanical edit, checking the document for grammar, punctuation, common word confusions, passive voice, overly long sentences, etc.
According to Jitendra Mishra:[1]

The term grapevine can be traced to Civil War days when vinelike telegraph wires were strung from tree to tree across battlefields and used by Army Intelligence.[4] The messages that came over these lines were often so confusing or inaccurate that soon any rumor was said to come from the grapevine. The lines of communication seem to be haphazard and easily disrupted as the telegraph wires were, however, they transmit information rapidly and in many cases faster

and with a stronger impact than the formal system allows. The term gained a boost in popularity through its use in the Motown song "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", a major hit single for both Marvin Gaye and Gladys Knight & the Pips in the late 1960s.

Advantages of Grapevine Communication [edit]

Flexibility: There is no formal control over grapevine, so it is more flexible than other forms of communication. Rapid communication: It is faster than any form of communication. No record: There is no evidence which can be documented for future reference Distortion: The message which is passed gets distorted when it passes from one person to another. Spontaneous: Grapevine communication is spontaneous as it is passed automatically from the top level of the organization to the bottom level without any difficulty in delivering the message. Grapevine is used by management to spread the information that either can not be shared officially or want to test the waters.

To hear something through the grapevine is to learn of something informally and unofficially by means of gossip and rumor.

Important Characteristics of the Grapevine Communication

More and wide information can be transmitted through grapevine communicationsystem. But there is also some negative ideas about grapevine communication system. But another image is shown by the reality. In the real world, it exists together with the formal communication system. Grapevine as an informal communication pathway bears the following characteristics: 1. Huge Impact: A large number of employees in an organization depends on the grapevine because they consider this as the primary source of information as well as the reliable channel to communicate about the facts and events within the firm.

2. Extensive: Grapevine links the whole organization very quickly. From top to bottom of an organization, no body is left from the touch of grapevine. That's why sometimes grapevine communication is considered very effective communication. 3. Flexibility: It is more flexible than formal channels because formal channels require various formalities whereas grapevine is free from those formalities. Gossiping, sharing moments or conversation are enough to create a grapevine. 4. Speed: Information moves very quickly through the grapevine. Grapevine runs faster than the wind. 5. Distortion: Information spreading through grapevine is like to be distorted as it moves point to point, terminal to terminal or person to person. e.g. Mr. X got married recently such information can be distorted as Mr. X got married outside of his country two years ago. 6. Oral Way: Grapevine uses oral techniques more rather than written or non-verbal techniques. As oral communication involves less time, grapevine is likely to be dependent on oral mode. 7. Large Receivers: As the text or essence of grapevine is catchy, there exists large receivers to deal with it. A huge number of individuals are always there to take part in grapevine. 8. Extra Ability: Grapevine can pierce the strong security and can flew from mouth to month very easily. It has more ability to spread throughout the whole organization. 9. Unsaid Information: Grapevine normally carries those information that theformal communication does not wish to convey. Information based on fabrication or rumor is supposed to be transmitted more in a better way through grapevine.

10. Contradictory Information: The same information which is transmitted through formal chain can be distorted and therefore can raise contradiction if it passes through grapevine.

Grapevine Communication
Grapevine communication is the informal communication network within an organization. The grapevine is used to spread information bypassing the formal communication structure. Just like the grapevine plant: it spreads in random ways and it goes where it can. The grapevine is formed by individuals and groups in an organization. The people in the groups have something in common that links them together. A person can belong to one or more groups. As an example, a manager can belong to a group of women that go to lunch together every Friday. She can also belong to a group of managers in her department that talk about work in informal ways. She could have a third group of people scattered throughout the organization with which she shares other common interests outside of work. The manager in this example is likely to pass information across her three main, informal networks. In some ways, she is verifying the accuracy of the rumors she hears. When more than one of her networks is in agreement about a given rumor, she is bound to believe it's true.

Disadvantages of Grapevine Communication There are some intrinsic dangers in bypassing the organizational channels to get to the facts of the matter. The main danger is that much of the information that gets spread through the grapevine is not verified. Some of the information is likely false and difficult, if not impossible, to verify. We discount information when the source is a known gossiper. But not completely... Even when the source is someone known to spread rumors, we believe that where there's smoke... Since we don't know what part is fire and what is smoke, we take in the whole rumor. To justify our participation in spreading the rumor, we tell ourselves that part of it must be true. The main reason why we give credence to a rumor is that it seems to match what we think about the situation or person that the rumor is about. We also tend to believe the person sharing the rumor with us. Another main disadvantage of grapevine communication is that it's often used to spread more than rumors; it's used to spread gossip. The terms rumors and gossip are used sometimes interchangeably, but rumors are not quite the same as gossip. Both are pieces of information that can't be verified, but rumors tend to affect organizations or groups of people, while gossip refers to more personal matters. When gossip is being spread through the grapevine, people's reputations, careers, and lives can get destroyed very rapidly. For a related article How Rumors Hurt People, click here. Despite its disadvantages, the grapevine can serve a purpose. Advantages of Grapevine Communication
Grapevine communication creates a social bond where none existed. People like to talk to one

another; whether they talk about work or family, or anything. Teams become more cohesive when members talk to one another outside of the project or assignment they may be working on. Informal communication lends itself to bonding. The grapevine fills in a gap that is left when official information is missing. Even in organizations where management is very proactive about keeping employees informed, the grapevine helps to fill in the blanks. The grapevine in many ways helps keep people honest; it can dissuade people from engaging on behavior that they don't want others to know about. This is a two edge sword. On one hand, people will think twice about taking what they know is a wrong course of action. On the other hand, they may also think twice about taking a necessary risk and doing the right thing, fearful that appearances that may give rise to rumors.

Bottom Line Grapevine communication is part of the workplace, it can't be eliminated. Recognizing its pros and cons can help you use it to your advantage.

1) INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION- is language use or thought internal to the communicator. Intrapersonal communication is the active internal involvement of the individual in symbolic processing of messages. The individual becomes his or her own sender and receiver, providing feedback to him or herself in an ongoing internal process. It can be useful to envision intrapersonal communication occurring in the mind of the individual in a model which contains a sender, receiver, and feedback loop. Although successful communication is generally defined as being between two or more individuals, issues concerning the useful nature of communicating with oneself and problems concerning communication with non-sentient entities such as computers have made some argue that this definition is too narrow. In Communication: The Social Matrix of Psychiatry, Jurgen Ruesch and Gregory Bateson argue that intrapersonal communication is indeed a special case of interpersonal communication, as "dialogue is the foundation for all discourse." Intrapersonal communication can encompass:

Day-dreaming Nocturnal dreaming, including and especially lucid dreaming Speaking aloud (talking to oneself), reading aloud, repeating what one hears; the additional activities of speaking and hearing (in the third case of hearing again) what one thinks, reads or hears may increase concentration and retention. This is considered normal, and the extent to which it occurs varies from person to person. The time when there should be concern is when talking to oneself occurs outside of socially acceptable situations.[1]

Writing (by hand, or with a wordprocessor, etc.) one's thoughts or observations: the additional activities, on top of thinking, of writing and reading back may again increase self-understanding ("How do I know what I mean until I see what I say?") and concentration. It aids ordering one's thoughts; in addition it produces a record that can be used later again. Copying text to aid memorizing also falls in this category.

Making gestures while thinking: the additional activity, on top of thinking, of body motions, may again increase concentration, assist in problem solving, and assist memory.

Sense-making (see Karl Weick) e.g. interpreting maps, texts, signs, and symbols Interpreting non-verbal communication (see Albert Mehrabian) e.g. gestures, eye contact Communication between body parts; e.g. "My stomach is telling me it's time for lunch."

2.)INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATIONInterpersonal communication is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most definitions involve participants who are interdependent on one another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication. Direct channels are those that are obvious and can be easily recognized by the receiver. They are also under direct control of the sender. In this category are the verbal and nonverbal channels of communication. Verbal communication channels are those that use words in some manner, such as written communication or spoken communication. Nonverbalcommunication channels are those that do not require silly words, such as certain overt facial expressions, controllable body movements (such as that made by a traffic police to control traffic at an intersection), color (red for danger, green means go etc), sound (sirens, alarms etc.). Indirect channels are those channels that are usually recognized subliminally or subconsciously by the receiver, and not under direct control of the sender. This includes kinesics or body language, that reflects the inner emotions and motivations rather than the actual delivered message. It also includes such vague terms as "gut feeling", "hunches" or "premonitions". Channels means mode of communicating the messages. Participants is the communicators who are both senders and receivers. Context refers to the interrelated condition of communication. It consists of such factors

as: physical Milieu

Balance of interpersonal communication

The Johari window model focuses on the balance of interpersonal communication. Interpersonal communication encompasses:

Speech communication Nonverbal communication Unconscious communication summarizing paraphrasing listening questioning Initiating: Declaring one's conversational intent and inviting consent from one's prospective conversation partner Turn-taking: Managing the flow of information back and forth between partners in a conversation by alternating roles of speaker and listener

Having good interpersonal communication skills support such processes as:

parenting intimate relationship management selling counseling coaching mentoring and co-mentoring, which is mentoring in groups conflict management

Interpersonal communication is the subject of a number of disciplines in the field of psychology, notably Transactional analysis. 3.) GROUP COMMUNICATION- refers to the nature of communication that occurs in groups that are between 3 and 12 individuals. Small group communication generally takes place in a context that mixes interpersonal communication interactions with social clustering. 4.) PUBLIC COMMUNICATION- It's at the heart of our economy, society, and politics. Studios use it to promote their films. Politicians use it to get elected. Businesses use it to

burnish their image. Advocates use it to promote social causes. It's a field built on ideas and images, persuasion and information, strategy and tactics. No policy or product can succeed without a smart message targeted to the right audience in creative and innovative ways.