DEFINING CORRUPTION: Corruption is not identifiable as a single, separate, independent entity, which can be isolated and destroyed.

Corruption is a complex set of process involving human Behavior and many other variables, some of which are difficult to recognize or measure. (Almas, 2000:5) Even through corruption manifests itself as a force on its own and often Generates its own momentum, it is linked to many other factors, and it is by Understanding these factors that we can hope to understand corruption. The term "corruption" is used as a shorthand reference for a large range of illicit or illegal activities. Although there is no universal or comprehensive definition as to what constitutes corrupt behavior, the most prominent definitions share a common emphasis upon the abuse of public power or position for personal advantage (ADB, 1998). Corruption is in its simplest term, the abuse of power, most often for personal gain or for the benefit of a group to which one owes allegiance. It can be motivated by greed, by the desire to retain or increase ones power, or perversely enough, by the belief in a supposed greater good. United nation's Dictionary of social science define as corruption in public life is the use of public power for private profit, preferment of prestige or for the benefit of group or class, in a way that constitutes a breach of law of standards of high moral conduct" (1978:43-). Corruption is a complex issue, grounded in a country's social and cultural history, its political and economic development, and its bureaucratic traditions and policies. To generalize, corruption tends to flourish, when institutions are weak and economic policies distort market place (World Bank: 1997). Klitgaard (1996) has developed a simple model to explain the dynamics of corruption, which is as follows: C =M+D-A-S Where, C=Corruption M= Monopoly D= Discretion A= Accountability S= Public sector salaries In other words, the extent of corruption depends on the amount of monopoly power and discretionary power that official's exercise and the degree to which they are held accountable for their actions. Form above on the discussions of corruption may be defined broadly to include misuse of public funds and evasion of public laws that result in unfair private gains, lower rates of economic growth and greater inequality of income and lower levels of material and spiritual welfare in a country infested with such corruption. As a result of this variety in patterns of corruption, there are problems in evaluating the current diversity of corruption and anti-corruption efforts; many advocate a single universal strategy to fight corruption. I want to discuss in this article in briefly some combating corruption strategies in Bangladesh. Corruption And Bangladesh 36 years after independence, it is unfortunate that Bangladesh is still known in the world as a country of corruption. It is also unfortunate that prior to 2007 Corruption is among the most formidable challenges against development, democracy and rule of law. By international comparison Bangladesh has been ranked amongst the countries where corruption is perceived to highest in the world according to the Corruption Perception Index released every year by the Berlin-based Transparency International. Scoring 2.0 in a scale of 0-101 Bangladesh was ranked on top of the list for five successive years from 1

2001 to 2005, while it became third in 2006 and seventh in 2007. Research and surveys conducted by Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB) have also demonstrated the depth and breadth of corruption affecting the polity , economy and society over the years. Causes behind the corruption in Bangladesh: The causes of corruption are always contextual, rooted in a country's policies, bureaucratic, traditions, political development and social history. It is a phenomenon that takes place due to the presence of a number of factors. Competitive of international market provides multinational Companies of various sizes with an incentive to after bribes to gain an advantage over Competitors. Three areas of government activitycustoms administration, business, regulation and management of foreign aid act as source of corruption at the level of individual institutions. Corruption also results from the presence of a number of factors. There include rapid economic and social change, Strong kinship and ethnic ties, new institutions, overlapping and Some times conflicting views about what is public behavior, governmental monopoly over economic activities, political softness, widespread poverty and socio-economic inequalities, ignorance, Lack of Knowledge about individual entitlements, communal bonds, ambivalence towards legitimacy of governmental organizations, asymmetric relationship favoring those in control of state power, economic shortages in which public officials assume extraordinary control over scarce good and service, greed, patronage and systematic mal-administration. Corruption in Business: According to the World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report 2007-2008, the major constraint on foreign businesses operating in Bangladesh is first and foremost corruption, followed by poor infrastructure, inefficient government bureaucracy, policy instability and inadequate access to financing. Corruption is present in most interactions with public authorities. According to the World Bank & IFC Enterprise Surveys 2007, 85% of the companies surveyed expect to pay unofficial payments to 'get things done', while 55% identify corruption as a major constraint to doing business. Small and medium-sized companies suffer most from corruption, as they devote proportionately more resources and time than do larger companies to paying bribes and dealing with regulations. When bribes are measured as a share of costs by company size, the level of unofficial payments by the smallest companies (below 50 employees) is nearly five times the level paid by large companies (with over 159 employees). Private sector corruption is also widespread. While laws on disclosure of assets and conflict of interest exist, they are rarely enforced. Significant parts of the state budget (including state-owned enterprises) remain outside legislative control. Trade and business associations are often led by former government employees or politically active persons, leading to patron-client relations between government and business. According to a Transparency International Bangladesh Household Survey 2005, the private sector is one of the most corrupt in the country. While private-public sector corruption is illegal, business-to-business corruption is not. Audits cannot always be trusted, as auditors rarely conform to international standards and are known to produce reports according to the wishes of the client. In order to better manage legal and financial corruption risks, companies are strongly recommended to develop, implement and strengthen integrity systems and to conduct extensive due diligence when planning to do or are already doing business in Bangladesh.

 Forms of corruption in Bangladesh: As earlier mentioned, the survey considered corruption in six common forms bribery, negligence of duties, nepotism, embezzlement, deception and extortion. The following Figure presents an overview of different forms of corruption experienced by the surveyed households. Bribery and negligence of duties were the two most frequent forms of corruption experienced by the surveyed households, the two together claiming 76.9% of the total. Bribery was reportedly the single most frequent form of corruption with 38.6% of the surveyed households having such experience, followed by negligence of duties experienced by 38.3%, embezzlement by nearly 10%, nepotism by 8% and deception and extortion by 3.5 and 1.7 percent respectively.

Manifestations of different forms of corruption vary among sectors. Bribery as a foremost form of corruption prevails almost in all sectors in varying proportions. Among different forms of corruption, the distribution of bribery was found most prevalent in land administration (89.1%) followed by judiciary (78.4%), law enforcement (56.1%) and tax (53.0%). Incidence of corruption in different sectors: 3

Considering all sectors 66.7% households experienced corruption during interactions with different service providers, with minimal urban-rural differentiation, although proportion of rural households who experienced corruption was slightly higher than their counterparts in urban areas 43.8% compared to 40.2% respectively. Vulnerability to corruption has been found to vary insignificantly depending on the sex of the household head. The survey showed that 32.6% of female headed household were victims of corruption whereas 35.2% of male headed households had the same experience. Such location and gender-neutrality of the finding suggests indiscriminately deep and wide prevalence of corruption. In terms of specific sectors a staggering 96.6% of households who interacted with law enforcing agencies experienced corruption, followed by land administration (52.7%) and judiciary (47.7%) as the next most corrupt sectors. Nearly two-fifths of those households who had interactions in education and health services exp erienced corruption. In electricity, around one-third of the households experienced corruption. Bribery Overall, 42.1% of households paid bribe during their interactions for receiving different services. Vulnerability to bribery has been found to be marginally higher in rural areas (43.8%) than in urban areas (40.2%). Payment of bribes was most prevalent in law enforcing agencies with as many as 64.5% households forced to pay bribe during interaction with or receiving services from law enforcing agencies, followed by land administration (51.1%), judiciary (41.7%) and local government (32.5%). According to this study, an average Bangladeshi household paid Tk. 4,134 in a year for receiving services from different sectors. The corresponding figures for urban and rural areas are Tk. 5,174 and Tk. 3,337 respectively. The per capita bribery rate of bribes paid by an individual is estimated to be Tk. 861 per annum. Using the surveyed data it has been estimated that the total annual amount of bribe paid by the entire population in all sectors of service delivery in the surveyed period was Tk. 54.43 billion (5,443 crores). Bribery is estimated to have claimed 3.84 percent of per capita income of an average Bangladeshi citizen. The incidence of bribery and average bribe amount are found highest in land administration, claiming Tk. 16,063 billion (1,606 crores). The second and third largest collectors of bribe are law enforcement (Tk. 8.790 billion or 879 crore) and judiciary (Tk. 6.710 billion or 671 crore) respectively. The lowest amount of bribe has been claimed by the NGO sector (Tk. 204 million).

Table: Sector-wise corruption and bribery experienced by households during interaction: Sector Corruption Experienced (%) 96.6 53.4 52.7 47.7 44.7 39.2 33.2 28.7 13.5 6.4 31.3 Bride Paid (%) Average amount of bride(in taka) 64.5 32.5 51.1 41.7 16.3 8.8 14.3 15.7 6.5 5.1 16.6 3940 883 4409 4825 524 1296 1993 7795 421 2293 7578 Nationally estimated Bride paid (in core taka) 879 187 1606 671 108 117 474 525 20 149 708

Law Enforcement Agencies Local government Land Administration Judiciary Health Education Electricity Banking NGO TAX Others

Period-wise comparison of prevalence of bribery: The survey attempted to bring out a comparative picture of prevalence of bribery during July-December 2006 and January-June 2007. As the table below shows, the results are mixed. In some sectors corruption in the form of bribery has increased, while it has Table: Incidence of bribery by time periods: Sector Jul-Dec06 Jan-Jun07 In both periods Education Health Land Administration Local Government NGO Law Enforcement Judiciary Electricity 12.5 32.0 39.4 38.2 13.9 49.7 31.9 41.0 44.5 36.9 45.1 47.9 35.7 37.3 28.8 38.7 5 43.0 31.1 15.6 13.9 35.7 13.0 39.3 20.4

Banking Tax Others Overall

55.4 44.9 35.5 37.5

22.7 34.9 44.5 39.3

21.9 20.4 20.0 23.1

Sector specific overview of corruption: Harassment and bribery According to the survey, two out of five service recipients faced harassment while visiting government health facilities. 33.4% of the service recipient paid on average Tk. 461 as bribe or speed money. Almost all categories of professionals and workers engaged in the health centers are involved in bribery, doctors and nurses being the major bribe takers. Among other bribe takers are the employees, ward boys and brokers. About 13.6% of surveyed households reported that doctors in Government hospitals had taken money for writing prescription during the consultations. In doing so, the doctors collected on average Tk. 95 per consultation. Private business by public health professionals 22.7% service recipient from government health facilities reported that they had been advised to visit private chamber/clinic of the doctor. This phenomenon is relatively higher in urban areas, presumably for the existence of more private facilities, then rural areas.

Pathological tests 39.5% households were asked to do pathological tests when they consulted with doctors. Among them, 55.8% household members could have the tests from government hospitals while 44.2% had to take the tests from privately-owned hospitals and clinics, nearly all of them compelled to go to specific pathological centre or clinic of the service providers choice. 24.6% of service recipients had to make unauthorized payments in addition to official rates. The average additional amount paid for pathological tests was Tk. 260 in government hospitals/facilities. Land Administration Interaction with land administration and incidence of bribery 25.20% of the surveyed households interacted with a land office or received services from various outfits within and administration. Among those, 53.03% experienced bribery. On average, each of them paid Tk. 4,409. The rate of bribe was reportedly highest for allotment of Pure land, i.e., Tk.5, 680 to receive allotment of Pure land, followed by land registration and mutation Tk. 4,237 and Tk. 6

3,303 respectively. The highest proportion of households (70.0%) experienced bribery for obtaining documents, followed by Pure land allotment (65.6%), land survey (64.7%) mutation (63.4 %) and payment of land tax (26.0%). Tahsilders involvement was leading for services like tax payment (77.6%), mutation (56.4%) and withdrawal of documents (36.3%). Deed writers were found in highest proportion in dealing of bribery for services like land registration (48.7%) and selling and purchase of land (80.0%). Involvement of Sub-Registrars was found highest in land registration. In cases of mutation, Assistant Commissioners involvement in bribery was found in highest proportion. Law Enforcement Agencies Among the surveyed households, 10.7% interacted with law enforcing agencies. Harassment/corruption by law enforcement agencies: The survey revealed that 96.6% among the surveyed households experienced harassment and corruption during interacting with or receiving services from law enforcing agencies. Among them, the overwhelming majority of households (93.4%) had the experience of being victims of corruption. Among the victims, 62% are male and 38% female. The households reported bribery (41.5%) as the most prevalent form of corruption indulged by the law enforcement agencies. The other forms of corruption committed by law enforcing agencies include misbehavior (21.5%), threat for torture (10.7%), arrest without warrant or case (8.0%), filing of false FIR/charge sheet (6.7%) and negligence in filing cases (4.3%). Most of these harassments and irregularities were committed by the police. The joint force personnel mostly involved in misbehavior and threat of torture. Extent of bribery: The survey found that 64.5% households who interacted with law enforcement agencies were forced to pay bribe. Judiciary Incidence of bribery The survey shows that 41.7% of the households who interacted with the judiciary had to pay bribe for receiving services. This proportion is higher in rural areas (48.3%) than in urban areas (37.3%). The amount of was Tk. 4,825 on an average. Average amount of bribe paid was found higher in urban households (Tk. 6,104) than in rural households (Tk 3,966). Bribery is most prevalent in judge courts with 47.6% of interacting households having to pay bribes, followed by magistrate courts in which case the ratio was 45.2%. Actors involved in bribery 36.9% of households reportedly paid bribe to court officials, followed by middlemen (31.1%), own lawyers (10.7%), public prosecutors (10.7%), opposition lawyer (2.1%) and judges (1.2%). In most of the cases (64.3%), the households reportedly paid bribe directly unless lawyers (22.3%), court officials (5.8%) and middleman (7.6%) functioned as intermediaries. Electricity Bribery According to the survey findings, 52.7% households experienced corruption and harassments during receiving services from different electricity entities. Although the services of DESCO are supposed to be more customer friendly, the incidence of 7

harassment and corruption is paradoxically found the highest (73.9%) in it. DESA ranks second in terms of the proportion of households experiencing harassments and corruption. Of those households who experienced harassments and corruption in electricity sector, the highest proportion of them (41.8%) experienced the incidence of bribery. Among other forms of harassment encountered were unnecessary wastage of time (27.8%) and inflated bill (9.8%). Bribery was most prevalent in PDB as 44.0% of its consumers experienced it during receiving services. The bribery situation is almost similar in REB. The households who paid bribe for receiving services from different entities on average paid Tk. 1,993. The amount of bribe paid by households varies across entities ranging from Tk. 906 (DESCO) to Tk. 2,552 (DESA). As the REB has the highest number of subscribers among all entities (56.5%), the amount of bribe accruing to REB staff would be the highest. Local Government Harassment and bribery in Local Government: Harassment was reported to be the most prevalent (57%) form of irregularities experienced by households in interactions with local government bodies, followed by bribery (41.8%). However, bribery was found more prevalent in urban areas than in rural areas for the services of local government. More that 60% of those who had to pay bribes did so for collection of birth/death/citizenship certificates. For other services like obtaining trade license, collecting fertilizer and old-age allowance nearly one in ten households had to pay bribe. Average amount of bribe paid was the highest for obtaining clearance for a house building plan (Tk. 5005) followed by installation of tube well (Tk. 3120), VGF/FGD card (Tk. 840), collection of fertilizers (Tk. 828) and obtaining trade license (493). Even the senior citizens had to pay Tk. 310 on an average to avail boyoshko bhata (old-age allowance). Relief Among the households who registered for relief, about 8% had to pay bribe for enlistment. On the other hand, 17% got enlisted through the patronage of the Chairman/Member. The households who had to be registered through bribery paid on average Tk. 399. It was also reported that among the recipient households, 42% got less than allocated amount of relief goods. Taxation Income tax Among the income-tax payers, 20.7% paid bribe in the process of tax payment, with the average amount of bribe estimated at Tk. 5,282. Incidence of bribery and amount of bribe was higher for urban households. Most of the households (62.5%) reported that they resorted to paying bribe in order to avoid harassment. Holding tax Overall, 14% of the surveyed households paid holding tax during the reference year, the proportion being higher in urban areas (31%). While paying the holding tax, abut 3% of the households paid bribe. The average amount of bribe annually paid by the households was Tk. 619, which is over 79% of the gross amount of tax. 8

The single most important reason mentioned by holding tax payers for paying bribe was to reduce tax amount (41%). Over 18% households mentioned that paying bribe seemed to be mandatory. UP tax: The study shows that 38% percent rural households paid Union Parishad (UP) tax. The average annual amount paid as tax was Tk. 151 whereas additional amount paid as bribe averaged at Tk. 56, which is 37% of the amount of tax. The surveyed households reported that they paid bribe in order to pay lower amount of tax, to avoid harassment, or it was imposed as mandatory. Banking Bribery in credit service Among the loan recipients, 32% had to pay bribe to get a loan. Bribery is much higher in government banks (36%) than private banks (7%). Rural borrowers had to pay bribe in higher proportions (34%) than their urban counterparts (26%). On an average, borrowers paid Tk. 5,071 as bribe while receiving loan, which was 7.6 percent of the loan amount. Among the bribe payers, 43% reported that they paid bribe to the concerned officers of the bank, 18.1% paid bribe to branch managers, while 19.9% paid to other employees of the bank. Another 18.7 percent of the bribe payers paid bribe through brokers. Clients of government banks and rural areas had to go through middle man in greater proportions than others. Other banking services Respondents of the survey reported that they had to go to the bank to receive different services like L/C opening, regular transactions like withdrawal and deposit, bill payment, pay order, money order, and trade license, etc. While receiving these services, 22.4 percent mentioned that they were harassed. Wastage of time was the foremost type of harassment as reported by 62.1 percent of the respondents. Respondents paid Tk. 620 as bribe on an average while receiving such services. Incidence and amount of bribe is much higher in rural areas. NGO sector Services provided by NGOs 39.4% of the surveyed households took services from non-government organizations (NGOs). As high as 90% of them received micro credit from NGOs. Only 10.5% households reported to receive other services like health, education, relief, training, etc. Bribery in micro credit Among micro credit receivers from NGOs, 7.5% respondents reported to have paid bribe for the service, at an average rate of Tk. 299 per transaction.

Political corruption in business: Effective sanctions on politicians can be enhanced most effectively through a meaningful 9

degree of political competition in the electoral process. Such competition increases the likelihood that alternative candidates and parties will seek to expose corruption in government of hold politicians accountable for the poor performance associated with high levels of corruption. Historically, anti-corruption and accountability measures were a by-product of these political struggles. Excessive political competition can become a destabilizing factor if it undermines the legitimacy of existing state institutions. Excessive political competition can undermine state can undermine state capacity and thus create conditions especially conducive to administrative corruption. Our politicians are not satisfied with their wealth. So, they earn large amount of money by many illegal way .political competition have great affect on our business. When political party is changed, our business environment is changed. Some time our politicians can use their illegal power in business. Some Illegal business can active with the power of political party.

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How corruption effects the economy The internal social forces and the donor groups had been identifying corruption as the number one enemy of development throughout the decade prior to the period when Bangladesh became champion in corruption for five consecutive years ( 2001-2005) as per Transparency Internationals corruption perception index(CPI). Effects of corruption in the economy are given bellow: The government responds to the development obstacles by increasing government spending on recovery programs. Minimal tax revenues, however, cannot completely fund these projects, which typically fail due to poor management, and the government runs a deficit. Tax evasion and corruption of government officials reduce tax revenues, and government projects fail as bureaucrats become wealthy. The reduction of funds increases the government debt. A banking system plagued by default, and bribery and theft in utilities such as power, ports and telecommunications, human development services are also subject to poor governance. To illustrate the corruption function, this is an equation for fiscal deficit (D = G -Yt) with government corruption: D = G -[Yt-Cr]. Corruption (Cr) reduces tax revenues (Yt), and the subtotal is the amount of useful funds. The deficit (D) is the amount of funds subtracted from government spending (G). This equation is a mathematical demonstration of how corruption effects the economy. The effects of corruption on aggregate expenditures are observable from the equation, as is the relation between Bangladesh's rate of growth and its capacity if corruption did not exist. To continue, government deficit crowds-out investment spending because it utilizes most of the available credit. Investment spending is a very weak variable of Bangladesh's economy. If businesses cannot obtain credit in order to expand, then investment spending remains low, as do wages and employment. Bangladesh's rate of unemployment in 1996 was 35.2%. This high rate reduces wages because of the principle of supply and demand in the labour market. Then, the cost-push theory of inflation dictates that companies maintain low prices on merchandise because they do not need to finance high wages. The Bank of Bangladesh takes advantage of this lowinflation opportunity to lower the discount rate, which increases the money supply and the amount of credit available to businesses for investment spending. According to the monetary theory of inflation, increasing the money supply also increases the rate of inflation. These two contradictory inflation trends in Bangladesh created a 5.8% rate of inflation based on 2000 consumer prices. This inflation rate might be lower and more stable if the BOB did not need to accommodate profuse government spending. Another method to encourage investment spending is to attract foreign investment and trade. The Bank of Bangladesh occasionally devalued the Taka, maintaining an exchange rate that is semi-flexible in relation to the exchange and inflation rates of Bangladesh's trading partners. As of April 2005, the exchange rate was 63DT to the USD. Devaluation improves the balance of trade by encouraging other countries to purchase Bangladeshi exports. Bangladesh also attempts to reduce foreign competition and to generate more revenue for its generous government spending through high tariffs. Almost 60% of its revenue derives from import taxes, tariffs, and duties. However, Bangladesh is obligated to follow guidelines of the WTO regarding its trading policies, and therefore is currently in the process of reducing these tariffs. Foreign investment spending, however, has not improved adequately. The crowding-out effect, 11

for one reason, occasionally prevents investment until the next increase in the money supply. Corruption especially deters foreign investors, who are concerned about profit margins and rapid development. In essence, Bangladesh must stop corruption in order for there to be a significant increase in foreign investment. what to do to prevent corruption: Combating corruption is not easy task. Still no one denies the need to check corruption effectively. It may not be possible to eradicate corruption completely but then vigorous and determined actions will go a long way to minimize it. It also requires courage and long-term commitment by a variety of anti-corruption actors. Political Leaders, champions amongst public servants, civil society, media, academics, the private sector and international organizations all play important roles in addressing corruption (World Bank group-2001). To reduce the corrosive impact of corruption in a sustainable way, it is important to go beyond the symptoms to tackle the causes of corruption. Since 1996, the World Bank has supported more than 600 anti-corruption programs and governance initiatives developed by its member countries. We believe that an effective anti-corruption strategy builds on five key elements: 1. Increasing Political Accountability 2. Strengthening Civil Society Participation 3. Creating a Competitive Private Sector 4. Institutional Restraints on Power 5. Improving Public Sector Management Therefore, it is time for us to half and prevents corruption. Anti-corruption Commission has already been formed to prevent corruption. Fundamental Plans of actions are to be taken by ACC: The main objective of ACC is to run noncom promising operations to resist, eradicate and cure corruption. The ACC is stepping forward with the following responsibilities and rules of its business in order to achieve the above mentioned objectives. To put firm and relentless efforts in performing functions related to corruption cases, inquiry and investigations and other legal process so that corrupt people do not get any kind of shelter. To identify corruption prone fields and then to run educational and awareness building programmes , side by side running the actions of effective inquiry and legal remedies of corruption in these fields. The existing indecent practices of bribes in theoffices will be abolished and there shall not be any illegal scope/chance of getting relief from the hands of law committing offences or malpractices The commission believes that it will be possible to curb disastrous corruption through these remedial and preventive measures conducted in an effective and coordinated manner. 12

 The Commission is giving equal importance to the three matters vis prevention, eradication and remedies of corruption. The commission recognizes that it is impossible to prevent corruption without eradicating it as its true in the other way round and all the matters are interrelated and complement to each other. Besides, it is necessary to upgrade the morality and human values of the people. Media can also take a strong stand against corruption. We have to use trade licensees. In addition, good governance, increase of job facilities and strict enforcement of legal rules can ensure prevention of corruption.

CONCLUDING REMARKS Corruption is a complex multi-faceted social phenomenon with innumerable manifestations. It takes place as an outcome of deficiencies in the existing public administration apparatuses and systems as well as cultural, economic, political and social factors. Differences of opinion still exist as to the meaning of the term corruption. This is primarily because individuals look at corruption from their own vantage points influenced by surrounding environment. But what is heartening is that in recent years corruption is viewed from a much broader perspective rather than looking at it from moral and functional angles only. The causes of corruption in business are as varied as the phenomenon itself. Corruption in business results from the presence of a number of factors. There are many forms of corruption in business. To understand the dynamics of so many types of corruption attempts have been made to classify different forms of corruption into broad categories. What transpires from such a categorization is that outsiders can sponsor corruption resultant of political scandal, institutionalized and administrative malfeasance. The government needs a well-coordinated, well-understood overall strategy that limits opportunities for abuse of public office, increases the likelihood that individuals will be able to profit from corrupt acts, whether they are giving and receiving bribes. Moreover, the civil societies of the country should come forward to establish the right of the people and to ensure the rule of law in business in Bangladesh. The professionals, the intellectuals through meetings and sittings, attending and participating the seminars and symposium and writing and contributing to the media can raise a general awareness to build up a corruption-free Business in future.

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REFERENCE COMBATING CORRUPTION IN BANGLADESH: SOME STRATEGIES Md. Awal Hossain Mollah Lecturer, Dept. of Public Administration, University of Rajshahi. , Bangladesh E-mail: awalhossain76@yahoo.com & Md. Nizam Uddin M.phil Fellow Dept. of Public Administration, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. E-mail: mizanp2002@yahoo.co.in Corruption in Bangladesh: An Analytical and Sociological Study Prepared for Transparency International - Bangladesh Chapter By: Almas Zakiuddin Research Associate: Wahidul Haque TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL BANGLADESH Corruption in Bangladesh: A Household Survey Released on 20th April, 2005 World Bank (2008), Corruption in Bangladesh: Cost and curses. Transparency International commissioned Prof. Dr J. Graf the University of Passau to produce the Lambsdorff of CPI table. For information on data and methodology, please consult the requently asked questions and the CPI methodology: www.transparency.or g/surveys/#cpi or www.icgg.or Transparency International 2008 Corruption Perceptions Index National Household Survey 2008 on Corruption in Bangladesh: www.ti-bangladesh.org Report of the Public Administration Reform Commission (2008) Establishment of Effective Organization to curb corruption at all level's of Public Administration" public Administration for 21st Century. Volume-2. Report. Public Administration Reform Commission (2008) Combating corruption Public Administration for 21st Century. Volume-1 14

Anti Corruption Commission: ANNUAL REPORT 2007-2008

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