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    244 views64 pages

    20 - Talmy - Force Dynamics in Language and Cognition PDF

    Uploaded by

    Luna

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    TOWARD A COGNITIVE SEMANTICS VOLUME I: CONCEPT STRUCTURING SYSTEMS Leonard Talmy A Bradford Book The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2000 Massachusetts Institute of Technology [All rights reserved. No pat of this book may be reproduced in any form by any clectronie or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or informa. tion storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher ‘This book was set in Times New Roman by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong and was printed and bound in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Talmy, Leonard. ‘Toward a cognitive semantics | Leonard Talmy p. cm. — (Language, speech, and communication) Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 1, Concept structuring systems — v. 2. Typology and process in concept structuring, ISBN 0-262-20120-8 the: alk. paper) 1. Cognitive grammar. 2. Semantics Psychological aspects. 3. Concepts. L Title. IL. Series 165.735 2000 415—de21 9.40217 cp Chapter 7 Force Dynami 1 in Language and Cognition INTRODUCTION ‘A semantic category that has previously been neglected in linguistic study is that of force dynamics—how entities interact with respect to force. Included here is the exertion of force, resistance to such a force, the over- coming of such a resistance, blockage of the expression of force, removal of such blockage, and the like." Though scarcely recognized before, force dynamics figures significantly in language structure. Itis, ist of all, a generalization over the traditional linguistic notion of “causative”: it analyzes “causing” into finer primitives and sets it naturally within a framework that also includes ‘letting’, “hin- dering’, ‘helping’, and still further notions not normally considered in the same context. Force dynamics, furthermore, plays a structuring role across a range of language levels. First, it has direct grammatical representation. In English, four main language of demonstration, such representation appears not only in subsets of conjunctions, prepositions, and other closed-cass ele- ‘ments but, most significantly, also as the semantic category that most uniquely characterizes the grammatical category of modals as a whole, both in their basic and in their epistemic usages. Force-dynamic patterns are also incorporated in open-

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