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Mass Transfer II - October1998 Part A(20 X 2 = 40) 1. What is meant by differential distillation? 2. Draw a equilibrium diagram and boiling point diagram for an azeotropic binary system. 3. Raoult's law applies to the __________ and Henry's law applies to the _________. 4. What is relative volatility? 5. What is Murphree tray efficiency? 6. What is meant by constant molal overflow? 7. Define the term ''minimum reflux ratio''. 8. Panchan-Savarit method analyses the fractionating equipment based on _____________. 9. What is stripping factor? 10. Draw a neat sketch of packed absorption tower. 11. Write down the properties of a good packing for an absorption tower. 12. Write few industrial application of absorption. 13. What is a plait point? 14. What is selectivity? Selectivity of solvent used in extraction should be ____________. 15. What are the factors which affect a leaching operation? 16. Explain the terms extraction and leaching. 17. What are the desirable properties of an industrial adsorption? 18. What is meant by a break through curve for adsorption? 19. What are the various types of dialysis? 20. Write the principle of Ion-exchange. Part B(5 X 12 = 60) 21. (a) (i) Differentiate between flash distillation, differential distillation and rectification. (4) (ii) Describe with a neat sketch the working of a batch distillation unit and state its fields of application. (8) Or (b) (i) Derive Rayleigh's equation. (3) (ii) A feed of 50 mole % hexane and 50 mole % octane is fed into a pipe still through a pressure reducing valve and then into a flash disengaging chamber. The vapor and liquid leaving the chamber are assumed to be in equilibrium. If the fraction of the feed converted to the vapor is 0.5, find the compositions of the top and bottom products. The following table gives the equilibrium data for this system. (9)
1.0 0 1.0 Mole fractions of hexane in vapour Y 0 22. (i) Describe the method of estimation of the number Savarit method (9) Mole fractions of hexane in liquid X 0.4 0 0.93 0.7 2 8 of theoretical 0.69 0.19 0.0 0.045 2 0 0.53 0.177 0.0 8 5 0 plates using Panchan-

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(ii) Explain the effect of quality of feed in distillation calculation. (3) Or (b) A continuous fractionating column operating at atmospheric pressure is to separate a feed containing 30% CS2 and 70% CC14 into an overhead product of 95 % CS2 and a bottom product of 95 mole % CC14. The feed enters as a liquid at its boiling point. Assuming an overall plate efficiency of 70% and a reflux ratio of 3:1 estimate the number of plates needed. All the compositions are in mole %. Equilibrium data: 0.029 0.25 0.53 0.66 0.75 x 0.0615 0.39 0.86 6 8 2 3 8 0.082 0.49 0.63 0.74 0.83 0.88 0.93 y 0.1555 3 4 4 7 0 0 2 23. (i) In a graph, show the relative positions of equilibrium and operating times for absorption and stripping. (ii) What are the types of packing? Explain them with suitable examples. Or (b) If an air- ammonia mixture containing 5% ammonia by volume is absorbed in water using a packed tower at 20oC and 1 atm pressure to recover 98% ammonia and the inert gas flow rate is 1200 kg/hr.m2, Determine (i) minimum mass velocity of liquid and (ii) number of transfer units using 1.25 times the minimum liquid flow rate. The equilibrium relationship for the system is given by y =1.154 x where x and y are expressed in mole fraction units. 24. (a) 1000 kg/hr of a water-dioxane solution containing 20% dioxane is to be continuously and counter currently extracted with benzene at 25oC to recover 80% dioxane. Water and benzene are essentially insoluble and the equilibrium distribution of dioxane between them are as follows: 5. 18. 25. wt % of dioxane in water (100 x) 1 9 2 5. 22. 32. wt % of dioxane in benzene (100 y) 2 5 0 Determine the number of stages required if the solvent rate is 1.5 times the minimum benzene is used Benzene is free from dioxane. Or (b) (i) Describe the Bollmann extractor used in leaching operation. (ii) Write briefly about selection of solvent liquid -liquid extraction. 25. (a) Explain the following processes and state their Industrial applications (i) dialysis and (ii) Reverse osmosis. Or (b) (i) Distinguish between the two types of adsorption phenomena out their essential features. (6) (ii) Explain briefly the following: adsorption isotherm and adsorption hysterisis. (6)

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1. What is distillation? 2. What are the limitations of distillation? 3. Derive the expression y = x/(1+(-1)x)
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

7HC - October1999 Part A (20 x 2 = 40 Marks)

X : Y :

Explain Flash Vaporisation. Explain the term total reflux. What is the use of open steam and how to calculate the number of stages in case of open steam Define molecular distillation. What is the use of entrainer in azeotropic distillation? What is meant by desorption? Define the term Minimum Reflux ratio. Give the Vont Hoffs law of mobile equilibrium. Define flooding and loading in an absorber. Define the term leaching and extraction. What is distribution law? Explain the use of triangular graph for extraction. What are the different types of adsorption? Explain the process of Ion exchange. Define selectivity and distribution coefficient. Define Thermal and sweep diffusion. What are the various types of dialysis? Part B (5 x 12 = 60 Marks 21. (a) (i) Explain the process of differential distillation. (ii) Derive Rayleigh's equation. (iii) Differentiate between flash and differential distillation. Or (b) A liquid feed consisting of 1200 g moles of mixture containing 30% naphthalene and 70% dipropylene glycol is differentially distilled at 100mm Hg pressure and final distillate contains 55% of naphthalene. The VLE data are 8 8.4 11.6 2.8 50.6 68.7 80.6 8 8 22.3 41.1 62.9 74.8 80.2 84.4 8 (i) Determine the amount of distillate (ii) Determine the concentration of naphthalene in residue and distillate 22. (a) Explain the method of estimation of number of stages by Panchon-Savarit method Or (b) A continuous fractionating column has to be designed for separating a liquid mixture of 4050 kg/hr containing equimolar amounts of methanol and water into an overhead product of 95% methanol and residue containing 3% methanol. The feed is 30% vaporised. Calculate: (i) Molar flow rate of overhead and bottom products (ii) The number of actual plates assuming tray efficiency of 0.7 (iii) Use a reflux ratio of 1.75 times the minimum reflux, locate the feed tray Equilibrium data: 0.1 0.417 0.2 0.579 0.3 0.669 0.4 0.729 0.5 0.78 0.6 0.825 0.7 0.879 0.8 0.915 0.9 0.959

x y

23. (a) Explain how the number of stages can be theoretically determined for an absorber Or (b) An effluent gas containing 12% benzene is to be scrubbed in a packed column continuously, operating in countercurrent manner at 43 oC and 1 atm pressure. The column is to be designed for treating 15 m3 of entering gas per hour per square meter of the column cross section, such that the exit gas will contain 1% benzene. The solvent for scrubbing is mineral oil which will enter the top of the column at a rate of 28 kmol/hr.m2 and a benzene content of 1%. Determine the height of the column assuming height of transfer unit to be 0.75 m. The equilibrium concentration at the operating conditions may be estimated as y* = 0.263 x.

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24. (a) Explain how the number of stages can be determined for immiscible solvents in cross current extraction. Or (b) In extraction of acetic acid from an aqueous solution with benzene in a packed column of height 1.4 m and cross sectional area of 0.0045 m 2, the concentration measured at the inlet and outlet of the column are: Acid concentration in inlet water phase = 0.690 kmol/m 3 Acid concentration in outlet water phase = 0.685 kmol/m 3 Inlet benzene phase concentration = 0.004 kmol/m 3 Outlet benzene phase concentration = 0.0115 kmol/m 3 Flow rate of benzene phase = 5.7 cm 3/sec Determine the overall transfer coefficient and height of transfer unit. 25. (a) A solid adsorbent is used to remove the color impurities from an aqueous solution. The original value of color on an arbitrary scale is 48. It is required to reduce this value to 10% of its original value. Using the following data find the quantity of fresh adsorbent used for 1000 kg of a solution for (i) Single stage (ii) Two stage cross current operating with the intermediate color value of 24. Equilibrium data: kg adsorbent/kg solution 0 0.001 0.004 0.008 0.02 0.04 4 Equilibrium color 43 31.5 21.5 8.5 3.5 8 Or (b) Write short notes on: (i) BET isotherm (ii) Gas chromatography (iii) Membrane separation process

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Mass Transfer II APRIL-2000 Part A 1. What are the advantages of distillation over absorption? 2. Define the term relative volatility 3. State Henry's law 4. What is Murphree tray efficiency? 5. What is meant by equilibrium distillation? 6. What is absorption factor? 7. What is molecular distillation? 8. Sketch the operating line and equilibrium curve for an absorber and stripper 9. What is meant by minimum liquid gas ratio? 10. What is plait point? 11. Explain percolation method of leaching? 12. Define distribution coefficient and state its importance 13. What is electrodialysis? 14. What are the properties of solvent for extraction? 15. What is ion retardation? 16. Mention few industrial adsorbents 17. What is adsorption hysteresis? 18. Write the principle of ion-exchange 19. What is meant by constant molal over flow? 20. What is the role of Raoult's law in distillation? Part B 21. (a) Write short notes on: (i) Azeotropic distillation (ii) Extractive distillation (iii) Rayleigh's equation Or (b) A binary mixture of benzene and toluene containing 40% of benzene is to be distilled at 1 atm pressure to recover 95% of the benzene. Estimate the molal percent of mixture to be distilled and the composition of the distillate obtained if distillation is carried out by (i) Equilibrium distillation (ii) Differential distillation, collecting all the distillate together. The average relative volatility of benzene to toluene is 2.5. 22. (a) Explain in detail, the method of estimation of number of stages by Mc Cabe - Thiele method. Or (b) A continuous fractionator is to be designed for separating a feed mixture containing equimolar amounts of CCl 4 and CS2 to get a top product containing 95% CS2 and bottom product containing 6% CS 2 at 1 atm pressure. The feed is saturated vapor and fed at the rate of 5000 kg/hr. A total condenser is used and reflux is returned to the top plate as a saturated liquid. The equilibrium data is given below:

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x y

0.06 0.16

0.11 0.27

0.26 0.50

0.39 0.63

0.53 0.75

0.66 0.83

0.76 0.88

0.86 0.93

1 1

(i) Determine the flow rate of top and bottom product (ii) Calculate the theoretical number of trays required if a reflux ratio of 2 times Rm is used. (iii) Locate the feed tray. 23. (a) Derive an expression for the number of plates in terms of absorption factor. Or (b) The experimental data given below are obtained for the absorption of ammonia from air into water using a 2.5 cm diameter Rasching rings packed in a 25 cm diameter up to 2 m. The total pressure is 1 atm and the average temperature is 20 oC. Air flow rate excluding ammonia is 105 m3/hr and the water flow rate is 400 kg/hr. Ammonia concentration in the gas inlet is 7% and in the outlet is 0.314%. The interfacial area of packing is 185 m2/m3. Partial pressure of ammonia at equilibrium with the solution at the bottom is 0.011 atm and at the top is zero/since pure water is used. Assuming that both equilibrium and operating line are straight, calculate: (i) Overall mass transfer coefficient for the system. (ii) The number of overall gas phase transfer unit. (iii) The height of overall gas phase transfer unit. 24. (a) With neat sketch, explain the working of Bollman extractor. Or (b) An aqueous solution of solute C is to be extracted with pure solvent B to recover the solute. The equilibrium data in terms of weight % of solute in the two layers are given below: 2 Aqueous layer 8 15 20 Solvent layer 8 22 35 45

A feed 20% by weight of solute is to be treated in two consecutive cross current cascades using aqueous solution to solvent ratio of 1.8. Calculate: (i) Concentration of final raffinate (ii) Amount of raffinate (iii) % recovery of solute (iv) Amount of solvent to be used for a single stage extraction to obtain the same final concentration. Water and solvent are immiscible with each other. 25. (a) Write short notes on: (i) Electrodialysis (ii) Ultrafiltration

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Or (b) The equilibrium absorption of acetone vapor on activated carbon at 30oC is given below: Acetone partial pressure, in mm Hg 2 12 42 92 Gram acetone/Gram carbon 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.35 o The vapor pressure of acetone at 30 C is 283 mm Hg. A one litre flask containing air and acetone mixture at 1 atm is fed with 2 gram of activated carbon and then sealed. Compute the final vapor concentration and the final pressure. Neglect the adsorption of air.

(iii) Reverse osmosis