EE 986 Modelling

EE986 Assignment and Professional Studies Group Assignment
Modeling and Control of Offshore Wind Turbine for Grid Code Compliance
Final Report by Ahmed Daniyal Siddiqui 201252772 Arshad 201276792 Lu Tong 201285026 Supervisor: Dr. Olimpo Anaya-Lara
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering

University of Strathclyde Glasgow United Kingdom April 2013
Modelling and Control of Offshore wind farm for Grid code compliance.
Abstract
This document explains wind turbines and wind farm control techniques in o shore sites. Wind turbines used in offshore, wind farm schemes and connection to onshore network are explained. Wind turbines and wind farm mechanism used in offshore areas varies from onshore conditions and connection to onshore has to be made through minimum losses in lines. All the wind turbine basic components, working mechanism, connection schemes of wind turbines including the type of connections between wind turbines are also discussed. Furthermore, mathematical modelling required for the wind turbine analysis and calculations along with spacing between wind turbines/wind farms are performed to reach the desired results. Connection schemes for the dispatch of power from off shore to onshore will be critically analyzed to reach conclusions. In this report, review of literature related to wind energy projects in o shore areas was done and analysis was made related to requirements of wind energy project offshore. Calculations are made based on three 0.5 GW capacity wind farms and related parameters are included for maximum power transfer to onshore.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary...............................................................................6 Project Objective....................................................................................7 Project Specification..............................................................................8 1. Offshore Wind Turbine technology..............................................9 1.1 Introduction................................................................................10 1.2 Fixed Speed Wind Turbine........................................................12 1.2.1 Soft Starters......................................................................13 1.2.2 Capacitor Bank.................................................................13 1.3 Variable Speed Wind Turbine Generator System.....................14 1.3.1 Doubly Fed Induction Generator......................................15 1.3.2 Back to Back Convertors.................................................16 1.4 Wound Rotor Synchronous Generators.....................................16 1.5 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators............................17 1.6 Wind Turbine STW-3.6-120.....................................................17 2. Wind Turbine and Wind Farm Connections...........................20 2.1 Introduction.............................................................................21 2.2 Wind Farm Layout..................................................................21 2.3 Connection Schemes...............................................................22 2.3.1 Radial Schemes.............................................................22 2.3.2 Single Sided Ring Collector.........................................23 2.3.3 Start Collector with single hub.....................................24 2.4 Cable used for Offshore Network...........................................25 2.5 Inter Turbine Array Cables.....................................................25 2.6 Calculation of Total Number of Wind Turbine......................25 2.7 Wind Turbine Distribution.....................................................26 2.8 Offshore Collector Substation................................................27
3. Offshore Wind Farm Electrical Connection to Grid................28 3.1 Introduction.............................................................................29 3.2 AC Connections of Offshore Wind Farm................................30 3.3 DC Connections of Offshore Wind Farm...............................31 3.3.1 HVDC Line Commutated Convertors...........................31 3.3.2 HVDC Voltage Source Convertors...............................33 3.4 Multi Terminal VSC HVDC...................................................33 3.4.1 Modular Multilevel Convertor.......................................34 3.4.2 Black Start Capability....................................................34 3.5 HVDC PLUS (SIEMENS).......................................................35 3.6 HVDC LIGHT (ABB).............................................................36 3.7 DC Submarine Power Cables.................................................37 3.7.1 Mass Impregnated DC Cables.......................................38 3.7.2 Extruded Polymer DC Cables......................................39 4. Conclusion...................................................................................41 5. References..................................................................................42
List of Figures
Fig 1-1 Wind Turbine parts...................................................................................................11 Fig 1-2- Wind turbine generator system..................................................................................12 Fig 1-3- Fixed Speed Wind turbine.........................................................................................13 Fig 1-4 Soft starter................................................................................................................13 Fig 1-5- Variable speed wind turbine generator system..........................................................14 Fig 1-6- Doubly Fed Induction Generator...............................................................................15 Fig 1-7- Back to back converter..............................................................................................16 Fig 1-8 Wind Turbine main parts. .......................................................................................17 Fig 2.1: Block Diagram of proposed project. ........................................................................22 Fig 2.1: Radial Scheme Mechanism for offshore wind farms.................................................23 Fig 2.2: Single Sided Ring [15] ................................................................................................23 Fig 2.3: Star Collector with Single Hub [15] ...........................................................................24 Fig 2.4: Layout of Wind Farm .................................................................................................24 Fig. 2.5 distribution of wind turbines in wind farm..............................................................26 Fig 3.1: A typical offshore wind farm ..................................................................................29 Fig 3.2: A graph shows the comparison between AC and DC system. ...............................30 Fig 3.3: AC connection scheme. ...........................................................................................31 Fig 3.4: Block diagram of DC connection scheme. ..............................................................31 Fig 3.5: A typical HVDC LCC connection............................................................................32 Fig 3.6: HVDC VSC connection scheme...............................................................................33 Fig 3.7: Diagram of Modular Multi level Convertor..............................................................34 Fig 3.8: Basic structure of HVDC PLUS ...............................................................................35 Fig 3.9: Mass Impregnated cable............................................................................................39
Executive Summary
Wind power energy is considered to be the most environment friendly power generation technology prevailing in renewable sector. Although, wind turbines are more environment friendly as compared to other power production plants but they occupy a relatively a large space. Few issues with wind turbines include large amount of noise produced and also in some areas wind in unpredictable. Wind farms in offshore areas serve as a good alternative to land problems and in such areas wind speeds are also very good. In offshore areas, wind speed is predictable and regular which results in higher and regular energy production. Wind Turbines are extremely large structures and are able to extract energy from air. These turbines blades angle can be changed according to requirements. Wind turbines which are located at offshore locations are able to produce electricity as much large scale. When offshore wind farm produces electricity, it involves different connections of wires and maximum of them are used for connections of ineld power connection. These power connections in return have a lot of impact on power produced annually and the security of supply. The offshore wind turbine technology is relatively new and a lot of upcoming technologies are providing multiple options for maximum development of energy out of wind turbines. Construction of these offshore wind turbines is a challenge and they are connected with each other to constitute wind farm from which energy is transmitted to onshore network via cables. Offshore wind farms produce electricity which is comparatively reliable and predictable as compared to energy produced by on shore turbine. The prime reason of this difference is due to wind speed being more regular in offshore areas. This project is modelled on three wind farms of power production capacity of 0.5 GW each. All calculations have been made to model a Wind farm on ideal parameters.
Project Objectives
The main objectives of the project are following: 1. Thorough understanding of offshore Wind farm sites and their controlling mechanisms and best power transfer schemes. 2. Detail analysis of Wind turbines used offshore, wind farms and their orientations. 3. Wind turbine controlling techniques, types and components best suitable for Offshore Wind Farm. 4. Best connection schemes between Wind Turbines, distances and power transfer mechanisms required for the project. 5. Transfer of power from offshore to onshore study and grid plan for best transfer of energy minimizing losses and economic constraints.
6. Find the cost effective cable length keeping in mind the different topologies in practice and find the most suitable combination for reliability and cost effectiveness. 7. Analysis of future enhancement in the project keeping in mind further growth of wind farm.
Project Specification
Specifically, project has following details for modelling: 1. Three Offshore Wind Farm located in same geographical area, distribution of wind turbines in the area has been done without geographical and wind terrain analysis. 2. Each having power production capacity of 500 MW of energy. 3. Total Capacity of wind farm is 1500 MW which is transmitted through collector and then DC convertor substation with transformation of power at various voltage levels. 4. This wind farm is connected to National Grid and transfer of power is done via HVDC VSC. 5. The onshore gird is located at 160 km from the offshore wind farm.
Chapter 1 Offshore Wind Turbine Technology
1.1 Introduction
Wind turbines are the component of generating electricity in an offshore wind plant, which transforming the wind energy into electrical energy. And it is installed on the top of a support structure. According to the figure 1.1, there are two parts in the support structure, foundation and tower. The appearance of the offshore wind turbine is almost the same as the onshore wind turbine. However, some modifications have to be designed due to the specific severe offshore environment, for example, corrosion protection, internal climate control and highgrade exterior paint. Currently, the offshore wind turbines in operation basically consist of three-bladed horizontal axis, yaw-controlled, active blade-pitch-to-feather controlled, upwind rotors whose diameter can range from 65 to 130m and capacity is typically between 1.5 MW and 5 MW [5-7]. In addition, the standard design of turbine consists of gearbox, drive shaft, generator, the hub and the blade-rotor assembly and the structure is vividly demonstrated in the following figure 1.2 [5]. Offshore wind energy is environmental friendly which has simply minimal environmental influence on the surroundings. And it is considered to be the best resource in terms of the location which is well located related to the centres of electricity demanding. Meanwhile, wind is highly variable, unpredictable and cannot be stored. Therefore the wind turbine generator technology needs to be developed by keeping in mind these features of wind. The output from the wind turbine is connected to the grid operating with fixed frequency and any changes in load or generation will give rise to system disturbance. The generator of a wind turbine transforms the mechanical power into electrical power [12]. There are different generator technologies available for wind turbine and the selection of an appropriate technology depends on the wind speed, power output and the grid requirements. At present, there are four types of installed generator technologies: Squirrel Cage Induction Generator, Doubly Fed Induction Generator, Wound Field Synchronous Generator and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator. In addition, wind turbine generator system can be divided into two major types depending on the rotational speed: Fixed Speed Wind Turbine Generator System and Variable Speed Wind Turbine Generator System.
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Figure 1-1 Wind Turbine parts
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Figure 1-2- Wind turbine generator system
1.2 Fixed Speed Wind Turbine Generator System

A fixed speed wind turbine generator system is a conventional squirrel cage induction generator directly coupled with grid. Brushless, rigid construction, low cost and simple operation are the characteristics of the fixed speed wind turbine generator system. And the slip and rotor speed of a fixed speed wind turbine generator system, for example, the squirrel cage induction generator varies with the amount of power being generated. The advantage of a fixed speed wind turbine generator system is the low cost and simple operation [6]. However, when comparing with the variable speed wind turbine generator system, fixed speed wind turbine generator system is more robust. In addition, the rotor speed cannot be varied variation in wind speed directly effects the drive train torque fluctuations, which causing higher loads than variable operation. A fixed speed wind turbine generator system is shown in the following Figure1.3,
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Figure 1-3- Fixed Speed Wind turbine 1.2.1 Soft-starter The soft-starter is used to decrease the starting current value of the wind turbine and is actually a power electronic converter device. The soft starters are able to bring wind turbine generators online smoothly. And they can make the output of the generator to be synchronised to the grid without incurring problems. For example, giving raise to massive shock currents and mechanical shocks. In addition, the soft starters are not simply applied in wind turbine, it is widely used in relative industrial area where it is necessary to operate with induction machines because it can control the starter current in an effective way [9]. The soft starters are in fact a parallel-inverse connection of two thyristors; the structure of the soft starter is demonstrated in the following figure 1.4. And the angle of the soft-starter decreases by a constant value in each stage until it reaches to zero and then being short circuited by a power switch.
Figure 1-4 Soft starter 1.2.2 Capacitor Bank A capacitor bank is a form of several identical capacitors interconnected in parallel or in series with one another. Capacitor bank is basically used to deal with the issues based on different operation conditions. For example, under the condition of direct current power supplies, the capacitor bank is used to improve the ripple current capacity of the power
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supply and increase stored energy. And under the condition of alternating current power supplies, it is typically applied to improve the power factor lagging or phase shifts inherent. Basically, the aim to use the capacitor bank in wind turbine is to correct AC power supply anomalies which are typically raised by heavy load, for example, the use of electric motors and transformers. From the perspective of power supply, this type of working load is not reasonable, because both of transformers and motors are inductive load which directly leads to problems about phase shift or power factor lagging [9]. Additionally, in order to deal with the problem about correcting power lagging or maintaining the power factor, installation of a capacitor bank is a better and the cheapest way to meet the demand. However, when dealing with the issues about stored energy, if discharging incorrectly it will cause serious electric problems. That is the most important thing should always be kept in mind when working with capacitor bank
1.3 Variable Speed Wind Turbine Generator System

There are three types of generator for variable speed wind turbine generator system, Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wound Rotor Synchronous Generator Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
The principle advantage of variable speed wind turbine generator system is that it can be adjusted to the specific wind regime. The efficiency of variable speed wind turbine generator system decreases due to the use of power electronic converters necessary for variable speed operation, however, the aerodynamic efficiency increases. The major disadvantages of variable speed wind turbine generator system are high cost but using variable speed technology other cost such as foundation cost of offshore turbine are less than the fixed speed turbine. A variable speed wind turbine generator system is shown in the following Figure 1.5.
Figure 1-5- Variable speed wind turbine generator system
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1.3.1 Doubly Fed Induction Generator The structure of the Doubly Fed Induction Generator is based on an induction generator with a multiphase wound rotor and a multiphase slip ring together with brushes for the purpose of accessing to the rotor windings. In order to control the rotor frequency, the rotor windings of the DFIG are designed to connect to the grid through back to-back voltage source converter and slip rings [1]. In terms of controlling the rotor currents, it is a practical way to apply the converter to achieve the aim. Consequently, it is possible to adjust the active and reactive power fed to the grid from the stator independently of the turning speed of the generator. The voltage of the rotor is generally higher and the current of the rotor is generally lower because of the rotors of the doubly fed generator are typically wound with 2 to 3 times the number of turns of the stator [3]. In addition, comparing with the conventional induction machine applied in the area of wind power, the Doubly Fed Induction generator has its own characteristics. The induction generator can import and export reactive power at the same time which is of great significance for the stable operation of the power system and enabling the machine to make the grid stable in the event of voltage disturbances due to the rotor circuit is directly controlled by a power electronics converter [4]. And the induction machine can remain synchronized with the grid even the speed of the wind turbine varies because of rotor voltage and current are controlled. Moreover, the efficiency of the variable speed wind turbine is higher than that of the fixed speed wind turbine in terms of using the available wind resource. The following figure 1-6 shows the structure of the Doubly Fed Induction Generator.
Figure 1-6- Doubly Fed Induction Generator

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1.3.2 Back-to-back converter The back-to-back consists of a force-commutated rectifier and a force-commutated inverter and both of them are designed to connect to a common DC-link, the structure of the converter is demonstrated in the following figure 1-7. The properties of this combination are practical. The line side converter is designed to be operated to output sinusoidal line currents, and the DC-link voltage will be higher than the peak voltage due to the sinusoidal current. Additionally, the DC-link voltage is regulated by controlling the power to the AC grid, and the inverter operates on the boosted DC-link finally which makes it possible to increase the output power from a connected machine whose power is already rated. Besides, the braking energy can be fed back to the power grid rather than simply wasting it a braking resistor. In addition, controlling the power flow immediately is the important characteristic of the back-to-back converter. The DC-link voltage can be remained constant through controlling the power flower to the grid. And it is possible to make the size of the DC-link capacitor smaller without having influence on the performance of the inverter due to the presence of an immediate control loop for the DC-link voltage [9, 13].
Figure 1-7- Back to back converter
1.4 Wound Rotor Synchronous Generator

The wound rotor synchronous machine is one kind of the doubly fed electrical machine which can be fed simultaneously via the stator and the rotor side. In addition, this kind of machine can be applied as driving machines and mainly used for the purpose of electricity generating. When the machine is used as a generator, the stator voltage can be regulated due to the field voltage. Beside, the wound rotor synchronous generator is able to compensate the reactive power which is consumed by the electrical machine.
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1.5 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

The excitation field of a permanent magnet synchronous generator is provided by a permanent magnet rather than a coil. The synchronous generators are widely used in the area of electricity generating. And the rotor speed must always match the supply frequency. Additionally, the magnetic field of the rotor of a permanent magnet generator is supplied by the permanent magnets. However, other kinds of generator choose electromagnets to produce a magnetic field in a rotor winding and the direct current in the rotor field winding is designed to be provided by a brushless exciter on the same shaft or a slip-ring. A DC supply is not required for the excitation circuit in a permanent magnet generator. However, the economic rating of the machine is restricted due to the expensive large permanent magnets. Besides, it is difficulty in regulating the voltage of the machine for the reason that the air gap flux is not controllable. In addition, due to the structural and thermal issues of high performance permanent magnets, safety issues occurred in the period of assembly, field service or repair for a persistent magnetic field. And the speed is directly proportional to the output voltage of the alternator in permanent magnet alternators.
1.6 Wind Turbine: STW-3.6-120

This project is related to Wind Turbine and Wind Farm Control Techniques in offshore sites specifically at Dogger Bank. Therefore, in the first section the wind turbine STW-3.6-120 manufactured in SIEMENS is selected to be applied in the project. The wind turbine SWT3.6-120 applied in the project is based on the proven technology of the SWT-3.6-107, which is currently the most popular offshore wind turbine around the world. Typically, the main difference between the two types of the machine is the rotor. Take the SWT-3.6-120 for example; the length of the rotor blade is 58.5 meters. Therefore, the swept area is up to 11,300 which is equivalent to approximately to two football fields. In addition, according to the tests that the new machine SWT-3.6-120 will generate about 10 percent more energy when compared with the other wind turbines. The structure of the selected wind turbine is visually described in the following [10].
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Fig 1-8 Wind Turbine main parts.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Spinner Blade Pitch Rotor hub Main bearing Main shaft Gearbox Service crane
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Brake disc Coupling Generator Yaw gear Tower Yaw ring Generator fan Canopy
Technical Specifications of SWT-3.6-120
Rotor Type Position Diameter Swept area Nominal rotor speed Power regulation Rotor tilt
3-bladed,horizontal axis Upwind 120m 11,300 5-13 rpm Pitch regulation with variable speed 6 degrees
Blades Type Blade length
B58 58.5 m
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Root chord Aerodynamic profile Material Surface gloss Surface color
4.2 m NACA63.xxx, FFAxxx GRE Semi-matte,<30/ISO2813 Light grey, RAL 7035
Load-supporting parts Hub Main bearings Main shaft Nacelle bed plate
Nodular cast iron Spherical roller bearings Alloy steel Cast iron
Transmission system Coupling hub-shaft Coupling shaft-gearbox Gearbox type Gearbox ratio Gearbox lubrication Oil volume Gearbox cooling Gearbox designation Gearbox manufacturer Coupling gear-generator
Flange Shrink disc 3-stage planetary 1:119 Forced lubrication Appro.750 I Separate oil cooler PZAB 3540 Winergy AG Double-flexible coupling
Generator Type Nominal power Protection Cooling Insulation class Yaw system Type Yaw bearing Yaw drive Yaw brake
Asynchronous 3,600 kw IP 54 Integrated heat exchanger F
Active Internally-geared ball bearing Six electric gear motors Active friction brake
Controller Type SCADA system Controller designation
microprocessor WebWPS WTC 3
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Chapter 2
Wind Turbines & Wind Farm Connection Analysis
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2.1 Introduction
Wind Turbines are connected in a cluster together called wind farms. These wind turbines are connected in different orientations and connection schemes to produce electric power. Wind farms may consist of few wind turbines to hundreds of wind turbines depending on the nature of wind farm, generation capacity and location offshore. Generally, wind turbines are settled in perpendicular rows to the direction of the wind. The spacing between the wind turbines may vary according to the type of wind turbines used. Normally 2 to 4 rotor spaces are kept in arranging the wind turbines in different dimensions. Wind turbines are also placed sometimes behind each other in a mechanism to support the wind directions as well. If the second wind turbine gets the strike of wind coming from the first wind turbine then it is expected that the second wind turbine will have less power produced if composed to the power produced by unshielded wind turbine. [14] Wind turbines might be placed at a far distance from each other and by this way they might be able to produce more power but this will be at the expense of much more longer electrical wires, area occupied and distances of travel between wind turbines. Therefore an optimum distance and arrangement mechanism between wind turbines is maintained.
2.2 Wind Farm layout

There are many factors considered when the layout of wind farm is planned. The exact placement of wind turbine is based upon size of space available and the effects of wind. In our case of offshore wind farm, the distance to shore is also taken into account. Arrangement of lay out depends on no. of wind turbines and the power rating of each turbine. Each wind farm is connected to electrical collector station; this may be one or more depending on the wind farm size This collector station is then connected to DC convertor station through AC power cables. One DC convertor station may be connected to one or more collector stations depending on the power capacity of wind farm and convertor station Wind farms collect power from individual wind turbines and transmit it to shore. There are different types of wind farms on basis of connections.
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Fig 2.0: Block Diagram of proposed project.
2.3 Connection schemes

Different wind farm schemes are in practice depending upon the requirements of location geographically, maximum power transfer and minimizing the losses. Different connection scheme in practice are:
2.3.1 Radial Scheme

Radial scheme has the benefit of shorter cable schemes and the cable capacity away from hub can be tapered. This results in decrease in cable cost.
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Fig 2.1: Radial Scheme Mechanism for offshore wind farms. [15]
2.3.2 Single-Sided Ring Collector with single hub

This arrangement is best suited in case of a fault in cable or switchgear in distance which is quite near to hub. Its installation cost is quite high as it requires a cable with more length and of similar current rating throughout the length of string.
Figure 2.2: Single Sided Ring [15]
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2.3.3 Star Collector with Single Hub

Star Collector with single hub scheme has very high security of supply but provides choice between both longer and shorter cable lengths with different current ratings. This scheme also provides voltage regulation but requires expensive switch gear as it has to be placed in centre of star.
Figure 2.3: Star Collector with Single Hub [15] For this project, scheme which has been followed is Radial scheme with circuit breakers with each turbine to avoid any power loss in case of one turbine not working.
Fig 2.4: Layout of Wind Farm
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2.4 CABLES USED FOR OFFSHORE NETWORK

Turbines in wind farm normally have one km of cable for array arrangement with it. Its actually length varies with the exact arrangement of WTs in the wind farm. The array cable for connection between wind turbines is normally having a rating of 36 kV [16] but in some new wind turbines having array cable of 66 kV rating [16]. These cables normally have weight of 20 kg/m. These cables are also provided with cable stiffeners to make these cables more resistant to harmful effects of water. In some places cable mats are also used where cables cannot be buried inside the sea especially at the places where they are exposed to water.
2.5 Inter- Turbine Array Cables

The cables which are used to connect turbines with each other are called inter turbine array cables. These cables also connect different arrays to each other in a way that each cable provides a single link between two cables. Normally these cables are connected at end to a switch gear so these inter-turbine cables are limited to 33 KV normally. These cables also connect Wind turbines to offshore substation. The length of the cable depends on the wind farm design parameters and may vary from 500 meters to 3000 meters. In general, the inter turbine array cables are 33 KV and three copper core conductors and have steel wire armoured. There are different cable sizes available depending on the current load which has to be carried. Three types of inter array cables used in this project are: 18 MW, 33 KV, 89 mm diameter, 600 Amperes. 44 MW, 33 KV, 143 mm diameter, 1.4 Kilo Amperes 48 MW, 33 KV, 153 mm diameter, 1.5 Kilo Amperes
All the cables used are extruded polymer.
2.6 CALCULATIONS OF TOTAL NO. OF WIND TURBINES

Total no. of Wind Farms: Max. Power output of each Wind farm: STT-3.6-120 Wind Turbine Rated Power: No. of Wind turbines for one Wind farm: Total of Wind turbine: Rotor Diameter of Wind turbine: Total distance between wind turbines= 3 500MW 3600KW 500/3.6=138 415 120meters 5 times Rotor Diameter: 600 Meters.
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2.7 WIND TURBINES DISTRIBUTION

In offshore distribution of wind turbines depends on wind terrain and cables used for the network. Here the proposed system includes four different types of cables depending on the distance to and from collection point and substation. As radial scheme is used here in this project, it allows the usage of much shorter cables and cables can be tapered as we go away from the hub or meet point of cables. Resultantly, the cables cost is considerably low. A hub fault may result in considerable loss of power. Therefore circuit breakers are used with each wind turbine to avoid loss of power for whole array if one of the turbines goes faulty. Fig2.5 explains the arrangement of wind turbines without considering the geographical location.
Fig. 2.5 distribution of wind turbines in wind farm
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2.8 OFFSHORE COLLECTOR SUBSTATION

On shore substations can typically combine power of 500- 800 MW [16] of wind energy from different wind turbines. Normally wind farms have one on shore substation but in some latest wind farms have more than one substation to increased security of power system. The substation platform is raised to approximately 25 meters above sea and generally has area of 700-800m. [16]. Substation that is used in this system has capacity of 800 MW.
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Chapter 3 Offshore Wind Farm Electrical Connection to Grid
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3.1 Introduction
The connection of an offshore wind farm having large power production capacity to the onshore grid is a challenge for scientists and engineers. The main purpose of the gird connection planning ahead of the wind farm installation that the electrical system of wind farm operates in a safe and reliable manner during normal as well as during fault conditions. The energy produced by an offshore wind turbine or wind farm has to be transferred to onshore and connecting it to local grid. The connection strategy for onshore and offshore wind farms are different, the onshore wind farm using AC for production as well as transmission while in the case of offshore there are different options available which needs to be synthesized according to the power capacity, distance from shore ,and reliability of the wind farm. For offshore connection the use of AC technology is limited by the distance of wind farm from coast line and the production capacity of the wind farm, DC has some advantages over AC in terms of power rating, transmission length and the available DC technology like voltage source convertor (VSC), line commutated converter (LCC) [17]. For large wind farms having rated capacity of hundreds of MW and long distances from shore the need for offshore substation for stepping up the voltage level or converting it to DC arises [18]. The purpose of this study is to analyze the different offshore transmission schemes, there pros and cons and at the end suggest a feasible solution for doggar bank wind farm. A diagram showing the connection scheme of a wind farm power output to public grid is shown in fig 3.1.
Fig 3.1: A typical offshore wind farm connection [18] Wind power is an emerging renewable technology and the due to its unique nature offshore wind farms are promising solution to the growing demand of renewable energy source. Along with the increase in the capacity of offshore wind farms and the distance between offshore wind farms and coastline, the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) is attractive technology. There exist fundamentally two HVDC technologies: Conventional thyristor-based line commutated converter (LCC) HVDC, which is a well developed and old technology, with the
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first application in 1954 in Gotland, and VSC-HVDC, which is a relatively new technology, which is under rapid development and available for low power production wind farms.
3.2 AC Connection of Offshore Wind Farm

AC connections are used when the wind farms are located near the coast line and the grid connection point is also close to the coast line on shore side. [17] Suggest a cut off length for the HVAC connection to the offshore wind farm to be between 50-100 km for undersea cables and 400-700 km for overhead lines. AC connections to the grid may be single link or multi link depending on the project budget and MW rating, although multilink is costly but has advantages over single link. In the case of cable failure the multi link has the ability to switch load between cables and prevent connection loss to the grid [19]. The major limiting factor in the use of HVAC connections for offshore wind farm is the increase in line losses with distance; this can be overcome by stepping up the voltage at the wind farm to a higher level by using a step up transformer, but again this require an offshore substation setup which is very expensive and having many technical limitations as well. In the case of HVAC the distance is not the limiting factor due to decrease current but the properties of insulating cables remains the problem. The dielectric insulation of HVAC cables acts as a capacitor, when the AC voltage change direction during each cycle the electric dipoles need to be realigned. This realignment required current which produces heat and the end result is the loss of active power in the transmission lines. To eliminate this effect the transmission need to be carried out at zero frequency which is equivalent to DC transmission [20]. Fig 3.2 shows the comparison of AC and DC transmission schemes in terms of cost and transmission distance [23].
Fig 3.2: A graph shows the comparison between AC and DC system.
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Fig 3.3: AC connection scheme.
3.3 DC Connection of Offshore Wind Farms:

Due to the limitation of AC technology for longer distances DC cables can be used to transfer power from offshore wind turbine to onshore grid, as the power generated by wind turbine is AC and the power connected to the grid is also AC therefore it has to be converted from AC to DC at an offshore convertor and transformer station and then from DC to AC at the onshore grid connection point. Figure 3.4 shows a typical DC link configuration [20]. Two different DC technologies are currently in use for offshore wind farm power transmission.
Fig 3.4: Block diagram of DC connection scheme.
3.3.1 HVDC Line Commutated Converter (LCC):

HVDC LCC is line commutation technology and uses thyristors as switching device with a frequency in the range of 50 to 60 Hz [21]. The name of commutation originates from the fact that the applied thyristors need an AC voltage support in order to commutate and thus only can transfer power between two active AC grids. There is no reactive power support available so an auxiliary start up system is necessary at the offshore side. HVDC LCC has no independent control of active and reactive power. It also needs large filters due to the large amounts of harmonics production. To overcome these challenges different solution has been proposed and implemented, one of these is the use of static compensator (STATCOM) [22]. STATCOM provides commutation voltages and reactive power support during steady state as well as during dynamic transients to the HVDC convertor. STATCOM also provides a limited active power support during transient condition. A schematic diagram of HVDC LCC based transmission scheme with STATCOM is shown in the figure 3.5 [26].
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Fig 3.5: A typical HVDC LCC connection HVDC LCC is a mature technology and provides high reliability, lower power losses and requires very little maintenance but it require a large space for convertor station which is a technical and well as economical challenge in the case of offshore wind farm located far away from the coast line. There are some shipping limitations and the installation of STATCOM and other reactive power compensation equipment at offshore is also a challenge. Examples of HVDC LCC projects [23-24]: Project Name GOTLAND* Western HVDC Link** EstLink 2 Back-to-Back Bangladesh HIGHGATE NORTH-EAST AGRA** Company ABB Siemens Siemens Siemens ABB ABB Year of Power Rating Commissioning 1970 20 MW 100 KV 2015 2200 MW 600 KV DC 2014 670 MW 450 KV DC 2013 500 MW 158 KV DC 1985 200 MW 57 KV DC 2015 6000 MW (4*2000) 800 KV DC 2010 600 MW 400 KV DC 2008 700 MW 450 KV DC
**. The latest planned HVDC LCC project
Storeblt NORNED
Siemes ABB
Table 3.1: A few examples of HVDC LCC projects

*. The first HVDC LCC project
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3.3.2 HVDC Voltage Source Convertor (VSC):

HVDC VSC uses high power IGBT technology which has a switching frequency in the range of 1-2 KHz [25]. HVDC VSC has high flexibility and control over power transmission, low harmonic, active and reactive power control at both ends but higher power losses. The active power control capability of VSC can be used to regulate the grid frequency, while in the absence of active power from the wind farm the reactive power can sustain the onshore grid voltage. HVDC VSC is compact and the offshore platform size is smaller and less expensive than HVDC line commutated convertor. Voltage source convertor offers several advantages over line commutated convertor; the main reason is the use of IGBT in the VSC technology which can be turned on/off using a gate signal. Due to this feature VSC offers insensitivity to the strength of AC networks, black start capability, and bi-directional control of active and reactive power flow. In the case of power reversal VSC does not need to invert voltage polarity as in the case of LCC, which makes extruded polymers compatible with VSC which offers the advantage of lower weight and cost compared to the mass impregnated cables. Figure 3.6 shows a schematic diagram of a 300 MW, 150 KV HVDC VSC wind farm connection scheme [26].
Fig 3.6: HVDC VSC connection scheme
3.4 Multi-Terminal VSC HVDC:

Multiterminal HVDC voltage source convertors are composed of different level of convertors which can be connected to a common HVDC convertor. The wind turbine should be an induction generator and it may be doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) or full convertor generator (FCG). There are different topologies used for Multiterminal HVDC VSC convertor system. In the simplest topology the IGBTs are connected in series and it has the advantage of high blocking voltage for VSC. The multi level topologies are neutral point clamped (NPC) and flying capacitor (FC) convertor. To achieve different number of voltage level the modular multilevel convertor (MMC) are used , MMC is the latest class of Multiterminal HVDC VSC and it uses half bridge cascaded connections (sub module) [27].
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3.4.1 Modular Multilevel Convertor (MMC):

MMC is mainly intended for high voltage and high power application and is suggested in [28]. MMC has the advantage of low harmonics, low switching losses and robustness as compared to the conventional two level convertors. It consists of sub modules and offer the advantage that when one sub module fails the system continue to work. The circuit configuration of a three phase MMC is shown in figure 3.7. To obtained desired power and voltage levels these sub modules can be connected in series, where the number of series connected modules depends on the desired power and voltage ratings. Each sub module act as half bridge rectifier and consist of a DC capacitor and two IGBTs. A bypass thyristor is used to prevent the system from malfunction in case of one module failure.
Fig 3.7: Diagram of Modular Multi level Convertor
3.4.2 Black Start Capability:

Black start capability of a wind farm is a very important characteristic which become easy to achieve through the use of HVDC VSC technology. When a fault arises in the offshore wind farm or the onshore grid the offshore convertor need to be disconnected from the onshore grid. When the fault is removed there is a need to start the offshore wind farm again to function, by using the HVDC VSC you dont need any supply at offshore for this process, it can be achieved by energizing the onshore convertor from the AC grid. The DC capacitors and cables are charged through the onshore convertor diodes, the DC voltage need to be regulated to its nominal value through the onshore VSC. When the DC voltage reaches its nominal value the offshore convertor deblocked and starts ramping up the offshore AC voltage. A small amount of power is required to cover up the losses in the offshore equipment therefore the onshore VSC acts as rectifier while the offshore VSC acts as invertors. The DC
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capacitors in the wind turbine power electronic convertor are charged and generators are synchronised to the network through the controller. With the increase in power production from the wind turbine the VSC changes the power flow and transfers power to the onshore grid.
3.5 HVDC PLUS (Siemens):

After the introduction of multilevel modular convertor the manufacturers start developing this technology and to convert this idea into real life products. Siemens, ABB, ALSTOM were the leading companies which start manufacturing HVDC VSC based on MMC. Siemens name it as HVDC PLUS, which provides significant benefits for high voltage application including independent control of active and reactive power, lower space requirements, and support for weak or passive networks. It will find large applications in transmission and distribution system in future due to its capability of self commutation. HVDC PLUS doesnt require any driving system voltage and can build 3 phase AC network using the DC voltage. HVDC PLUS has the ability to reduce the size of voltage steps and voltage gradient due to multilevel conversion capability. It offers the advantage that the AC voltage can be selected in smaller step size and the harmonics contents can be minimized. The high frequency noise, switching losses and switching frequency of individual semiconductor can also be reduced using MMC. Siemens secured the first order to supply HVDC PLUS in September 2007 for the submarine transmission link in the Bay of San Francisco. This system is transmitting up to 400 MW at a voltage of 200 KV DC. A basic module of HVDC PLUS is shown in figure 3.8 [29].
Fig 3.8: Basic structure of HVDC PLUS [29]
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Examples of HVDC PLUS: Project Name Trans Bay USA HelWin1 SylWin1 INELFE BorWIn2 Capacity 400 MW 576 MW 864 MW
2 x 1000 MW 800 MW
Year of Installation 2010 2013 2014 2014 2015
3.6 HVDC LIGHT (ABB):

HVDC LIGHT is also an MMC developed by ABB after the introduction of multilevel convertor. HVDC LIGHT includes a complete convertor station, converting high voltage AC to high voltage DC and on the other hand from DC to AC to comply with the local grid. The most important characteristics of HVDC LIGHT is that it stabilize the AC voltages at the terminal of the grid and it insured the grid code compliance. As it is still in developing phase it cannot offer high capacity power transmission at the moment like HVDC LCC, but it is expected that this technology will reach up to 1200 MW in near future [30]. HVDC light has the advantage of low losses in the case of undersea DC cables. It also increases the security of supply by controlling the power flow. HVDC LIGHT cannot be overloaded and in effect will not contribute to the cascaded tripping. The following chart shows some of the HVDC LIGHT projects completed or still in commissioning phase by ABB [24].
36
Examples of HVDC LIGHT: Project Name BorWin1 Dolwin1 Dolwin2 Nor Ned Power Rating 400 MW 800 MW 900 MW 700 MW Year of Installation 2009 2013 2015 2008
3.7 DC Submarine Cables:

To transfer power from an offshore wind farm to onshore grid using HVDC VSC DC power cables can be used. There are two major types of HVDC cables, one is mass impregnated and
37
the other is extruded polymer DC cables. Both has its own advantages and draw backs depending on the HVDC technology, wind farm capacity and distance from shore line. There are many companies manufacturing DC submarine power cables but the major competitors are ABB, Prysmian, Nexans, Sumitomo, and Fujikura. The following table shows available manufacturers of DC cables.
3.7.1 Mass Impregnated DC Cables:

A mass impregnated cable is shown in figure 3.9. Stranding copper layers segments are made around a central circular rod. The copper conduction is fully covered by resin impregnated papers. The inner and outer layer of an MI cables consist of carbon loaded papers and copper fabrics respectively. To prevent the cable from permanent deformation a galvanized steel taps are applied during cable loading. Over the steel tapes a polypropylene string is applied followed by galvanized steel wire armour. This technology has the capability to transmit power in the voltage ranges of up to 500 KV and 800 MW while the installation depth is nearly 1000 m under sea level and the transmission length is ideally unlimited. The power carrying capacity of MI cables is limited by the conductor temperature and low overload capabilities. MI cable has the disadvantage of high cost and high weight.
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Fig 3.9: Mass Impregnated cable
3.7.2 Extruded Polymer DC Cables:

The ability to reverse power flow without changing the voltage polarity allows VSC HVDC transmission systems to use extruded cables which are lower in cost than the alternative mass impregnated cables. However, where extruded cables are used, the achievable transmission capacity may be limited by the ratings of the cable rather than the converter. More recently, as the interest in Voltage Source Converter technology has grown, DC cables have also been developed that rely on extruded poly-ethylene as the insulation medium for the conductors. These cables are easier to manufacture and correspondingly cheaper than their MI equivalent, however currently can only operate at voltages up to 300kV which limits possible power flow. The new generation of converters (VSC Voltage Source Converters) use IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) which allow the power to be transmitted as it is in both directions without requiring polarity reversal. This has allowed re-introducing the use of extruded cables in DC power transmission as, with the polarity reversal being no longer required, the problem of space charges that can arise with an extruded insulation and create excessive dielectric stress within the cable in the case of sudden polarity reversal does not exist any longer. Examples of Extruded Polymer DC Cables Projects: Project Name Rating Distance(Km) Trans Bay Cable 400MW 200KV NordE.ON1 400MW 150KV DolWin1 800MW 165 128 1600 Bipole 88
Diameter(mm2) 1100 Bipole
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320KV DolWin2 900MW 320KV BorWin1 400MW 150KV 125 1200 bipole 45
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Conclusion This project addressed maximum issues related to offshore wind farm and related parameters. It undertakes all aspects of wind turbines selection keeping maintenance and operation in mind. In this report issues of wind farm orientation types along with connection schemes were also discussed. The transfer of power to on shore from offshore is also highlighted with the best possible schemes prevailing the wind power technology. This report vividly helps to nurture conceptual knowledge based on review of literature and drawing outcomes from it. It is extracted from this project that offshore wind farms have more predictable and regular output and are able to produce power on regular patterns. This project helped us to understand the offshore wind farm analysis and its operation parameters in detail.
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References
[1] S. Muller, M. Deicke, and R. W. De Doncker, Doubly fed induction generator systems for wind turbines, IEEE Ind. Appl , Mag., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 26-33, May-Jun. 2002. [2] H. Akagi and H.Sato, Control and performance of a doubly-fed induction machine intended for a flywheel energy storage system, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 109-116, Jan. 2002. [3] R. Pena, J. C. Clare, and G. M. Asher, Doubly fed induction generator using back-to-back PWM converter and its application to variable-speed wind-energy generation, Proc. IEE B Electr. Power Appl., vol. 143, no. 3, pp. 231-241, May-Jun. 2002. [4] F. M Hughes, O. Lara, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac, A power system stabilizer for DFIG-based wind generation, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 763 772, May. 2006. [5] S. Towito, M. Berman, G. Yehuda, and R. Rabinovici, Distribution Generation Case Study: Electric Wind Farm with Doubly Fed Induction Generators, IEEE 24th Convention of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel, pp. 393 397, Nov. 2006. [6] Muyeen,S.M, Tamura, J. Murata, T. "Stability augmentation of a grid connected wind farm " [7] S. Muller, M. Deicke, and R. W. De Doncker, Doubly fed induction generator systems for wind turbines, IEEE Ind. Appl , Mag, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 26-33, May-Jun. 2002. [8] J. B. Ekanayake, L. Holdsw, X. Wu and N. Jenkins, Dynamic modeling of doubly fed induction generator wind turbines, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems vol.18, Iss 2, pp. 803 809, May. 2003. [9] LuigiMalesani, Leopoldo Rosetto, Paolo Tenti, and Paolo Tomasin. AC/DC/AC PWM converter with reduced energy storage in the DC link. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 31(2):287{ 292, March 1995. [10] www.siemens.com/energy [11] Y. Lei, A. Mullane, G. Lightbody and R. Yacamini, Modeling of the wind turbine with a doubly fed induction generator for grid integration studies, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.21, Iss.1, pp. 257 264, Mar. 2006. [12] Bao, N.Sh., Chen, Q.X., Jiang, T., Modelling and Identification of a Wind Turbine System, Wind Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1996.
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[13] Shixiong Fan "Current Source DC/DC Converter Based Multi-terminal DC Wind Energy Conversion System"( Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Strathclyde, April 2012 ). [14] Wind Energy Systems by Gary l. Johnson. [15] Lecture Slides Dr. Olimpo Anayalara [16] Josef Schachner , Power Connections for offshore wind Farms. [17] Hennann Koch, "Connecting Large Offshore Wind Farms to the Transmission Network," IEEE Dietmar Retzmann, 2010 T and D Conference, New Orleans. [18] R. Gasch, J. Twele, "Wind Power Plants: Fundamentals, Design and Operation", Solar praxis AG, Germany, 2001. [19] Gardner, Craig, Smith, "Electrical Systems for Offshore Wind Farms", Garrad Hassan and Partners Glasgow UK June 2003. [20] Josef Schachner, "Power connections for o_shore wind farms," Diploma Thesis January 2004, Department of Electrical Engineering , University of Leoben, Austria. [21] Cartwright P, Xu L, Sasse C. "Grid integration of large offshore wind farms using hybrid HVDC transmission", In Proceedings of the Nordic wind power conference; 2004. [22] Stephan Meier, Novel Voltage Source Converter based HVDC Transmission System for Offshore Wind Farms, Royal Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering Electrical Machines and Power Electronics, Stockholm 2005 [23]http://www.energy.siemens.com/mx/en/power-transmission/hvdc/hvdcclassic/references.htm#content=2010%20Storeb%C3%A6lt%2C%20Denmark. [24]http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/35687be99f61ae42c1257b2 7004315ef/$file/POW0013.pdf [25] Meier S. "Novel voltage source converter based HVDC transmission system for offshore wind farms". Doctoral Thesis. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology; 2005. [26] Lie Xu, S. Mathew and G. S. Philip, Grid Integration of Offshore Wind Farms, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-88258-9_7. [27] Xiguo Gong, A 3.3kV IGBT module and application in Modular Multilevel converter for HVDC, Semiconductor Division Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics (Shanghai) Shanghai, China.
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[28] R. Marquardt and A.Lesnicar, A new modular voltage source inverter topology,, 3rd ed.,in Conf.Rec.EPE,2003. [29] M. Davies, M. Dommaschk, J. Dorn, J. Lang, D. Retzmann, and D. Soerangr, HVDC PLUS- Basics and Principle of Operation, technical article. [30] Alf Persson, Lennart Carlsson, Mikael berg, NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN HVDC CONVERTER DESIGN ABB Power Systems, Sweden.
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EE 986 Modelling

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EE986 Assignment and Professional Studies Group Assignment

Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering

Chapter 1 Offshore Wind Turbine Technology

Figure 1-1 Wind Turbine parts

Figure 1-2- Wind turbine generator system

1.2 Fixed Speed Wind Turbine Generator System

1.3 Variable Speed Wind Turbine Generator System

Figure 1-5- Variable speed wind turbine generator system

Figure 1-6- Doubly Fed Induction Generator

Figure 1-7- Back to back converter

1.4 Wound Rotor Synchronous Generator

1.5 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

1.6 Wind Turbine: STW-3.6-120

Fig 1-8 Wind Turbine main parts.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Technical Specifications of SWT-3.6-120

Blades Type Blade length

Root chord Aerodynamic profile Material Surface gloss Surface color

4.2 m NACA63.xxx, FFAxxx GRE Semi-matte,<30/ISO2813 Light grey, RAL 7035

Asynchronous 3,600 kw IP 54 Integrated heat exchanger F

Controller Type SCADA system Controller designation

microprocessor WebWPS WTC 3

2.2 Wind Farm layout

Fig 2.0: Block Diagram of proposed project.

2.3 Connection schemes

2.3.1 Radial Scheme

2.3.2 Single-Sided Ring Collector with single hub

Figure 2.2: Single Sided Ring [15]

2.3.3 Star Collector with Single Hub

Fig 2.4: Layout of Wind Farm

2.4 CABLES USED FOR OFFSHORE NETWORK

2.5 Inter- Turbine Array Cables

All the cables used are extruded polymer.

2.6 CALCULATIONS OF TOTAL NO. OF WIND TURBINES

2.7 WIND TURBINES DISTRIBUTION

Fig. 2.5 distribution of wind turbines in wind farm

2.8 OFFSHORE COLLECTOR SUBSTATION

Chapter 3 Offshore Wind Farm Electrical Connection to Grid

3.2 AC Connection of Offshore Wind Farm

Fig 3.2: A graph shows the comparison between AC and DC system.

Fig 3.3: AC connection scheme.

3.3 DC Connection of Offshore Wind Farms:

Fig 3.4: Block diagram of DC connection scheme.

3.3.1 HVDC Line Commutated Converter (LCC):

Table 3.1: A few examples of HVDC LCC projects

3.3.2 HVDC Voltage Source Convertor (VSC):

Fig 3.6: HVDC VSC connection scheme

3.4 Multi-Terminal VSC HVDC:

3.4.1 Modular Multilevel Convertor (MMC):

Fig 3.7: Diagram of Modular Multi level Convertor

3.4.2 Black Start Capability:

3.5 HVDC PLUS (Siemens):

Fig 3.8: Basic structure of HVDC PLUS [29]

Year of Installation 2010 2013 2014 2014 2015

3.6 HVDC LIGHT (ABB):

3.7 DC Submarine Cables:

3.7.1 Mass Impregnated DC Cables:

Fig 3.9: Mass Impregnated cable

3.7.2 Extruded Polymer DC Cables:

Diameter(mm2) 1100 Bipole

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