Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Guide lines collections by Prof. A.J.Sanyal,B-Arch;M.T.P;AIIA;AITP. (Source: JANATHEN ANDERSON, BERRY H. DURSTON & MILLICENT POOLE, PUBLISHER WILEY EASTERN
LIMITED, NEW DELHI, BANGLORE, BOMBAY & CALCUTTA .FIRST INDIAN EDITION, 1970)
Continuous assessment of student work is more important than do-or die type of annual examination. Students should be encouraged to submit essays, assignments, tutorials papers, reports, dissertation, thesis, etc as evidence of independent study & thinking. Technical writing can be classified as under : Short notes Essays Assignments Tutorial paper Dissertations or thesis
These terms are used synonymously but for architectural students it can be termed as !! Project work!! It is much larger than term paper, essay or tutorials. It is substantial piece of original work. It is true that most of the topic may be given out of the alternatives submitted by students, sometimes entirely new topic may be given if there is repetition of same topic. Generally it is the original work of the students starting from the selection of topic /project, collection & analysis of data, site selection, formulation of design data, suggesting workable proposals etc, off course under guidance of teacher. Outside examinees are usually engaged to assess the project work, once accepted, the bound thesis/project work is placed in library of the institution (for future references). Thesis/project work abstract may be published & others may borrow/refer & virtually becomes public property. The reputation of student, the faculty, institution & university awarding degree are at the stake of & standard set for such work in much higher as compared to essay, assignments , term paper etc.
A thesis project work should not consist of reporting a personal experience or opinion but should be a critical analysis of a problem & it should be arrived at by using atone of scientific impersonality. The thesis/project writer should aim at a high level of readability 7 hence sentences should not be too involved or complex. Writing should not be crammed with jargon. Being scholarly is not being verbose, ambiguous, pediatric or pompous. Sweeping statements & exaggerated claims should be avoided. Statements shall be suitably qualified. Sound reasoning & intellectual honesty are hallmarks of scholarly style. Quotations must be accurately cited & suitably acknowledged. The contribution of other writers must be duly recognized. The extent & nature of the thesis writers contribution is then more readily apparent. Since a thesis recounts what has already been done, it should be written in the past tense .while this does not altogether preclude the use of the present or future tense, the thesis writer should have a god reason for using these tenses. Accurate spelling, g rammer & punctuation are essential for scholarly writing. A good dictionary & the sources are essential for the same.
CHAPTER 2: PLANNING THE ASSIGNMENT DEFINING THE PROBLEM - Some commonly used terms are . . . .
1. Analyze - Consider the various components of the hole and try to describe the interrelationship between them. 2. Compare - Examine the characteristics of the object in questions with a view to demonstrating their similarities and their difference. 3. Contrast - Examine the characteristics of the object in the question for the purpose of demonstrating differences. 4. Define - Give a definition or state terms of reference. 5. Describe - Give account of. 6. Discuss - present the different aspects of a question or problem. 7. Enumerate - give listing. 8. Evaluate - Examine the various sides of a question and try to reach a judgment. 9. Examine critically act as a judge or critic, appraise. 10. Illustrate - Give an example, explain and draw figures. 11. Prove - Demonstrate or show by logical argument.
12. Summaries - Examine the main points briefly. A good technical dictionary of particular subject will not only clarify ones thinking but also it provides a good start to an assignment: one mark of scholarly writing is to define ones terms.
LIMITING THE PROBLEM:A common mistake is to be ambitious and attempt topics far too broad First reaction in how one is possibly going to write the required number of words per pages. However, once you start reading around the topic, you find the reverse problem there is too much to write. Hence rich dividend is paid if you spend few hours per day right at the start in limiting the problem. The problem is not limited by: a) Omitting important information b) Leaving out essential details. c) Presenting only the part of the evidence.
Rather a problem can be limited by reducing the scope of the investigation. Ex. [AJS.] 1. General hospital. 2. Teaching hospital. 3. Specialized hospital etc. First topic is sufficient scope for a book. Even second is too far to do justice as project work. Third topic is beginning to rich manageable proportion. But still you have limited it due to the fact that any building involves interdisciplinary services or consultant like: a) Structural Engineer or consultant. b) Electrical, mechanical, AC consultant etc. c) Acoustical and illumination consultant. d) Landscape architect. A clear statement of the limits of the study or investigation in another mark of scholarly writing.
A time schedule: many assignments/ presentations look as though they were written in haste of the night before. Time management is very important and suggested allocation of time given below may be guideline: a) Defining and limiting problem, consulting source materials and information 60% b) First draft 20%
c) Revising, foot noting, referencing, writing of final draft, proof reading etc.
20%
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808, 02 and 224. 224 Jonathan Anderson, Berry H. Durston, Mullicent Poole Thesis & assignment writing First Edition 1970 M.B. Patel college of Engineering, Gondia Writing at the tertiary level, Planning the assignment, Planning the Thesis, general format, page & chapter format, use of quotation, footnote etc.
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Contents
It is generally useful to write each reference of the working bibliography on 8 x 125 cms cards because there are easy to short alphabetically and to store. It is called working bibliography because: a) New cards can be added, as one progresses in ones reading. b) Any additions corrections to the cards are noted. A typical card is shown above. The use of a card bibliography saves time: i) If the book/journal is to be relocated. ii) New reference can be added to the sequences easily. iii) At typing stage the bibliography can be typed directly from the information recorded on the card.
TAKING NOTES
Again it is useful to make all note on cards say little larger than bibliographic card 100 X 150 or 125x200. Some tips/suggestion for taking notes: 1) Use a separate card for each idea, fact or concept: This enables card to be stored into categories and attached to the draft out line. In subsequent redrafts, much writing time is saved. 2) Put a heading at the top of each card: such heading usually consist of key words or phrases to help identify the note without having to read it through.
3) Record sufficient information to identify each note: Since a working bibliography has previously been prepared. The name of the author and date are sufficient to identify the publication. To locate the note within a publication, the page no. is also required.
4) Indicate whether you are paraphrasing or quoting verbation: You will save yourself a lot
of time if you check the accuracy of quote as you take notes. Words omitted at the beginning or middle of a sentence is indicated by ellipsis marks (. . .), words omitted at the end of a sentence, by ellipsis mark and a period (. . . ). If any works are added to the quote to make it intelligible out of the original context, the additional words are enclosed in square bracket [ ]. The following card notes illustrate some of the points made above. If there is too much information for one card, it may be continued on 2nd or 3rd cards leveled a, b, c . . . etc. You can of course combine paraphrasing or summaries within verbation quote but always use quotation mark for direct quotes. It is so easy at a later date to forget whether or not the words are your own & thus be guilty of plagiarism. Remember, too, an authors idea, even if stated in your words, should be acknowledge. The correct use of quotation and accurate referencing are further marks of scholarly writing.
CLARK 1969 Pp 6-T Activity: The name given to a task or job represented in the critical path method by an arrow. Duration: The time given to a task to complete; units may be in minutes, day, shift etc. Events: The name given to the start and finish of an activity; each event is numbered consecutively and represented by a circle.
Paraphrase of definition.
Computer translation
CLARK 1969
pp 107-108 . . . . . . Grammatical analysis *the fifth stage+ is the most completed part of the translation process. The rules of syntax and grammar for the input language are used to analyze the sentence word by word. All the exception, rules and special expressions or phrases have to be taken into account and relationship of any one word to other words in the sentence examined. Using this information some decisions on the double meaning of input word may be made, but a meaning of all there meanings in different context has to be kept
Words omitted at the beginning of the sentence. There words inserted in quote indicated by [ ]
Quoted Verbation.
THE OUTLINE
Suggested outline: 1. Introduction: a) Clear statement of the problem. b) Define your terms and indicate the limit. c) Set problem within meaningful background. d) Keep this section crisp and informative. 2. Body: a) Logical development of an argument or a particular problem/point of view.
b) Progressive solution to the problem stated in the introduction. c) The headings used in your card notes may prove suitable on pts to be developed into one or more paragraphs. d) Endeavour to keep this section moving do not get lost in irrelevant details of padding. 3. Conclusion : a) Findings of the study, the solution or the approach to the solution to the problem initially stated. b) Your study may of course throw up further problems for investigation/study. c) Conclusion should not be a regurgitation of material already covered.
SELECTION A TOPIC
Most difficult task. A thorough knowledge of a particular subject area is needed. The more on knows about a particular field, the more able one is to detect gaps in it and to recognize problem areas that require investigation [and solution]. Does it [your project] make a contribution to knowledge [solution] in this field? In own word: was there a problem to be investigated and did the thesis [Project] attempt to solve this problem?
REVIEWING LITERATURE
Continues throughout the duration of thesis. [Project] Starts with suitable topic. Aim in to contribution to knowledge, a careful check should be made that the proposed study has not previously been carried out. Same topic [project] can be taken provided you are convinced that the solution is faulty or it can be improved further. A good test is whether the problem shell requires solution. Once topic is selected, review all the relevant material which has bearing on the topic. Sources of information can be: a) Primary source Experiment, investigation, sample surveys etc. b) Secondary sources Summaries of information gathered from primary source i.e. Time saver standard, Handbooks, Encyclopedia etc. c) Tertiary source Text books.
Reliability of information is generally a function of the no. of hands through which the information has passed.
ADVANTAGES OF TIMES
Great equalizer. Truly democratic.
All receive same amount of time every morning/day. No distinction between genius and the plodder (dull), parsimonious (over careful in spending) or profligate (extremely wasteful, immoral and wasteful etc.) None is withheld from waste rel (spend thrift, good for nothing.), nothing is added to the store of the provident (providing for future need or events)
The first topic you settle upon should be narrowed down there to four times.
See above steps should not be done mechanically and piecemeal fashion.
Generally consist of three parts 1. The preliminaries. 2. The text, and 3. Reference materials. 1. THE PRELIMINARIES: (a) Title page. (b) Preface, including acknowledgment (if desired or necessary). (c) Table of contents. (d) List of tables. (e) List of figures or illustration [drawings for project] 2. THE TEXT: (a) Introduction [historical sketch] Introductory chapter/chapters. (b) Main body of the report (usually divided into chapter and sections.) Datta collection through literature study, case study etc. and its analysis, site selection and analysis, formulation of design data, design strategies and solution etc. (c) Conclusion (summary chapter or chapters.) 3. THE REFERENCE MATERIALS: (a) Bibliography (b) Appendix (or appendixes)
THE PRELIMINARIES
1. TITLE PAGE: a) Written assignment: Title of the assignment. Title of the writer. Title of the course for which assignment was written. Name of the department. Name of the university/college/institution. Date on which the paper is due. b) Thesis: Title of the thesis. [project] Designation of faculty [optional] Name of the institution to which the thesis is being submitted. Degree for which the thesis [project] is presented. Name of the candidate (if desired, degree may be listed after the name.) Month and year in which the degree is to be granted (or in some cases, date of the submission of thesis [project]. Sample title page. 2. PREFACE: (FORWORD) MAY INCLUDE: Writers purpose in conducting study. Brief resume of the background, scope, purpose, general nature of the research upon the report is being based and acknowledgment.
A acknowledgment recognize the person to whom the writer is indebted for guidance and assistance during the study and credit institutions for providing funds to implement the study or for uses of personal, facilities and other resource. 3. TABLE OF CONTENTS: It includes: a) Major divisions of the thesis [project] e.g. Introduction, the chapter with their subsection, bibliography and appendix. b) Page number of each these division are given.
c) Titles of chapters and captions of subdivisions within chapters correspond exactly with those included in the body of the report. d) In some cases, subheadings within chapters are not included in the table of contents. e) Title page, acknowledgments, list of table and list of figure are optional for table of contents. f) Purpose of table of contents is to produce an analytical over view of the material included in the report together with the sequence of presentation. g) Relationship between major division and minor subdivisions need to be shown by appropriate use of capitalization and indentation or by use of numeric system. (sample page of table of contents) 4. LIST OF TABLES: After the table of contents, list of tables to be provided The heading, LIST OF TABLEs, should be centered on a separate page by itself. For each tables, number, exact caption or title of the table and page numbers should be indicated. The initial letters of key words in titles are capitalized. (Sample page list of table)
5. LIST OF FIGURES: It appears in same form as list of tables but after list of tables. Exact title of figure/illustrations/pages shall be given along with page numbers where it can be locked. (Sample page of figure/illustrations/drawings)
TEXT
Most important part of the thesis [project]. Writer should devote greater part of his energies to a careful organization and presentation of his thought. Logical, concise and coherent presentation through chapters divisions, more readily the overall purpose and strength of the study becomes evident and the greater the possibility of convincing the reader of importance or power of an arguments, of a sense of findings etc. 1. Introduction: usually contains the following: a) A lucid, complete and concise statement of the problem/project under taken. b) A justification of study.
c) A preview or historical development to assist the reader in grasping the relationship between the various parts of the project. d) A brief statement of the sources of data collection e.g. literature study, case study, personal interview etc. 2. Main body of the report: General principles/guidelines a) Organize the presentation in logical and orderly way, developing aims stated or implied in the introduction. b) Substantiate arguments/findings/views etc. c) Be accurate in documentation. 3. Conclusion: a) Serves important function of typing together the whole thesis/assignment [project]. b) In summary form, your development/solution of project should be sufficiently restated, important findings, conclusions, drawn from your project. c) In additional writer may be list out unanswered questions for further study.
It may be sub-divided as primary source, secondary source or texts & journals etc. 2. Appendix: Original data collected which forms the basis of the solution can be given in appendix/appendixes. 3. Index : It is necessary for any work of complexity & it follows the bibliography & appendix.
THE ABSTRACT
An abstract consist of the following parts: 1. A short statement of the problem. 2. A brief description of the methods and procedures used in collecting the data. 3. A condensed summary of the finding out the project. 4. The length of the abstract may be about 200 words. 5. Abstract may be bound with project report or typed on separate sheet of paper and placed inside the front cover.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Student should aim at the production of high quality piece of work. The text should be free of errors and untidy convections. Paper of standard size and Quality. (A4 size bond paper) Student should make himself fully conversant with the regulation of the institution conserving the submission of thesis/project i.e. contents of title page, no. of copies to be submitted, type of binding etc. 5. Great care should be taken in checking spelling, punctuation, tables, figures, drawing etc. before final submission. 6. Method of reproduction may be: a) Typed outdated b) Typed on stencils outdated c) Offset printing costly and outdated d) Computer printout report as well as drawing (on plotter)
10. Every page is given numbers. There are two separate series of pages numbers-(a)roman numeral(I,ii,iii,etc) are used for preliminaries (b) all other pages beginning with the page of chapter I & including bibliography, appendices, tables, figures, drawings, plates,etc are numbered with Arabic numerals, generally on right hand corner of every page. 11. Margin shall be minimum 40mm on left for binding purpose, 25mm right side & 30mm at top & bottom.
It is wiser to take appropriate possible quotation from which to choose. In final report it is essential that quotation should be judiciously selected & sparingly used. Quoting can often be equated with poorly integrated argumentation. The basic selection criterion to follow is relevance. The basic mechanical consideration is length of quotations. Finally, there are certain conventions to follow in quoting material.
WHEN TO QUOTE
1. Direct quotation would be used only when the original words of the author are expressed so concisely & convincingly that it cannot be improved on these words. The words in the quotation add force, even punch, to the paper/report. 2. Direct quotation may be used for documentation of a major argument where a footnote would not , but length of quotation shall be limited, only essential portion to be quoted. 3. Direct quotation may be used: (a) to comment upon;(b) relate; or (c) to analyze ideas expressed by another writer. 4. Direct quotations may be used when changes ,through paraphrasing ,might cause misunderstanding or misinterpretation. 5. Direct quotation should be used when citing mathematical scientific ,& other formulas. 6. In normal practice is request the authors & publishers permission to quote.*or reproduce certain portion of book/thesis].
WHAT TO QUOTE
1. The exact words of an author (i.e. same words, same punctuation, the same spelling & same capitalization etc) from an official publication. 2. If the tense of the quotation does fit the introduction to the quotation ,if a non-specific pronoun in used, & on other occasion where it may be necessary, interpolation must be enclosed in [ ] or bracket. 3. Ellipsis should be used to reduce the length of quotation but extreme care should be taken so that the tone, meaning & intention of the original extract are not altered. To indicate ellipses, three spaced full stops are used.
HOW TO QUOTE
1. Short quotation: (up to 4 lines): a) Incorporate the quotation into a sentences or paragraph frame work, without disturbing the flow of the text. b) Use double quotation mark at beginning & the end of the quotation. c) Use the same spacing as the rest of the text. d) Quotation can be acknowledged by two ways: i. Placing superscript above the final word in the quotation & ii. By using an abbreviated & more direct method of acknowledging the quotation. 2. Long quotation: (usually five or more lines): a) Use no quotation marks at the beginning & end of quotation. b) Use single line spacing. c) Introduce quotation appropriately. d) Indent the quotation three spaces from left margin 3. Ellipsis: a) To avoid long quotation that are not completely relevant, or to extract critical section from a longer extract, it is possible to omit part of a quotation at the beginning or end by using ellipsis. b) It is indicated by three full stops with space and after each full stop. () c) Meaning and tone of quotation should not change. 4. Interpolation: a) May be necessary to insert an explanation or correction into quotation, the convention requires any such editorial changes to be placed in sq. brackets and never parentheses. b) sic is used after error in quotation, comment is necessary within quotation to clarify a point and supplying an antecedent when a non-specific pronoun occurs within annotation.
5. Special Quotation: a) To quote with in quote enclose the whole quotation within double annotation marks and the internal quotation in single quotation mark. b) Quotation in footnotes also should be in double quotation mark. c) Controversial viewpoint or starting point for a detailed analysis, a page reference may be included after the name of the author and date.
CHAPTER 8: FOOTNOTES
FOOTNOTES
1. Should be used sparingly and only when the material being presented clearly need amplification or acknowledgment. 2. It should appear only body of report and not in abstract. 3. It may appear at foot of the page, end of each chapter or end of paper. 4. Too much of foot none may be distracting, hence proper thought shall be given whether to include it at all or not.
CONVENTIONS IN FOOTNOTE
1. In the first footnote referring each source, give the full name of the author (first name or initial) and second initial precede (surname). 2. In citing the reference details, bibliography procedure is followed: titles of complete works are underlined; Name of article and similar materials are enclosed by double quotation marks. 3. Subsequent repetition can be sited in under: a) Ibid (ibidem in the same place or work) - If the reference is made to a different page of the source supplied immediately above. (it is used whe 2q more successive footnote refers to same work). b) Loc. Tic.- If reference is made to the same work as a preceding but not immediately preceding reference, the last name of the author and the phrase loc.cit *loco citato in the place cited] are used. c) Op.cit(opera citato in the work cited) If reference is made to the same work as a preceding but not immediately preceding reference op.cit precedes page reference but fallows authors name. 4. The abbreviation p. for page and pp. for pages is acceptable method of citing page references.
6. All footnotes are single spaced, no matter where they appear on a manuscript, but are separated by a double space. 7. All footnotes regardless of length are terminated by a full stop. 8. The same bottom margin should be maintained on each page of the type script, regardless of the number of footnotes. 9. A footnote may be continued on consecutive pages, but where a footnote is very long an assignment be made as to whether an appendix might be more appropriate then a footnote.
FORMAT OF TABLES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The table number. The caption or title. The boxhead the caption identifying the virtual columns. The stub, the first col. In the table, identifying the row entries. The held, the column containing data. Footnotes are often used with tables and figure to explain a point within the table and genre marked with special symbols like *, , etc.
2. Reduced photographically to page six of report. 3. Continued over more than one page. 4. May be prepared on a larger sheet of paper and folded into the thesis/project.
KINDS OF BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Work cited comprises a list of sources which have been referred to in the text or the footnote of the thesis. 2. Sources consulted in a broader kind of bibliography and consist of a comprehensive listing of books and papers consulted, including those which are not strictly relevant to the subject of the thesis. 3. A selected bibliography contains those sources cited, together with the more relevant of the works which have been consulted. 4. A brief annotated bibliography In a list of reference at least some of which are followed by a note on the contents usefulness of the reference.
ESSENTIAL INFORMATION
1. Name of the author Surname first. 2. Title of the book. 3. Details concerning imprint (i.e. name of publisher, address of publisher, date of the publication etc.) 4. In case of journal vol. no. and page to be mentioned. 5. If the author or one of the authors is women, her first name is given full. 6. The title of the book and journal should be underlined. (No underlining is used for unpublished work) 7. The surname starts flush with the left margin, second and subsequent line are single spaced and start 3 spaces from left margin. 8. Double spacing is allowed between entries. 9. Annotated entry starts on a new line also indented three space from left margin. 10. A capital is used to begin all key words in the title of book and journal. 11. Articles, manuscripts, thesis and unpublished paper use a capital only to begin proper nouns and the first word of the title.
12. If a reference comprises more than one volume, the entry must state the total number of volumes comprising the reference. 13. Order of name of each co-author be reversed to maintain general format of the bibliography. 14. When a number of references by same author are listed, each entry should be ordered chronologically. 15. All works by a single author precede those work in which he is the senior co-author. 16. In case of the same senior author but different co-author the entries are placed in alphabetical order according to the surname of the second co-author. 17. If the name and order of the authors are exactly same for two or more publication, the order in the bibliography is determined by the date of each publication. 18. Edited works can be presented in two ways: A. (i) The author and the title of the chapter and (ii) The editor and other details of the book in one bibliography entry. B. Alternative and preferred way of presenting the same information is to make two separate entries, one for the chapters and one for the book. 19. Special cases: a) Translations of another authors work. b) Anonymous publication. c) Pseudonymous publication. d) Proceeding of a conference. e) Association of institution as author. f) Unpublished material. g) Thesis.
5. As a general principle material should be appended if complete omission would tend to weaken the argument yet its inclusion in the body of the thesis is not absolutely necessary to the text. 6. Material that in generally given in appendix are Extensive quotation from diaries Case studies Data gathering technicians e.g. questionnaires/test etc. Statistical notes, experimental methods e.g. samplings techniques etc. 7. Appendix centered on the page in capitals without punctuation & numbered A,B,C,. Or 1,2,3,etc if they are numerous 8. It may be placed between the final chapter & bibliography or immediately after the bibliography.
Degree for which thesis/project/report is submitted? 3. Does the table of contents contain? An analytical overview of the paper/thesis/report? Acknowledgements? List of table Bibliography?
Carefully organized with subheadings matching the heading in the table of table of table of contents? Properly sequenced with chapter headings matching those in table & contents?
Structural with a carefully designed introduction & conclusion? 5. Is the reference material Clearly subdivided into appropriate major divisions? Subdivided (where necessary) in the bibliography ?
Given a title (where necessary). 6. Have the requirements of the institutions been checked regarding No. of copies? Binding? Color of the cover? Lettering on cover? [First page & subsequent pages typical]
Capitalized? 3. Are centered headings (if used?) Centered on the page? Separated from the last line of the chapter title from the text above by three single spaces? Three single spaces above the following line of text?
In lower case except for the first letter of key words? At least two to a chapter? 4. Are side headings Flush with left- hand margin? Underlined? Separated from the text above by three single spaces?
One double space above the following line of text? 5. Are paragraph headings Indented as per names paragraphs? Underlined?
Ended with a period? In lower case except for first letter of the first word? Separated from the text above by three single spaces?
Acknowledge a direct or indirect or indirect quotation? 2. Is the footnote complete with Name of the author? Title of the source? Page reference? Date of publication? 3. Is the placement consistent at the Foot of each page? End of each chapter End of each paper?
4. Is repetitions & bulky text noting avoided by the use of convention such as Ibid? Op. cvt? Loc. Cvt? 5. Is the numbering of footnotes In Arabic numerals (except for mathematical texts or tables) In superscripts? 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Without punctuations? Is the reference system adopted in footnotes consistent? In citing the author ,does the first name or initial proceed the surname? Is each footnote concluded with a period? Are footnotes separated from the main body of the text? Are footnotes single-spaced, but separated from other footnotes by double-space?
Is the fig. /drg. self explanatory? Is the fig. /drg. caption sufficiently detailed? Does the working of the caption corresponds to that given in the list of fig./drg.? Are the units of measurements/scale indicated clearly on drawing? All the components of drawing properly marked? Can drawing be easily read? Are observation and conclusion of a particular drawing presented? Is the interrelationship of various drawings precisely maintained?(e.g. plan,section,elevation,etc? 13. Is the drawing relevant? 14. Is key plan indicating entries bldg. /complex shown with part of the bldg. in particular drawing highlighted?
Inclusive page number? 8. Has the rule for spacing, capitalization & underlining been consistently followed? 9. Is the bibliography correctly placed?
13. Are the data gathering methods described? 14. Are the data gathering methods appropriate? 15. Are the data gathering methods properly used? 16. Are the validity & reliability of data established? D. Analysis 17. Are the analysis methods appropriate & are they properly applied? 18. Are the result analysis clearly presented?