SEMANTICS Relation meaning form

polysemy = (mnohoznanost, vcevznamovost) = having two or more meanings, i.e. referring to two or more items of extralinguistic reality, but at the same time sharing at least one element of meaning without this link, the shared meaning, it would be a case of homonymy e.g. big with the meanings spacious (town), high (tree), adult (boy), numerous (nation), important (boss) the shared item of meaning is great amount/number polysemy is resolved by means of the context so that misunderstandings are rare polysemy is a manifestation of the economizing tendency in the language, namely making use of existing forms for additional, newly needed meanings synonymy = a synonym is a word or phrase which has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or phrase it is sometimes said that there are no true synonyms and that each word has a slightly different meaning contextual synonyms similar in meaning only under specific distributional conditions (buy : get synonyms in: Ill go to the shop to buy/get some bread. absolute and partial synonyms there are a few absolute (identical) synonyms, most synonyms are partial synonyms; in the development of any language, the absolute synonymy is usually disturbed when one of the synonyms acquires a special connotation or when the usage becomes different one of the synonyms became obsolete or rare e.g. absolute S kind-sort, noun-substantive (the pair of Ss consists of a domestic W and a loan W); partial S quick (esp. about movement), fast (implies reaching the goal soon, in transportation, thinking), rapid (referring to abstracts: questions, improvement, result, rise, change) antonymy = two words have opposite meanings; one W can have several synonymous antonyms e.g. front back, rear, posterior graded (gradable, contrary) antonyms hot-cold, big-small, high-low; can be graded, ungraded (complementary, contradictory) A express an either-or relationship e.g. above-below, borrow-lend, east-west homonymy = two or more words are identical in sound but diferent in meaning 3 kinds of homonyms: proper homonyms sound and look alike, e.g. bank = a slope + a place for money (the same spelling + pronunciation, different lexical meaning), e.g bark, light, sealpee, tule.. homophones sound alike but they are spelled differently, a different meaning (the same pronunciation, different spelling + meaning), e.g. mail-male, here-hear, bebee, too-two homographs the same spelling, different pronuncation + meaning, e.g. lead-lead, wind-wind, tear-tear

hyponymy, hyperonymy a hyponym = a word or lexeme with a more narrow or more specific meaning that comes under another wider or more general meaning, it is a subordinate term e.g. rose, tulip, daffodil, carnation come under flower, are hyponyms of the generic or superordinate term or hyperonym flower