prEN50160 2008

prEN 50160:2008
Foreword
This European Standard was prepared by the Working Group 1, Physical characteristics of electrical energy of the Technical Committee CENELEC TC 8X, System aspects of electrical energy supply. It is submitted to the formal vote. This European Standard will supersede EN 50160:2006. The following dates are proposed: latest date by which the existence of the EN has to be announced at national level latest date by which the EN has to be implemented at national level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the EN have to be withdrawn (doa) dor + 6 months
(dop) (dow)
dor + 12 months dor + 36 months (to be confirmed or modified when voting)
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prEN 50160:2008
Contents
1 Scope and object .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Object................................................................................................................................... 4 2 Normative references ................................................................................................................... 5 3 Definitions ...................................................................................................................................... 6 4 Low-voltage supply characteristics............................................................................................ 11 4.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 11 4.2 Continuous phenomena ................................................................................................... 11 4.2.1 Power frequency ..................................................................................................... 11 4.2.2 Supply voltage variations........................................................................................ 11 4.2.2.1 Requirements........................................................................................................ 11 4.2.3 Rapid voltage changes ........................................................................................... 12 4.2.4 Supply voltage unbalance ...................................................................................... 12 4.2.5 Harmonic voltage .................................................................................................... 12 4.2.6 Interharmonic voltage ............................................................................................. 13 4.2.7 Mains signalling voltage on the supply voltage .................................................... 13 4.3 Voltage events................................................................................................................... 14 4.3.1 Interruptions of the supply voltage......................................................................... 14 4.3.2 Supply voltage dips/swells ..................................................................................... 14 4.3.3 Transient overvoltages between live conductors and earth ................................ 16 5 Medium-voltage supply characteristics..................................................................................... 17 5.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 17 5.2 Continuous phenomena ................................................................................................... 17 5.2.1 Power frequency ..................................................................................................... 17 5.2.2 Supply voltage variations........................................................................................ 17 5.2.2.1 Requirements........................................................................................................ 17 5.2.3 Rapid voltage changes ........................................................................................... 18 5.2.4 Supply voltage unbalance ...................................................................................... 18 5.2.5 Harmonic voltage .................................................................................................... 18 5.2.6 Interharmonic voltage ............................................................................................. 19 5.2.7 Mains signalling voltage on the supply voltage .................................................... 19 5.3 Voltage events................................................................................................................... 20 5.3.1 Interruptions of the supply voltage......................................................................... 20 5.3.2 Supply voltage dips/swells ..................................................................................... 20 5.3.3 Transient overvoltages between live conductors and earth ................................ 22 6 High-voltage supply characteristics........................................................................................... 23 6.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 23 6.2 Continuous phenomena ................................................................................................... 23 6.2.1 Power frequency ..................................................................................................... 23 6.2.2 Supply voltage variations........................................................................................ 23 6.2.3 Rapid voltage changes ........................................................................................... 23 6.2.4 Supply voltage unbalance ...................................................................................... 24 6.2.5 Harmonic voltage .................................................................................................... 24 6.2.6 Interharmonic voltage ............................................................................................. 25 6.2.7 Mains signalling voltage on the supply voltage .................................................... 25 6.3 Voltage events................................................................................................................... 25 6.3.1 Interruptions of the supply voltage......................................................................... 25 6.3.2 Supply voltage dips/swells ..................................................................................... 25 6.3.3 Transient overvoltages between live conductors and earth ................................ 27 Annex A (informative) Special nature of electricity........................................................................ 28 Annex B (informative) Indicative values for voltage events and single rapid voltage changes ............................................................................................................................................... 30 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 33
Eliminato: 23
Formattato: Evidenziato
Eliminato: 23 Eliminato: 23 Eliminato: 23 Eliminato: 23 Eliminato: 23 Eliminato: 24 Eliminato: 24 Eliminato: 25 Eliminato: 25 Eliminato: 25 Eliminato: 25 Eliminato: 25 Eliminato: 27
prEN 50160:2008
Scope and object
1.1 Scope This European Standard defines, describes and specifies the main characteristics of the voltage at a network user's supply terminals in public low voltage, medium and high voltage electricity distribution networks under normal operating conditions. This standard describes the limits or values within which the voltage characteristics can be expected to remain over the whole of the public distribution network and does not describe the average situation usually experienced by an individual network user.
NOTE For the definitions of low, medium and high voltage see 3.1 to 3.3.
The European Standard does not apply under abnormal operating conditions including the following: a temporary supply arrangement to keep the network users supplied during condition arising as a result of a fault, maintenance and construction work or to minimize the extent and duration of a loss of supply; in case of non-compliance of a network user's installation or equipment with the relevant standards or with the technical requirements for connection, established either by the public authorities or the network operator including the limits for the emission of conducted disturbances;
NOTE A network users installation may include load as well as generation.
in exceptional situations, in particular, exceptional weather conditions and other natural disasters, third party interference, acts by public authorities, industrial actions (subject to legal requirements), force majeure, power shortages resulting from external events. The voltage characteristics given in this standard are not intended to be used as electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) levels or user emission limits for conducted disturbances in public distribution networks. The voltage characteristics given in this standard are not intended to be used to specify requirements in equipment product standards and in installation standards.
NOTE The performance of equipment might be impaired if it is subjected to supply conditions which are not specified in the equipment product standard.
This standard may be superseded in total or in part by the terms of a contract between the individual network user and the network operator. Measurement methods to be applied in this standard are described in EN 61000-4-30. 1.2 Object The object of this European Standard is to define and describe the characteristics of the supply voltage concerning frequency, magnitude, wave form,
prEN 50160:2008
symmetry of the line voltages. These characteristics are subject to variations during the normal operation of a supply system due to changes of load, disturbances generated by certain equipment and the occurrence of faults which are mainly caused by external events. The characteristics vary in a manner which is random in time, with reference to any specific supply terminal, and random in location, with reference to any given instant of time. Because of these variations, the levels of the characteristics can be expected to be exceeded on a small number of occasions. Some of the phenomena affecting the voltage are particularly unpredictable, which make it very difficult to give useful definite values for the corresponding characteristics. The values given in this standard for such phenomena, e.g. voltage dips and voltage interruptions, shall be interpreted accordingly. 2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60038 + A1 + A2 IEC 60050-161 IEC/TR 61000-2-8 2002 1983 1994 1997 IEC standard voltages
International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 161: Electromagnetic compatibility Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 2-8: Environment Voltage dips and short interruptions on public electric power supply systems with statistical measurement results Electrical installations of buildings Part 4-44: Protection for safety - Protection against voltage disturbances and electromagnetic disturbances Electrical installations of buildings Part 5-53: Selection and erection of electrical equipment - Isolation, switching and control Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 3-7: Limits Assessment of emission limits for HV and MV fluctuating loads Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests (IEC 60664-1:1992 + A1:2000 + A2:2002) Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 3-3: Limits Limitation of voltage changes, voltage fluctuations and flicker in public low-voltage supply systems, for equipment with rated current <= 16 A per phase and not subject to conditional connection (IEC 61000-3-3:1994) Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-30: Testing and measurement techniques Power quality measurement methods (IEC 61000-4-30:2003)
IEC 60364-4-44 + A1 IEC 60364-5-53 + A1 IEC 61000-3-7 EN 60664-1
2001 2003 2001 2002 1996 2003
EN 61000-3-3
1995
EN 61000-4-30
2003
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Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE
References and compliance with IEV as far as possible - will be checked.
3.1 low voltage (LV) voltage whose nominal r.m.s. value is Un 1 kV. 3.2 medium voltage (MV) voltage whose declared r.m.s. value is 1 kV < UC 35 kV.
NOTE According to the existing network structures, in some countries the boundary between MV and HV can be different.
3.3 high voltage (HV) voltage whose declared r.m.s. value is 35 kV < UC 150 kV.
NOTE According to the existing network structures, in some countries the boundary between MV and HV can be different.
3.4 network user party being supplied by or supplying to an electricity supply network.
NOTE In several countries, the term network user includes network operators connected to a supply network with the same or higher voltage level.
3.5 network operator party responsible for operating, ensuring the maintenance of and, if necessary, developing the supply network in a given area and, for ensuring the long term ability of the network to meet reasonable demands for the electricity supply. 3.6 normal operating condition for a supply network, condition of meeting load and generation demands, system switching and clearing faults by automatic system protection excluding the abnormal operating conditions listed in 1.1. 3.7 supply terminal point in a public supply network designated as such and contractually fixed, at which electrical energy is exchanged between contractual partners.
NOTE This point can differ from, for example, the electricity metering point or the point of common coupling.
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3.8 supply voltage r.m.s. value of the voltage at a given time at the supply terminal, measured over a given interval. 3.9 nominal voltage (Un) voltage by which a supply network is designated or identified and to which certain operating characteristics are referred. 3.10 declared supply voltage (Uc) the declared supply voltage Uc is normally the nominal voltage Un of the supply network. If by agreement between the network operator and the network user a voltage different from the nominal voltage is applied to the terminal, then this voltage is the declared supply voltage U c. 3.11 frequency of the supply voltage repetition rate of the fundamental wave of the supply voltage measured over a given interval of time. 3.12 conducted disturbance electromagnetic phenomenon propagated along the line conductors of a supply network. In some cases an electromagnetic phenomenon is propagated across transformer windings and hence between networks of different voltage levels. These disturbances may degrade the performance of a device, equipment or system or they may cause damage. 3.13 voltage variation increase or decrease of voltage normally due to load variations. 3.14 rapid voltage change a single rapid variation of the r.m.s. value of a voltage between two consecutive levels which are sustained for definite but unspecified durations (for more information see EN 61000-3-3). 3.15 voltage fluctuation series of voltage changes or a cyclic variation of the voltage envelope. [IEV 161-08-05] 3.16 flicker impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation induced by a light stimulus whose luminance or spectral distribution fluctuates with time. [IEV 161-08-13]
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NOTE Voltage fluctuation cause changes of the luminance of lamps which can create the visual phenomenon called flicker. Above a certain threshold flicker becomes annoying. The annoyance grows very rapidly with the amplitude of the fluctuation. At certain repetition rates even very small amplitudes can be annoying.
3.17 flicker severity intensity of flicker annoyance defined by the UIE-IEC flicker measuring method and evaluated by the following quantities: short term severity (Pst ) measured over a period of ten minutes; long term severity (Plt) calculated from a sequence of 12 Pst-values over a two hour interval, according to the following expression:
Plt = 3
3.18 supply interruption
i =1
12
P sti 12
condition in which the voltage at the supply terminals is lower than 5 % of the reference voltage. A supply interruption can be classified as prearranged, when network users are informed in advance, to allow the execution of scheduled works on the distribution network, or accidental, caused by permanent or transient faults, mostly related to external events, equipment failures or interference. An accidental interruption is classified as: a long interruption (longer than three minutes); a short interruption (up to and including three minutes).
NOTE 1 Normally, interruptions are being caused by the operation of switches or protecting devices. NOTE 2 The effect of a prearranged interruption can be minimized by the network users by taking appropriate measures. NOTE 3 Accidental supply interruptions are unpredictable, largely random events NOTE 4 For polyphase systems, an interruption happens when the voltage falls below 5 % of the reference voltage on all phases (otherwise, it is a dip). NOTE 5 In some countries, the term Very Short Interruptions (VSI) or transitory interruptions are used to classify interruptions with duration shorter than 1 to 5 seconds. Such interruptions are related to automatic reclosing device operation..
3.19 voltage dip a temporary reduction of the voltage at a point in the electrical supply system below a specified start threshold. For the purpose of this standard, the dip start threshold is equal to 90 % of the reference voltage).
NOTE 1 Typically, a dip is associated with the occurrence and termination of a short circuit or other extreme current increase on the system or installations connected to it. NOTE 2 For the purpose of this standard, a voltage dip is a two dimensional electromagnetic disturbance, the level of which is determined by both voltage and time (duration).
3.20 reference voltage (for voltage dips and swells evaluation) a value specified as the base on which residual voltage, thresholds and other values are expressed in per unit or percentage terms
NOTE For the purpose of this standard, the reference voltage is the nominal or declared voltage of the supply system.
3.21
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voltage dip start threshold an r.m.s. value of the voltage on an electricity supply system specified for the purpose of defining the start of a voltage dip. 3.22 voltage dip end threshold an r.m.s. value of the voltage on an electricity supply system specified for the purpose of defining the end of a voltage dip. 3.23 voltage dip duration the time between the instant at which the voltage at a particular point of an electricity supply system falls below the start threshold and the instant at which it rises to the end threshold. For the purpose of the standard, the duration of a voltage dip is from 20 ms up to and including 1 min.
NOTE For polyphase events a dip begins when the voltage of at least one phase falls below the dip start threshold and ends when the voltage on all phases is equal to or above the dip end threshold.
3.24 voltage dip residual voltage the minimum value of r.m.s. voltage recorded during a voltage dip.
NOTE For the purpose of this standard, the residual voltage is expressed as a percentage of the reference voltage.
3.25 voltage swell (temporary power frequency overvoltage) a temporary increase of the voltage at a point in the electrical supply system above a specified start threshold. For the purpose of this standard, the swell start threshold is equal to the 110 % of the reference voltage (see CLC/TR 50422, Clause 3 for more information).
NOTE 1 For the purpose of this standard, a voltage swell is a two dimensional electromagnetic disturbance, the level of which is determined by both voltage and time (duration). NOTE 2 Voltage swells may appear between live conductors or between live conductors and earth. Depending on the neutral arrangement, faults to ground may also give rise to overvoltages between healthy phases and neutral.
3.26 voltage swell start threshold an r.m.s. value of the voltage on an electricity supply system specified for the purpose of defining the start of a voltage swell. 3.27 voltage swell end threshold an r.m.s. value of the voltage on an electricity supply system specified for the purpose of defining the end of a voltage swell. 3.28 voltage swell duration the time between the instant at which the voltage at a particular point of an electricity supply system exceeds the start threshold and the instant at which it falls below the end threshold. For the purpose of this standard, the duration of a voltage swell is from 20 ms up to and including 1 min. 3.29 transient overvoltage
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short duration oscillatory or non-oscillatory overvoltage usually highly damped and with a duration of a few milliseconds or less. [IEV 604-03-13 modified]
NOTE: Transient overvoltages are usually caused by lightning, switching or operation of fuses. The rise time of a transient overvoltage can vary from less than a microsecond up to a few milliseconds.
3.30 harmonic voltage sinusoidal voltage with a frequency equal to an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency of the supply voltage. Harmonic voltages can be evaluated individually by their relative amplitude ( Uh) related to the fundamental voltage U1, where h is the order of the harmonic, globally, for example by the total harmonic distortion factor THD, calculated using the following expression:
THD =
(u )
h= 2 h
40
NOTE: Harmonics of the supply voltage are caused mainly by network users' non-linear loads connected to all voltage levels of the supply network. Harmonic currents flowing through the network impedance give rise to harmonic voltages. Harmonic currents and network impedances and thus the harmonic voltages at the supply terminals vary in time.
3.31 interharmonic voltage sinusoidal voltage with a frequency between the harmonics, i.e. the frequency is not an integer multiple of the fundamental.
NOTE Interharmonic voltages at closely adjacent frequencies can appear at the same time forming a wide band spectrum.
3.32 voltage unbalance condition in a polyphase system in which the r.m.s. values of the line-to-line voltages (fundamental component), or the phase angles between consecutive line voltages, are not all equal. The degree of the inequality is usually expressed as the ratios of the negative and zero sequence components to the positive sequence component. [IEV 161-08-09 modified]
NOTE In this European Standard, voltage unbalance is considered in relation to three-phase negative phase sequence only. systems and
3.33 mains signalling voltage signal superimposed on the supply voltage for the purpose of transmission of information in the public supply network and to network users' premises. Three types of signals in the public supply network can be classified: ripple control signals: superimposed sinusoidal voltage signals in the range of 110 Hz to 3 000 Hz; power-line-carrier signals: superimposed sinusoidal voltage signals in the range between 3 kHz to 148,5 kHz; mains marking signals: superimposed short time alterations (transients) at selected points of the voltage waveform.
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Low-voltage supply characteristics
4.1 General The present paragraph describes the voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by low voltage public networks. In the following, a distinction is made between: continuous phenomena, i.e. small deviations from the nominal value that occur continuously over time. Such phenomena are mainly due to load pattern, changes of load or nonlinear loads. voltage events, sudden and significant deviations from normal or desired wave shape. Voltage events are typically due to unpredictable events (e.g., faults) or to external causes (e.g., weather, third party actions). For continuous phenomena, limits are specified1 2; on the other side, for voltage events, only indicative values can be given (see annex B). The standard nominal voltage U n for public low voltage is U n = 230 V, either between phase and neutral, or between phases. for four-wire three phase systems: Un = 230 V between phase and neutral; for three-wire three phase systems: Un = 230 V between phases.
NOTE In low voltage systems declared and nominal voltage are equal.
4.2 Continuous phenomena 4.2.1 Power frequency
The nominal frequency of the supply voltage shall be 50 Hz. Under normal operating conditions the mean value of the fundamental frequency measured over 10 s shall be within a range of: for systems with synchronous connection to an interconnected system: 50 Hz 1 % (i.e. 49,5 Hz... 50,5 Hz) during 99,5 % of a year; 50 Hz + 4 % / - 6 % (i.e. 47 Hz... 52 Hz) during 100 % of the time; for systems with no synchronous connection to an interconnected system (e.g. supply systems on certain islands): 50 Hz 2 % (i.e. 49 Hz... 51 Hz) during 95 % of a week; 50 Hz 15 % (i.e. 42,5 Hz... 57,5 Hz) during 100 % of the time. 4.2.2 Supply voltage variations
4.2.2.1 Requirements Under normal operating conditions, voltage variations should not exceed 10 % of the nominal voltage Un. In cases of electricity supplies in networks not interconnected to transmission systems or for special remote customers, voltage variations should not exceed +10% / -15% of Un. Network users should be informed of the conditions.
NOTE 1. The actual power consumption required by individual network users is not fully predictable, in terms of amount and of contemporary demand. As a consequence, networks are generally designed on a probabilistic basis.
1 2
For single rapid voltage changes, only indicative values are given for the time being. For some specific parameters, in some national regulations stricter limits may exist.
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If, following a complaint, measurements carried out by the network operator according to 4.2.2.2 indicate that the magnitude of the supply voltage departs beyond Un+/-10% causing negative consequences for the network user, the network operator should take remedial action in collaboration with the network user(s) depending on a risk assessment. The sharing of complaint management and problem mitigation costs between the involved parties is outside the scope of EN 50160. Temporarily, for the time needed to solve the problem, voltage variations should be within the range +10% / -15% of Un , unless otherwise agreed with the network users. NOTE 2 In accordance with relevant product and installation standards and application of IEC 60038, network users appliances are typically designed to tolerate supply voltages of 10 % around the nominal system voltage, which is sufficient to cover an overwhelming majority of supply conditions. It is generally not technically nor economically viable to give all appliances the ability to handle wider voltage variations at supply terminals. NOTE 3 Identification of what is a special remote customer can vary between countries, taking into account different characteristics of national electric systems as, for instance, limitation of power on the supply terminal and/or power factor limits.
4.2.2.2 Test method When voltage measurements are required, they will be done in accordance with 5.2 of EN 61000-4-30 with a measurement period of at least one week. Under normal operating conditions excluding the periods with interruptions the following limits apply: 100% of all 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the supply voltage shall be below the upper limit of + 10% given in 4.2.2.1 and At least 99% of the 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the supply voltage shall be above the lower limit of -10% given in 4.2.2.1 and with not more than two consecutive 10 min mean r.m.s. values below the lower limit of 10%. Rapid voltage changes
4.2.3
4.2.3.1 Single rapid voltage change Rapid voltage changes of the supply voltage are mainly caused either by load changes in the network users' installations or by switching in the system. The voltage during a rapid voltage change must not exceed the voltage dip and/or the voltage swell threshold, as it would otherwise be considered as a voltage dip or swell. Some indicative values can be found in Annex B. 4.2.3.2 Flicker severity Under normal operating conditions, in any period of one week the long term flicker severity caused by voltage fluctuation should be P lt 1 for 95 % of the time.
NOTE Reaction to flicker is subjective and can vary depending on the perceived cause of the flicker and the period over which it persists. In some cases P lt = 1 gives rise to annoyance, whereas in other cases higher levels of P lt are found without annoyance.
4.2.4
Supply voltage unbalance
Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of the 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the negative phase sequence component (fundamental) of the supply voltage shall be within the range 0 % to 2 % of the positive phase sequence component (fundamental). In some areas with partly single phase or two phase connected network users' installations, unbalances up to about 3 % at three-phase supply terminals occur.
NOTE In this European Standard only values for the negative sequence component are given because this component is the relevant one for the possible interference of appliances connected to the system.
4.2.5
Harmonic voltage
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Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of the 10 min mean r.m.s. values of each individual harmonic voltage shall be less than or equal to the value given in Table 1. Resonances may cause higher voltages for an individual harmonic. Moreover, the THD of the supply voltage (including all harmonics up to the order 40) shall be less than or equal to 8 %.
NOTE The limitation to order 40 is conventional.
Table 1 - Values of individual harmonic voltages at the supply terminals for orders up to 25 given in percent of the fundamental voltage U1 Odd harmonics Not multiples of 3 Order h 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 Relative voltage (Un) 6,0 % 5,0 % 3,5 % 3,0 % 2,0 % 1,5 % 1,5 % 1,5 % Multiples of 3 Order h 3 9 15 21 Relative voltage (Un) 5,0 % 1,5 % 0,5 % 0,5 % Even harmonics Order h 2 4 6 24 Relative voltage (Un) 2,0 % 1,0 % 0,5 %
NOTE No values are given for harmonics of order higher than 25, as they are usually small, but largely unpredictable due to resonance effects.
4.2.6
Interharmonic voltage
The level of interharmonics is increasing due to the development of frequency converters and similar control equipment. Levels are under consideration, pending more experience. In certain cases interharmonics, even at low levels, give rise to flicker (see 4.2.3.2), or cause interference in ripple control systems. 4.2.7 Mains signalling voltage on the supply voltage
In some countries the public distribution networks may be used by the public supplier for the transmission of signals. Over 99 % of a day the 3 s mean of signal voltages shall be less than or equal to the values given in Figure 1.
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Voltage level in percent
Frequency in kHz
Figure 1 - Voltage levels of signal frequencies in percent of Un used in public LV distribution networks
NOTE Power line carrier signalling with frequencies in the range from 95 kHz to 148,5 kHz may be used in network users' installations. Though the use of the public system for the transmission of signals between network users is not allowed, voltages of these frequencies up to 1,4 V r.m.s. in the public LV distribution network have to be taken into account. Because of the possibility of mutual influences of neighbouring signalling installations the network user may need to apply protection or appropriate immunity for his signalling installation against this influence.
4.3 Voltage events 4.3.1 Interruptions of the supply voltage
Interruptions are, by their nature, very unpredictable and variable from place to place and from time to time. For the time being, it is not possible to give fully representative statistical results of measurements of interruptions frequency covering the whole of European networks. A reference for actual values recorded in the European networks concerning interruptions is given in Annex B. 4.3.2 Supply voltage dips/swells
Voltage dips are typically originated by faults occurring in the public network or in the network users installations. Voltage swells are typically originated by switching operations, load disconnections etc. Both phenomena are unpredictable and largely random. The annual frequency varies greatly depending on the type of supply system and on the point of observation. Moreover, the distribution over the year can be very irregular. 4.3.2.1 Voltage dip/swell measurement and detection Voltage dips/swells shall be measured and detected according to EN 61000-4-30, using as reference the nominal supply voltage for LV networks. The voltage dips/swells characteristics of interest for this standard are residual voltage (maximum r.m.s. voltage for swells) and duration1. On LV networks, for four-wire three phase systems, the line to neutral voltages shall be considered; for three-wire three phase systems the line to line voltages shall be considered; in case of a single phase connection, the supply voltage (line to line or line to neutral, according to the customer connection) shall be considered.
1
In this standard, values are expressed in percentage terms of the reference voltage.
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Conventionally, the dip threshold is equal to 90 % of the nominal voltage; the threshold for swells is equal to the 110 % of the nominal voltage. The hysteresis is typically 2 %; reference rules for hysteresis are given in clause 5.4.2.1 of EN 61000-4-30.
Note: For polyphase measurements, it is recommended that the number of phases affected by each event are detected and stored.
4.3.2.2 Voltage dips evaluation Voltage dips shall be evaluated according to EN 61000-4-30. Post treatment aimed at dips evaluation depends on the intended purpose. Typically, on LV networks: if a three-phase system is considered, polyphase aggregation shall be applied; polyphase aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event characterized by a single duration and a single residual voltage; time aggregation shall be applied; time aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event in case of multiple successive events; the method used for multiple events aggregation can be set according to the final use of data; some reference rules are given in IEC TR 61000-2-8. 4.3.2.3 Voltage dips classification For statistical purposes dips shall be classified according to the following table. The figures to be put in the cells refer to the number of equivalent events (as defined in the previous paragraph) 1. Table 2: classification of dips according to residual voltage and duration
Residual voltage u [%] 20 t 200 90>u>=80 80>u>=70 70>u>=40 40>u>=5 5 >u CELL A1 CELL B1 CELL C1 CELL D1 CELL X1 200 < t 500 CELL A2 CELL B2 CELL C2 CELL D2 CELL X2 Duration t [ms] 500 < t 1000 1000 < t 5000 CELL A3 CELL B3 CELL C3 CELL D3 CELL X3 CELL A4 CELL B4 CELL C4 CELL D4 CELL X4 5000 < t 60000 CELL A5 CELL B5 CELL C5 CELL D5 CELL X5
Voltage dips are, by their nature, very unpredictable and variable from place to place and from time to time. For the time being, it is not possible to give fully representative statistical results of measurements of voltage dips frequency covering the whole of European networks. A reference for actual values recorded in the European networks concerning dips is given in Annex B. It should be noted that, due to the measurement method adopted, measurement uncertainty affecting the results has to be taken into account: this is particularly relevant for shorter events. Measurement uncertainty is addressed in EN 61000-4-30. Dips duration depends generally on the protection strategy adopted on the network, that may differ from network to network, depending on network structure and on neutral grounding. As a consequence, typical durations are not necessarily matching the boundaries of columns of table 2. 4.3.2.4 Voltage swells evaluation
1
This table reflects the polyphase network performance. Further information is needed to consider events affecting an individual single-phase voltage in three-phase systems. To calculate the latter, a different evaluation method has to be applied.
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Voltage swells shall be evaluated according to EN 61000-4-30. Post treatment aimed at swells evaluation depends on the intended purpose. Typically, on LV networks: if a three phase system is considered, polyphase aggregation shall be applied; polyphase aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event characterized by a single duration and a single maximum r.m.s. voltage; time aggregation shall be applied; time aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event in case of multiple successive events; the method used for multiple events aggregation can be set according to the final use of data; some reference rules are given in IEC TR 61000-2-8. 4.3.2.5 Voltage swells classification Swells shall be classified according to the following table. The figures to be put in the cells refer to the number of equivalent events (as defined in the previous paragraph) 1. Table 3: classification of swells according to maximum voltage and duration
Swell voltage u [%] u>=120 120>u>=110 20 t 500 CELL S1 CELL T1 Duration t [ms] 500 < t 5000 CELL S2 CELL T2 5000 < t 60000 CELL S3 CELL T3
A voltage swell generally happens in case of switching operations and load disconnections.
Note 1 Faults in the public distribution network, or in a network user's installation, typically give rise to temporary power frequency overvoltages between live conductors and earth; such overvoltages disappear when the fault is cleared. Some indicative values are given in Annex B. Note 2 For the classification of swells between live conductors and earth, reference can be made to EN 60364-4-442.
4.3.3
Transient overvoltages between live conductors and earth
Transient overvoltages at the supply terminals are generally caused by lightning (induced overvoltage) or by switching in the system.
NOTE 1 The rise time can cover a wide range from milliseconds down to much less than a microsecond. However, for physical reasons transients of longer durations usually have much lower amplitudes. Therefore, the coincidence of high amplitudes and a long rise time is extremely unlikely. NOTE 2 The energy content of a transient overvoltage varies considerably according to the origin. An induced overvoltage due to lightning generally has a higher amplitude but lower energy content than an overvoltage caused by switching, because of the generally longer duration of such switching overvoltages. NOTE 3 LV Installations and end users appliances are designed in accordance with standard EN 60664-1, to withstand transient overvoltages in an overwhelming majority of situations. Where necessary, according to IEC 60364-4-44, surge protective devices should be selected, according to IEC 60364-5-53, to take account of the actual situations. This is assumed to cover the induced over-voltages due to both lightning and switching.
1
This table reflects the polyphase network performance. Further information is needed to consider events affecting an individual single phase voltage in three-phase systems. To calculate the latter, a different evaluation method has to be applied.
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Medium-voltage supply characteristics
5.1 General Network users with demands exceeding the capacity of the low voltage network are generally supplied at declared voltages above 1 kV. This standard applies to such electricity supplies at declared voltages up to and included 35 kV.
NOTE Network users may be supplied at such voltages also to satisfy special requirements or to mitigate conducted disturbances emitted by their equipment.
The present paragraph describes the voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by medium voltage public networks. In the following, a distinction is made between: voltage variations, i.e. small deviations from the nominal value that occur continuously over time. Voltage variations are mainly due to load pattern, changes of load or nonlinear loads. voltage events, sudden and significant deviations from normal or desired wave shape. Voltage events are typically due to unpredictable events (e.g., faults) or to external causes (e.g., weather, third party actions). For voltage variations, definite limits are given 1, 2; on the other side, for voltage events, only indicative values can be given (see annex B). The magnitude of voltage is given by the declared voltage Uc. 5.2 Continuous phenomena 5.2.1 Power frequency
The nominal frequency of the supply voltage shall be 50 Hz. Under normal operating conditions the mean value of the fundamental frequency measured over 10 s shall be within a range of: for systems with synchronous connection to an interconnected system: 50 Hz 1 % (i.e. 49,5 Hz... 50,5 Hz) during 99,5 % of a year; 50 Hz + 4 % / - 6 % (i.e. 47 Hz... 52 Hz) during 100 % of the time, for systems with no synchronous connection to an interconnected system (e.g. supply systems on certain islands): 50 Hz 2 % (i.e. 49 Hz... 51 Hz) during 95 % of a week; 50 Hz 15 % (i.e. 42,5 Hz... 57,5 Hz) during 100 % of the time. 5.2.2 Supply voltage variations
5.2.2.1 Requirements Under normal operating conditions, voltage variations should not exceed 10 % of the declared voltage Uc . In cases of electricity supplies in networks not interconnected to transmission systems or for special remote customers, voltage variations should not exceed +10% / -15% of Uc. Network users should be informed of the conditions.
NOTE 1. The actual power consumption required by individual network users is not fully predictable, in terms of amount and of contemporary demand. As a consequence, networks are generally designed on a probabilistic basis. If, following a complaint, measurements carried out by the network operator according to 5.2.2.2 indicate that the magnitude of the supply voltage departs beyond Uc+/-10%, causing negative consequences for the network user, the Network operators should take remedial action in collaboration with the network user(s) depending on a risk
1 2
For single rapid voltage changes, only indicative values are given. For some specific parameter, in single countries stricter limits can be found.
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assessment. The sharing of complaint management and problem mitigation costs between the involved parties is outside the scope of EN 50160. Temporarily, for the time needed to solve the problem, voltage variations should be within the range +10% / -15% of Uc , unless otherwise agreed with the network users. NOTE 2 Identification of what is a special remote customer can vary between countries, taking into account different characteristics of national electric systems as, for instance, limitation of power on the supply terminal and/or power factor limits.
5.2.2.2 Test method When voltage measurements are required, they will be done in accordance with 5.2 of EN 61000-4-30 with a measurement period of at least one week Under normal operating conditions excluding the periods with interruptions the following limits apply: 100% of all 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the supply voltage shall be below the upper limit of + 10% given in 5.2.2.1 and At least 99% of the 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the supply voltage shall be above the lower limit of -10% given in 5.2.2.1 and with not more than two consecutive 10 min mean r.m.s. values below the lower limit of 10%. Rapid voltage changes
5.2.3
5.2.3.1 Single rapid voltage change Rapid voltage changes of the supply voltage are mainly caused either by load changes in the network users' installations or by switching in the system. The voltage during a rapid voltage change must not exceed the voltage dip and/or the voltage swell threshold, as it would otherwise be considered as a voltage dip or swell. Some indicative values can be found in Annex B. 5.2.3.2 Flicker severity Under normal operating conditions, in any period of one week the long term flicker severity caused by voltage fluctuation should be P lt 1 for 95 % of the time. This value was chosen on the assumption that the transfer coefficient between MV and LV system is unity. In practice the transfer coefficients between MV levels and LV levels can be less than 1. In case of complaints, MV limit shall be chosen in such a way that in LV the Plt values do not exceed 1, according to the stages described in IEC 61000-3-7. 5.2.4 Supply voltage unbalance
Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of the 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the negative phase sequence component of the supply voltage shall be within the range 0 % to 2 % of the positive phase sequence component. In some areas unbalances up to 3 % occur.
5.2.5
Harmonic voltage
Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of 10 min mean r.m.s. values of each individual harmonic voltage shall be less than or equal to the value given in Table 4. Resonances may cause higher voltages for an individual harmonic.
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Moreover, the THD of the supply voltage (including all harmonics up to the order 40) shall be less than or equal to 8 %.
NOTE The limitation to order 40 is conventional.
Table 4 - Values of individual harmonic voltages at the supply terminals for orders up to 25 given in percent of the fundamental voltage U1 Odd harmonics Not multiples of 3 Order h 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
a
Even harmonics Multiples of 3 Relative voltage (Uc) 5,0 % a 1,5 % 0,5 % 0,5 % Order h 2 4 6 24 Relative voltage (Uc) 2,0 % 1,0 % 0,5 %
Relative voltage (Uc) 6,0 % 5,0 % 3,5 % 3,0 % 2,0 % 1,5 % 1,5 % 1,5 %
Order h 3 9 15 21
Depending on the network design the value for the third harmonic order can be substantially lower.
5.2.6
The level of interharmonics is increasing due to the development of frequency converters and similar control equipment. Levels are under consideration, pending more experience. In certain cases interharmonics, even at low levels, give rise to flicker (see 5.4.2), or cause interference in ripple control system. 5.2.7 Mains signalling voltage on the supply voltage
In some countries the public distribution networks may be used by the public supplier for the transmission of signals. Over 99 % of a day the 3 s mean of the signal voltages shall be less or equal to the values given in Figure 2.
NOTE It is assumed that network users do not use the public MV network for signalling purposes.
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Voltage level in percent
Frequency in kHz
Figure 2 - Voltage levels of signal frequencies in percent of Uc used in public MV distribution networks 5.3 Voltage events 5.3.1 Interruptions of the supply voltage
Interruptions are, by their nature, very unpredictable and variable from place to place and from time to time. For the time being, it is not possible to give fully representative statistical results of measurements of interruptions frequency covering the whole of European networks. A reference for actual values recorded in the European networks concerning interruptions is given in Annex B. 5.3.2 Supply voltage dips/swells
Voltage dips are typically originated by faults occurring in the public network or in the network users installations. Voltage swells are typically originated by switching operations, load disconnections etc. Both phenomena are unpredictable and largely random. The annual frequency varies greatly depending on the type of supply system and on the point of observation. Moreover, the distribution over the year can be very irregular. 5.3.2.1 Voltage dip/swell measurement and detection Voltage dips/swells shall be measured and detected according to EN 61000-4-30, using as reference the declared supply voltage for MV networks. The voltage dips/swells characteristics of interest for this standard are residual voltage (maximum r.m.s. voltage for swells) and duration1. Typically, on MV networks, the line to line voltages shall be considered. Conventionally, the dip threshold is equal to 90 % of the nominal voltage; the threshold for swells is equal to the 110 % of the nominal voltage. The hysteresis is typically 2 %; reference rules for hysteresis are given in clause 5.4.2.1 of EN 61000-4-30. Note: For polyphase measurements, it is recommended that the number of phases affected by each event are detected and stored.
1
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5.3.2.2 Voltage dips evaluation Voltage dips shall be evaluated according to EN 61000-4-30. Post treatment aimed at dips evaluation depends on the intended purpose. Typically, on MV networks: polyphase aggregation is applied; polyphase aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event characterized by a single duration and a single residual voltage; time aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event in case of multiple successive events; the method used for multiple events aggregation can be set according to the final use of data; some reference rules are given in IEC TR 610002-8. 5.3.2.3 Voltage dips classification For statistical purposes dips shall be classified according to the following table. The figures to be put in the cells refer to the number of equivalent events (as defined in the previous paragraph) 1. Table 5: classification of dips according to residual voltage and duration
Residual voltage u [%] Duration t [ms] 20 t 200 CELL A1 CELL B1 CELL C1 CELL D1 CELL X1 200 < t 500 CELL A2 CELL B2 CELL C2 CELL D2 CELL X2 500 < t 1000 1000 < t 5000 CELL A3 CELL B3 CELL C3 CELL D3 CELL X3 CELL A4 CELL B4 CELL C4 CELL D4 CELL X4 5000 < t 60000 CELL A5 CELL B5 CELL C5 CELL D5 CELL X5
90>u>=80 80>u>=70 70>u>=40 40>u>=5 5 >u
Voltage dips are, by their nature, very unpredictable and variable from place to place and from time to time. For the time being, it is not possible to give fully representative statistical results of measurements of voltage dips frequency covering the whole of European networks. A reference for actual values recorded in the European networks concerning dips is given in Annex B. It should be noted that, due to the measurement method adopted, measurement uncertainty affecting the results has to be taken into account: this is particularly relevant for shorter events. Measurement uncertainty is addressed in EN 61000-4-30. Dips duration depends generally on the protection strategy adopted on the network, that may differ from network to network, depending on network structure and on neutral grounding. As a consequence, typical durations are not necessarily matching the boundaries of columns of table 5. 5.3.2.4 Voltage swells evaluation Voltage swells shall be evaluated according to EN 61000-4-30. Post treatment aimed at swells evaluation depends on the intended purpose. Typically, on MV networks: polyphase aggregation shall be applied; polyphase aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event characterized by a single duration and a single maximum r.m.s. voltage; time aggregation shall be applied; time aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event in case of multiple successive events; the method used for multiple events aggregation can be set according to the final use of data; some reference rules are given in IEC TR 61000-2-8.
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5.3.2.5 Voltage swells classification Swells shall be classified according to the following table. The figures to be put in the cells refer to the number of equivalent events (as defined in the previous paragraph) 1. Table 6: classification of swells according to maximum voltage and duration
Swell voltage u [%] u>120 120>u>=110 20 t 500 CELL S1 CELL T1 Duration t [ms] 500 < t 5000 CELL S2 CELL T2 5000 < t 60000 CELL S3 CELL T3
A voltage swell generally happens in case of switching operations and load disconnections. Faults in the public distribution network, or in a network user's installation, give rise to temporary power frequency overvoltages between live conductors and earth; such overvoltages disappear when the fault is cleared. Some indicative values are given in Annex B. 5.3.3 Transient overvoltages between live conductors and earth
Transient overvoltages in MV supply systems are caused by switching or, directly or by induction, by lightning. Switching overvoltages generally are lower in amplitude than lightning overvoltages, but they can have a shorter rise time and/or longer duration.
NOTE The network users' insulation coordination scheme should be compatible with that adopted by the supplier.
1
This table reflects the polyphase network performance. Further information is needed to consider events affecting an individual single phase voltage in three-phase systems. To calculate the latter, a different evaluation method has to be applied.
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High-voltage supply characteristics
6.1 General Network users with demands exceeding the capacity of the medium voltage network are generally supplied at declared voltages above 35 kV. This standard applies to such electricity supplies at declared voltages up to and included 150 kV.
NOTE Network users may be supplied at such voltages also to satisfy special requirements or to mitigate conducted disturbances emitted by their equipment.
The present paragraph describes the voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by medium voltage public networks. In the following, a distinction is made between: voltage variations, i.e. small deviations from the nominal value that occur continuously over time. Voltage variations are mainly due to load pattern, changes of load or nonlinear loads. voltage events, sudden and significant deviations from normal or desired wave shape. Voltage events are typically due to unpredictable events (e.g., faults) or to external causes (e.g., weather, third party actions). For voltage variations, definite limits are given1,2; on the other side, for voltage events, only indicative values can be given (see annex B). The magnitude of voltage is given by the declared voltage Uc. 6.2 Continuous phenomena 6.2.1 Power frequency
The nominal frequency of the supply voltage shall be 50 Hz. Under normal operating conditions the mean value of the fundamental frequency measured over 10 s shall be within a range of: for systems with synchronous connection to an interconnected system: 50 Hz 1 % (i.e. 49,5 Hz... 50,5 Hz) during 99,5 % of a year; 50 Hz + 4 % / - 6 % (i.e. 47 Hz... 52 Hz) during 100 % of the time, for systems with no synchronous connection to an interconnected system (e.g. supply systems on certain islands): 50 Hz 2 % (i.e. 49 Hz... 51 Hz) during 95 % of a week; 50 Hz 15 % (i.e. 42,5 Hz... 57,5 Hz) during 100 % of the time. 6.2.2 Supply voltage variations
As the number of customers supplied directly from HV networks are limited and normally subject to individual contracts, no limits for supply voltage variations are given in this standard. Existing product standards for HV equipment should be considered. 6.2.3 Rapid voltage changes
6.2.3.1 Single rapid voltage change

1 2
For single rapid voltage changes, only indicative values are given. For some specific parameter, in single countries stricter limits can be found.
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Rapid voltage changes of the supply voltage are mainly caused either by load changes in the network users' installations or by switching in the system. The voltage during a rapid voltage change must not exceed the voltage dip and/or the voltage swell threshold, as it would otherwise be considered as a voltage dip or swell.
Formattato: Evidenziato
6.2.3.2 Flicker severity Under normal operating conditions, in any period of one week the long term flicker severity caused by voltage fluctuation should be P lt 1 for 95 % of the time. This value was chosen on the assumption that the transfer coefficient between HV and LV system is unity. In practice the transfer coefficients between HV levels and LV levels can be less than 1. In case of complaints, HV limit shall be chosen in such a way that in LV the Pl t values do not exceed 1, according to the stages described in IEC 61000-3-7. 6.2.4 Supply voltage unbalance
Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of the 10 min mean r.m.s. values of the negative phase sequence component of the supply voltage shall be within the range 0 % to 2 % of the positive phase sequence component. In some areas unbalances up to 3 % occur.
6.2.5
Harmonic voltage
Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of 10 min mean r.m.s. values of each individual harmonic voltage shall be less than or equal to the value given in Table 7. Resonances may cause higher voltages for an individual harmonic. Moreover, the THD of the supply voltage (including all harmonics up to the order 40) shall be less than or equal to 5 %. Limits for harmonic higher than 13 do not apply for HV meshed networks exceeding 90 kV (included) of nominal voltage.
NOTE The limitation to order 40 is conventional. The measurement of higher order harmonics is not reliable; further information is given in Annex A 2 of EN 61000-4-30.
Table 7 - Values of individual harmonic voltages at the supply terminals for orders up to 25 given in percent of the fundamental voltage U1 Odd harmonics Not multiples of 3 Multiples of 3 Order Relative Order Relative h voltage h voltage 5 4% 3 3% 7 3% 9 1,3 % 11 2% 15 0,5 % 13 1,8 % 21 0,5 % 17 1,5 % 19 1,3 % 23 1% 25 0,9 % Even harmonics Order h 2 4 6 .. 24 Relative voltage 1,9 % 1% 0,5 %
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Depending on the network design the value for the third harmonic order can be substantially lower.
6.2.6
Due to the low resonance frequency of the HV network, no values are given for interharmonic voltage.
NOTE: Due to the very low resonant frequency in HV grid (200 500 Hz) caused by high capacities and inductances, interharmonics are of minor relevance in HV networks.
6.2.7
Mains signalling voltage on the supply voltage
Due to the low resonance frequency of the HV network, no values are given for mains signalling voltage. 6.3 Voltage events 6.3.1 Interruptions of the supply voltage
Interruptions are, by their nature, very unpredictable and variable from place to place and from time to time. For the time being, it is not possible to give fully representative statistical results of measurements of interruptions frequency covering the whole of European networks. A reference for actual values recorded in the European networks concerning interruptions is given in Annex B. 6.3.2 Supply voltage dips/swells Voltage dips are typically originated by faults occurring in the public network or in the network users installations. Voltage swells are typically originated by switching operations, load disconnections etc. Both phenomena are unpredictable and largely random. The annual frequency varies greatly depending on the type of supply system and on the point of observation. Moreover, the distribution over the year can be very irregular.
6.3.2.1
Voltage dip/swell measurement and detection Voltage dips/swells shall be measured and detected according to EN 61000-4-30, using as reference the declared supply voltage for HV networks. The voltage dips/swells characteristics of interest for this standard are residual voltage (maximum r.m.s. voltage for swells) and duration1. Typically, on HV networks, the line to line voltages shall be considered. Conventionally, the dip threshold is equal to 90 % of the reference voltage; the threshold for swells is equal to the 110 % of the nominal voltage. The hysteresis is typically 2 %; reference rules for hysteresis are given in clause 5.4.2.1 of EN 61000-4-30.
Note: For polyphase measurements, it is recommended that the number of phases affected by each event are detected and stored.
6.3.2.2 Voltage dips evaluation Voltage dips shall be evaluated according to EN 61000-4-30. Post treatment aimed at dips evaluation depends on the intended purpose. Typically, on HV networks:
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polyphase aggregation is applied; polyphase aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event characterized by a single duration and a single residual voltage; time aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event in case of multiple successive events; the method used for multiple events aggregation can be set according to the final use of data; some reference rules are given in IEC TR 610002-8.
6.3.2.3 Voltage dips classification For statistical purposes dips shall be classified according to the following table. The figures to be put in the cells refer to the number of equivalent events (as defined in the previous paragraph) 1. Table 8: classification of dips according to residual voltage and duration
Residual voltage u [%] Duration t [ms] 20 t 200 CELL A1 CELL B1 CELL C1 CELL D1 CELL X1 200 < t 500 CELL A2 CELL B2 CELL C2 CELL D2 CELL X2 500 < t 1000 1000 < t 5000 CELL A3 CELL B3 CELL C3 CELL D3 CELL X3 CELL A4 CELL B4 CELL C4 CELL D4 CELL X4 5000 < t 60000 CELL A5 CELL B5 CELL C5 CELL D5 CELL X5
90>u>=80 80>u>=70 70>u>=40 40>u>=5 5 >u
Voltage dips are, by their nature, very unpredictable and variable from place to place and from time to time. For the time being, it is not possible to give fully representative statistical results of measurements of voltage dips frequency covering the whole of European networks. It should be noted that, due to the measurement method adopted, measurement uncertainty affecting the results has to be taken into account: this is particularly relevant for shorter events. Measurement uncertainty is addressed in EN 61000-4-30. Dips duration depends generally on the protection strategy adopted on the network, that may differ from network to network, depending on network structure and on neutral grounding. As a consequence, typical durations are not necessarily matching the boundaries of columns of table 8. 6.3.2.4 Voltage swells evaluation Voltage swells shall be evaluated according to EN 61000-4-30. Post treatment aimed at swells evaluation depends on the intended purpose. Typically, on HV networks: polyphase aggregation shall be applied; polyphase aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event characterized by a single duration and a single maximum rms voltage; time aggregation shall be applied; time aggregation consists in defining an equivalent event in case of multiple successive events; the method used for multiple events aggregation can be set according to the final use of data; some reference rules are given in IEC TR 61000-2-8. 6.3.2.5 Voltage swells classification
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Swells shall be classified according to the following table. The figures to be put in the cells refer to the number of equivalent events (as defined in the previous paragraph) 1. Table 9: classification of swells according to maximum voltage and duration
Swell voltage u [%] u>120 120>u>=110 20 t 500 CELL S1 CELL T1 Duration t [ms] 500 < t 5000 CELL S2 CELL T2 5000 < t 60000 CELL S3 CELL T3
A voltage swell generally happens in case of switching operations and load disconnections. Faults in the public distribution network, or in a network user's installation, give rise to temporary power frequency overvoltages between live conductors and earth; such overvoltages disappear when the fault is cleared. Generally, temporary power frequency overvoltages in HV do not cause any network users concern as normally any load is connected via transformers with different types of neutral grounding. 6.3.3 Transient overvoltages between live conductors and earth
Transient overvoltages in HV supply systems are caused by switching or, directly or by induction, by lightning. Switching overvoltages generally are lower in amplitude than lightning overvoltages, but they may have a shorter rise time and/or longer duration.
NOTE The network users' insulation coordination scheme must be compatible with that adopted by the supplier.
This table reflects the polyphase network performance. Further information is needed to consider events affecting an individual single phase voltage in three -phase systems. To calculate the latter, a different evaluation method has to be applied.
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Annex A (informative) Special nature of electricity

Electricity is an energy form which is particularly versatile and adaptable. It is utilised by being converted into several other forms of energy: heat, light, mechanical energy, and the many electromagnetic, electronic, acoustic and visual forms which are the bases of modern telecommunications, information technology and entertainment. Electricity as delivered to the network users has several characteristics which are variable and which affect its usefulness to the network user. This standard describes characteristics of electricity in terms of the alternating voltage. With respect to the use of electricity it is desirable that the supply voltage would alternate at a constant frequency, with a perfect sine wave and a constant magnitude. In practice, there are many factors which cause departures from this. In contrast to normal products, application is one of the main factors which influence the variation of "characteristics". The flow of energy to the network user's appliances gives rise to electric currents which are more or less proportional to the magnitudes of the network users' demands. As these currents flow through the conductors of the supply system, they give rise to voltage drops. The magnitude of the supply voltage for an individual network user at any instant is a function of the cumulative voltage drops on all the components of the system through which that network user is supplied, and is determined both by the individual demand and by the simultaneous demands of other network users. Since each network user's demand is constantly varying, and there is a further variation in the degree of coincidence between the demands of several network users, the supply voltage is also variable. For this reason, this standard deals with the voltage characteristics in statistical or probabilistic terms. It is in the economic interests of the network user that the standard of supply should relate to normally expected conditions rather than to rare contingencies, such as an unusual degree of coincidence between the demands of several appliances or several network users. Electricity reaches the network user through a system of generation, transmission and distribution equipment. Each component of the system is subject to damage or failure due to the electrical, mechanical and chemical stresses which arise from several causes, including extremes of weather, the ordinary processes of wear and deterioration with age, and interference by human activities, birds, animals, etc. Such damage can affect or even interrupt the supply to one or to many network users. To keep the frequency constant requires the amount of running generation capacity to be matched instant by instant to the simultaneous combined demand. Because both the generation capacity and the demand are liable to change in discrete amounts, especially in the event of faults on the generation, transmission or distribution networks, there is always a risk of a mismatch, resulting in an increase or decrease of the frequency. This risk is reduced, however, by connecting many systems into one large interconnected system, the generation capacity of which is very great relative to the changes which are likely to occur. There are several other characteristics that may have a disturbing or damaging effect on network users' equipment, or even on the network users. Some of these disturbing characteristics arise from unavoidable transient events in the supply system itself, resulting from faults or switching, or caused by atmospheric phenomena (lightning). Others, however, are the result of various uses of electricity which directly alter the waveform of the voltage, impose a particular pattern on its magnitude, or superimpose signalling voltages. Coincidentally with the modem proliferation of equipment which has these effects, there is also an increase in the equipment which is susceptible to the disturbances.
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This European Standard defines where possible the variations of the characteristics normally to be expected. In other cases the standard provides the best possible indication of what, in quantitative terms, is to be expected. Since there is a considerable diversity in the structures of the distribution networks in different areas, arising from differences in load density, population dispersion, local topography, etc. many network users will experience considerably smaller variations of the voltage characteristics than the values given in this standard. It is a particular feature of electricity that, in respect of some of its characteristics, its quality is affected by the user rather than by the producer or supplier. In these cases the network user is an essential partner, with the supplier, in the effort to maintain the quality of electricity. It should be noted that this question is addressed directly by other standards, already published or in preparation: Emission standards govern the levels of electromagnetic disturbances which network users' equipment may be allowed to generate. Immunity standards set down disturbance levels which the equipment should be capable of tolerating without undue damage or loss of function. A third set of standards, for electromagnetic compatibility levels, has the function of enabling coordination and coherence of the emission and immunity standards, with the overall objective of achieving electromagnetic compatibility. Although this standard has obvious links with compatibility levels, it is important to note that it relates to voltage characteristics of electricity. It is not a standard for compatibility levels. It should be especially noted that the performance of equipment might be impaired, if the equipment is subjected to supply conditions more severe than specified in their product standard.
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Annex B (informative) Indicative values for voltage events and single rapid voltage changes
The present Annex B is aimed at providing the reader with some information about indicative values currently available at a European level for some of the events defined and described in the standard. Some information is also given about the way of using values given in the standard, and about the way of collecting data of further measurement campaigns, in order to allow for comparisons between different systems and to have homogeneous data at a European level. As many monitoring systems are in place in some countries, further information is available at a national level. At a national level, more precise figures can be found; furthermore, some regulations may exist. B.1 Long interruptions of the supply voltage
Under normal operating conditions the annual frequency of voltage interruptions longer than three minutes varies substantially between areas. This is due to, among others, differences in system layout (e.g cable systems versus overhead line systems), environmental and climatic conditions etc. To get information about what can be expected, the local network operator should be consulted. In different countries national interruption statistics exist giving indicative values. The CEER Benchmarking Reports on Quality Supply give some statistics for a certain number of European countries and a review of applicable regulatory standards for long interruptions. Rules for aggregating events should be considered when comparing statistical values for long interruptions. B.2 Short interruptions of the supply voltage
The duration of most of the short interruptions may be less than some seconds. Indicative values, intended to provide readers with information on the range of magnitude which can be expected, can be found in IEC TR 61000-2-8 (UNIPEDE statistics). When comparing statistical values for short interruptions, the following issues should be considered: rules for aggregating events, the possible inclusion of Very Short Interruptions (VSI) or transitory interruptions. In some documents short interruptions are considered as having durations not exceeding one minute. Sometimes control schemes are applied which need operating times of up to three minutes in order to avoid long voltage interruptions. B.3 Voltage dips and swells
The swells treated in this paragraph are between live conductors. Use of Table 2, 5 and 8 As detailed in product standards, voltage dips and swells, according to their severity, can impair the operation of equipment. Classes 2 and 3 are defined in EN 61000-4-11 and in EN 61000-4-34. Although the cells of the table 2,5 and 8 are not exactly coincident with the test levels table, it can be expected that equipment tested according to the relevant product standard should cope with voltage dips as indicated in the cells: A1, B1, A2, B2 for class 2;
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A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, A3, A4 for class 3.
Compatibility levels for industrial power networks are defined in EN 61000-2-4. Table 2, 5 and 8 data can help the user to identify the expected performance of the network; in order to assess the probable behaviour of the equipment connected, its immunity has to be considered in accordance with such data. The specification of immunity requirements (including tests specifications and performance criteria) is the responsibility of the product committees. Generic EMC standards (EN 61000-6-1 and 61000-6-2) apply to products operating in a particular environment for which no dedicated product family /product EMC standards exist. Nevertheless, and for information only, the performance criteria are reported in the following. Performance criteria Performance criterion A: The apparatus shall continue to operate as intended during and after the test. No degradation of performance or loss of function is allowed below a performance level specified by the manufacturer, when the apparatus is used as intended. The performance level may be replaced by a permissible loss of performance. If the minimum performance level or the permissible performance loss is not specified by the manufacturer, either of these may be derived from the product description and documentation and what the user may reasonably expect from the apparatus if used as intended. Performance criterion B: The apparatus shall continue to operate as intended after the test. No degradation of performance or loss of function is allowed below a performance level specified by the manufacturer, when the apparatus is used as intended. The performance level may be replaced by a permissible loss of performance. During the test, degradation of performance is however allowed. No change of actual operating state or stored data is allowed. If the minimum performance level or the permissible performance loss is not specified by the manufacturer, either of these may be derived from the product description and documentation and what the user may reasonably expect from the apparatus if used as intended. Performance criterion C: Temporary loss of function is allowed, provided the function is selfrecoverable or can be restored by the operation of the controls." Currently available indicative values The vast majority of voltage dips has a duration less than 1 s and a residual voltage above 40 %. However, voltage dips with smaller residual voltage and longer duration can occur infrequently. In some areas voltage dips with residual voltage between 90 % and 85 % of Uc can occur very frequently as a result of the switching of loads in network users' installations. Indicative values, which are intended to provide readers with information on the range of magnitude which can be expected, can be found in IEC TR 61000-2-8 (UNIPEDE statistics). Methods for reporting measurement campaigns The data relevant to voltage dips/swells should be presented according to the following guidelines. The data collected should be homogeneous in terms of voltage levels. Within the same voltage level, distinction should be made between networks with prevailing underground cables or aerial lines. To cover all seasonal effects, the observation time should be one year. The data should be collected in tables like 4 and 5; the following data shall be reported: average dips/swells incidence per bus per year; 90 or 95% dips/swells incidence per bus per year; maximum dips/swells incidence per bus per year. B.4 Swells (temporary power frequency overvoltages) between live conductors and earth
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For low voltage systems, under certain circumstances, a fault occurring upstream of a transformer may produce temporary overvoltages on the LV side for the time during which the fault current flows. Such overvoltages will generally not exceed 1,5 kV r.m.s. For medium voltage systems, the expected value of such an overvoltage depends on the type of earthing of the system. In systems with a solidly or impedance earthed neutral the overvoltage shall generally not exceed 1,7 U c. In isolated or resonant earthed systems the overvoltage shall generally not exceed 2,0 Uc. The type of earthing will be indicated by the distributor. Indicative values about overvoltages on distribution networks can be found in IEC TR 61000-214. More information for LV systems can be found in IEC TR 62066. B.5 Magnitude of rapid voltage changes For low voltage, under normal operating conditions, rapid voltage changes generally do not exceed 5 % Un, but changes of up to 10 % Un with a short duration might occur some times per day in some circumstances. For medium voltage, under normal operating conditions, rapid voltage changes generally do not exceed 4 % Uc, but changes of up to 6 % Uc with a short duration might occur some times per day in some circumstances. These indicative values apply to the phenomenon of rapid voltage changes as defined in 3.14. At a national level, additional values may be available, but in some cases they are referred to another definition of rapid voltage change (Umax, see EN 61000-3-3 clause 3.3 and fig. 2). In general, the frequency and magnitude of rapid voltage changes are related to the load variation by the users and to the short-circuit power level of the network.
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prEN 50160:2008
Bibliography
IEC TR 61000-2- 2006 14 IEC TR 62066 EN 50065-1 2002 2001 Electromagnetic compatibility Part 2-14: Environment Overvoltages on public electricity distribution networks Surge overvoltages and surge protection in low voltage a.c. power systems - General basic information Signalling on low-voltage electrical installations in the frequency range 3 kHz to 148,5 kHz Part 1: General requirements, frequency bands and electromagnetic disturbances Guide for the application of the European Standard EN 50160 Electromagnetic compatibility Part 2-2: Environment Compatibility levels for low-frequency conducted disturbances and signalling in public low-voltage power supply systems (IEC 61000-2-2:2002) Electromagnetic compatibility Part 2-4: Environment Compatibility levels in industrial plants for low-frequency conducted disturbances Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-15 Testing and measurement techniques Flickermeter - Functional and design specifications (IEC 61000-4-15:1997 + A1:2003) Electromagnetic compatibility Part 6-1: Generic standards Immunity for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments Electromagnetic compatibility Part 6-2: Generic standards Immunity for industrial environments Voltage dips and short interruptions in public medium voltage electricity supply systems
2001 2003 2005 Benchmarking Report on Quality of Electricity Supply - Freely available at http://www.ceer-eu.org
CLC/TR 50422 EN 61000-2-2
2003 2002
EN 61000-2-4
1997
EN 61000-4-15 + A1 EN 61000-6-1
1998 2003 2002
EN 61000-6-2 UNIPEDE 91 en 50.02

CEER
2000

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Scope and object

IEC 60364-4-44 + A1 IEC 60364-5-53 + A1 IEC 61000-3-7 EN 60664-1

2001 2003 2001 2002 1996 2003

References and compliance with IEV as far as possible - will be checked.

Low-voltage supply characteristics

4.2 Continuous phenomena 4.2.1 Power frequency

Supply voltage unbalance

Voltage level in percent

4.3 Voltage events 4.3.1 Interruptions of the supply voltage

Transient overvoltages between live conductors and earth

Medium-voltage supply characteristics

Voltage level in percent

90>u>=80 80>u>=70 70>u>=40 40>u>=5 5 >u

High-voltage supply characteristics

6.2.3.1 Single rapid voltage change

Mains signalling voltage on the supply voltage

90>u>=80 80>u>=70 70>u>=40 40>u>=5 5 >u

Annex A (informative) Special nature of electricity

A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, A3, A4 for class 3.

CLC/TR 50422 EN 61000-2-2

1998 2003 2002

EN 61000-6-2 UNIPEDE 91 en 50.02

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