Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
e2 t, t < 0 30. y( t) = u( t) * h( t) , where h( t) = -3t e , t >0 1 5 1 (A) e -2 t u( - t - 1) + - e -3t u( -t) 2 6 3 (B) (C) (D) 1 2t 5 1 e u( -t - 1) + - e-3t u( -t) 2 6 3 1 2t 1 e + [5 - 3e 2 t - 2 e -3t ]u( t) 2 6 1 2t 1 e + [5 - 3e 2 t - 2 e -3t ]u( -t) 2 6
5 3 1 13 -4 t sin t + cos t + e - t e , t 0 34 34 6 61 5 3 13 -4 t 1 - t sin t + cos t e + e , t 0 34 34 51 6 3 5 13 -4 t 1 - t sin t + cos t e + e , t 0 34 34 51 6 3 5 1 13 -4 t sin t + cos t + e -4 t e , t 0 34 34 6 51 d 2 y ( t) dy ( t) +6 + 8 y( t) = 2 x( t), dt 2 dt y (0 - ) = -1, dy( t) = 1, x( t) = e - t u( t) dt 0 -
37.
Statement for Q.31-34: The impulse response of LTI system is given. Determine the step response. 31. h( t) = e - |t | (A) 2 + e t - e - t (C) e t u( -t + 1) + [2 - e - t ]u( t) 32. h( t) = d( 2 ) ( t) (A) 1 (C) d( 3) ( t) 33. h( t) = u( t) - u( t - 4) (A) tu( t) + (1 - t) u( t - 4) (C) 1 + t 34. h( t) = y( t) (A) u( t) (C) 1 Statement for Q.35-38: The system described by the differential equations has been specified with initial condition. Determine the output of the system and choose correct option. 35. dy( t) + 10 y( t) = 2 x( t), y(0 - ) = 1, x( t) = u( t) dx (B) 1 (1 + 4 e -10 t ) 5 (D) - 1 (1 + 4 e -10 t ) 5 (B) t (D) tu( t) (B) tu( t) + (1 - t) u( t - 4) (D) (1 + t) u( t) (B) u( t) (D) d( t) 38. (B) e t u( -t + 1) + 2 - e - t (D) e t + [2 - e - t - e t ]u( t) (A) (B)
2 - t 5 -2 t 5 -4 t e - e + e , t 0 3 2 6 2 5 -2 t 5 -4 t + e + e , t 0 3 2 6
(A) sin t + 4 cos t - 3te -3t + t, t 0 (B) 4 sin t - cos t - 3te - t , t 0 (C) sin t - 4 cos t + 3te -3t + t, t 0 (D) 4 sin t + cos t - 3te - t , t 0 39. The raised cosine pulse x( t) is defined as 1 (cos wt + 1) , x ( t) = 2 0, p p t w w otherwise
40. The sinusoidal signal x( t) = 4 cos (200 t + p 6) is passed through a square law device defined by the input output relation y ( t) = x 2 ( t). The DC component in the signal is (A) 3.46 (C) 2.83
www.gatehelp.com
(B) 4 (D) 8
Page 252
Continuous-Time Systems
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.1
41. The impulse response of a system is h( t) = d( t - 0.5). If two such systems are cascaded, the impulse response of the overall system will be (A) 0.58( t - 0.25) (C) d( t - 1) (B) d( t - 0.25) (D) 0.5 d( t - 1)
46. The y( t) = x( t) * h( t) is
y(t) y(t)
1+a
1-a
42. Fig. P5.1.40 show the input x( t) to a LTI system and impulse response h( t) of the system.
x(t) h(t)
(A)
y(t) y(t)
(B)
a
1 5 t 3 t
1+a 2
1+a
1-a
(C)
(D)
Fig P5.1.42
The output of the system is zero every where except for the (A) 0 < t < 5 (C) 1 < t < 5 (B) 0 < t < 8 (D) 1 < t < 8
47. If dy( t) dt contains only three discontinuities, the value of a is (A) 1 (C) 3 (B) 2 (D) 0
43. Consider the impulse response of two LTI system S1 : h1 ( t) = e - (1 - 2 j ) t u( t) S2 : h2 ( t) = e cos 2 t u( t) The stable system is (A) S1 (C) Both S1 and S2 (B) S2 (D) None
-t
48. Consider the signal x( t) = d( t + 2) - d( t - 2).The value of E for the signal y( t) = (A) 4 (C) 1 49. The
x( t) dt
(B) 2 (D)
is
(A) is definitely LTI x( t) dt (B) is definitely not LTI (C) may be LTI (D) information is insufficient 50. The response of a system S to a complex input
45. A continuous-time linear system with input x( t) and output y( t) yields the following input-output pairs: x( t) = e j 2 t y( t) = e j 5t x( t) = e - j 2 t y( t) = e - j 5t If x1 ( t) = cos (2 t - 1), the corresponding y1 ( t) is (A) cos (5 t - 1) (C) cos 5( t - 1) Statement for Q.4647: Suppose that 1, x( t) = 0, 0 t 1 elsewhere and (B) e- j cos (5 t - 1) (D) e j cos (5 t - 1)
x( t) = e j8 t is specified as y( t) = cos 8 t. The system (A) is definitely LTI (B) is definitely not LTI (C) may be LTI (D) information is insufficient. 51. The auto-correlation of the signal x( t) = e - t u( t) is (A) (C) 1 t 1 e u( -t) + e - t u( t) 2 2 1 -t 1 e u( -t) + e - t u( t) 2 2 (B) (D) et 1 - t + ( e - e t ) u( t) 2 2 1 t 1 e u( -t) - e - t u( t) 2 2
t h( t) = x , where 0 < a 1. a
*********************
www.gatehelp.com
Page 253
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
SOLUTIONS
1. (A) 2p = 60 p T T= p 30
11. (C)
x(10t)
1 x(10t-5) 1
-0.5 -0.4
0.4 0.5
0.1
0.9
Fig S5.1.11
2. (C) T1 =
2p 2p 2p 2p s, T2 = s, LCM , = 2p 5 7 7 5
12. (D) Multiplication by 5 will bring contraction on time scale. It may be checked by x(5 0.8) = x( 4). 13. (A) Division by 5 will bring expansion on time scale. 20 It may be checked by y( t) = x = x( 4). 5 1, 14. (C) y( t) = -1, 0,
-4 5
3. (D) Not periodic because of t. 4. (D) Not periodic because least common multiple is infinite. 5. (C) y( t) is not periodic although sin t and 6 cos 2 pt are independently periodic. The fundamental frequency cant be determined. 6. (C) This is energy signal because E =
E = (1) 2 dt + ( -1) 2 dt = 2
-5 4
| x ( t)|dt <
-4 t -4 t e u( t) dt = e dt = 0
1 4
7. (A) | x( t)| = 1, E =
| x( t)| dt
2
=8+ =
2 26 = 3 3
16. (B) Let x1 ( t) = v( t) then y1 ( t) = u{v( t)} Let x2 ( t) = kv( t) then y2 ( t) = u{kv( t)} ky1 ( t) (Not homogeneous not linear) y1 ( t) = u{v( t)}, y2 ( t) = u{v( t - to)} = y1 ( t - to) (Time invariant)
-T
| x( t)| dt
2
=1
8. (D) v( t) is sum of 3 unit step signal starting from, 1, 2, and 3, all signal ends at 4. 9. (A) The function 1 does not describe the given pulse. It can be shown as follows :
u(a-t) u(t-b) u(a-t) - u(t-b)
The response at any time depends only on the excitation at time t = to and not on any future value. (Causal) 17. (C) y1 ( t) = v( t - 5) - v( 3 - t) y2 ( t) = kv( t - 5) - kv( 3 - t) = ky1 ( t) (Homogeneous) Let x1 ( t) = v( t) then y1 ( t) = v( t - 5) - v( 3 - t) Let x2 ( t) = 2 w( t) then y2 ( t) = w( t - 5) - w( 3 - t) Let x3( t) = x( t) + w( t) Then y3( t) = v( t - 5) + w( t - 5) - v( 3 - t) - w( 3 - t) (Additive)
Fig S5.1.3.9
10. (B)
r(t-4)
2
r(t-6)
2
r(t-4) - r(t-6)
2
= y1 ( t) + y2 ( t) linear.
Fig S5.1.10
(Time invariant)
Page 254
Continuous-Time Systems
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.1
At
time,
Therefore
the
21. (C) All option are linear. So it is not required to check linearity. d y1 ( t) - 8 y1 ( t) = v( t) dt d Let x2 ( t) = v( t - to) then t y2 ( t) - 8 y2 ( t) = v( t - to) dt Let x1 ( t) = v( t) then t The first equation can be written as d ( t - to) y( t - to) - 8 y( t - to) = v( t - to) dt This equation is not satisfied if y2 ( t) = y1 ( t - to) therefore y2 ( t) y1 ( t - to) x( l) y( l) dl + 8 dl l - - l (Time Variant)
t
response at time, t = 0 depends on the excitation at a later time t = 3. and so is y( t). t t 18. (D) y1 ( t) = v , y2 ( t) = kv = ky1 ( t) 2 2 (Homogeneous) x3 = v( t) + w( t) then t t y3( t) = v + w = y1 ( y) + y2 ( t) 2 2 linear t t t - to y1 ( t) = v , y2 - to y( t - to) = v 2 2 2 (Time variant) At time t = -2, y( -2) = x( -1), therefore, the response at time t = -2, depends on the excitation at a later time, t = -1. It x( t) is bounded then y( t) is bounded. 19. (C) y1 ( t) = cos 2 pt v( t) y2 ( t) k cos 2 pt v( t) = ky1 ( t) x3( t) = v( t) + w( t) y3( t) = cos 2 pt [ v( t) + w( t)] = y1 ( t) + y2 ( t) linear. y1 ( t) = cos 2 pt v( t) y2 ( t) = cos 2 pt ( t - to) y( t - to) = cos [2 p( t - to)]v( t - to) (Time Variant) The response at any time t = to depends only on the excitation at that time and not on the excitation at any later time. If x( t) is bounded then y( t) is bounded. 20. (C) y1 ( t) = |v( t)|, y2 ( t) = |kv( t)| = k y1 ( t) If k is negative k y1 ( t) ky1 ( t) (Not Homogeneous Not linear). y1 ( t) = |v( t)|, y2 ( t) = | y( t - to)| = y1 ( t - to) (Time Invariant) The response at any time t = to depends only on the excitation at that time and not on the excitation at any later time. If x( t) is bounded then y( t) is bounded. (Causal) (Stable) (Causal) (Stable) (Additive) (Homogeneous) (Not causal) (Stable) (Additive) (Not causal) (Stable) If x( t) is bounded then x( t - 5) and x( 3 - t) are bounded
So the response at any time, t = to depends on the excitation at t to , and not on any future values. (Causal) The Homogeneous solution to the differential equation is of the form y( t) = kt8 . If there is no excitation but the zero excitation, response is not zero. The response will increases without bound as time increases. (Unstable) 22. (C) y1 ( t) = y2 ( t) =
t+ 3 t+ 3
v(l)dl
t+ 3
(Homogeneous)
x3( t) = v( t) + w( t)
t+ 3 -
[ v( l) + w( l)]dl =
v( l)dl +
t+ 3
w( l)dl
(Additive)
= y1 (t) + y2 (t)
t+ 3
v(l)dl = y (t - t )
1 o
(Time invariant) The response at any time, t = to , depends partially on the excitation at time to to < t < ( to + 3) which are in future. If x( t) is a constant k, then y ( t) =
t+ 3
(Not causal)
kdl = k dl and as
-
t+ 3
(unstable)
www.gatehelp.com
Page 255
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
11. x[ n + 2 ] y[ n - 2 ]
x[n] 3
pn pn pn p 14. x[ n] = cos + - sin + 3 cos 3 2 8 4 (A) periodic with period 16 (B) periodic with period 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 n
(A)
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
2 1
x[n] 3
(B)
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 n
15. x[ n] = 2 e
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1 -1
N = 10 samples. The smallest angular frequency, for which x[ n] is periodic, is 1 (A) rad/cycle 10 (C) 5 rad/cycle
(C)
-2 -3
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1 -1
17. Let x[ n], - 5 n 3 and h[ n], 2 n 6 be two finite duration signals. The range of their convolution is (A) -7 n 9 (C) 2 n 3 (B) -3 n 9 (D) -5 n 6
(D)
-2 -3
Statement for Q.1215: A discrete-time signal is given. Determine the period of signal and choose correct option. pn pn 1 12. x[ n] = cos + sin + 9 2 7 (A) periodic with period N = 126 (B) periodic with period N = 32 (C) periodic with period N = 252 (D) Not periodic n pn 13. x[ n] = cos cos 8 8 (A) Periodic with period 16 p (B) periodic with period 16( p + 1) (C) periodic with period 8 (D) Not periodic Statement for Q.1826: x[ n] and h[ n] are given in the question. Compute the convolution y[ n] = x[ n] * h[ n] option. 18. x[ n] = {1, 2, 4}, h[ n] = {1, 1, 1, 1, 1} (A) {1, 3, 7, 7, 7, 6, 4} (B) {1, 3, 3, 7, 7, 6, 4} (C) {1, 2, 4} (D) {1, 3, 7} 19. x[ n] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, h [ n] = {1} (A) {1, 3, 6, 10, 15} (C) {1, 4, 9, 16, 20} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (D) {1, 4, 6, 8, 10} and choose correct
Page 260
Discrete-Time Systems
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.2
(B) {0, 0, 3}
(C) {0, 0, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1}
1, 26. x[ n] = 2, 0
n = -2, 0, 1 n = -1 elsewhere
h (n) = d[ n ] - d[ n - 1] + d[ n - 4]
(A) d[ n ] - 2 d[ n - 1 ] + 4 d[ n - 4 ] + d[ n - 5 ] (B) d[ n + 2 ] + d[ n + 1 ] - d[ n ] + 2 d[ n - 3 ] + d[ n - 4 ] + d[ n - 5 ] (C) d[ n + 2 ] - d[ n + 1 ] + d[ n ] + 2 d[ n - 3 ] - d[ n - 4 ] + 2 d[ n - 5 ] (D) d[ n ] + 2 d[ n - 1 ] + 4 d[ n - 5 ] + d[ n - 5 ]
Statement for Q.2730: In question y[ n] is the convolution of two signal. Choose correct option for y[ n]. 27. y[ n] = ( -1) n * 2 n u[2 n + 2 ] (A) (C) 4 6 8 ( -1) n u[ -n + 2 ] 3 1 u[ n] * u[ n + 2 ] 4n 1 12 (B) - n u[ n + 2 ] 3 4 1 16 (D) - n u[ n + 2 ] 3 4 (B) (D) 4 u[ -n + 2 ] 6 8 ( -1) n 3
28. y[ n] =
1 1 (A) - n u[ n] 3 4 4 1 1 n (C) u[ n + 2 ] 3 12 4
n 5 n6
Page 261
www.gatehelp.com
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
and
x[n]
10
y[n]
Fig. P5.2.37
(A) P, Q, R, S (C) P, R, S
(B) Q, R, S (D) P, Q, S
Fig. P5.2.38
(A) P, Q, R, S Statement for Q.3238: Let P be linearity, Q be time invariance, R be causality and S be stability. In question discrete time input x[ n] and output y[ n] relationship has been given. In the option properties of system has been given. Choose the option which match the properties for system. 32. y[ n] = rect ( x[ n]) (A) P, Q, R (C) R, S, P 33. y[ n] = nx[ n] (A) P, Q, R, S (C) P, R 34. y[ n] =
n +1 m = -
(B) P, Q, R (D) Q, R, S
and S2
are
x[n]
S2
(B) Q, R, S (D) S , P, Q
S1
y[n]
Fig. P5.2.3941.
39. Consider the following statements (B) Q, R, S (D) Q, S (a) If S1 and S2 are linear, the S is linear (b) If S1 and S2 are nonlinear, then S is nonlinear (c) If S1 and S2 are causal, then S is causal (d) If S1 and S2 are time invariant, then S is time invariant (B) R, S (D) Q, R True statements are : (A) a, b, c (C) a, c, d (B) R, S, P (D) P, Q, R (B) b, c, d (D) All
u[ m ]
40. Consider the following statements (a) If S1 and S2 are linear and time invariant, then interchanging their order does not change the system. (b) If S1 and S2 are linear and time varying, then interchanging their order does not change the system. True statement are
Fig. P5.2.36
(A) P, Q, R, S (C) P, Q
Page 262
(B) Q, R, S (D) R, S
Discrete-Time Systems
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.2
41. Consider the statement (a) If S1 and S2 are noncausal, the S is non causal (b) If S1 and/or S2 are unstable, the S is unstable. True statement are : (A) Both a and b (C) Only b (B) Only a (D) None
y[n-2]
42. The following input output pairs have been observed during the operation of a time invariant system : x1 [ n] = {1, 0, 2} x2 [ n] = {0, 0, 3} x3[ n] = {0, 0, 0, 1}
S S
Fig. P5.2.45
(B) Stable but not causal (C) Causal but unstable (D) unstable and not causal 46. The impulse response of a LTI system is given as 1 h[ n] = - u[ n]. 2 The step response is (A) 1 1 2 - - 3 2
n +1 n
The conclusion regarding the linearity of the system is (A) System is linear (B) System is not linear (C) One more observation is required. (D) Conclusion cannot be drawn from observation. 43. The following input output pair have been observed during the operation of a linear system: x1 [ n] = { -1, 2, 1} x2 [ n] = {1, - 1, - 1} x3[ n] = {0, 1, 1}
S S
u[ n] u[ n]
(B)
1 1 2 - - 3 2
u[ n] u[ n]
(C)
1 1 2 + - 3 2
n +1
(D)
1 1 2 + - 3 2
(B)
2 1 - u[ n] 3 2 21 u[ n] 32
n
(C)
(D)
The conclusion regarding the time invariance of the system is (A) System is time-invariant (B) System is time variant (C) One more observation is required (D) Conclusion cannot be drawn from observation 44. The stable system is (A) y[ n] = x[ n] + 11 . y[ n - 1] (B) y[ n] = x[ n] 1 ( y[ n - 1] + y[ n - 2 ]) 2 be
48. The difference equation representation for a system is y[ n] - 2 y[ n - 1] + y[ n - 2 ] = x[ n] - x[ n - 1] If y[ n] = 0 for n < 0 and x[ n] = d[ n], then y[2 ] will (A) 2 (C) -1 (B) -2 (D) 0
49. Consider a discrete-time system S whose response to a complex exponential input e jpn S : e jpn
www.gatehelp.com
2 2
is specified as
e jp3n
Page 263
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
or
n < - 2, y [ n] = 0
n+2 k=0
n - 2, y[ n] =
4k
4 1 1 , 3 12 4 n
1 1 2 0 2 1 1 2 0 2 1
2 2 4 0 4 2
0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 4 0 4 2
1 1 2
4 1 1 n y[ n] = u[ n + 2 ] 3 12 4
n -2
k=
3k =
81 , 2
3n 6
for n - 2 4 or n 6, y[ n] = 3n , y[ n] = 6 81 , 2 n 5 n6
k = -
Fig. S5.2.24
n < 0,
n -3 k = -3
y[ n] = 0
1 2 -4 3 2 -4 3
4 8 -16 12
n > 0, y[ n] =
1 = n + 1,
y[ n] = 0
n -1
or
n <1 ,
Fig. S5.2.25
p n 1, y[ n] = cos k k=0 2
y2 [ n] k y1 [ n]
y1 [ n] = rect ( v[ n]), y2 [ n] = rect ( v[ n - no ]) y1 [ n - no ] = rect ( v[ n - no ]) = y2 [ n] At any discrete time n = no , the response depends only on the excitation at that discrete time. No matter what values the excitation may have the response can only have the values zero or one. (Stable) 33. (C) y1 [ n] = nv[ n] , ky1 [ n] = y2 [ n] Let x1 [ n] = v[ n] Let x2 [ n] = w[ n] then then y1 [ n] = nv[ n] y2 [ n] = nw[ n] y2 [ n] = nkv[ n] (Homogeneous)
Fig. S5.2.26
y[ n] = {1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1}
y[ n ] = d[ n + 2 ] + d[ n + 1 ] - d[ n ] + 2 d[ n - 3 ] + d[ n - 4 ] + d[ n - 5 ]
27. (D) y[ n] = 1 2n - 2 = 1 1+ 2
Page 266
n -2
k=n -2
( -1)
2n -k = 2n
k=n -2
1 - 2
(Additive)
8 ( -1) n 3
Discrete-Time Systems
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.2
(Time variant) At any discrete time, n = no the response depends only on the excitation at that same time. unbounded as n approaches infinity. 34. (C) y1 [ n] = y2 [ n] = ky1 [ n] y1 [ n] = y3[ n] = =
n +1 n +1 n = - n +1 n +1
If the excitation is bounded, the response is bounded. (Stable). 37. (B) y1 [ n] = 10 v[ n] - 5, y2 [ n] ky1 [ n] y2 [ n] = 10 kv[ n] - 5
(Causal) (Unstable)
m = -
v[ m ] ,
y2 [ n ] =
n +1
y1 [ n] = 10 v[ n] - 5, y2 [ n] = 10 v[ n - no ] - 5 y1 [ n - no ] = 10 v[ n - no ] - 5, = y2 [ n] At any discrete time, n = no the response depends only on the excitation at that discrete time and not on any future excitation. (Causal) (Stable). If the excitation is bounded, the response is bounded.
m = -
kv[ m ]
(Homogeneous)
v[ m ], y2 [ n] =
n +1
n = -
w[ m ]
m = -
( v[ n] + w[ m ])
n +1 1 2
m = -
v[ m ] + w[ n] = y [ n] + y [ n]
m = -
(Additive)
v[ n] , y2 [ n] =
n -no +1 m = -
n +1
m = -
v[ m - no ]
Let m = n - k then y[ n] = y1 [ n] =
y1 [ n - no ] =
v[ m ] =
n +1
m =n
x[ m ] = x[ m ]
m = - 1
q = -
v[ q - no ] = y2 [ n]
(Time Invariant)
m = -
v[ m ] ,
n
y2 [ n ] =
m = -
kv[ m ] = ky [ n]
(Homogeneous)
n
At any discrete time, n = no , the response depends on the excitation at the next discrete time in future. (Anti causal) If the excitation is a constant, the response increases without bound. (Unstable)
y3[ n] =
m = -
(v[ m ] + w[ m ]) = v[ m ] + w[ m ]
m = - m = -
= y1 [ n] + y2 [ n] System is Linear. y1 [ n] =
m = -
(Additive) , y2 =
v[ m ]
n -no
m = -
v[ n - n ]
o
35. (A) y1 [ n] = v[ n] , y2 = kv[ n] = k v[ n] ky1 [ n] = k v[ n] y2 [ n] (Not Homogeneous Not linear) y1 [ n] = v[ n] , y2 [ n] = v[ n - no ] y1 [ n - no ] = v[ n - no ] = y2 [ n] on the excitation at that time (Time Invariant) At any discrete time n = no , the response depends only (Causal) (Stable). 36. (B) y[ n] = 2 x [ n]
2
y1 [ n] can be written as y1 [ n - no ] =
m = -
v[ m ] = v[ q - n ] = y [ n]
q = - o 2
(Time Invariant) At any discrete time n = no the response depends only on the excitation at that discrete time and previous discrete time. without bound. (Causal) (Unstable) If the excitation is constant, the response increase
39. (C) Only statement (b) is false. For example S1 : y[ n] = x[ n] + b, and S2 : y[ n] = x[ n] - b , where b 0 S{x[ n]} = S2 {S1 {x[ n]}} = S2 {x[ n] + b} = x[ n] Hence S is linear. 40. (B) For example S1 : y[ n] = nx[ n] and S2 : y[ n] = nx[ n + 1] If x[ n] = d[ n] then S2 {S1 {d[ n]}} = S2 [0 ] = 0,
Page 267
Let x2 [ n] = v[ n - no ] then y2 [ n] = 2 v 2 [ n - no ] y1 [ n - no ] = 2 v[ n - no ] = y2 [ n] on the excitation at that time. At any discrete time, n = no , the response depends only
www.gatehelp.com
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
5.3
THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Statement for Q.1-12: Determine the Laplace transform of given signal. 1. x( t) = u( t - 2) (A) -e s
-2 s
(B)
-2 s
s 7. x( t) = (A)
-2 s
(D) 0
1 s( s + 1) 2 e- s s+1
(B) (D)
1 s
(C)
-e - 2 s s
(B)
2p s 2 ( s 2 + 4 p2 ) s3 s + 4 p2
2
(C)
(D)
4. x( t) = e 2 t u( -t + 2) (A) (C) e
2 (s - 2 )
-1 s -2
-2 ( s - 2 )
(B) (D)
e s+2 e s -2
-2 s
-2 s
(C)
1-e s -2
(D) -
(C)
(D)
www.gatehelp.com
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
12. x( t) = t
-( s 2 + 4 s + 2) (A) 2 ( s + 2 s + 2) 2 (C) ( s + 2 s + 2) ( s 2 + 4 s + 2) 2
2
( s 2 + 4 s + 2) (B) 2 ( s + 2 s + 2) 2 (D) -( s + 2 s + 2) ( s 2 + 4 s + 2) 2
2
1 (B) 3e- t sin 3t - e- t cos 3t u( t) 3 (C) ( 3e - t cos 3t - e - t sin 3t) u( t) (D) ( 3e - t sin 3t + 3e- t cos 3t) u( t) 19. X ( s) = 4 s 2 + 8 s + 10 ( s + 2)( s 2 + 2 s + 5)
Statement for Q.1324: Determine the time signal x( t) corresponding to given X ( s) and choose correct option. s+3 13. X ( s) = 2 s + 3s + 2 (A) (2 e -2 t + e - t ) u( t) (C) (2 e -2 t - e - t ) u( t) 14. X ( s) = 2 s 2 + 10 s + 11 s2 + 5 s + 6 (B) (2 e - t - e -2 t ) u( t) (D) (2 e - t + e -2 t ) u( t)
(A) (2 e -2 t + 2 e - t sin 2 t - 2 e - t cos 2 t) u( t) (B) (2 e -2 t + 2 e - t cos 2 t - 2 e - t sin 2 t) u( t) (C) (2 e -2 t + 2 e - t cos 2 t - e - t sin 2 t) u( t) (D) (2 e -2 t + 2 e - t sin 2 t - e - t cos 2 t) u( t) 20. X ( s) = 3s 2 + 10 s + 10 ( s + 2)( s 2 + 6 s + 10)
(A) ( e -2 t + 2 e -3t cos t + 2 e -3t sin t) u( t) (B) ( e -2 t + 2 e -3t cos t - 6 e -3t sin t) u( t) (C) ( e -2 t + 2 e -3t cos t - 2 e -3t sin t) u( t) (D) (9 e -2 t - 6 e -3t cos t + 3e -3t sin t) u( t) 21. X ( s) = 2 s 2 + 11s + 16 + e -2 s ( s2 + 5 s + 6)
+ e ) u( t) + e -3t ) u( t)
-3t
(A) 2 d( t) + ( 3e -2 t - 2 e-3t ) u( t - 2) (B) 2 d( t) + (2 e -2 t - e -3t + e -2 ( t - 2 ) + e -3( t - 2 ) ) u( t) (C) 2 d( t) + (2 e -2 t - e -3t ) u( t) + ( e -2 t - e -3t ) u( t - 2) (D) 2 d( t) + (2 e -2 t - e -3t ) u( t) + ( e -2 ( t - 2 ) - e -3( t - 2 ) ) u( t - 2) 22. X ( s) = s d2 ds 2 1 1 s2 + 9 + s+3
2s - 1 s2 + 2 s + 1
-t
-3t 2 t t2 (A) u( t) e + 3 sin 3t + 9 cos 3t (B) ( e -3t + 2 t sin 3t + t 2 cos 3t) u( t) 2t (C) e -3t + sin 3t + t 2 cos 3t u( t) 3 (D) ( e -3t + t 2 sin 3t + 2 t cos 3t) u( t)
www.gatehelp.com
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.3
sin t u( t)
1 -0 .5t e sin t u( t) 4
-2 s
2s . s2 + 2
Determine the Laplace transform Y ( s) of the given time signal in question and choose correct option.
24. X ( s) = e
1 d 1) 2 ds ( s +
(C)
(D)
Given the transform pair below. Determine the time signal y( t) and choose correct option. cos 2 t u( t) 25. Y ( s) = ( s + 1) X ( s) (A) [cos 2 t - 2 sin 2 t ]u( t) (C) [cos 2 t + 2 sin 2 t ]u( t) sin 2 t (B) cos 2 t + u( t) 2 sin 2 t (D) cos 2 t u( t) 2 (C)
L
31. y( t) = x( t) * (A) 4 s3 ( s 2 + 2) 2 -4 s 3 ( s + 2) 2
2
X ( s).
26. Y ( s) = X ( 3s) 2 (A) cos t u( t) 3 (C) cos 6 t u( t) 27. Y ( s) = X ( s + 2) (A) cos 2( t - 2) u( t) (C) cos 2( t + 2) u( t) X ( s) 28. Y ( s) = 2 s (A) 4 cos 2 t u( t) (C) t cos 2 t u( t)
2
Statement for Q.3443: Determine the bilateral laplace transform and (B) 1 - cos 2 t u( t) 4 choose correct option. 34. x( t) = e - t u( t + 2) (A) (B) (B) t cos 2( t - 3) u( t) (D) -t cos 2( t - 3) u( t) (C) (D) e2 ( s + 1 ) , s+1 1 , 1+ s e2 ( s + 1 ) , s+1 1 , 1+ s Re ( s) > -1 Re ( s) < - 1 Re ( s) < - 1 Re ( s) > -1
Page 271
cos 2 t (D) u( t) t2
29. Y ( s) =
d -3s [ e X ( s)] ds
www.gatehelp.com
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
-e -3s , s
(B) e , Re ( s) < 0
s
41. x( t) = cos 3t u( -t) * e - t u( t) -s , (A) ( s + 1)( s2 + 9) (B) (C) -s , ( s + 1)( s2 + 9) s , ( s + 1)( s 2 + 9) s , ( s + 1)( s 2 + 9)
-1 (C) , (1 + s 2 ) (D) -1 , (1 + s 2 )
t 2
42. x( t) = e t sin (2 t + 4) u( t + 2) (A) (B) (C) (D) e 2 ( s -1 ) , ( s - 1) 2 + 4 e 2 ( s -1 ) , ( s - 1) 2 + 4 e( s - 2 ) , ( s - 1) 2 + 4 e( s - 2 ) , ( s - 1) 2 + 4 d -2 t [ e u( -t)] dt Re ( s) < - 1 Re ( s) > -1 Re ( s) < - 1 Re ( s) > -1 Re ( s) > 1 Re ( s) < 1 Re ( s) > 1 Re ( s) < 1
38. x( t) = e u( t) + e u( t) + e u( -t)
t
-t
43. x( t) = e t (A) (B) (C) (D) 1-s , s+1 1-s , s+1 s -1 , s+1 s -1 , s+1
39. x( t) = e t cos 2 t u( -t) + e - t u( t) + e 2 u( t) (A) (B) (C) (D) (1 - s) 1 1 , 0.5 < Re ( s) < 1 + + 2 ( s - 1) + 4 s + 1 s - 0.5 (1 - s) 1 1 , -1 < Re ( s) < 1 + + ( s - 1) 2 + 4 s + 1 s - 0.5 ( s - 1) 1 1 , 0.5 < Re ( s) < 1 + + ( s - 1) 2 + 4 s + 1 s - 0.5 ( s - 1) 1 1 , -1 < Re ( s) < 1 + + ( s - 1) 2 + 4 s + 1 s - 0.5
Statement for Q.4449: Determine the corresponding time signal for given bilateral Laplace transform. 44. X ( s) = e 5s with ROC: Re ( s) < -2 s+2
40. x( t) = e ( 3t + 6 ) u( t + 3)
Page 272
(A) e -2 ( t + 5) u( t + 5)
www.gatehelp.com
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
(A)
1 -t e sin t u( t) 2
62. A stable system has input is (A) d( t) - ( e -2 t cos t + e -2 t sin t) u( t) (B) d( t) - ( e -2 t cos t + e -2 t sin t) u( t - 2) (C) d( t) - ( e 2 t cos t + e 2 t sin t) u( t) (D) d( t) - ( e 2 t cos t + e 2 t sin t) u( t + 2)
x( t) and output
58.
63. The relation ship between the input x( t) and output y( t) of a causal system is described by the differential equation dy( t) + 10 y( t) = 10 x( t) dt The impulse response of the system is (A) -10 e -10 t u( -t + 10) (C) 10 e -10 t u( -t + 10) (B) 10 e -10 t u( t) (D) -10 e -10 t u( t)
59. The transform function H ( s) of a causal system is 2 s2 + 2 s - 2 H ( s) = s2 - 1 The impulse response is (A) 2 d( t) - ( e- t + et ) u( -t) (B) 2 d( t) - ( e + e ) u( t)
t -t
64. The relationship between the input x( t) and output y( t) of a causal system is defined as d 2 y( t) dy( t) dx( t) . - 2 y( t) = -4 x( t) + 5 2 dt dt dt The impulse response of system is (A) 3e - t u( t) + 2 e 2 t u( -t) (B) ( 3e - t + 2 e 2 t ) u( t) (C) 3e - t u( t) - 2 e 2 t u( -t) (D) ( 3e - t - 2 e 2 t ) u( -t)
*******
(C) 2 d( t) + e u( t) - e u( -t)
t
-t
(D) 2 d( t) + ( e- t + et ) u( t) 60. The transfer function H ( s) of a stable system is 2s - 1 H ( s) = 2 s + 2s + 1 The impulse response is (A) 2 u( -t + 1) - 3tu( -t + 1) (B) ( 3te- t - 2 e- t ) u( t) (C) 2 u( t + 1) - 3tu( t + 1) (D) (2 e- t - 3te- t ) u( t) 61. The transfer function H ( s) of a stable system is H ( s) = s2 + 5 s - 9 ( s + 1)( s 2 - 2 s + 10)
The impulse response is (A) -e - t u( t) + ( e t sin 3t + 2 e t cos 3t) u( t) (B) -e - t u( t) - ( e t sin 3t + 2 e t cos 3t) u( -t) (C) -e - t u( t) - ( e t sin 3t + 2 e t cos 3t) u( t) (D) -e - t u( t) + ( e t sin 3t + 2 e t cos 3t) u( -t)
Page 274
www.gatehelp.com
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.3
SOLUTIONS
1. (B) X ( s) = x( t) e - st dt = e - st dt =
0 2
r ( t) = e -2 t u( t)
R( s) =
1 s+2 e- ( s + 2 ) s2
e -2 s s
v( t) = e -2 t u( t - 1) x( t) = q( t) * v( t) 1 s e X ( s) = s+2
-2 ( s + 1 )
L L
V ( s) =
X ( s) = Q( s) V ( s)
3. (A) X ( s) = e -2 t e - st dt =
0
1 s+2
s+3 ( s + 3) 2 + 4
p( t) dt X ( s) =
1 P ( s) p( t) dt + s - s
4. (C) X ( s) = x( t) e - st dt = e 2 t u( -t + 2) e - st dt
0 0
( s + 3) s[( s + 3) 2 + 4 ]
L
= e t ( 2 - s ) dt =
0
2 (2 - s )
- 1 1 - e -2 ( 2 - s ) = 2-s s -2
P ( s) =
s+1 ( s + 1) 2 + 1
5. (C) X ( s) =
2
5 ( e j 5t - e - j 5t ) - st e dt = 2 2 25 j s + 0 1 - e -2 s s
L
Q( s) = X ( s) = -
s( s + 1) ( s + 1) 2 + 1 d Q( s) ds
x( t) = tq( t) 6. (B) X ( s) = e - st dt =
0
P ( s) = 1 ( s + 1) 2
X ( s) =
-( s 2 + 4 s + 2) ( s 2 + 2 s + 2) 2 s+3 A B = + ( s + 3s + 2) s + 1 s + 2
2
7. (B) p( t) = te - t u( t) x( t) = d p( t) dt
L
13. (B) X ( s) = A=
X ( s) =
s ( s + 1) 2 1 s2 s s + 4 p2
2
s+3 s+3 = 2, B = = -1 s + 2 s = -1 s + 1 s = -2
P ( s) = Q( s) =
L L
X ( s) = P ( s)Q( s)
1 s( s + 4 p2 )
L
P ( s) =
1 s2
Q( s) = X ( s) =
d -2 P ( s) = 3 ds s
d 6 Q( s) = 4 ds s
A = sX ( s) s = 0 = 2, B = ( s + 1) X ( s) s = -1 = 1, C = ( s + 2) X ( s) s = -2 = -3 x( t) = [2 + e - t - 3e -2 t ]u( t)
n! sn + 1
L
10. (D) p( t) = u( t) q( t) = u( t - 1)
P ( s) = e- s s2
1 s
17. (C) X ( s) = =
s2 - 3 ( s + 2)( s 2 + 2 s + 1)
Q( s) =
A B C + + ( s + 2) ( s + 1) ( s + 1) 2
Page 275
www.gatehelp.com
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
A = ( s + 2) X ( s) s = -2 = 1, C = ( s + 1) 2 X ( s) A + B =1 x( t) = [ e
-2 t
-t
B =0
s = -1
= -2
- te ]u( t) 3s + 2 3( s + 1) 1 = 2 2 ( s + 1) 2 + 32 s + 2 s + 10 ( s + 1) + 3
2
18. (A) X ( s) =
1 -0 .5t e sin t u( t) 4 1 ( s + 1) 2
L L L
24. (C) P ( s) = Q( s) = d P ( s) ds
p( t) = te - t u( t)
q( t) = -tp( t) = -t 2 e - t u( t) x( t) = q( t - 2)
A B( s + 1) C = + + 2 2 ( s + 2) ( s + 1) + 2 ( s + 1) 2 + 2 2 A = ( s + 2) X ( s) s = -2 = 2 A + B=4 B =2 C = -2 5 A + 2 B + 2 C = 10
X ( s) = e -2 sQ( s)
x( t) = - ( t - 2) e ( t - 2 ) u( t - 2)
L
25. (A) sX ( s) + X ( s)
dx( t) + x( t) dt
y( t) = ( -2 sin 2 t + cos 2 t ) u( t)
L
ax( at)
1 2 cos t u( t) 3 3
L
e-2 t x( t)
C = -6
-3t
+ 2e
-3t
cos t - 6 e
sin t ]u( t)
X ( s) s
- L t
x( t) dt
-
21. (D) X ( s) =
2 s 2 + 11s + 16 + e -2 s ( s2 + 5 s + 6) P ( s) s
L
cos 2 t u( t) dt =
sin 2 t 2
p( t) = x( t - 3)
q( t) = - p( t)
p( t) =
1 sin 3t u( t) 3 t2 sin 3t u( t) 3
e -2 s X ( s), Y ( s) =
q( t) = ( -1) 2 t 2 p( t) = d q( t) - q(0 - ) dt
2 se -2 s s2 + 2
R( s) = sQ( s) =
r ( t) =
31. (A) p( t) =
d x( t) dt
P ( s) = sX ( s)
y( t) = x( t) * p( t) 32. (A) e - t x ( t)
Y ( s) = P ( s) X ( s) = s( X ( s)) 2 X ( s + 1) = 2( s + 1) ( s + 1) 2 + 2
www.gatehelp.com
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.3
-2
d 4 s2 - 8 X ( s) = 2 ds ( s + 2) 2
34. (A) X ( s) =
x( t) e
- st
e 2 s e -2 , ( s - 1) 2 + 4
= e - t e - st dt = e - t ( s + 1 ) dt =
-2 -2
P ( s) =
Q( s) = sP ( s) X ( s) = Q( s - 1) = 1-s 1+ s
x( t) = e t q( t)
d( t + 1) e
jt
- st
dt = e s ,
All s
37. (B) X ( s) =
( e - e ) - st e dt 2j 0
- jt
p( t) = -e -2 t u( -t) x( t) = p( t + 5)
1 1 1 , e t ( j - s ) dt e - t ( j + s ) dt = = j s2 2j 2 1 + 0 0 38. (D) X ( s) = e e - st + e - t e - st dt +
0 0 t 2
u( -( t + 5))
ee
t - st
dt
p( t) = e 3t u( t) x( t) = t 2 e 3t u( t)
39. (A) X ( s) =
( e - e ) - st e dt + e - t e- st dt + e e - st dt 2j 0 0
jt
- jt
1 s
p( t) = u( t)
q( t) = p( t - 3) = u( t - 3) r ( t) = -tq( t) = -tu( t - 3) v( t) =
s -1 1 1 + + ( s - 1) 2 + 4 ( s + 1) s - 0.5
r( t) dt
v( t) = - tdt = 3
1 2 ( t - 9) 2 x( t) = 1 2 ( t - 9) 2 -
t
L L
1 P ( s) = s-3 Q( s) = e 3s P ( s) = e 3s s-3
X ( s) =
1 v( s) s
q( t) = p( t + 3) X ( s) = e 3( s -1 ) , s-3
Re ( s) > 3
L
9 -1 x( t) = ( t 3 - 27) + ( t - 3) u( t - 3) 6 2 -s - 4 -3 2 = + s 2 + 3s + 2 ( s + 1) s + 2
41. (B) p( t) * q( t)
5 1 ( s + 1) ( s + 1) 2
x( t) = -5 u( -t) + te - t u( -t)
Page 277
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
s =0 s + 5s - 2
2
-2 s
(6s + s ) =0 s2 + 2 s - 2
3 2
2 s3 + 3s =0 s2 + 5 s + 1
Y ( s) ( s + 1)( s + 2) = X ( s) ( s + 2) 2 + 1
( s + 2) 1 ( s + 2) 2 + 1 ( s + 2) 2 + 1
e -3s (2 s2 + 1) 1 = s2 + 5 s + 4 4
h( t) = 10 e-10 t u( t)
y( t) = u( t)
2
h( t) = 3e - t u( t) + 2 e 2 t u( t).
***********
10 A B C D = + + + s( s + 1)( s + 2)( s + 3) s ( s + 1) ( s + 2) s + 3
h( t) = 2 d( t) + ( e- t + e t ) u( t) 2 3 , System is stable s + 1 ( s + 1) 2
www.gatehelp.com
60. (D) H ( s) =
Page 278
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
5.4
THE Z-TRANSFORM
Statement forQ.1-12: Determine the z-transform and choose correct option. 1. x[ n] = d[ n - k] , k > 0 (A) z , (C) z ,
k k
(B) (D)
z >0 z 0
(B) z (D) z
-k -k
, ,
z >0 z 0
2 7. x[ n] = 3 (A)
-5 z 3 2 , - <z <(2 z - 3)( 3z - 2) 2 3 -5 z 2 3 , <|z|< (2 z - 3)( 3z - 2) 3 2 5z 2 2 , <|z |< (2 z - 3) ( 3z - 2) 3 3 5z 3 2 , - <z <(2 z - 3)( 3z - 2) 2 3
n n
(C)
(D)
(B) (D)
(B)
(C)
1 1 1 , |z|> 1 -1 1 -1 2 1- z 1- z 2 4
Page 279
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
33. X ( z) =
1 1 , |z|< -2 1 - 4z 4
(A) - 2 2 ( k + 1 ) d[ -n - 2( k + 1)]
k=0
(B) - 2 2 ( k + 1 ) d[ -n + 2( k + 1)]
k=0
x2 [ n] = -2 n u[ -n - 1] + x3[ n] = - 2 n u[ -n - 1] -
1 u[ -n - 1] 2n 1 u[ n] 2n
(C) - 2 2 ( k + 1 ) d[ n + 2( k + 1)]
k=0
(D) - 2 2 ( k + 1 ) d[ n - 2( k + 1)]
k=0
Fig. P.5.4.37 shows the three different region. Choose the correct option for the ROC of signal
Im R1 z - plane R2 R3 2 Re
1 2
d[ n - 1]
( -1) (B) k
k -1
d[ n + 1]
( -1) k (D) d[ n + 1] k
X ( z) = cos ( z -3), |z|> 0, The value of x[12 ] is (A) (C) 1 24 1 6 (B) (D) 1 24 1 6 (A) (B) (C) (D) R1 x1 [ n] x2 [ n ] x1 [ n] x3[ n] R2
Fig. P5.4.37
R3 x3[ n] x1 [ n] x2 [ n ] x1 [ n]
x2 [ n ] x3[ n] x3[ n] x2 [ n ]
1 3
Fig. P.5.4.36
(b) |z|<
1 u[ n] 3n 1 x3[ n] = - 2 n u[ n - 1] + n u[ -n - 1] 3 Correct solution is x2 [ n] = - 2 n u[ n - 1] (A) x1 [ n] (C) x3[ n] (B) x2 [ n] (D) All three
-1 -1 1 , x[ n] = n -1 + 3 3 2
u[ -n + 1]
n
(c)
1 1 1 -1 <|z |< , x[ n] = - n -1 u[ -n - 1] - u[ n] 3 2 2 3
Correct solutions are (A) (a) and (b) (C) (b) and (c) (B) (a) and (c) (D) (a), (b), (c)
Page 282
www.gatehelp.com
The z-Transform
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.4
x [1] = 1
The impulse response is (A) ( 3n + ( -1) n 2 n + 1 ) u[ n] (B) ( 3n + 1 + 2 ( -2) n ) u[ n] (C) ( 3n -1 + ( -1) n 2 n + 1 ) u[ n] (D) ( 3n -1 - ( -2) n + 1 ) u[ n] 45. A causal system has input x[ n] = d[ n] + y[ n] = d[ n] 1 1 d[ n - 1] - d[ n - 2 ] and output 4 8 3 d[ n - 1] . 4
1 u[ n] + u[ -n + 1] 2n
40. x[ n] is right-sided, X ( z) has a signal pole, and x[0 ] = 2, x[2 ] = 1 2. x[ n] is u[ -n] (A) n -1 2 (C) u[ -n] 2n +1 u[ n] (B) n -1 2 (D) u[ -n] 2n +1
1 1 -1 5 + 2 3 4 2
n
u[ n]
H ( z) =
(1 - 2 z -1 ) (1 +
(C)
1 3
n 1 n -1 5 2 u[ n] 4 2 n n
The impuse response h[ n] is 1 (A) 2 n u[ -n + 1] - u[ n] 2 -1 (B) 2 n u[ -n - 1] + u[ n] 2 -1 (C) -2 n u[ -n - 1] + u[ n] 2 1 (D) 2 n u[ n] - u[ n] 2 42. Let x[ n] = d[ n - 2 ] + d[ n + 2 ]. (B) z 2 (D) 2 z 2 The unilateral
n n n n
(D)
1 1 1 5 + 2 3 2 4
u[ n]
1 2 (C) 10 - 7(2) n u[ n] 2
43. The unilateral z-transform of signal x[ n] = u[ n + 4 ] is (A) 1 + z + z 2 + 3z + z 4 (C) 1 + z -1 + z -2 + z -3 + z -4 (B) (D) 1 1-z 1 1 - z -1
(B) 2 d[ n + 4 ] - d[ n + 5 ] (D) 2 d[ n - 4 ] - d[ n - 5 ]
Page 283
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
u[ n - 2 ]
(D)
-1 u[ n - 2 ] 2n -2
u[ n] -
3n + 3 u[ -n - 1] 8
u[ n] u[ n] -
49. A system is described by the difference equation y[ n] = x[ n] - x[ n - 2 ] + x[ n - 4 ] - x[ n - 6 ] The impulse response of system is (A) d[ n] - 2 d[ n + 2 ] + 4 d[ n + 4 ] - 6 d[ n + 6 ] (B) d[ n] + 2 d[ n - 2 ] - 4 d[ n - 4 ] + 6 d[ n - 6 ] (C) d[ n] - d[ n - 2 ] + d[ n - 4 ] - d[ n - 6 ] (D) d[ n] - d[ n + 2 ] + d[ n + 4 ] - d[ n + 6 ] 50. The impulse response of a system is given by h[ n] = 3 u[ n - 1]. 4n (C)
3n + 3 u[ -n - 1] 8 3n + 3 u[ -n] 8 3n + 3 u[ -n] 8
(D) -
u[ n] -
, |z|>
1 4
The h[ n] is (A) Stable (C) Stable and Causal (B) Causal (D) None of the above
The difference equation representation for this system is (A) 4 y[ n] - y[ n - 1] = 3 x[ n - 1] (B) 4 y[ n] - y[ n + 1] = 3 x[ n + 1] (C) 4 y[ n] + y[ n - 1] = - 3 x[ n - 1] (D) 4 y[ n] + y[ n + 1] = 3 x[ n + 1] 51. The impulse response of a system is given by h[ n] = d[ n] - d[ n - 5 ] The difference equation representation for this system is (A) y[ n] = x[ n] - x[ n - 5 ] (C) y[ n] = x[ n] + 5 x[ n - 5 ] (B) y[ n] = x[ n] - x[ n + 5 ] (D) y[ n] = x[ n] - 5 x[ n + 5 ]
55. The transfer function of a system is given as 1 2 z + 2 . H ( z) = 1 1 z - z - 2 3 Consider the two statements Statement(i) : System is causal and stable. Statement(ii) : Inverse system is causal and stable. The correct option is (A) (i) is true (B) (ii) is true (C) Both (i) and (ii) are true (D) Both are false 56. The impulse response of a system is given by -1 -1 h[ n] = 10 u[ n] - 9 u[ n] 2 4 For this system two statement are Statement (i): System is causal and stable
www.gatehelp.com
n n
The system is (A) Causal and Stable (B) Causal, Stable and minimum phase (C) Minimum phase (D) None of the above
Page 284
The z-Transform
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.4
The correct option is (A) (i) is true (C) Both are true 57. The system y[ n] = cy[ n - 1] - 0.12 y[ n - 2 ] + x[ n - 1] + x[ n - 2 ] is stable if (A) c < 112 . (C) |c |< 112 . (B) c > 112 . (D) |c |> 112 . (B) (ii) is true (D) Both are false
z-1
Fig. P5.4.62
n -2
(A) 2 2 (B)
(1 + ( -1) n ) u[ n] +
1 d[ n] 2
2n 1 (1 + ( -1) n ) u[ n] + d[ n] 2 2
n -2
58. Consider the following three systems y1 [ n] = 0.2 y[ n - 1] + x[ n] - 0.3 x[ n - 1] + 0.02 x[ n - 2 ] y2 [ n] = x[ n] - 0.1 x[ n - 1] y3[ n] = 0.5 y[ n - 1] + 0.4 x[ n] - 0.3 x[ n - 1] The equivalent system are (A) y1 [ n] and y2 [ n] (C) y3[ n] and y1 [ n] (B) y2 [ n] and y3[ n] (D) all
(C) 2 2 (D)
(1 + ( -1) n ) u[ n] -
1 d[ n] 2
2n 1 [1 + ( -1) n ] u [ n] - d [ n] 2 2
59. The z-transform of a causal system is given as X ( z) = The x[0 ] is (A) -15 . (C) 1.5 (B) 2 (D) 0 . z -1 2 - 15 -1 . z + 0.5 z -2 1 - 15
z-1
z-1
Fig. P5.4.63
(A) Correct solution 60. The z-transform of a anti causal system is X ( z) = 12 - 21z 3 - 7 z + 12 z 2 (B) Not correct solution (C) Correct and unique solution (D) Correct but not unique solution
The value of x[0 ] is 7 (A) 4 (C) 4 61. Given the z-transforms X ( z) = The limit of x[ ] is (A) 1 (C)
*****************
z( 8 z - 7) 4z2 - 7z + 3
(B) 2 (D) 0
www.gatehelp.com
Page 285
The z-Transform
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.4
z 2 - 3z 1 - 3z -1 = 3 3 z 2 + z -1 1 + z -1 - z -2 2 2 2 1 1 , ROC : <|z|< 2 = 1 + 2 z -1 1 - 1 z -1 2 2 1 x[ n] = -2(2) n u[ -n - 1] - n u[ n] 2 24. (A) X ( z) = 25. (A) x[ n] is right sided 1 49 47 z - z -1 4 32 32 = + X ( z) = 1 - 16 z -1 1 + 4 z -1 1 - 4 z -1 47 n 49 x[ n] = ( -4) n + 4 u[ n] 32 32 26. (C) x[ n] is right sided 1 -1 2 X ( z) = 2 + + z -1 1+ z 1 - z -1 x[ n] = 2 d[ n + 2 ] + (( -1) n - 1) u[ n + 2 ]
2-n , = 0,
33. (C) X ( z) = -4 z 2 (2 z) 2 k = - 2 2 ( k + 1 ) z 2 ( k + 1 )
k=0 k=0
x[ n] = - 2 2 ( k + 1 ) d[ n + 2 ( k + 1)]
k=0
34. (A) ln (1 + a) = X ( z) =
( -1) k -1 ( a) k k k =1
( -1) k -1 ( z -1 ) k k k =1 ( -1) k -1 d[ n - 1] k k =1
x [ n] =
27. (A) d[ n] + 2 d[ n - 6 ] + 4 d[ n - 8 ] 28. (B) x[ n] is right sided, x[ n] = 29. (D) x[ n] is right sided signal X ( z) = 1 + 3z
-1
( -1) k 2 k a k = 0 (2 k) !
k d[ n - k]
k=5
10
( -1) k -3k 2 k (z ) k = 0 (2 k) !
k=0
x [ n] =
(2 k) ! d [ n - 6 k]
( -1) k
n = 12
12 - 6 k = 0, k = 2,
+ 3z
-2
+z
-3
x[ n] = d[ n] + 3d[ n - 1] + 3d[ n - 2 ] + d[ n - 3]
( -1) 2 1 x[12 ] = = 4! 24 36. (D) All gives the same z transform with different ROC. So all are the solution. 37. (C) x1 [ n] is right-sided signal z1 > 2 , z1 > 1 gives z1 > 2 2
x2 [ n] is left-sided signal 1 1 z 2 < 2, z 2 < gives z 2 < 2 2 x3[ n] is double sided signal 1 1 z 3 > and z 3 < 2 gives < z3 < 2 2 2 38. (B) X ( z) = 2 -1 , + 1 -1 1 1- z 1 + z -1 2 z x[ n] = 2 -1 u[ n] - u[ n] 2n 3
n
z z + 4 4
-2
-2
1 -2 = 4 z k=0
1 x [ n] = d[ n - 2 k] k=0 4
|z|> |z|<
1 (Right-sided) 2 1 (Left-sided) 3
www.gatehelp.com
-2 -1 n x[ n] = n + u[ -n - 1] 3 2
Page 287
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
1 1 2 -1 <|z|< (Two-sided) x[ n] = - n u[ -n - 1] - u[ n] 3 2 2 3 So (b) is wrong. 3 39. (A) Since the ROC includes the z = , ROC is 4 1 <|z|< 1, 2 A B X ( z) = + 1 -1 1 + z -1 1- z 2 A x[ n] = n u[ n] B ( -1) n u[ -n - 1] 2 A 1= A =2 , 2 x[ -1] = 1 = ( -1) B( -1) B = 1 1 x[ n] = n -1 u[ n] - ( -1) n u[ -n - 1] 2 40. (B) x[ n] = Cpn u[ n] , x[0 ] = 2 = C x[2 ] = 1 = 2 p2 2
n
-2 5 Y ( z) 3 3 , H ( z) = = + X ( z ) 1 - 1 z -1 1 + 1 z -1 4 2 h[ n] =
n n 1 -1 1 5 2 u[ n] 3 4 2
46. (D) X ( z) = Y ( z) =
1 1 + 3z -1
4 1 3 = -1 1 1 1 - 2z 1 - z -1 (1 - 2 z -1 ) 1 - z -1 2 2 10 Y ( z) -7 = + X ( z ) 1 - 2 z -1 1 - 1 z -1 2
H ( z) =
n 1 h[ n] = 10(2) n - 7 u( n) 2
47. (D) H ( z) =
p=
1 , 2 X ( z) =
1 , Y ( z ) = 2 z -4 1 -1 1- z 2
1 x[ n] = 2 u( n) 2 41. (B) H ( z) = 1 1 + -1 1 1 - 2z 1 + z -1 2
Y ( z) = 2 z -4 - z -5 H ( z)
x[ n] = 2[ d - 4 ] - d[ n - 5 ]
z -1 -1 48. (A) Y ( z) 1 = 2 z X ( z) 2 H ( z) = Y ( z) 2 z -1 = z -1 X ( z) 12
n -1
1 h[ n] = 2 2
u[ n - 1] Y ( z) = (1 - z -2 + z -4 - z -6 ) X ( z)
42. (A) X + ( z) =
n =0
x[ n]z x[ n]z
-n
= d[ n - 2 ]z - n = z -2
49. (C) H ( z) =
h[ n] = d[ n] - d[ n - 2 ] + d[ n - 4 ] - d[ n - 6 ] 31 44
n -1
43. (D) X ( z) =
-n
n =0
n =0
-n
1 = 1 - z -1
50. (A) h[ n] =
u[ n - 1]
45. (A) X ( z) = 1 +
3 -1 z Y ( z) 4 H ( z) = = X ( z ) 1 - 1 z -1 4 1 3 Y ( z ) - z -1 Y ( z) = z -1 X ( z) 4 4 1 3 y[ n] - y[ n - 1] = x[ n - 1] 4 4
Page 288
www.gatehelp.com
The z-Transform
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.4
51. (A) H ( z) =
Y ( z) = 1 - z -5 X ( z)
y[ n] = x[ n] - x[ n - 5 ] 1 2 2 , poles at z = 2 3
(i) Not all poles are inside |z|= 1, the system is not causal and stable. (ii) Not are poles and zero are inside |z|= 1, the system is not minimum phase. 3 27 8 8 53. (A) X ( z) = + 1 -1 1 - 3z -1 1- z 3 Since X ( z) converges on |z|= 1. So ROC must include this circle. 1 ROC : <|z|< 3, 3 3n + 3 x[ n] = - n -1 u[ n] u[ -n - 1] 3 8 8 1 1 54. (C) h[ n] = 16 n u[ n]. So system is both stable and 4 causal. ROC includes z = 1. 55. (C) Pole of system at : z = 1 1 , 2 3 1 Pole of inverse system at : z = 2
n
3 61. (A) The function has poles at z = 1, . Thus final 4 value theorem applies. 7 ) 4 =1 lim x( n) = lim( z - 1) X ( z) = ( z - 1) n z 1 3 ( z - 1) z - 4 z(2 z 62. (C) [2 Y ( z) + X ( z)] z -2 = Y ( z) H ( z) = z -2 1 - 2 z -2
=-
1 1 1 4 4 h[ n] = - + + 2 1 - 2 z -1 1 + 2 z -1 1 1 d[ n] + {( 2 ) n + ( - 2 ) n } u[ n] 2 4
63. (D) Y ( z) = X ( z) z -1 - { Y ( z) z -1 + Y ( z) z -2 } Y ( z) z -1 z = = 2 -1 -2 X ( z) 1 + z + z z + z +1 So this is a solution but not unique. Many other correct diagrams can be drawn.
For this system and inverse system all poles are inside |z|= 1. So both system are both causal and stable. 56. (A) H ( z) = 10 9 1 -1 1 1+ z 1 + z -1 4 2
***********
1 - 2 z -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 + z 1 + z 2 4
Pole of this system are inside |z|= 1. So the system is stable and causal. For the inverse system not all pole are inside |z|= 1. So inverse system is not stable and causal. 57. (C) |a2|= 0.12 < 1, a1 =| -c |< 1 + 0.12, |c |< 112 . 58. (A) Y1 ( z) = 1 - 0.1z -1 , Y2 ( z) = 1 - 0.1z -1 Y3( z) = 0.4 - 0.3z -1 1 - 0.5 z -1
www.gatehelp.com
Page 289
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
5.6
THE DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM
Statement for Q.19: Determine the discrete-time Fourier Transform for the given signal and choose correct option. 1, 1. x[ n] = 0, sin 5W (A) sin W (C) sin 2.5W sin W
n
-n
3 2. x[ n] = u[ n - 4 ] 4 (A)
( (
3 4
e - jW
3 - jW 1- 4 e 3 4
) )
(B)
3 4
e jW
3 jW 1- 4 e
(A) pd(W) 4
1 1 + e - jW 1 1 - e - jW 0, 1, 2}
(B) (D)
1 1 - e - jW 1 1 + e - jW
(C) pd(W) +
(C)
e - jW
3 4
1+
e jW
(B) (D)
e -2 jW(1 - e 3 jW) 1 - e jW e
-2 jW
(A) 2 j(2 sin 2W + sin W) (C) -2 j(2 sin 2W + sin W) ) p 9. x[ n] = sin n 2 (A) p( d[W - p 2 ] - d[W + p 2 ]) j ( d[W + p 2 ] - d[W - p 2 ]) 2
(1 - e 1 - e - jW
-3 jW
(B)
1-a 1 - 2 a cos W + a 2
2
(B)
1 - a2 1 - 2 ja sin W + a 2
Page 300
www.gatehelp.com
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.6
16. X ( e jW) = j 4 sin 4W - 1 (A) 4 pd[ n + 4 ] - 4 pd[ n - 4 ] - 2 pd[ n] (B) 2 d[ n + 4 ] - 2 d[ n - 4 ] - d[ n] (C) d[ n + 4 ] - d[ n - 4 ] - d[ n] (D) None of the above 17. X ( e jW) = (A) 5 2-n 2 + e - jW + 6
transform given in question. 10. X ( e jW) = 1 , |a|< 1 (1 - ae - jW) 2 (B) ( n + 1) a n u[ n] (D) None of the above
(A) ( n - 1) a n u[ n] (C) na u[ n] 11. X ( e jW) = 8 cos 2 w (A) (d[ n + 2 ] + 2 d[ n] + d[ n - 2 ]) (B) 2(d[ n + 2 ] + 2 d[ n] + d[ n - 2 ]) (C) -4(d[ n + 2 ] + d[ n] + d[ n - 2 ]) (D)
1 2 n
-e
- j2 W
n +1 -2 1 + u[ n] 3 n +1
u[ n]
(d[ n + 2 ] + d[ n] + d[ n - 2 ])
n +1 2 ( -1) n + u[ n] 3
2 j, 0 <W p 12. X ( e jW) = - 2 j, - p < W 0 4 pn (A) sin 2 pn 2 (C) 8 pn sin 2 pn 2 4 pn (B) sin 2 pn 2 (D) 8 pn sin 2 pn 2
(A) 2 - n + 1 [1 + ( -2) - n ]u[ n] (B) 2 - n [1 + ( -2) - n ]u[ n] (C) 2 - n + 1 [( -1) n + 2 - n ]u[ n] (D) 2 - n [( -1) n + 2 - n ]u[ n] 19. X ( e jW) = 2 e - jW e- j 2 W 1-1 4
1, jW 13. X ( e ) = 0, (A)
(A) 2 n -1 [1 + ( -1) n ]u[ n] (B) 21 - n [1 + ( -1) n ]u[ n] (C) 21 - n [1 - ( -1) n ]u[ n] (D) 2 n -1 [1 - ( -1) n ]u[ n] 20. X ( e jW) = 2 (A) 9
n
(B)
e - jW 1-1 3 j W e -1 e -2 jW 1-1 4 8
n
for
7 1 1 + - 2 9 4
u[ n]
2 1 n 7 1 n (B) - + u[ n] 9 2 9 4 2 1 n 7 1 n (C) - - u[ n] 9 2 9 4
15. X ( e jW) = cos 2W + j sin 2W (A) 2 pd[ n + 2 ] (C) 0 (B) d[ n + 2 ] (D) None of the above
www.gatehelp.com
2 (D) 9
7 1 1 - - 2 9 4
u[ n]
Page 301
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
27. (D) X ( e j 0 ) =
n = -
if the samples of the signal add up to zero. This is true for signal (b) and (h). 28. (A) X ( e j 0 ) =
n = -
x[ n] = 6
is an even signal. Therefore X ( e jW) = e - j 2 WY ( e jW),
Since Y ( e jW) is real. This imply arg{ Y ( e jW)} = 0 Thus arg{ X ( e jW)} = -2W 30. (C)
-p
X (e
jW
) dW = 2 px[0 ] = 4 p
n = -
( -1)
x[ n] = 2
e j2 W
Ev{ x[ n] =
( x[ n] + x[ -n])
2
( b - a) e 1 -1 = + 1 - ( a + b) e - jW + abe- j 2 W 1 - be - jW 1 - ae - jW
- jW
1 1 1 1 , 1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, , 0, - = - , 0, 2 2 2 2
x[ n] = bn u[ n] + a n u[ -n - 1] . 22. (D) The signal must be read and odd. Only signal ( h) is real and odd. 23. (A) The signal must be real and even. Only signal (c) and (e) are real and even. 24. (A) Y ( e jW) = e jaW X ( e jW),
jW
33. (D)
-p
| X ( e )|
jW
= 2 p | x[ n]| = 28 p
2 n = -
DTFT
d X ( e jW) dW
y[ n] = x[ n + a ]
2 dX ( e jW) 2 = 2 p |n | x[ n] = 316 p dW n = - - p
If Y ( e ) is real, then y[ n] is real and even (if x[ n] is real.). Therefore x [ n + a ] is even and x [ n] has to be symmetric about a.This is true for signal (a), (c), (e), (f) and (g). 25. (D)
-p
X (e
jW
) dW = 2 px[0 ] ,
36. (C) Since x[ n] is real and odd, X ( e jW) is purely imaginary. Thus y[ n] = 0. 37. (D) X 2 ( e jW) = X ( e j 2 W) X ( e j 2 W)
DTFT
x[0 ] = 0 is for signal (c), (f), (g) and (h). 26. (D) X ( e jW) is always periodic with period 2 p.
x[ n] , n even x 2 [ n] = otherwise 0,
Page 306
www.gatehelp.com
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.6
x[ n] ,
p p
3 4
2|n|
dX ( e jW) =0 dW e jWn dW
d X ( e jW) dW
|n|
1 2p
-p
Y (e
jW
) e jWn dW =
1 2p
-p
- jW
3 y[ n] = - jnx[ n] = - jn2 4
1 sin p( n - 1) e jW ( n -1 ) dW = 2 p -p p( n - 1)
jIm{ X ( e jW)}
Y ( e jW) , X ( e jW) 1 2 - jW 1- e 3 d j dW 1 2 - jW 1 - e 3 2 - jW e = 3 2 - jW 1- e 3
Therefore od{ x[ n]} = F -1 { jIm{ X ( e jW)}} 1 = ( d[ n + 1] - d[ n - 1] - d[ n + 2 ] + d[ n - 2 ]) 2 x[ n] - x[ -n] Od{ x[ n]} = 2 Since x[ n] = 0 for n > 0, x[ n] = 2od{ x[ n] } = d[ n + 1] - d[ n + 2 ] For n < 0 Using Parsevals relation 1 2p 3=
DTFT
2 n u[ n] 3
DTFT
| X ( e )|
jW
dW =
n =- 2
| x[ n]|
2 - jW e 2 e - jW H( e ) = 3 = - jW 2 1 - e - jW 3 - 2 e 3
jW
n = -
| x[ n]|
-1
x[0 ] = 1,
x[ n] = d[ n] + d[ n + 1] - d[ n + 2 ] 1 42. (C) u[ n] 4
n DTFT
1 1 1 - jW 4 1- e 4
y[ n] -
2 2 y[ n - 1] = x[ n - 1] 3 3
1 - jW n e d 1 1 DTFT 4 = n u[ n] j 2 dW 1 - 1 e - jW 2 1 - 1 e - jW 4 4
n =0
3 y[ n] - 2 y[ n - 1] = 2 x[ n - 1] .
n 2 1
n = -
x[ n] = X ( e
j0
)=
4 9
*********
43. (A) For all pass system H ( e jW) = 1 for all W H ( e jW) = b+ e , b + e - jW = 1 - a e - jW 1 - ae- jW
- jW
| |
|
www.gatehelp.com
1 + b2 + 2 b cos W = 1 + a 2 - 2 a cos W
Page 307
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
CHAPTER
5.7
THE CONTINUOUS-TIME FOURIER SERIES
Statement for Q.1-5: Determine the Fourier series coefficient for given periodic signal x( t). 1. x( t) as shown in fig. P5.7.1
x(t) 10
-2p 3
x(t) A
-4p 3
2p
4p
Fig. P5.7.3
4 pk - j A 3 e (A) - 1 2 pk - j A e 2 pk 4 pk 3
(B) j
- j A e 2 pk
4 pk 3
- 1
-10
-5
10
(C) - j
Fig. P5.7.1
- 1
(D)
- j -A e 2 pk
4 pk 3
- 1
Fig. P5.7.4
-T
T 4
T 2
(B)
A (1 + ( - 1 ) k ) kp A (D) (1 + ( - 1 ) k ) jkp
Fig. P5.7.2
(A) (C)
(B) (D)
1 1 1 d[ k - 1] + d[ k] - d[ k + 1] 4 2 4 1 1 1 d [ k - 2 ] + d[ k] - d[ k + 2 ] 4 2 4 1 1 d[ k - 1] + d[ k] - d[ k + 1] 2 2 1 1 d[ k - 2 ] + d[ k] - d[ k + 2 ] 2 2
Page 308
www.gatehelp.com
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.7
Statement for Q.6-11: In the question, the FS coefficient of time-domain signal have been given. Determine the corresponding time domain signal and choose correct option. 7. X [ k] = jd[ k - 1] - jd[ k + 1] + d[ k + 3] + d[ k - 3], wo = 2 p (A) 2(cos 3pt - sin pt) (C) 2(cos 6 pt - sin 2 pt) -1 8. X [ k] = , wo = 1 3 4 (A) 5 + 3 sin t 5 (C) 4 + 3 cos t
|k|
(A) (C)
(B)
sin 9 pt p sin pt
k -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig. P5.7.11
(A) 3 cos 3pt + 2 cos 2 pt + cos pt (B) 3 sin 3pt + 2 sin 2 pt + sin pt (C) 6 sin 3pt + 4 sin 2 pt + 2 sin pt (D) 6 cos 3pt + 4 cos 2 pt + 2 cos pt
k
{X [k]}
p 4
with
fundamental X [ k].
period
and the
Fourier Fourier
series series
-p 4
coefficients
Determine
Fig. P5.7.9
coefficient of the signal y( t) given in question and choose correct option. 12. y( t) = x( t - to ) + x ( t - to ) 2p (A) 2 cos kto X [ k] T (C) e
- to
p p (A) 6 cos 2 pt + - 3 cos 3pt - 4 4 p p (B) 4 cos 4 pt - - 2 cos 3pt + 4 4 p p (C) 2 cos 2 pt + - 2 cos 3pt - 4 4 p p (D) 4 cos 4 pt + + 2 cos 3pt - 4 4 10. X [ k] As shown in fig. P5.7.10 , wo = 2 p
|{X [k]}| 1 k -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X [ k] + e to X [ -k]
X [ -k] + e to X [ k]
(C)
(D)
{X [k]}
8p 6p 4p 2p
(A)
X [ k] + X [ - k] 2 X [ k] + X *[ - k] 2
(B)
X [ k] - X [ - k] 2 X [ k] + X *[ - k] 2
(C)
(D)
Fig. P5.7.10
www.gatehelp.com
Page 309
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
15. y( t) =
d 2 x( t) dt 2
2
Let x1 ( t) and x2 ( t) be continuous time periodic signal with fundamental frequency w1 and w2 , Fourier series coefficients X1 [ k] and X 2 [ k] respectively. Given that x2 ( t) = x1 ( t - 1) + x1 (1 - t)
(A) w2 =
w1 2
2 (B) w2 = w1
(C) w2 = w1
(D) w2 = w1
X [ k]
X [ k]
21. The Fourier coefficient X 2 [ k] will be (A) ( X1 [ k] - jX1 [ -k]) e - jw 1 k (B) ( X1 [ -k] - jX1 [ k]) e - jw 1 k (C) ( X1 [ k] + jX1 [ -k]) e - jw 1 k (D) None of the above Statement for Q.22-23: Consider three continuous-time periodic signals whose Fourier series representation are as follows.
100 1 - jk t x1 ( t) = e 50 k=0 3 k 2p
17. Consider a continuous-time signal x( t) = 4 cos 100 pt sin 1000 pt 1 with fundamental period T = . The nonzero FS 50 coefficient for this function are (A) X [ -4 ], X [ 4 ], X [ -7 ], X [7 ] (B) X [ -1], X [1], X [ -10 ], X [10 ] (C) X [ -3], X [ 3], X [ -4 ], X [ 4 ] (D) X [ -9 ], X [9 ], X [ -11], X [11] 18. A real valued continuous-time signal x( t) has a fundamental period T = 8. The nonzero Fourier series coefficients for x( t) are X [1] = X [ -1] = 4, X [ 3] = X *[ -3] = 4 j The signal x( t) would be p 3p (A) 4 cos t + 4 j sin t 4 4 p 3p (B) 4 cos t - 4 j cos t 4 4 p p 3p (C) 8 cos t + 8 cos t + 2 4 4 (D) None of the above 19. The continuous-time periodic signal is given as 2p 5p x( t) = 4 + cos t + 6 sin t 3 3 The nonzero Fourier coefficients are (A) X [0 ], X [ -1], X [1], X [ -5 ], X [5 ] (B) X [0 ], X [ -2 ], X [2 ], X [ -5 ], X [5 ] (C) X [0 ], X [ -4 ], X [ 4 ], X [ -10 ], X [10 ] (D) None of the above
Page 310
x2 ( t) = x3( t) =
100
k = -100 100
cos kp e
- jk
2p t 50
k = -100
kp - jk 50 t j sin e 2
2p
22. The even signals are (A) x2 ( t) only (C) x1 ( t) and x3( t) (B) x2 ( t) and x3( t) (D) x1 ( t) only
23. The real valued signals are (A) x1 ( t) and x2 ( t) (C) x3( t) and x1 ( t) (B) x2 ( t) and x3( t) (D) x1 ( t) and x3( t)
24. Suppose the periodic signal x( t) has fundamental period T and Fourier coefficients X [ k]. Let Y [ k] be the Fourier coefficient of y( t) where Fourier coefficient X [ k] will be (A) TY [ k] ,k0 j2 pk TY [ k] ,k0 jk (B) TY [ k] j2 pk TY [ k] jk y( t) = dx( t) dt . The
(C)
(D)
www.gatehelp.com
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.7
25. Suppose we have given the following information about a signal x( t) : 1. x( t) is real and odd. 2. x( t) is periodic with T = 2 3. Fourier coefficients X [ k] = 0 for |k |> 1 4.
2 1 x( t) dt = 1 20 2
The signal will be p p (A) 4 cos t - 2 sin t 4 4 p p (B) 2 cos t + 4 sin t 4 4 p p (C) 2 cos t + 2 sin t 4 4 (D) None of the above Statement for Q.29-31: Consider the following three continuous-time signals with a fundamental period of T = 1 x( t) = cos 2 pt , y( t) = sin 2 pt , z( t) = x( t) y( t) 29. The Fourier series coefficient X [ k] of x( t) are (A)
1 2 1 2 1 2
The signal, that satisfy these condition, is (A) (B) 2 sin pt and unique 2 sin pt but not unique
(C) 2 sin pt and unique (D) 2 sin pt but not unique 26. Consider a continuous-time LTI system whose frequency response is H ( jw) =
h( t) e
- jwt
dt =
sin 4 w w
(B) (C)
The input to this system is a periodic signal 2, 0 t 4 x( t) = -2, 4 t 8 with period T = 8. The output y( t) will be pt (A) 1 + sin 4
2
(D) None of the above 30. The Fourier series coefficient of y( t), Y [ k] will be (A) (B) (C) (D)
j 2 j 2 j 2
pt (B) 1 + cos 4
2
1 2j
( d[ k - 2 ] - d[ k + 2 ]) ( d[ k - 2 ] - d[ k + 2 ]) d[ k + 2 ] - d[ k - 2 ])
27. Consider a continuous-time ideal low pass filter having the frequency response | 80 1, |w H ( jw) = , | | w 0 > 80 When the input to this filter is a signal x( t) with fundamental frequency wo = 12 and Fourier series
S coefficients X [ k], it is found that x( t) y( t) = x( t).
(B) (C)
(D) None of the above 32. Consider a periodic signal x( t) whose Fourier series coefficients are 2, X [ k] = 1 |k| j 2 , Consider the statements signal has a 1. x( t) is real. 2. x( t) is even 3. dx( t) is even dt k =0 otherwise
The largest value of|k , for which X [ k] is nonzero, is | (A) 6 (C) 7 28. A continuous-time (B) 80 (D) 12 periodic
fundamental period T = 8. The nonzero Fourier series coefficients are as, X [1] = X [ -1] = j , X [5 ] = X [ -5 ] = 2,
*
The true statements are (A) 1 and 2 (B) only 2 (D) 1 and 3
Page 311
www.gatehelp.com
(C) only 1
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Statement for Q.33-36: A waveform for one peroid is depicted in figure in question. Determine the trigonometric Fourier series and choose correct option. 33.
x(t) 1
(A)
A 2A 1 1 + (sin t - sin 3t + sin 5 t....) 2 p 3 5 A 2A 1 1 + (cos t - cos 2 t + cos 3t....) 2 p 2 3 A 2A 1 1 + (cos t - cos 3t + cos 5 t....) 2 p 3 5 A 2A 1 1 + (sin t + cos t + sin 3t + cos 3t ....) 2 p 3 3
(B)
(C)
(D)
-p p -1 t
36.
x(t) 2
Fig. P5.7.33
2 1 1 1 (A) (cos t + cos 2 t + cos 3t + cos 4 t +....) p 2 3 4 (B) (C) 2 1 1 1 (sin t - sin 2 t + sin 3t - sin 4 t +....) p 2 3 4 2 1 1 1 (sin t + cos t - sin 2 t - cos 2 t + sin 3t +....) p 2 2 3
-1 -1 1 t
Fig. P5.7.36
(A)
1 12 1 1 + (cos pt + cos 3pt + cos 5 pt +....) 2 p2 9 25 12 1 1 (cos pt + cos 3pt + cos 5 pt +....) p2 9 25
(B) 3 + (C)
1 12 1 1 + (sin pt - sin 3pt + sin 5 pt -....) 2 p2 9 25 12 1 1 (sin pt - sin 3pt + sin 5 pt -....) 2 p 9 25
(D) 3 +
p -A t
*****
Fig. P5.7.34
A 4A 1 1 + sin t + sin 2 t + sin 3t +.... 2 p 2 3 A 4A 1 1 + cos t + cos 3t + cos 5 t +.... 2 p 3 5 4A 1 1 sin t + sin 3t + sin 5 t + .... p 3 5 4A 1 1 cos t + cos 2 t + cos 3t +.... p 2 3
35.
x(t) A
-p
-p 2
p 2
Fig. P5.7.35
Page 312
www.gatehelp.com
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.7
SOLUTIONS
1. (D) X [ k] = 1 T
T 2 - jkw t Ad( t) e o dt = -T 2
9. (D) x( t) = = 2e
- j p 4
k = -
X [ k]e
j p
jpkt
e j ( -4 ) pt + e 4 e j ( -3) pt + e
jp 4
e j ( 3) pt + 2 e 4 e j (4 ) pt
A , T
A = 10 , T = 5, X [ k] = 2 1 2. (C) X [ k] = T
T T 2
-T 2
x( t) e
- jkw ot
1 dt = T
T 4
-T 4
Ae
- jkw ot
dt
x( t) =
k = -4
- j 2 pk
e jpkt =
k = -4
- j 2 pk ( t -1 )
sin 9 pt sin pt
A = T
X [ k]e
jpkt
A, 2p 3. (B) T = 2 p , wo = = 1, x( t) = 2p 0, X [ k] = 1 2p
2p - jkt x( t) e dt = 0
= 3e j ( -3) pt + 2 e j ( -2 ) pt + e j ( -1 ) pt + e j (1 ) pt + 2 e j ( 2 ) pt + 3e j ( 3) pt = 6 cos 3pt + 4 cos 2 pt + 2 cos pt 12. (A) x( t - to ) is also periodic with T. The Fourier - 1 series coefficients X1 [ k] of x( t - to ) are X1 [ k] = 1 T ej kw o to
1 2p
4p 3
Ae- jkt dt =
x( t - t ) e
o T
- jkw ot
dt =
x( t) e
T
- jkw ot
dt
= e - jkw oto X [ k] Similarly, the FS coefficients of x( t + to ) are X 2 [ k] = e jkw oto X [ k] The FS coefficients of x( t - to ) + x( t + to ) are Y [ k] = X1 [ k] + X 2 [ k] = e - jkw oto X [ k] + e jkw oto X [ k] = 2 cos ( wo kto ) X [ k] 13. (A) Ev{ x( t)} = x( t) + x( - t) , 2
Ae - jkpt dt 0
1
The FS coefficients of x( t) are 1 1 X1 [ k] = x( -t) e - jkw ot dt = x( t) e jkw ot dt = X [ -k] TT T T Therefore, the FS X [ k] + X [ -k] Y [ k] = 2 coefficients of Ev{ x( t)} are
7. (C) x( t) =
k = -
X [ k]e
j 2 pkt
= je j 2 p t - je -
j 2 pt
+ e j6 pt + e -
j6 pt
x ( t) + x *( t) , 2
k = -
X [ k]e
jkt
-1 jkt e k=0 3
-1 - jt e 4 1 = 3 + = 1 1 1 + e - jt 1 + e j t 5 + 3cos t 3 3
x( t) e
T
jkw ot
dt = X [ -k]
X1 [ k] = X *[ -k] Y [ k] =
www.gatehelp.com
X [ k] + X *[ - k] 2
Page 313
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
18. y[ n] = x[ n] - x[ n - N 2 ] , (assume that N is even) (A) (1 - ( -1) k + 1 ) X [2 k] (C) (1 - ( -1) k + 1 ) X [ k] 19. y[ n] = x *[ -n] (A) - X *[ k ] (C) X *[ k ] (B) - X *[ -k ] (D) X *[ -k ] (B) (1 - ( -1) k ) X [ k] (D) (1 - ( -1) k\ ) X [2 k]
20. y[ n] = ( -1) n x[ n], (assume that N is even) N (A) X k 2 N (C) X k + 1 2 Statement for Q.21-23: Consider a discrete-time periodic signal 1, 0 n 7 x[ n] = 0, 8 n 9 with period N = 10. Also y[ n] = x[ n] - x[ n - 1 ] 21. The fundamental period of y[ n] is (A) 9 (C) 11 (B) 10 (D) None of the above N (B) X k + 2 N (D) X k + - 1 2
pk 14. X [ k] = cos 21 (A) (B) (C) (D) 21 (d[ n + 4 ] + d[ n - 4 ]),|n | 10 2 1 (d[ n + 4 ] + d[ n - 4 ]),|n | 10 2 21 (d[ n + 4 ] - d[ n - 4 ]),|n | 10 2 1 (d[ n + 4 ] - d[ n - 4 ]),|n | 10 2
Statement for Q.15-20: Consider a periodic signal x[ n] with period N and FS coefficients X [ k]. Determine the FS coefficients Y [ k] of the signal y[ n] given in question. 15. y[ n] = x[ n - no ] (A) e
2 p j n ok N
X [ k]
(B) e
2 p - j n ok N
(D) -kX [ k]
(B)
8 p - j k 1 5 1 - e 10
4p (B) cos k X [ k] N
4 p j k (D) 1 - e N X [ k]
(C)
1 10
4 p j k 5 1 - e
(D)
1 10
4 p - j k 5 1 - e
17. y[ n] = x[ n] + x[ n + N 2 ] , (assume that N is even) N (A) 2 X [2 k - 1], for 0 k - 1 2 (B) 2 X [2 k - 1], for 0 k (C) 2 X [2 k], (D) 2 X [2 k],
Page 318
(B)
N 2
(C) -
N for 0 k - 1 2 for 0 k N 2
(D)
1 - j pk e 10 sec Y [ k] 2 10
www.gatehelp.com
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.8
29. A real and odd periodic signal x[ n] has fundamental period N = 7 and FS coefficients X [ k]. Given that X [15 ] = j, X [ k] X [16 ] = 2 j, X [17 ] = 3 j. The values of X [0 ], X [ -1], X [ -2 ], and X [ -3] will be (A) 0, j, 2 j, 3 j (C) 1, -1, -2, -3 (B) 1, 1, 2, 3 (D) 0, - j , -2 j, -3 j
In question the FS coefficient Y [ k] is given. Determine the corresponding signal y[ n] and choose correct option. 24. Y [ k ] = X [ k - 5 ] + X [ k + 5 ] p (A) 2 sin n x[ n] 5 p (C) 2 sin n x[ n] 2 pk 25. Y [ k] = cos X [ k] 5 1 (A) ( x[ n + 5 ] + x[ n + 5 ]) 2 (C) p (B) 2 cos n x[ n] 5 p (D) 2 cos n x[ n] 2
30. Consider a signal x[ n] with following facts 1. x[ n] is a real and even signal 2. The period of x[ n] is N = 10 3. X [11] = 5 4. 1 10
n =0
X [ k]
= 50
(B)
1 ( x[ n + 2 ] + x[ n - 2 ]) 2
31. Each of two sequence x[ n] and y[ n] has a period N = 4. The FS coefficient are X [0 ] = X [ 3] = 1 1 X [1] = X [2 ] = 1 and 2 2
Y [0 ], Y [1], Y [2 ], Y [ 3] = 1 The FS coefficient Z [ k] for the signal z[ n] = x[ n] y[ n] will be (A) 6 (C) 6|k| (B) 6|k | (D) e
p j k 2
(B) (D)
x [ n] - x[ -n] 2 x [ n] + x[ -n] 2p
32. Consider a discrete-time periodic signal 11p sin n 20 x[ n] = p sin n 20 with a fundamental period N = 20. The Fourier series coefficients of this function are 1 (A) ( u[ k + 5 ] - u[ k - 6 ]), |k | 10 20 (B) 1 ( u[ k + 5 ] - u[ k - 5 ]), |k | 10 20
x[ n] = 2 ( -1)
n
x[ n] = 1
n -2
4. x[ n] has the minimum power per period among the set of signals satisfying the preceding three condition. The sequence would be.. 1 1 1 1 1 (A) ... , , , , , ... (B) 2 6 2 6 2
1 1 1 ...0, 1, , , , ... 2 3 4
************
www.gatehelp.com
Page 319
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
Chap 5.8
11. (D) N = 7, W o = x[ n] =
2p , 7 = 2e
2 p j ( -1 ) n 7
n = -3
X [ k]e
2 p j kn 7
( x[ n] + x[ n + N 2 ]) e
4 p - j kn N
2p = 4 cos n - 1 7
- j k p 12. (C) N = 12, W o = , X [ k] = e 6 6 p
x[ n] = e =
k = -6
p - j k 6
p j kn 6
k = -6
p j k ( n -1 ) 6
p j ( -4 ) ( n -1 ) 6
p j ( n -1 ) 1-e 6
1-e
9p j ( n -1 ) 6
3p sin ( n - 1) = 4 p sin ( n - 1) 12
x [ -n]e
*
2 p - j kn N
= X *[ k]
2p 19
10 p 10 p X [ k] = cos k + 2 j sin k 19 19 =
2p 2p 2p 2p - j ( 5) k k - j(2 ) k - j ( -2 ) 19 1 - j ( -5) 19 k 19 19 e e + e + + e 2
x[ n]
2 p N j N 2
x[ n]e
2 p - j kn N
N -1 n =0
x[ n]e
2 p N - j n k- 2 N
= X [k - N 2]
8p 1 X [ k] = cos k = e +e 21 2 1 Since X [ k] = x[ n]e- jkWon , By inspection N n=N 21 , n = 4 x[ n] = 2 0, otherwise n { -10, - 9, ......9. 10} 1 N
N -1 n =0
Fig. S5.8.21
n =0
y[ n]e
2 p - j kn 10
15. (B) Y [ k] = =
kn o 1 - j e N N 2 p
x[ n - n ]e
o 2 p - j kn N
2 p - j kn N
2 p - j k8 10
1 = 10
1 - e
8 p - j k 5
N -1 n =0
x[ n]e
=e
2 p - j kn o N
X [ k]
4 p - j k N
23. (A) y [ n] = x [ n] - x [ n - 1] X [ k] Y [ k] = X [ k] - e
2 p - j k 10
16. (C) Y [ k] = X [ k] - e
2 p - j 2k N
X [ k] = 1 - e
X [ k]
X [ k] =
Y [ k] 1-e
p - j k 5
www.gatehelp.com
Page 321
UNIT 5
GATE EC BY RK Kanodia
X [ k] = e
p j k 10
Y [ k]
p - j k 10
p j k 10
-e
Y [ k] pk 2 j sin 10 e
p j k 10
29. (D) Since the FS coefficient repeat every N . Thus X [1] = X [15 ], X [2 ] = X [16 ], X [ 3] = X [17 ] The signal real and odd, the FS coefficient X [ k] will be purely imaginary and odd. Therefore X [0 ] = 0 X [ -1] = - X [1], X [ -2 ] = - X [2 ], X [ -3] = - X [ 3] Therefore (D) is correct option. 30. (C) Since N = 10, X [11] = X [1] = 5 Since x[ n] is real and even X [ k] is also real and even. Therefore X [1] = X [ -1] = 5. Using Parsevals relation
-j e 2
p - j k 10
p cosec 10
k Y [ k]
24. (D) W o =
p , Y [ k] = X [ k - 5 ] + X [ k + 5 ] 10
+e 2
X [ k]
X [ k]
N k=2
= 50 = = 50
k = -1
X [ k]
X [ -1] + X [1] + X [0 ] + X [0 ] +
2
X [ k]
k=2
X [ k]
=0
1 y[ n] = ( x[ n - 2 ] + x[ n + 2 ]) 2
2
k = -1 2 p j n 10
X [ k]e
2 p j kn 10
x[ n] + x[ -n] 2
= 5 e
2p - j n 10
+e
p = 10 cos n 5
DTFS
31. (A) z[ n] = x[ n] y[ n]
k =< N>
X [ l ]Y [ k - l ]
28. (A) N = 6, W o =
5
Z [ k] = X [ l ]Y [ k - l ]
l= 0
From fact 2, 1 6
n =0
x[ n] = 2
1 x[ n] = 3 1 X [0 ] = , 3
Z[ k ] = X [ 0 ] Y [ k ] + X [ 1 ] Y [ k - 1 ] + X [ 2 ] Y [ k - 2 ] + X [ 3 ] Y [ k - 3 ]
n =0
2 p j (0 )k 6
= Y [ k] + 2 Y [ k - 1] + 2 Y [ k - 2 ] + Y [ k - 3] Since Y [ k] is 1 for all values of k. Thus Z [ k] = 6, for all k. 32. (A) N = 20 We know that |n | 5 1, | 10 0, 5 <|n
DTFS ; p 10
From fact 3, 1 6
5
n =2
( -1) n x[ n] = 1
1 1 x[ n] = , X [ 3] = 6 6
n =0
2 p j ( 3) k 6
1 1 1 1 + ( -1) n = + ( -1) n 3 6 3 6
|k | 5 1 1, | 10 20 0, 5 <|k
1 1 1 1 1 x[ n] = ... , , , , , ... 2 6 2 6 2
*********
Page 322
www.gatehelp.com