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Uses:
1. To express an action which started before the present moment, which is in progress at the moment of speaking, agd which will terminate in the future. The sun is shining in the sky now. The pupil is just writing the exercise. 2. To express a temporary action We usually go to work by bus, but today we are goin by car. 3. To express a definite arrangement in the near future. It is , perhaps the most usual way to present to somebody`s immediate plans. What are you doing tomorrow. 4. To express futurity, especially with verbs of movement like: to come, to arrive, to go, to leave: Our friends are arriving tomorrow. He is going to London on Friday. 5. To express a frequent repetition He is always borrowing money from his friends but never gives it back. Why are the children being so naisy today? 6. Sometimes, in subordinate clauses of time or condition The boy will play in the park while his mother is making cake. I will not disturb her if she i watching TV. 7. With the verbs to get or to grow to express a transition from one state to another It is getting dark. Our parents are getting older and older.
Uses:
1. While the Present Perfect Simple implies that the attention is focused on the repetition or on the completion of an action, the Present Perfect Continuous emphasizes the duration , the continuity of the action in the present: Mother has watered the flowers . (Her job has just been done) Mary has been watered the flowers for ahalf an hour. (She is still doing the job) 2. The Present Perfect Continuous is also find in subordinate clauses of time, to show that an action which began in the past is still under way: While Nick has been watching Judith, she has been drinking her glass of milk. 3. Since The Present Perfect Continuous describes an action which is apparently uninterrupted, it will not be employed when we mention the number of times a thing has been done or the number of things that have been done: I`ve been drinking tea since 5 o`clock. But: I`ve drunk three cups of tea since 5 o`clock.
Uses:
1. To espresss a past action that took place before a past moment or before another action in the past. In fact it is the past equivalent of the Present Perfect. Note the use of When, Before, Now that, As soon as, and After in some of the sentences containing a Past Perfect: The boy explained that he had seen somebody in the garden. When father came home, Nick has done his homework. Father came home after Nick has done his homework. Nick has done his homework before father came home. 2. To express duration up to a certain moment in the past : By the time the rain started, we had dug the whole garden. 3. With just, already, hardly and no sooner, to show that the past action was finished a little time before another past action: Mary told us that her brother had just left. We did not know that he had already repaired the car. 4. With since or for, when the point of the refference is past : In 1980 I had been a teacher for ten years. I knew she had not seen him since Christmas. 5. In indirect speech to express a Past Tense or a Present Perfect from direct speech: 1. I saw this film last week, said Jim. Jim said he had seen that movie a week before. 2. I have never visited Madrid, the boy explained. The boy explained that he had never visited Madrid. 6. To express a past conditional in a conditional clause: I would have given her the book if i had met her. If only you hadn`t lied to her. 7. To express an unfullfield wish: I wish ( wished) i had not missed the train. 8. After had/would rather or as if/ as though: Yesterday i`d rather you had stayed here than gone there. She spoke as if she had seen it. 9. To express a uture action that takes place before another action expressed by future in the past: I told my friend that i would lend him the book after i had read it. 10. With such verbs as: to expect, to hope, to intend, to mean, to think, to express a past hope, intention which was not fullfield: I had hoped to find tickets for that performance but i was not able to.
Uses :
As a rule, shall is used for the first person ( singular and plural) and will for the 2nd and 3rd person, this form being also called Pure Future or Uncoloured Future. It ussualy occurs in formal style , although in normal speech, the forms I`ll and We`ll will probably be used. Due to the natural desire for uniformity, in speech, will is used for all three persons. The pure future is said to express: a) A neutral future event, a prediction about the future, without any colouring of volition, promise: I shall go on an interesting trip next week. My friend will see a good film in the afternoon. b) A future action in the main clause of conditional sentences: I shall read this book if she gives it to me. If the rain stops, the boys will play in the garden. SHALL a) Determination, resolution: We shall speak when we think fit. The enemy shall not pass! b) Promise If you repair this car, you shall have a three days holiday. c) Refusal As you have not taken care of the book you borrowed. You shall not have another one! d) Threat If Mary has done such a thing she shall pay dearly for it. e) Prophetic utterances ...But thy eternal summer shall not die.( Shakespeare Sonet XVIII) f) Constructions with shall may also occur that clauses as well as in legal documents I have decided that she shall go there at once. Payment shall be made in due time. WILL a) Willingness, determination: I will pay you as much as you ask for. I will do this problem even if i have to stay up the whole night. b) Promise: I won`t make such a mistake again. c) Possibility, assumption: That girl under the tree will be his sister. d) Estimation of capacity: This school will hold more than one thousand pupils. e) Something unavoidable or that recurs very often: Boys will be boys. Somethimes she will look out of the window for hours without hearing anything around her.
Uses:
1. To express a future activity or state that will begin before and will continue after a certain moment in the future: This time tomorrow we shall be watching TV. 2. To indicate that an activity or state will extend over a whole future period Lucy will be writing letters all day long. 3. To express future events that are planned: We shall be spending aur next holiday in the mountains.