Reservoir Engineering Analysis

PEOffice User Guides - ProdAna
Reservoir Engineering Analysis
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PEOffices Reservoir Production Analysis modules can be easily employed by production or operation engineers worldwide. The ProdAna module can to help them inquire, monitor, count, compare and analyze oil and gas production flows. The ProdForecast module can be used to generate a production forecast based on decline curve analysis, material balance and various type-curves. With a reservoir production model built, users can conduct production history matching as well as generate future production predictions using the SimON Black Oil Reservoir Simulator. Based on an internal database, with its easy operating mode and welldeveloped algorithm, Reservoir Production Analysis is a very powerful analytical tool for production and operation engineers.
9.1 ProdAna (for Oil & Gas)

Production Statistics and Analysis 9.1.1 Introduction
About ProdAna
Some of the most important tasks associated to routine production analysis or long-term oilfield

development are to capture production behaviors by statistics and analysis. Given the overwhelming amount of production or injection data, ProdAna is the ideal tool for engineers to quickly and easily: query data, calculate statistics, compare production by wells or periods and generate powerful production plots, contour maps and bubble maps and create user-define production indexes.
Main Functions and Features

Main Functions
Quick Production Data Processing Quick field data access and preparation of data for analysis
Statistical analysis and theoretical production evaluation
User Defined Production Data Query
User-defined query filters and report formats. Reports can be scheduled and generated on daily, weekly and monthly basis. Production and injection data can be tabulated and plotted in user defined format. Production and injection plots can be generated by well, well group , or field basis. Production plots can be annotated with important events/ notes. Comparisons of production or injection with a pre-selected sample can be easily performed and a correlation can then be generated Production Statistical Analysis Production statistical analysis including oil and water production and pressure (casing liquid fluid level and bottom hole).
Integrated statistical analysis of different production indices Production index statistical analysis can be based on a pre-set time period. Production Data Comparison Capability Comparison can be performed against a pre-set standard or among groups on production data including liquid rate, oil rate, water cut, pressure (casing liquid level and static liquid level), cumulative production and water injection rate. Comparison can be performed based on pre-set conditions including time. Dynamic comparison can be performed as the pre-set standard varies.

Quick Map Creation Capability
Quick creation of various types of production map such as bubble map, and contour map.
Production and Injection Profile Production-injection profile analysis for single well, multiple wells or a group of wells Advanced Statistical Analysis Capability User can define custom statistical parameters, settings, tables and plots For repetitive procedures, sub-routines can be defined. Multiple Units of Measure with unit conversion between Metric and Imperial units
Main Features
Visual operation analysis for 2D reservoir, making the integration of production performance dynamic analysis and development geological basis more effective. Simple and quick data access and provide a powerful data interface, can fast and directly access to field data databases, and can intelligently identify the data of oil and gas in field data, making daily dynamic analysis more convenient. Query function, which records the users operation, can repeat the operation, making operations one-step. Specialized graphics processing, the expression of graphics takes the combination of the oil professional standards and the application habit, making the graphics resulted from statistical analysis more "familiar" and more convenient for field engineers of different applications habit. Convenient and practical system of Blocks, for different applications aim, can converse the Block system flexibly to ensure that the report forms accords with field application habits better.
Whats New in ProdAna 5.6

Add UWI & Alias variables to the well related data tables to enable well filtering and display by UWI & Alias; Enable to export customized plot attributes as template file for pubic share; Add property modification of Production and Injection Profile graph; Default the display screen as well location map each time project is openedt; Add Block Injection Composition function; Add Comprehensive Comparison function; Add Block Cumulative Production Bubble Map
9.1.2 User Interface

Main Interface Framework
Menus
File
Menu New project Open project Save project Save project as Icon Function Establish a new ProdAna project file, *.pdap. Open an existing ProdAna project file Save the current project Save current project after changing its name or saving path

Shut the project Open destination file Load server data Load local data Setting Blocks for volume /mass Result releasing Page setup Print preview Print Services connecting Release the graphic documentation or data to data services set page margins and line location of binding lines. Click this command, the page setup dialog box leaps out. Show the appearance of the current document print Print the current control chart templates and documents Connect the client in PEOffice online version to the PEOffice server Record the control chart files opened for the last 4 times Exit Exit the running of ProdAna the Shut down the current project Open two types of existing flies: beam pumping Block results and electric submersible pump results. Deploy the default data source for loading process Load data to FieldAssist from local data base Setting Blocks for volume /mass
Edit
Menu Copy Shear Paste Select All Select well Icon Function Copy the data selected in the data table to the clipboard Shear the data selected in the data table to the clipboard Paste the data on the clipboard to the specified data table Select all data in the data table Put the mouse in the state of selecting well in the WellMap

Select all wells Select all wells of the WellMap
View
Menu Single X-Y Plot Single X-Mutiple Y Plot Mutiple X-Y Plots Single Index Chart Multiple Indices Chart Data window Data Table Delete the present Data Table Tables Results WellMap Properties Pane Parameters Input Pane Toolbar Status Bar Simplified window Mode Mapping to the WellMap Flashing Icon Function Display the result in a single Y-axis singlecoordinate system Display the result in a multi-Y-axis singlecoordinate system Display the result in a multi-coordinate system Display the result in single condition and multiindicators pie/bar chart Display the result n single indicator and multiconditions pie/bar chart Show /Hide data window Display the Data Table name Delete the present Data Table Display Tables Results Display the WellMap Show /Hide the Properties Pane Show /Hide the Parameters Input Pane Show /Hide the toolbar Show /Hide the status bar Show /Hide the Simplified window Mode Mapping the comparison result to the WellMap Twinkle the well mapped to the WellMap
History Review
Menu Daily Production Daily Injection Monthly Production Monthly Injection Block Injection Composition Block Production History Block Production Composition Well Group/Block Daily Production Well Group/Block Production History Center Well Daily Production Center Well Monthly Production Advanced Icon Function Query the oil well daily report Query the injection well daily report Query the oil well monthly report Query the injection well monthly report Query the composition of block injection Query the block monthly report Query the composition of block producibility Query the daily report query of well group/block Query the producing history of well group/block (monthly) Query the daily production analysis of the center well Query the producing history analysis of the center well (monthly) Proceed to the customized Advanced
Statistics
Menu Classified Production by Day Classified Injection by Day Classified Month Production by Icon Function Analyze and count the oil well daily flow condition Analyze and count the injection well daily flow condition Analyze and count the oil well monthly production history

Classified Injection by Month Daily Production Statistics Daily Injection Statistics Monthly Production Statistics Monthly Injection Statistics Advanced Analyze and count the injection well monthly injection history Proceed to general statistics of oil well daily flow condition Proceed to general statistics of injection well daily flow condition Proceed to general statistics of oil well monthly production history Proceed to general statistics of injection well monthly injection history Proceed to advanced the customized statistics
Comprehensive Comparison
Menu Comprehensive Comparison Icon Function Compare the oil or injection well daily(month) flow condition
Compare
Menu Daily Production Daily Injection Monthly Production Monthly Injection Block Monthly Production Block Periodical Production Periodical Production Periodical Injection Advanced Icon Function Compare the oil well daily flow condition Compare the injection well daily flow condition Compare the oil well monthly production history Compare the injection well monthly injection history Compare the block monthly flow condition Compare the block flow condition by phases Compare the oil well flow condition by phases Compare the injection flow condition by phases Proceed to advanced the customized comparison
Map
Menu Add Stack Graph Add Stack Curve Set Contour Line Cancel Stack Graph Cancel Stack Contour Line Monthly Bubble Map Daily Bubble Map Block Monthly Production Icon Function Add Stack Graph to the WellMap Add Stack Curve to the WellMap Generate contours in the WellMap Cancel Stack Graph Cancel Stack Contour Line Generate a chart about block production current level Generate a chart about block daily flow condition Generate a block production target contour map Production Display Generate a block daily flow condition contour map Generate a block production curve Stack Graph Generate a block daily production curve Stack Graph Contour Map Block Monthly Map Daily Production Display Map Daily
Contour Map Production
Profile
Menu Production Profile Analysis Injection Profile Analysis Inj-Prod Analysis Profile Combined Icon Function Analyze the single well production profile Analyze the single well injection profile Analyze production and injection profiles comprehensively
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Model
Menu Load WellMap Cancel the WellMap Icon Function Load the WellMap Cancel the WellMap
Tools
Menu Save Current Customization... Save Customization As... Delete Current Customization Delete Customization... Export Customization File... Import Customization File... Edit predefined indicators Configure Basic Data Table... Edit label Table... Icon Function Save Current Customization... Save Customization As... Delete Current Customization Delete Customization... Export Customization File... Import Customization File... Edit predefined indicators Configure Basic Data Table... Mark management
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Results
Menu Copy to Clipboard Save Image As... Export text data Export Excel data Icon Function Copy to Clipboard Save Image As... Export text data Export data to Excel
Help
Menu Help About ProdAna... Icon Function Open the help document Display "About" dialog box
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Toolbars
Menu New project Open project Save project Print preview Print Load data Result releasing Select well Select all wells Single X-Y Plot Single X-Mutiple Y Plot Mutiple X-Y Plots Tables Results Mapping to the WellMap Loading the WellMap Current chart All charts
Icon
Function Establish a new FieldAssis project file, *.fap Open an existing FieldAssis project file Save the current project Show the appearance of the current document print Print the current control chart templates and Deploy the default data source for loading process Release the graphic documentation or data to data services Put the mouse in the state of selecting well in the WellMap window Select all wells of the WellMap Display the result in a single Y-axis singlecoordinate system Display the result in a multi-Y-axis singlecoordinate system Display the result in a multi-coordinate system Display Tables Results Mapping the comparison result to the WellMap Load the WellMap Only show the current chart in the current window Show all charts in the current window
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Standard size Reduce Enlarge Reduce and enlarge Translation Help Show graphics original standard size Reduce the picture Enlarge the picture Drag the mouse to reduce and enlarge the region Drag the mouse to move graphics Open the ProdForecast for Gas help Document
Menu Application Previous well Next well Previous date Next date
Icon
Function According to the conditions set already, calculate and give the corresponding results The previous well of the current well in the sequence list The next well of the current well in the sequence list The previous date of the current date The next date of the current date
Panes
The left parameters input pane is mainly used to select query parameters, and perform some graphics operations. The right properties pane is used to set corresponding properties of the calculation results. The middle view pane is used to display various graphs, charts generated. In order to view many figures at the same time, each Tab page can be split horizontally and vertically through right mouse button.
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Status Bar
The Status Bar displays description of toolbar menu or icon items functional status. Item status is displayed when users cursor over or click on the toolbar menu item or icon. Status bar is shown at the bottom of the ProdAna window. The left area of status bar describes the menu item operation. Similarly, this area shows the operational information of the toolbar. The right area of status bar shows the lock-out state of following keys Indicator CAP NUM SCRL Description The Capitalization lock key is locked. The number lock key is locked. The scroll lock key is locked.
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9.1.3 Tutorial
Daily Production Inquiry (History Review)
ProdAna provides convenient production inquiry function. Lets take the inquiry of the production curve of an oil well as an example of explaining the application of the production inquiry function.
New project
1. Click File>New Project. The New Project dialog box displays as shown below. Select the path of the project in the "Save in" drop-down list, or create a new path through the "New Folder" button on the right of the drop-down box. Then input the project name in the text box next to "File name". The default project extension is (*. pdap).
2. Click "Save". The program will display a blank user interface as shown below.
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PEOffice User Guides - ProdAna 3. Load Data. Click >File >Load Data. Select either Load Local Data or Load from Server.
a) The Load Local Data function allows user to load data from local databases such as Excel & Access located on the users PC or directly from data disk into the programs project database tables. b) The Load from Server function allows user to link to remote data server databases and load data from selected server data sources via ODBC functionality. c) The Load Server Data interface should display, as shown in the image below. d) Click + in the left of the New Configuration on the left side to unfold the tree-shaped dropdown list. This tree contains the programs project database structured data tables to which data will be loaded and configured to.
e) Select one at a time each program project data table to which compatible source data tables will be link and loaded to. Link each database table-column source field to comparable project database table column target field.
See Chapter 5 of the User Manual for detail instruction on the PE Data Engine and database
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connectivity and loading functions. 4. Click Ok to activate data loading. Once data loading is complete the program user interface should re-display as shown above in Step 2. 5. Click Data Window on the tool bar menu. A drop down list of all the project data tables should display. If data was loaded in any of the tables users can review the tables data by clicking on its name and the program will display the table and its data as shown below:
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PEOffice User Guides - ProdAna History Review

This function allows users to view historical data reports and create historical data plots. Users can create historical reports and plots to view daily, monthly, quarterly, semi-annual and annual data. Daily Production Set Up 1. Click>History Review>Daily Production. On the right is the Parameter Input pane. In the center is the Results display pane. On the left is the Properties Pane. See the image below.
2. Parameters Pane. a) Once user selects the History Review type the corresponding data table from which the data will be extracted from will be displayed under Basic > Data Table. See the image above or below. b) Under Condition, user can display information from the Well Basic Data Table which was loaded when the project was created. It will also set filter setting category for group results such as Field, Lease, Reservoir, Well etc. c) Under Condition, click on the box next to well. A drop down list of all the wells loaded into the projects database. Click on a well name to select for displaying its individual historical daily production. d) Under Data Settings, Click on box next Start Date. A drop down list of all historical data daily production dates should display. Select from the list desired Start Date. Repeat these steps to select an End Date. This sets the date range for retrieving the desire daily historical data from the daily production history data loaded into the project historical data table. This data will be in the programs analytical functions and results display in the form of reports and plots. e) Under Curve Samples set the Index to WellName. This set the program index to display data plot by well.
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f) Under Index Setting, click on the box to reveal +/- buttons. This function will add or remove index box where user will select data variable. User can select to display all or 1 data variable in the daily data table. For each Index user can click on the box next to its index number and select from the drop down list of the data table data variables and select which ones to display in the results pane report and plot. In the Box next to the selected variable use can type in a custom name to display on the results instead of its data table name. See image in step 3 below for an example of this function.
3. Click Run button in the upper left hand corner of the Parameters Pane. The program will return the following Oil Daily production report and plots in the center results pane. See image below.
Split Screen View
4. Properties a) On the right of results window, there is a floating property pane. When the mouse passes by it, the property column will pop up. Click on the Pin icon on the top right hand corner to anchor the pane as shown above.
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b) Click on the results report or plot tab. Its properties will be displayed and can be edited in the properties pane when its the active tab. See image below.
Active Plot Tab 5. Draw customized labels. a) Next to Apply Labels click on the No default setting. Click on it to change the setting to Yes to tell the program to display custom labels on the plot. b) Click on a point on the historical data plot. Blue cross hairs should appear delineating the point on the curve to draw and attach the label. In the Properties Pane at the bottom of the pane the Data Point editor should display.
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c) Next to Data Point Remarks, type in desired text for label. Make sure that the Show Label selection says Yes. Click anywhere on the program interface and the remark should display next to select point. Click and hold on the remark and drag to move the remark. Now click on the layout tab. Next to show curve check the plot curve to draw a line from the point on curve where the label was dragged. Repeat the steps to add multiple labels at different points on the selected curve. See images below.
d) User can edit other display features and formats in the properties pane.
Results Exporting
You can also export the results reports, plots and charts. The results can be exported as image, text and Excel data files. 1. Exporting images- This function allows user to export maps and plot as image files. See Image below a) Create a Plot, Chart, Map or Report. Make sure its the active display. b) Click Results>Copy to Clip Board. Function allows user to copy and paste images to other report formats such as Word, Powerpoint, Excel, Adobe etc.
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c) Click Results>Save Image As. This function allows user to save images as jpeg, gif etc. type files.
2. Exporting Data-This function allows users to export project database data to Text, Excel, etc type data files or export as image files. a) Ensure that the data tab with data is the active display tab. b) Click Results> and select on of the four export options Copy to Clip Board; Save Image As; Save Data As; Export to Excel.
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Statistical Analysis
ProdAna provides convenient functionality for classifying a variety of production and injection statistics. The operation of this function is the same as Oil Well Daily Inquiry except the parameters setting. Take the statistics of the production fluid on February 2, 2002 of all wells as an example to explain the operation of the statistical analysis. User can run the following scenarios: Classified Production by Day or Month; Classified by Injection Day or Month; Daily or Monthly Production Statistics; Daily or Monthly Injection Statistics; Advance.
1. 2. Click Statistics>Classified Production By day on the tool bar menu. Parameters Pane a) Click on the box next to Well under Well Condition to filter desired wells to be used in the statistical analysis. For this example select all wells. b) Date Setting. Click on the default date next to Production Date. Select a date from the drop down list of historical data dates. The analysis will be based on the select data date. c) Index Setting. Click on the box nest to Index. A drop down list of historical data variables will be displayed. Select Liquid Rate (PD). This will be the target for statistical the analysis. d) Statistical Mode. Click on the box next to Statistical Mode. Select Range or Specified Range. For this example select range. Now click on the box to range + or - to add or subtract desired number of range indexes input box(s) for the analysis. e) Statistical Index. Now click on the box to range + or - to add or subtract desired number of indexes input box(s) for the analysis. Next to each index number under the Index, Methods, and Display Name columns click on corresponding index box to reveal drop down list to select for Index variable, Method for analysis and use the default Display Name or type in a custom name. 3. Click the Run Button. See image below for example of statistical analysis report and charts results.
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Split Screen View
Comparison Analysis
ProdAna provides convenient functionality for comparing well production between wells or time periods.
1. Click >Comparative Analysis>Daily Production. The corresponding function window appears as shown below.
2.
Parameters. Setup the parameters as describe and shown in the image below.
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a) Under Well Condition click on the box next to Well. A dropdown list of all the projects wells should display. User can select all or a desired group of wells from the dropdown list. Select all. b) Under First Condition click on the box next to Production Date and select the first date for comparison. c) Under Second Condition click on the box next to Production Date and select the second date to compare the first date production value to compare against. d) Under comparison Ind, click index and select the historical production data variable form comparison. Now next to Methods click and select the desired comparison method. e) Next to Percentage Range click and select either Difference or Varying Percentage. For this example select Difference f) Under Comparison Range next to Type click on the box and select from the two item list Range or Specific Range. For this example select Range
g) Click on the box next to range to reveal + and button to add or subtract add additional ranges. For this example well select 1 with Minimum value of 30.
3.
Click the Run
on the top left of the parameters pane. The program will then calculate and display
comparative result shown below.
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4.
Click > View>Image to Well Map on the tool bar menu or click the function button
. The well map
should display as shown below.
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5. Click >View>Flashing on the tool menu bar. The wells which have a production difference (increased rate) >= 30bbl/d between the first and second production dates, their well symbol will start flashing on the well location map. The flashing distinguishes the wells whose rates increased by 30 bbl//d or more from the wells whose production rate decreased by 30 bbl/d or more < 30 on the well location map during the time period.
Bubble Map
ProdAna can create and display well stack bubble, pie/bar chart, curve, contour, etc, on the well location map at the well location. 1. Click Model>Load Well Map or click on the Load Well Location Map icon on the tool menu bar. The Open file interface should display. Locate the drive and or folder where the map is saved. Load the map file in the File name box and click the Open button. The project well location map should display shown below.
2.
Click >Map >Daily or Monthly Block Bubble Map on the tool menu bar. For this example select Daily. The Stack Map Pane should display on the left in place of the Parameters pane. See image below.
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3.
Setup Stack Map Pane Parameters (See Image Below) a) Under Well Condition click on the box next to Well. A dropdown list of all the projects wells should display. User can select all or a desired group of wells from the dropdown list. Select all. b) Under Production Date settings the Year Month input date by default will display the first day (Daily Production) or first month (Monthly Production) of production. Click on the date box and a drop down list will display with all the historical production dates. User can select any of the dates. This date will be the initial date the program will use to start loading historical production data for the bubble maps. c) Under Other Conditions click on the box next to Index a drop down list of all the table data variable indexes should display. For this example select Oil Rate (PD). Set Type to > (greater than) and Value to 0. d) Click on the box next to Map Type. A drop down list of type of map (shapes) to display such as pie, half, column or curve. For this example select Pie. e) Click on the box next to Production Index + and buttons should display. Click on either button to add or remove production historical data indexes to display on the map. For this example add 2. Next to the Index number click on the box to display the project database variables data to display on the map. For this example select Daily Liquid for index 1 and Daily Oil for index 2. f) Under Injector Setting (if desired for gas injection or water flood ) click on the box next to data table to select project data table which holds historical fluid injection data. Click on the box next to Well Name variable select the well name to display (choice are Well Name, UWI or Alias). Click on the
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box next to well and select a specific group or all the injection wells. For this example select all. g) Under Injection Date Settings the Year Month input date by default will display the first day (Daily Injection) or first month (Monthly Injection) of fluid. Click on the date box and a drop down list will display with all the historical injection dates. User can select any of the dates. This date will be the initial date the program will use to start loading historical injection data for the bubble maps. h) Click on the box next to Map Type. A drop down list of type of map (shapes) to display such as pie, half, column or curve. For this example select Column. 4. Click the Auto Play button. The program will now display in animation the daily change (monthly for monthly volume) in oil and liquid production for each day in the form of pie charts and the daily injection volumes as a column chart. The size of the charts will change each day relative to volume of production and injection.
Note: The well location map loaded bitmap can also be a contour map with wells, making the analysis more comprehensive.
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Contour Map
1. Click Model>Load Well Map or click on the Load Well Location Map icon on the tool menu bar. The Open file interface should display. Locate the drive and or folder where the map is saved. Load the map file in the File name box and click the Open button. The project well location map should display as shown below.
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2. Click >Map >Block Daily or Monthly Contour Map on the tool menu bar. For this example select Daily. The Contour Map Pane should display on the left in place of the Parameters pane. See image below.
3.
Contour Parameters settings. a) Under Well Condition click on the box next to Well. A dropdown list of all the projects wells should display. User can select all or a desired group of wells from the dropdown list. Select all. b) Under Date Setting the Production Time input date by default will display the first day ( Daily Production) or first month (Monthly Production) of production. Click on the date box and a drop down list will display with all the historical production dates. User can select any of the dates. This date will be the static date the program will use to load historical production data for the contour map. c) Under Production Index click on the box under Index, a drop down list of all the table data variable indexes should display. For this example select Oil Rate (PD).
4.
Click the Apply button at the top left of the Contour Pane. The program will now display the as static date contour of oil production for the selected wells and day. See Image Below.
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Cumulative Bubble Map

1. Click Model>Load Well Map or click on the Load Well Location Map icon on the tool menu bar. The Open file interface should display. Locate the drive and or folder where the map is saved. Load the map file in the File name box and click the Open button. The project well location map should display as shown below.
2.
Setup Bubble Map Pane Parameters (See Image Next page)
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a) Under Well Condition click on the box next to Well. A dropdown list of all the projects wells should display. User can select all or a desired group of wells from the dropdown list. Select All. b) Under Production Date settings the Year Month input date by default will display the first day (Cumulative Production). Click on the date box and a drop down list will display with all the historical cumulative production dates. User can select any of the dates. This date will be the initial date the program will use to start loading cumulative historical production data for the bubble maps. i) Click on the box next to Map Type. A drop down list of type of map (shapes) to display such as pie, half, column or curve. For this example select Pie. Click on the box next to Production Index + and buttons should display. Click on either button to add or remove production historical data indexes to display on the map. For this example add 2. Next to the Index number click on the box to display the project database variables data to display on the map. For this example select Cum Oil for index 1 and Cum Water for index 2.
j)
k) Under Injector Setting (if desired for water or gas injection) click on the box next to data table to select project MonthlyWaterInj which holds historical cumulative water injection data. Click on the box next to Well Name variable select the well name to display (choices are Well Name, UWI or Alias). Click on the box next to well and select a specific group or all the injection wells. For this example select All. l) Under Injection Date Settings the Year Month input date. Click on the date box and a drop down list will display with all the historical cumulative injection dates. User can select any of the dates. This date will be the initial date the program will use to start loading historical injection data for the bubble maps.
m) Click on the box next to Map Type. A drop down list of type of map (shapes) to display such as Pie, Half Pie, Column or Curve. For this example select Pie.
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5. Click the Auto Play button to animate the production changes going forward. Click the Apply button to the left of the Auto play button to see the bubble map at the specific YearMonth date. The program will now display in animation the monthly change in cumulative oil, water production and cumulative water injection in Auto Play mode. In Apply mode the map will display the bubbles in a static state at the inputted YearMonth selection. The size of the charts will change each month relative to volume of production and injection. See Image below.
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PEOffice User Guides - ProdForecast
9.2 ProdForecast Production Forecast for

Oil Reservoirs 9.2.1 Introduction
About ProdForecast
One of the key tasks for a petroleum engineer asked to manage an oilfield is to analyze production performance and predict production volumes and rates based upon available data. ProdForecast provides a variety of reservoir engineering applications to estimate reserves and forecast production from primary and secondary recovery. Functions include: Arps, Blasingame and Fetkovich decline curves (DCA), waterflood type curve, Tong type curve statistical and stream tube models, etc. Additionally, Prod Forecasts material balance analysis can compute OOIP, water influx, drive mechanism identification and replacement contribution factors. Calculated together or individually, these indices enable quick and accurate oil field development planning as well as instant treatment adjustment and optimization of production allocation.

Main Functions
Reservoir: forecast for the whole field. It includes sub-functions as follows: OOIP Calculation, Recovery Estimation, Production Forecast, Water-Cut Forecast. Well: forecast for Single well. It includes sub-functions as follows: Production Forecast, Recovery Estimation, IPR Analysis. Material balance analysis, which includes reserve calculation, water influx calculation, drive mechanism, drive index calculation. Advanced DCA. Calculate single well controlled reserves, recoverable reserves, reverse the formation permeability and skin factor parameters to predict the future single well production status.
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Main Methods for Reservoir and Well analysis
8 empirical methods for estimation of recoverable reserves: Guthrie & Greenberger, API, and Tomenkob Method, etc.; 3 types of decline curve models: Hyperbolic, exponential and harmonic models; 10 types of water flooding characteristic curves, including type A, type B, type C and type D, Timmerman, Wright, Mian water flooding curve. Use Tong Xianzhang Chart method, displacement efficiency equation and phase permeation curve to analyze regulation results of type A and type B water flooding characteristic curves.
Use WF Type Curve with Constant Prod to predict dynamic indexes (such as production rate) variation with time. 7 types of production forecast models suitable for the lifecycle of field production: Weibull, logistic, Rayleigh, t, logarithmic normal distribution, and general forecast model, which includes general forecast model I and general forecast model II.
8 types of methods combing production forecast model and water flooding characteristic curves are provided, which includes Weibull, HCZ model, resultants of type A, type B, type C and type D. Material balance analysis method includes reserves calculation of non-water influx reservoir, water influx reservoir, gas cap reservoir, calculation of steady and unsteady water influx, drive mechanism analysis and drive index calculation. Methods of FE, Campbell, Havlena & Odeh are used, Pot, Schilthus steady water body (plane radial direction, linear, hemispheric flow) is applied, Chatas, Van Everdingen&Hurst, Nabor-Barham unsteady water body is also used in the calculation. Boundary types of water body include finite open, finite close and infinite big. User can apply plates of Dake, FE and Campbell to judge drive type.
User can use dimensionless oil>fluid productivity index plate to judge productivity variation. User can use volumetric method to calculate reserves, and apply type A water flooding characteristic curve method to calculate geological reserves of water flooding reservoir. User can use modified decline curve method to predict single well production rate; Traditional IPR Analysis and Analytical Formulas method to predict the correlation of production rate and pressure; 3 types of theoretical production forecasts of special wells, including fractured well, heavy oil well
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and horizontal well.
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Main Features
ProdForecast provides support to transfer the user database, interface filtering data, to import data files etc., and provides support to statistics functions such as reselect statistics, accumulated production statistics, count monthly, annual data by daily data etc., which makes it easy to deal with data problem and to be more efficient.
The Friendly UI design of ProdForecast provides the comparison between different methods in order to select the most compatible forecasting method and acquire its production forecast result. It provides beautiful, easy and fast result export, including reports, diagrams and forms. It also provides sensitivity analysis in multi-options to allow users to easily acquire variation of results. Comprehensive unit systems. Unit can be converted as needed in the input and output sheets and in output graphs. The calculated results are automatically varied with changing of unit system. Setup unit before entering the software, default units are used and software chooses required data sheet need to load according to selected units. User can customize units, and save as customized template.
The instructions for the range of parameter value are provided and irrelevant data is eliminated by automatic judgment to wrong data, to ensure reasonable production result.
Whats New in ProdForecast 5.6

1. 2. Add Advanced DCA forecast function. Fetkovich, Blasingame, Agarwal type curves Artificial (intelligent judgments) fit the production situation Calculate single well controlled reserves, permeability, skin factor and other parameters to predict future production changes. Improve the production decline forecast function. Performance form,the forecast maps and maps of the selected fitting stage to achieve with the fitting of predicted changes in real-time displayalso user can contrast variously on the same graph friendly. Add automatically determine the type of decreasing function. Add the level of translation and vertical translation two means, the user can follow their own understanding of decreasing methods, to select the translation method after the initial value changing. On the basis of the original fit according to the actual data points,adding the drag fitting way,and maintaining a drag operation fitted with automatic matching each other. Update algorithm, adding iterative calculations for the drag fitting. Add the monthly and annual statistical functions, improve the methods of recoverable reserves and
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cumulative production. 3. Improve the parameter display box to allow the user hide the display parameter box and select the parameter display items. Improved the data processing of material balance method, considering the impact of trends in physical properties and the impact of upper and lower limitsfor date interpolation such as PVT properties.

Menus
File
Menu Items New Project Open Project Icon file name of *.gpfp. Open an existing ProdForecast project file. Functions Create a new ProdForecast project with default extension
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Save Project Save Project As Close Project Load Data Load from Server Load Local Data Import Data Units Settings Save Units As Volume>Mass Units Setup Upload Results Page Setup Print Preview Print Link Server Recently Used File List Exit Exit from running program of ProdForecast Publish PEOffice module results to data server. set page margin and binding line. Preview the current document to print Print current file Link to PEOffice server Display the most recently used files Load data from local database. Import data from data sheets to Excel or file with txt format Set unit systems Save current units as a custom unit system. Setup volume units or quality units for oil and liquid Save already opened project Save current project as a new project Close currently opened project. Load ProdForecast required data in three methods Load data source from PEOffice data server
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Reservoir
Menu Items OOIP Calculation Recovery Estimation Production Forecast Water Cut Forecast 4 methods for forecasting reservoir water cut 8 methods for forecasting recoverable reserves and recovery factor 5 methods for forecasting reservoir production Icon Functions Calculate reservoir reserves with dynamic, static method
Well
Menu Items Production Forecast Recovery Estimation IPR Analysis 3 methods for forecasting recoverable reserves and recovery factor 5 inflow performance curve methods for forecasting single well productivity, decline curve method for forecasting single well productivity Icon Functions 2 methods for forecasting single well production variation
Material Balance Analysis

Menu Items Material Balance Analysis Icon Functions Reserves calculation, water influx calculation, drive mechanism analysis, drive index calculation
Advanced DCA
Menu Items Advanced Decline Curve Analysis Icon Functions Calculate single well controlled reserves, recoverable reserves, reverse the formation permeability and skin factor parameters to predict the future single well production status.
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Operations
Menu Items Select Data Point Add Data Period Reset Data Period De-Select Data Points Run Reset Cal Cum. Prod Apply Daily Data Apply Monthly Data Apply Yearly Data Apply Well Production Data Apply Reservoir Production Data Forecast with reservoir data Run the simulation and show the results Eliminate all the input> loaded data Calculate cumulative production based on production, or calculate productivity according to production and time Forecast with daily data, calculate monthly, yearly data with daily data Forecast with monthly data, calculate yearly data with monthly data Forecast with yearly data Count reservoir data with single well data for forecast Icon Functions Select linear regression period for decline analysis Add regression period for decline analysis Reselect regression period Remove singular points from regression period
Results
Menu Items Copy to Clipboard Save Image As Export to Excel Save current Image as bitmap or other files Export result table data to Excel Icon Functions Copy data and diagram to clipboard
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View
Menu Items Toolbar Status Bar Parameters Input Pane Properties Pane Production Data Window Switch Graph Switch between graphs Display or hide right graph properties pane Display or hide production data window Icon Show or hide Toolbar Show or hide Status Bar Show or hide left Parameters Input Pane Functions
Help
Menu Items Help About ProdForecast Icon Functions Open ProdForecast help file Display information of version, copyright etc. of ProdForecast
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Toolbars
Icon
Commands New Project
Functions The command is used to create a new ProdForecast project, with default extension file name of *.gpfp.
Open Project Save Project Data Reset Print Print Preview Upload Results Load from Server Save Units As Select Data Point Add Data Period De-Select Data Points Reset Data Period Run Parameters Input Pane
This command is used to open an existing ProdForecast file. This command is used to save currently project Eliminate all the input> loaded data This command is used to print current template or file This command is used to preview the current document to print Publish opened diagram file or data to data server Load data source from server Save current unit system as another file Select linear regression period for decline analysis Add regression period for decline analysis Remove singular points from regression period Reselect regression period Run the simulation and show the results Show or hide left Parameters Input Pane
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Switch Graph Save Image As Export to Excel Copy to Clipboard Help Switch between graphs Save current Image as bitmap or other files Export result table data to Excel for further editing Copy data and diagram to clipboard Open ProdForecast help file
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Panes
The left parameters input pane is mainly used to select query parameters, and perform some graphics operations. The right properties pane is used to set corresponding properties of the calculation results. The middle view pane is used to display various graphs, charts generated. In order to view many figures at the same time, each Tab page can be split horizontally and vertically through right mouse button.
Status Bar
The Status Bar displays description of toolbar menu or icon items functional status. Item status is displayed when users cursor over or click on the toolbar menu item or icon. Status bar is shown at the bottom of the ProdForecast window. The left area of status bar describes the menu item operation. Similarly, this area shows the operational information of the toolbar. The right area of status bar shows the lock-out state of following keys:
Indicator CAP NUM SCRL Description Capitalization lock key is locked Number lock key is locked Scroll lock key is locked
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9.2.3 Tutorial
Calculate Reservoir Reserves by Volumetric Method
1. Open program then create a new or open an existing project. For this example open the demo project. 2. Click Reservoir >OOIP Calculation>Volumetric Analysis, the following interface should display. See image below.
3. In the Parameters Input pane click on the box next each parameter to manually type in the required data.
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4. Run command
, the reserves will be displayed. As shown below.
5. If the user wants to change the parameters to start a new run, please click the top right Clear Data button on the Parameters Input pane to reset the new parameters. 6. Users can modify the units of input parameters and results. Click on the unit and a list of units conversion will display. Click on the desired unit for the input parameters and the program will calculate and display the converted values. The results will be calculated and displayed in the comparable units. See image below.
7. After calculation, user can click Results on the tool menu bar to Save copy or save results to a Clip Board, Save as Image or to an Excel file. 8. User can click the Upload Results icon on the tool bar to save the Results to PEOffice Server file.
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Forecast OOIP with Water Flooding Type Curve

1. Click Reservoir> OOIP Calculation>WF Curve, the user interface (below) should display. Historical cumulative oil and water data can be loaded from the project database historical reservoir monthly production table or manually input in the Production Data Tab. For this example we will manually type in or copy and paste data from a data file.
2. In the Basic parameters pane on the left of the results display window type in the maximum forecast limit for WCT (water cut percentage or fraction). Click on the box next to Method and select either the Tong or Chen Method. After completing the input of historical cumulative production data and Input parameters the results display should look like the image below.
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Split Screen View 3. Click the Run Button. The program will plot the production data points and perform and draw a least square fit forecast line on the graph and add a Results tab with forecast result summary report. See image below.
Split Screen View

4. To perform a manual least squared fit and recalculate the regression results perform the following. Click
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on a data point and hold. A manual fit line should display. Now drag your cursor and position the fit line to another data point and release. The program will display the results of the manual fit. See Image below. 5. Click Calculate command
, the result will be re-displayed as following.
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6. To fine tune the manual fit click on the front or end light blue adjument bar at the top of the forecast graph. When a double arrow pointer displays click and drag the adjustmen bar to the right or left to fine tune the fit. Now click the calculate button to obtain the new forecast results. See image below.
Split Screen View
Only the points within the adjust bar displaye range will be used for the least square fit. The points used in the fit will be display as the same light blue color of the adjustment bar. Point excluded from the least square fit will be displayed in black.
7. After calculation, user can click Results on the tool menu bar to Save copy or save results to a Clip Board, Save as Image or to an Excel file. 8. User can click the Upload Results icon on the tool bar to save the Results to PEOffice Server file.
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Reservoir Recovery Forecast Empirical Method

1. Click Reservoir> Recovery Estimation> Empirical Analysis, the user interface should display. See image below. You can create a new example or open an existing example with File> Open Project command. For this example we will create a new analysis.
2.
Parameter Input setup. Also see image below. a) Under Settings click on the box next to Reservoir Type a drop down list of reservoir types should display to select from. Click Sandstone by WF. b) Click on the box nest to Calculation Correlation a drop down list of correlations should display to select from. Click on API Method. c) Click on the box next to Unit. A drop drown list of units should display. Select Volume Unit. d) Under Basic Parameters input desire values for Porosity; Swc (water saturation), Bo at Pb (Oil formation Volume Factor at bubble point pressure; Average Reservoir Permeability; Oil and Water Viscosity; Pi (Initial Reservoir Pressure);Abandonment Pressure; OOIP(Original In Place).
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Note: To change parameter units click on the unit next to input value to display list of units to convert value to and click on desire input units. The input units will dictate result initial out put units.
3.
Click the Calculate button
, the program will then calculate the estimated recoverable reserves
and display results in the programs results display pane. See the image below.
Note: To change results units click on the unit next to the result value and select the desired unit to convert results to and display. 4. 5. To change the parameters and have the program recalculate the reserves. Click the Clear Data button and input the new parameters. Then press the Calculate button again. User may save input parameters as a project. Click File>Save Project As.
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6. 7. After calculation, user can click Results on the tool menu bar to Copy results to a Clip Board, Save as Image or to an Excel file. User can click the Upload Results icon on the tool bar to save the Results to PEOffice Server file.
WF Type Curve Method

1. Click Reservoir>Recovery Estimation>WF Type Curve, the user interface should display. See image below. You can create a new example or open an existing example with File> Open Project command. For this example we will create a new analysis. Historical cumulative oil and water data can be loaded from the project database historical reservoir monthly production table or manually inputted in the Production Data Tab. For this example we will manually type in or copy and paste data from a data file. See image below.
2.
3.
Parameter Input setup. Also see image below. a) Under Basic Parameters click on the box next to OOIP, input the value of original oil in place. Click on the box next to WCT type in the maximum forecast limit for WCT (watercut percentage or fraction). b) Under Settings-Method, check each type of type curve desired for the analysis. For this example check all the methods. As each method is check the program will display the resulting type curve in the program display pane. The program will plot the production data points and perform and draw a least square fit forecast line on the graph. See Image Below.
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Split Screen View

3.
Click Calculate command below Step 5
, the result will be displayed in the results display pane. See Image
4.
To perform a manual least squared fit and recalculate the regression results perform the following. Click on a plot. Now click the Select Data Period icon button on the tool menu bar
to select the start
point and end point. Click on a data point and hold. A manual fit line should display. Now drag your mouse and position the fit line to another data point and release. The program will display the results of the manual fit. See Image below.
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5.
, the results will be re-displayed as following. The program will return
the following results under tabs in the display pane in conjunction with the Regression Period Tab. See Image below. Click on each tab to review their specific results.
b) Results Report Tab. See Image below.
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c)
Water Cut Tab. See image below.
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d) Water Increasing Rate Curve Tab. See image below.
e) Production Match and Forecast Curve Tab. See Image below.
Split Screen View 1. After calculation, user can click Results on the tool menu bar to Save copy or save results to a Clip Board, Save as Image or to an Excel file. 2. User can click the Upload Results icon on the tool bar to save the Results to a PEOffice Manager result file. 3. Adding Data Periods-This function allows user to add regression scenarios to reflect various stages of the water flood and its effectiveness and analysis results for comparison. The function is only
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operation for the lg(Wp) and lg(Lp) vs. Percentage Recoverable type curves. Two linear segments curves will be display on the regression and results graphs. a) Click on one of the above graphs to make it active. Now click on the Add Data Period icon button on the tool menu bar b) .
Click on a desired data point on the plot and repeat the manual match function as describe in Step 4 above. Repeat steps 11a and 11b for the second plot. When complete the Regression Period Plots should look like the image below. Each scenario will tag as Stage 1 and 2.
c)
, the results will redisplay. The program will return the result
tabs as shown in the image in Step 5 above with a Results Comparison tab added. See Image below.
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d)
e)
Beside the Regression Period tab, the following results tabs will also reflect the comparison analysis; Production Match and Forecast Curve, Water Cut and Water Cut Increasing
Production Match and Forecast tab. See image below.
f)
Water Cut tab. See Image below.
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g)
Results Tab Water Cut Increasing. See image below.
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h) Results Comparison Tab. See image below.
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WF Type Curve with Constant Prod

1. Click Reservoir>Recovery Estimation>WF Type Curve with Constant Prod, the user interface should display. The Results pane displayed will have two tabs Production Data and Regression Period. See image below. You can create a new example or open an existing example with File> Open Project command. For this example we will create a new analysis.
2. Historical monthly and cumulative oil and water data can be loaded from the project database historical monthly production table or manually inputted in the Production Data Tab. For this example we will manually type in or copy and paste data from a data file. See image below. 3. Parameter Input setup. Also see image below. a) Under Basic Parameters click on the box next to OOIP, input the value of original oil in place. b) Click on the box Schedule Table + and buttons will display. Click the + button to add and button to remove time and constant rate input. User can add multiple Time spans and constant rates for each constant rate production forecast periods. c) Click on the box net Constraints, a drop down list of constraint parameters will display. User has two options WCT (Water Cut) or Aban. Prod (Abandonment Production). For this example select WCT.
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Split Screen View d) Under Settings user can select one or both of the Type Curve Methods lg(LP) vs. Np and Lp/NP vs. Lp to run the forecast analysis. For this example check both. When each method is check the program will display plots for the regression analysis in the Regression tab of the results pane. See image below.
Split Screen View
4. Select Regression Period. Click on a plot then the click on the Select Data Period icon button on the tool menu bar. Now follow the instructions under WF Type Curve Step 4 to perform a manual match (see image below) or use the program best fit match as shown in Step 3d image above.
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Split Screen View 6. Click the Calculate button. The forecast results will be calculated and displayed in the 3 additional tabs results display pane, Results; Prod Match and Forecast Curve; Cum.Prod Match and Forecast Curve added to the result display pane. See image below.
Split Screen View a) Results Tab- This tab displays the forecast report. See image below.
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Split Screen View b) Prod Match and Forecast Curve Tab. This tab displays the monthly production match and forecast plot. See Image below.
Split Screen View c) Cum.Prod Match and Forecast Curve Tab. This tab displays the monthly production match and forecast plot. See Image below.
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Split Screen View
7. 8.
After calculation, user can click Results on the tool menu bar to Save copy or save results to a Clip Board, Save as Image or to an Excel file. User can click the Upload Results icon on the tool bar to save the Results to a PEOffice Manager result files.
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Decline Curve Analysis for Reservoirs

1. Click Reservoir> Recovery Estimation>Decline Curve Analysis, the user interface will display as shown below. Then, you can create a new example or open an existed example with File >Open Project command.
Split Screen View 2. Historical monthly and/or cumulative oil data can be loaded from the project database historical monthly production table or manually inputted in the Production Data Tab. If user only has monthly production the program will calculate the cumulative production for them. Click the summarize function button third from left at the top of the Parameters Input pane. For this example we will manually type in or copy and paste monthly oil production data from a data file and have the program calculate the cumulative production. See image below. Note. Users can also load daily or annual historical data and perform the following:
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Split Screen View
3. Parameter Input setup. Also see image below. a)

b)
Under Basic Parameters Input Oil in Place and Aban.Prod (abandonment production). Match Period(s) setting. User can base forecast on a single or multiple historical data match periods. Select initial match period, click the Select Data period icon . Now on the Decline
Period plot click on a data point and hold. A manual fit line should display. Now drag your mouse and position the fit line to another data point and release. The program will display the results of the manual fit for the match period and the resulting forecast. The program will automatically fill in the Parametes Input pane 1st match period b, Qi, Di, Start Date and End Date See Image below.
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Split Screen View

c)
Add additional match periods click the Add Data Period icon button matching procedure describe in Step 3b. See image below.
then repeat the the
Split Screen View

d)
User can exclude the abnormal points using the Deselect Data Points function. Click on the
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Deselect Data Points icon button on the menu tool bar then click, hold and drag near points
to deselect. While dragging the mouse the program will draw a rectangular box arrow the points to deselect. Release the mouse button and the points that were included in the deselect box will turn red and the program will adjust the lease square fit. See Image below.
Split Screen View

e)
If user doesnt like his match(s) then click the Reset Data Period icon button
and the
program will clear the match and the user can then perform new match(s) by repeating steps 3b-d. f) Under Forecast Settings. The can user setup a forecast period to correspond to each match period. Click on the box next to Forecast Period to display + to add and to remove a forecast period. See Image below.
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Split Screen View g) Under each Forecast Period click on the box next Select Match Period, users can select a match period establish in the above steps to setup the decline profile to perform the forecast for that forecast period. Input Time Span number of months to project the forecast. Input or select Start Value (initial production rate) for the forecast period. See Image below.
Split Screen View
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h) Click the Run button to create the Forecast Results and Production Match report. See Image below.
Split Screen View 4. After calculation, user can click Results on the tool menu bar to Save copy or save results to a Clip Board, Save as Image or to an Excel file. 5. User can click the Upload Results icon on the tool bar to save the Results to a PEOffice Manager result files. Note: The above scenario is base on monthly historical data volumes user can also perform the above forecast using historical daily and annual volumes as well.
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Statistical Model Analysis

1. Click Reservoir>Recovery Estimation>Statistical Model Analysis, the user interface will display as shown below. Then, you can create a new example or open an existed example with File >Open Project command. 2. Historical annual and cumulative oil data can be loaded from the project database historical reservoir annual production table or manually inputted in the Production Data Tab. For this example we will manually type in or copy and paste data from a data file. See image below.
3. Parameters Input pane setup a) Under Basic Parameters click on the box next to Time Span and input forecast time span (number of years to project the forecast into the future). b) Under Settings click on the box next to Model a list of the various statistical models the user can run should display. Click on the desired model for this example well choose Weibull Model. See image below.
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c) Click on the box next to the Show Cum.Prod Curve. By default it will say No. Changing the default to Yes will activate the display of the cumulative production history on the same plot as the forecast results plot. 4. Click on the Regression Period tab. This will display the historical production plot where user can set manually set the least squares fit or accept the programs set least square fit through the historical data plot. To perform the procedure manually, follow the instructions as detailed below:
a) Select initial match period, click the Select Data period icon
. Now on the Decline Period plot
click on a data point and hold. A manual fit line should display. Now drag your mouse and position the fit line to another data point and release. The program will display the results of the manual fit for the match period. See Image below.
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b) Click the calculate button. The program will perform a forecast and add and display the Forecast and Graphs tabs to the programs result pane. The results includes estimates of recoverable reserves, maximum annual oil production, time for maximum annual oil production. The prediction model permits user to forecast monthly oil production according to yearly oil production trend and forecast daily oil production according to monthly oil production. The data table can be export to Excel. c) After calculation, user can click Results on the tool menu bar to Save copy or save results to a Clip Board, Save as Image or to an Excel file. d) User can click the Upload Results icon on the tool bar to save the Results to a PEOffice Manager result files.
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Tong Type Curve

1. Click Reservoir>Recovery Estimation>Tong Type Curve, the user interface will display as shown below. Then, you can create a new example or open an existed example with File >Open Project command.
Split Screen View 2. Historical monthly and/or cumulative oil data can be loaded from the project database historical monthly production table or manually inputted in the Production Data Tab. If user only has monthly production the program will calculate the cumulative production for them. Click the summarize function button third from left at the top of the Parameters Input pane. For this example we will manually type in or copy and paste monthly oil production data from a data file and have the program calculate the cumulative production. See image below
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Split Screen View 3. Parameters Input Setup.input. a) Under Type Curve next to OOIP (Original Oil In Place) input value. b) Next to Max RF (recovery factor) input the maximum recovery factor. c) Next to Ultimate Wat.Cut (Ulimate Water Cut) input the maximum water cut percentage or fraction. d) Next to Curve Correction set No for no correction or Yes to correct. e) Click on the box next to Template Curve to reveal + add and to remove a template curve. The program will create type curve for each value of recovery factors between the 1 st input recovery factory and the maximum recovery factor. See Image below. f) Click the Set Data Period icon on the tool menu bar or click Operations>Set Data Period. The Tonge type curve plot should display with a type curve represnting each Template curev recovery factor set up in step 3e. See Image below.
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g) User now has option to either let the program auto match on of the above curves incorporating all the historical data points or perform a manual match (see step 5 below) thru select group of points.
5. To manually match, click the Select Data period icon
. Now on the Tong Type Curve plot click on
a data point and hold. A manual fit line should display. Now drag your mouse and position the fit line to another data point and release. The program will display the results of the manual fit for the match period. Data points included in the match will be displayed in blue. See Image below.
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6. Click the Calculate button the program will create the RF type curves and calculate the results and display the analysis results in the program result display pane. The program wll add tabs for Match Results Graph & Report. See Image below.
Split Screen View
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Joint Solution with Displacement Efficiency And Rel. Perm

1. Click Reservoir>Recovery Estimation> Joint Solution with Disp Eff. And Rel. Perm the user interface will display as shown below. Then, you can create a new example or open an existed example with File >Open Project command.
Split Screen View 2. Historical monthly cumulative oil and water data can be loaded from the project database historical reservoir or well monthly production table or manually inputted in the Production Data Tab. If user only has monthly production the program will calculate the cumulative production for them. Click the summarize function button third from left at the top of the Parameters Input pane. For this example we will manually type in or copy and paste monthly oil production data from a data file and have the program calculate the cumulative production. See image below 3. Relative Permeability data can be loaded from the reservoir property data table or manually loaded. For this example we will manually type in or copy and paste monthly oil production data from a data file and have the program calculate the cumulative production. See image below.
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Split Screen View 4. Parameters Input settings. See above image. a) b) Under Joint Solution With Disp Eff And Rel Perm input values for OOIP (Original Oil In Place); Oil Viscosity, Water Viscosity; Oil Relative Density and Surface Oil Volume. Click on the box next to Template Curve to reveal + button to add and button to remove desired recovery factor type curves to perform the analysis.
5. Once all data and Input parameters are set. The program will add the Type Curve of Joint Solution with Disp Eff. Rel Perm tab with a plot of the water cut vs. percentage recoverable and the recovery factor type curves. See Image below.
6. User now has option to either let the program auto match on of the above curves incorporating all the historical data points or perform a manual match (see step 5 below) thru select group of points.
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a) To manually match, click the Select Data period icon
. Now on the Recovery Factor Type
Curve plot click on a data point and hold. A manual fit line should display. Now drag your mouse and position the fit line to another data point and release. The program will display the results of the manual fit for the match period. Data points included in the match will be displayed in blue. See Image below.
Split Screen View b) Click the Run button and the program will perform the analysis and add two addition tabs Match Results and Match Curve. The Match Results tab will display the analysis results report and the Match Curve tab will display the plot of the data along with the match recovery factor curve displayed along with template curves set up in parameters input. See Image below.
Split Screen View
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Weng Statistical Analysis

1. Click Reservoir>Water Cut>Weng Statistical Analysis the user interface will display as shown
below. Then, you can create a new example or open an existing project with File >Open Project command.
Split Screen View
2. Historical monthly water cut data can be loaded from the project database historical reservoir or well
monthly production table or manually input into the Production Data Tab. For this example, we will manually type in or copy and paste monthly oil production data from a data file and have the program calculate the cumulative production. The program will automatically create the Regression Period historical data plot and display the curve in the Regression Period tab. See image below
3. Parameter Input pane settings. Under Basic Parameters next to Time Span (number of months)
click on the input box and type in desired forecast time span.
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Split Screen View
4. User now has option to either let the program auto match on of the above curves incorporating all
the historical data points or perform a manual match (see step 5 below) thru select group of points.
a) To manually match, click the Select Data period icon
. Now on the Tong Type Curve plot click
on a data point and hold. A manual fit line should display. Now drag your mouse and position the fit line to another data point and release. The program will display the results of the manual fit for the match period. Data points included in the match will be displayed in blue. See Image below.
Split Screen View
5. Click the Run button and the program will perform the analysis and add two addition tabs Match 87

Results and Match Curve. The Match Results tab will display the analysis results report and the Match Curve tab will display the plot of the data along with the match recovery factor curve displayed along with template curves set up in parameters input. See Image below.
7. After calculation, user can click Results on the tool menu bar to Save copy or save results to a Clip Board, Save as Image or to an Excel file. 8. User can click the Upload Results icon on the tool bar to save the Results to a PEOffice Manager result file.
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Decline Curve Analysis for Well

1. Click Well>Production Forecast>Decline Curve Analysis the user interface will display as shown
below. Notice the interface is identical to that as shown Decline Curve Analysis for Reservoir. Then, you can create a new example or open an existed example with File >Open Project command.
Split Screen View
2. Historical monthly and/or cumulative oil data can be loaded from the project database historical
monthly production table or manually inputted in the Production Data Tab. If user only has monthly production the program will calculate the cumulative production for them. Click the summarize function button third from left at the top of the Parameters Input pane. For this example we will load monthly oil production data from a multiple well project data file table and have the program calculate the cumulative production. Note. User can also load daily or annual historical data and perform the following. a) Click on the funnel Icon at the top right of the parameters input pane. The program filter pane should display as shown.
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b) Make sure Well Name Variable is set to Well Name (unique well id). Now click on the box next to Well. A drop down list of all the wells loaded in the project database. See image below.
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c) Click on the check box next to the desired well to filter from the list and load it respective production history. After selecting the well click the Ok button. d) The program Clear Data function should display as shown.
Click the Yes button. This will clear any data in memory from any previous well forecast and load data from the current selected well. Click on the Plot tab and the program will plot the historical data on the graph. See Image below.
Split Screen View 6. Parameter Input setup and decline analysis. This function the same as Reservoir Decline Curve Analysis. See that example for detail instruction.
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IPR Analysis
1. Click Well >IPR Analysis >Traditional IPR Analysis, the user interface will display as shown below. Notice the interface is identical to that as shown Decline Curve Analysis for Reservoir. Then, you can create a new example or open an existed example with File >Open Project command.
2. Parameter Input setup. All parameters are manually inputted. See instructions and image below. a) Under Reservoir Basic Data. Input the value for Middle Depth (Average depth of perforations). Input the value for Avg.Pres (Average reservoir pressure) at Middle Depth. Input the value for Avg.Temp (Average reservoir temperature) at Middle Depth. Input the value for area Geothermal Gradient. b) Under Fluid Properties. Input value for Crude Oil Density. Input value for Gas.S.G (gas specific gravity). Input value for Water Cut. (Maximum limit) Input the value for GOR (gas oil ratio).
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c) Under Data at Pb (Bubble Point Pressure) Input the value for Pressure (Bubble Point Pressure) Input the Value for Temperature.
d) Under Calculation Mode click on the box next to Mode select from two choices Input data or Match Data. If Match is selected another parameter input called Match PI will be added to the pane. Click on the box next to Correlations to select from a list the desired Match PI correlation. Click on the box next to Matching Data to reveal + button to add and button to remove inputted matching values. Added the number of value inputs and input required data.
e) Under IPR Calculation click on the box net to method to reveal a list of the following correlations: PI (Productivity Index), Vogel, Fetkovich, Jones, Jiang. f) Under IPR Calculation Parameters click on the box to input the corresponding inputs that correspond to IPR calculation method selected in step 2e above.
g) Under Sensitivity Analysis Options click on the box next to Select Parameter. Select from two choices for input parameters Pr (Reservoir pressure) and PI. h) Next to Input Value click on the box to reveal + button to add and a button to remove input values for the sensitivity analysis. Input the desired value for each sensitivity
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parameter added.
Full Screen View.

3. Click the Run button
to calculate and display IPR calculation results. The program will add the
following six result tabs to the program results display pane: IPR Cal Results report; IPR Cal Curve; IPR Match Results report; IPR Match Curve; Sensitivity Analysis Results report; IPR Sensitivity Analysis are displayed in result data window.
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Split Screen View of IPR Results Report and Curve
Split Screen View of IPR Match Report and Curve
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Split Screen View of Sensitivity Analysis Report and Curves
4. After calculation, user can click Results on the tool menu bar to Save copy or save results to a Clip Board, Save as Image or to an Excel file. 5. User can click the Upload Results icon on the tool bar to save the Results to a PEOffice Manager result files.
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Analytical Formulas
1. Click Well >Production forecast>IPR Analysis>Analytical Formulas the user interface will display as shown below. Then, you can create a new example or open an existed example with File >Open Project command.
2. Parameter Input setup. All parameters are manually input. See instructions and image below. a) Under Basic Data. Input the value for Pr (Average reservoir pressure). Input the value for Average Permeability. Input the value for Net Thickness (Average reservoir thickness) . Input the value for Oil Viscosity Input OFVF (Oil Formation Volume Factor) Click on the box next to Reservoir Shape Factor a window should display with various geometric figures representing the typical well drainage shapes. Click on the shape that best represent the wells drainage area shape. Then click ok. The drainage shape coefficient will be loaded. See image below.
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Input well Drainage area. Input the wells Wellbore Radius. Input wellbore Skin Factor. b) Under Sensitive Analysis Options (Options for Running Sensitivity Analysis) Click on the box next to Select Parameter the following list of parameters should display from which user can select to run sensitivity analysis against: Pr (Reservoir Pressure); Average Permeability; Average Net Pay. Click on the desired parameter. Next to Input Value click on the box to reveal + button to add and a button to remove input values for the sensitivity analysis. Input the desire value for each sensitivity parameter added.
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the program will calculate Analytical results and add the following four
result tabs to the program results display pane: Analytical Calculation Results report; IPR Cal Curve; Sensitivity Analysis Results report; IPR Sensitivity Analysis are displayed in result data window.
Split Screen View of Analytical Calculation Results and IPR Curve
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Split Screen View of Sensitivity Calculation Results and Curves 6. After calculation, user can click Results on the tool menu bar to Save copy or save results to a Clip Board, Save as Image or to an Excel file. 7. User can click the Upload Results icon on the tool bar to save the Results to a PEOffice Manager result files.
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Fractured Well Model

1. Click Well >IPR Analysis>Fractured Well Model the user interface will display as shown below. Then, you can create a new example or open an existed example with File >Open Project command. .
Full Screen View 2. Parameter Input setup. All parameters are manually inputted. See instructions and image below. a) Settings click on the box next Model a list with the two model selection should display: Finite Conductivity and Infinite Conductivity. Click on desired model to select. c) Under Basic Parameters for Finite Conductivity Model See Image below. Input value for Average Net Thickness Input value for Pr (Average reservoir pressure). Input value for Oil Viscosity Input value for OFVF (Oil Formation Volume Factor) Input value for Fracture Half Length Input Value for Fracture Width
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Input Value for Drainage Radius Input value for Fracture Perm Input Value for Matrix Perm Input Value for Oil S.G. (Specific Gravity) d) Under Basic Parameters for Infinite Conductivity. See image Below Input Value for Average Permeability. Input value for Average Net Thickness. Input the value for Pr (Average reservoir pressure). Input the value for Oil Viscosity. Input OFVF (Oil Formation Volume Factor). Input value for Fracture Half Length. Input Value for Drainage Radius.
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e) Under Sensitive Analysis Options (Options for Running Sensitivity Analysis) See directions and image below. Click on the box next to Select Parameter the following list of model parameters should display from which user can select to run sensitivity analysis against: Finite Conductivity selections- Pr (Reservoir Pressure); Half Fracture Length; Fracture Effective Permeability; Infinite Conductivity selections- Half Fracture Length; Average Permeability. Click on the desired parameter to select. Next to Input Value click on the box to reveal + button to add and a button to remove input values for the sensitivity analysis. Input the desire value for each sensitivity parameter added. See image below.
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Full Screen View

the program will calculate Analytical results and add the following four
result tabs to the program results display pane: IPR Calculation Results report; IPR Cal Curve; Sensitivity Analysis Data report; IPR Sensitivity Analysis are displayed in result data window.
Split Screen View of IPR Calculation Results report and IPR for Fracture Well curve
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Split Screen View of Sensitivity Analsysis Data report and IPR Sensitivity Analysis curves
Heavy Oil Well Model

The operation steps of productivity forecast for heavy oil wells are similar to that for fractured well.
Horizontal Well Model

The operation steps of productivity forecast for horizontal well are similar to that for fractured well.
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Material Balance Analysis

Material balance analysis includes four functions: reserves calculation, water influx calculation, drive mechanism identification and drive index calculation. While calculating reserves and water influx, the drive index is also calculated; users can choose to display or hide calculation result of drive index. Main operation window of material balance analysis is as following: left attribute page controls options of functions and methods, middle second order window includes data input, segment selection and result output; each second order window has its directly controlled third order window. Operation sheet is shown as following: user can select functions for calculation, input required parameters, select regression segment at last click calculate to obtain results. Users should notice that: data regression in the program has been optimization processed. User can implement calculation without segment selection. User can also choose data points for fitting.
Calculation of Reserves
1. Click Material Balance >Material Balance Analysis command, the following user interface should display. In the results display pane the program will display three main tabs Input Data; Regression Period and Results Summary. The Input Data tab will have four sub tabs, Reservoir Properties, PVT Data, Production Data and Pressure Test Data. The Regression Period tab will have two sub tabs, Non Influx Model and Water Influx Model. Then, you can create a new example or open an existed example with File >Open Project command.
2. Input Data-click on the Input Data tab to activate it and sub tabs. Users have two options to input data to these tabs.
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a) Data will load directly from the project data base tables if populated during project creation. Simple click the filter icon and set the filter conditions to filter a desired formation (reservoir). When user clicks OK the program will load the corresponding database data into the results display input data sub tabs and display it for the selected reservoir. See filter image below. The other option is to manually input the data either typing it in or copy and past from some other data file.
Following are split screen views of the Input Data tabs after data has been loaded.
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Split Screen view of Data Input tabs Reservoir Properties and PVT Data
Split Screen view of Data Input tabs Production and Pressure Test Data
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b) If data is out of range the program will respond with the following message.
3. Parameters Input Pane setup. a) Under Options check off a desired calculations OOIP (Original Oil In-Place); WE Calcualtion (Water Influx); Drive Mechanism. When user checks an option or all three, the pane will expand with additional calculation options as shown below. b) Under OOIP Calculation the user can choose correlations from FE; Campbell; Havlena-Odeh; Water influx model. These four methods are used to calculate oil in place under conditions of no water influx or water influx. c) Under We Calculation user can select the H-O Regression method d) Under Drive Mechanism Identification user can select methods to determine reservoir drive mechanics. e) Under Other settings the m value parameter selection is used to confirm whether m is given value in reserves calculation with Havlena_Odeh method. If the user chooses to use m, the m is used in the regression equation. The user can also choose to calculate drive index.
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4. At the botton of the Paremeter Input pane click on the Aquifer Model Tab. When this tab is active user can select the aquifer scenarios and calcualtions for evaluating and analyzing the water drive mechanics if aquifer is known to influence reservoir drive. Click on the box next to each model type to reveal a list of flow models to select from for each type aquifer. See Image below.
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5. Click on the Regression Period Tab. The program will automatically create the water influx model and non water influx mode regression plots for each analysis model setup in the Parameters Input pane. See image below.
Split Screen View
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6. Matching Period user can allow the program to perform an auto list square fit through all the data points for each model above when the calculation function is activated or he can perform a manual match and the program will calculate results based on the user selected match period. Manual matching procedures and functions are the same as describe in reservoir and well decline curve analysis. See image below for example of manual match.
7. Click the Calculate button. The program will calculate the results and create summary report and plot for each selected model. The program will also add a main Result Summay tab to the results pane. The main tab will have the following sub tabs OOIP; OOIP and We Calculation, Drive Mechanism Identification and Calculate Replacement Contribution Factor. See image below.
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8.
Click on each tab to view the results of each selected calculation method. See images 8a-8d a) OOIP Tab. Use the scroll bar to the left to view report and plot for each model.
b) OOIP and WE Calculation Tabs. Use the scroll bar to the left to view report and plot for each model.
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c) Drive Mechanism Identification tab. Use the scroll bar to the left to view report and plot for each model.
d) Calculate Replacement Contribution Factor tab. Use the scroll bar to the left to view report and plot for each model.
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Advanced Decline Curve Analysis

1. Click Advanced DCA >Advanced Decline Curve Analysis, the user interface should display. In the results display pane the program will display three main tabs Data; Fetkovich; Forecast. The Data tab will have two sub tabs, Production Data and Production Plot. The Fetkovich tab will have the Fetkovich Type curve plot. The Forecast tab will have the Fetkovich forecast plot and report. Then, you can create a new example or open an existed example with File >Open Project command. See image below.
Split Screen View 2. Historical daily and/or cumulative oil data can be loaded from the project database historical daily production table or manually inputted in the Production Data Tab. If user only has daily production the program will calculate the cumulative production for them. Click the summarize function button third from left at the top of the Parameters Input pane. The program will automatically create the historical data plot when the data is loaded. For this example we will manually add the daily oil production data. See image below
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Split Screen View
3. Parameters Input Pane setup. See Image below. b) Under Reservoir Properties click on the box next to each property item and type in the property value. c) Under Well Properties click on the box next to Wellbore Radius and type in the radius value.
4. You can perform the analysis using all the historical data points or the user can have the program
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identify and ignore data anomalies. Click the Filter Data button on the top right of the
Parameters Input pane. The program will change the excluded data points to unfilled blue circles on the data plot. See Image below.
Split Screen View 5. Type Curve matching. a) Click on the Fetkovich tab. The program will dispaly Fetkovich type curve graph with the Fetkovich type curves and the wells historical daily and cumulative production curves plotted. The Parameters Input pane will change as well. See Image below.
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b) Type Curve Parameters Input Pane setup. Under Basic Parameters click on the box next to each parameter and type in or select the appropriate data value. Under Plot Options by default the Rate and Cum.Prod options will be check. Un-checking a plot option will remove either the daily or cumulative production data curve from the type curve graph. The Parameter Output values will remain static until the user performs a match.
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c) Auto Matching-The program will perform an auto match if desired. Just click the Automatic Type
Curve Selection button fitting curve.
in the Input Parameters pane and the program will select the best
d) Manual Matching-Click and hold on either the Rate or Cum.Prod curve. Now. drag the curves across the type curves until you match a curve profile. Notice as the user moves the curves the Di and Qi values under Parameter Output will change according to the position of the data curves on the graph. e) Once match is completed the program will draw the forecast curves and populate the Parameter Output with summary results. See Image below. The forecast curves are displayed in dark blue early time and lime green late time portions of the type curves. See image below.
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6. Production Forecast- Click on the Forecast tab. The program will display the Fetkovich Forecast Results interface with a Rate vs. time plot of just the historical rate data and out the forecast report template. The Parameter Input pane will change to facilitate input of forecast abandonment rate and forecast period values. See Image below.
a) Input Parameter pane- Click on the box next to each parameter and type in the appropriate values for abandonment rate and forecast period. The user can also change the forecast frequency by clicking on the date unit to display a list of date frequencies
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b) Click the Calculate Run button
, the program will display the forecasted production plot and
report. See image below.
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PEOffice User Guides ProdForecast for Gas
9.3 ProdForecast for Gas Production

Forecast for Gas Reservoirs 9.3.1 Introduction
About ProdForecast for Gas
Similar to ProdForecast for oil reservoirs, ProdForecast for Gas offers a variety of engineering applications for gas analysis, such as volume metrics, material balance, Arps decline curve and statistical models to calculate OGIP, recovery, well spacing and initial gas-water contact. ProdForecast for Gas also provides advanced decline curve analysis methods by Fetkovich, Blasingame and Agarwal that can utilize gas rate and wellhead pressure without transient well test to calculate permeability, skin, recoverable reserves, EUR and drainage area and can forecast formation pressure, bottom-hole flowing pressure and gas rate.

Main Functions
Index Calculation OGIP Evaluation: volumetric analysis, material balance analysis Recovery Calculation: Decline curve analysis, statistical model analysis, material balance analysis, transient pressure analysis Gas Rate Forecast: Decline curve analysis, statistical model analysis Well Spacing Calculation: single well under known reserve volume, economic limit model, yearly gas recovery model, etc. Drive Mechanism Identification: P/Z vs. Gp analysis, water encroachment volumetric coefficient analysis Initial Gas-water Contact Analysis Performances Variation Forecast Production variation principle of gas reservoir. Methods are provided to forecast production variation principle: Decline Curve Analysis, Statistical Model Method etc. In which the former
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provides automatic identification of decline type and the latter offers nine forecast model methods such as Weibull Model. Water invasion variation law. Three methods are provided, including Steady-state Water Influx Model, Unsteady-state Water Influx Model and Material Balance Analysis. Gas Well Advanced Decline Curve Analysis Advanced Decline Curve Analysis (Advanced DCA) is designed especially for analyzing well production data. Fetkovich, Blasingame, Agawal Typecurve Analyses and Flowing Material Balance are used here to determine OGIP, Expected Ultimate Recovery, Permeability, Skin Factor, Half length of fracture and Production Index, based on which the well future production can be forecasted.
Main Features
Advanced and versatile software package for gas reservoirs with a streamline work flow design Multiple engineering calculation methods Quick database access User friendly functions and features, metric-field unit conversion capability
Whats New in ProdForecast for Gas 5.6

Improved Decline Curve Analysis: add auto-judgment of decline type, simultaneous display multiple matching periods and forecast periods, add horizontal offset and vertical offset in forecast, and add manipulation history matching, etc. Improved Statistical Model Method: display matching straight line in period selection, real-time display the matching curve along with period selection, etc. Add Advanced Decline Curve Analysis include Fetkovich, Blasingame, Agawal Type curve Analysis and Flowing Material Balance, which can gain OGIP, EUR, K, S, Xf and PI, only based on daily production data.
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Menu
File
Command New Project Icon Function Create a new ProdForecast for Gas project with default extension file name of *.gpfp.
Open Project Save Project Save Project As Close Project Load Server Data Load Local Data Setup System Save Unit System As Publish Result Page Setup Print Preview Print Link Server Recently Used File List Exit of Unit
Open an existing ProdForecast for Gas project file. Save already opened project Save current project as a new project Close currently opened project. Load data from PEOffice data server Load data from local database. Set unit systems Save current units as a custom unit system. Publish PEOffice module results to data server. Set page margin and binding line. Preview the current document to print Print current file Link to PEOffice server Display the most recently used files Exit from running program of ProdForecast for Gas.
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Index Forecast
Command OGIP Volumetric Analysis Material Balance Analysis Recovery Factor Decline Curve Analysis Material Balance Analysis Statistical Model Method Transient Analysis Pressure Pressure Method Pressure Method Production Decline Curve Analysis Statistical Method Water Influx Steady State Flow Unsteady State Flow Material Balance Analysis Forecast water influx by Material Balance Analysis Forecast water influx by Unsteady State Flow Model Forecast production rate variation of gas reservoir Forecast gas reservoir production variation by Decline Curve Analysis Forecast gas reservoir production variation by Statistical Model Method Forecast water influx Forecast water influx by Steady State Flow Average Gradient Pressure Calculate recoverable reserves and recovery factor Calculate recoverable reserves and recovery factor by Decline Curve Analysis Calculate recoverable reserves and recovery factor by Material Balance Analysis Calculate recoverable reserves and recovery factor by Statistical Model Method Calculate recoverable reserves and recovery ratio by Transient Pressure Analysis Calculate formation pressure of gas reservoir Calculate formation pressure of gas reservoir by Pressure Gradient Method Calculate average formation pressure of gas reservoir Calculate OGIP of gas reservoir by Material Balance Analysis Icon Calculate OGIP Calculate OGIP of gas reservoir by Material Balance Analysis Function
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Initial Gas-Water Contact Calculate initial GWC depth.
Drive Type Judgment

Command P/Z vs. Gp Method We Volumetric Icon Function Analyze drive type by P/Z vs. Gp Method Analyze drive type by We Volumetric Coefficient Method
Coefficient Method
Well Spacing Calculation

Command Single Economic Method Specified Productivity Yearly Recovery OGIP per Unit Area Calculate rational well spacing by OGIP per Unit Area Gas Calculate rational well spacing by Yearly Gas Recovery Well Calculate rational well spacing by Specified Well Productivity Well Limit Icon Function Calculate rational well spacing by Single Well Controlled Reserve Calculate rational well spacing by Economic Limit Method
Controlled Reserve
Advanced DCA
Command Advanced Decline Icon Function Include Fetkovich, Blasingame, Agawal Typecure Analysis and Flowing Material Balance, which can gain OGIP, EUR, K, S, Xf and PI
Curve Analysis
Operations
Command Run Select Data Period Icon Start calculation Select data period to be calculated Function
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Add Data Period De-Select Points Reset Period Drag the data points Eliminate all selected data period. Drag the data points Data Add data period need to be calculated De-select data points in selected data period for calculation
Results
Command Export to Excel Copy to Clipboard Save As BMP Export to Word Icon Function Export result table data to Excel for further edit. Copy diagram to clipboard Save the diagram in current view as a bitmap file Export result table data to Word for further edit.
View
Command Toolbar Status Bar Input Window Attribute Window Zoom In Zoom Out Original Size Region Zoom Icon Show or hide Toolbar Show or hide Status Bar Show or hide left input window Display or hide right graph attribute window Zoom In the graph Zoom Out the graph Resume the graph to original size Region Zoom In the graph Function
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Pan Pan the graph
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Help
Command Help About ProdForecast for Gas Icon Function Open ProdForecast for Gas help documents Display information of version, copyright etc. of
ProdForecast for Gas
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Toolbar
Command New Project Open Project Save Project Print Preview Print Load Data Publish Result Run Select Period Add Data Period De-Select Points Drag Data Points Reset Data Period Export to EXCEL Copy Graph to Clipboard Export to Word Zoom In Zoom Out Data Data
Icon
Function The command is used to create a new ProdForecast for Gas project, with default extension file name of *.gpfp This command is used to open an existing new ProdForecast for Gas file This command is used to save currently opened new project This command is used to preview the current document to print This command is used to print current template or file The command is used to set data source in loading process The command is used to publish opened graphics file or data to data server. Start calculation Select data period to be calculated Add data period need to be calculated De-select data points in selected data period for calculation Drag the data points Eliminate all selected data period The command is used to export result table data to Excel for further editing The command is used to copy diagram to clipboard Export result table data to Word for further edit. Zoom In the graph Zoom Out the graph
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Original Size Region Zoom Pan Save As BMP Help Resume the graph to original size Region Zoom In the graph Pan the graph The command is used to save the diagram in current view as a bitmap file The command is used to open Prod Forecast for Gas help file
Panes
Left attribute page displays attribute list of Parameter Input, which is used to input parameters, set method and filter data from database required for input calculation.
Right graph attribute list is used for alteration and setup of manifestation of calculation results for various methods.
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Middle view function area is used for displaying or altering input data sheet, for data segment selectioin and alteration, and for displaying and altering result diagrams. Horizontal Split and Vertical Split can be carried out by right button on each Tab page to dispaly several views simultaneously.
Status Bar
The Status Bar displays description of toolbar menu or icon items functional status. Item status is displayed when users cursor over or click on the toolbar menu item or icon. Status bar is shown at the bottom of the ProdForecast for Gas window. The left area of status bar describes the menu item operation. Similarly, this area shows the operational information of the toolbar. The right area of status bar shows the lock-out state of following keys Indicator CAP NUM SCRL Description Capitalization lock key is locked Number lock key is locked Scroll lock key is locked
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9.3.3 Tutorial
Analyze Gas Reservoir Production by Decline Curve Analysis
The goal of this example is to introduce the general operation procedures of ProdForecast for Gas. From the example, following information is known: Load data from PEOffice database Filter data from database Steps for production forecast Detailed operation procedures are shown as follows: New project and select calculation model 1. Click File>New Project menu, input project name Production Calculation in New Project dialog box, and click Save. Load data from PEOffice database 2. Click File>Load Data>Load from Server menu, select Block Name and Formation Name in dialog box of Open Database, then click Ok, to load data into the project database.
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a) User can also load data from other non local data (SQL, Oracle, Public, MS Access etc.) as well as local data sources such as Excel and Access databases using the above interface and load functions. 3. Click Index Forecast>Production Rate> Decline Curve Analysis and the following user interface will be displayed in the program results pane with two tabs, Decline Period and Production Data.
Split Screen View
Loading Data and Analysis Setup 1. Click the filter button icon on the top left of Parameters Input pane. The Filter dialog box will
appear. Set the dialog box as displayed below and click on the box next to Well to expose the list of well names loaded when the project was created and data was loaded to the project data tables. Click the Ok button and the program will load the desired data for the well. If no data was loaded to the project data table the user can manually input the production data from other files by copying and pasting or typing in the data directly into the Production Data pane. See Images below.
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Once the data is loaded the program will automatically create the Decline Period plot.
Split Screen View
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2. Parameter Input setup. Also see image below. a) Under Basic Parameters Input OGIP (Original Gas in Place) and Aban.Prod (abandonment production).
b) Match Period(s) setting. User can base forecast on a single or multiple historical data match
periods. Select initial match period, click the Select Data period icon
. Now on the Decline
Period plot click on a data point and hold. A manual fit line should display. Now drag your mouse and position the fit line to another data point and release. The program will display the results of the manual fit for the match period and the resulting forecast. The program will automatically fill in the Parametes Input pane 1st match period b, Qi, Di, Start Date and End Date See Image below.
Split Screen View

c) Add additional match periods click the Add Data Period icon button
then repeat the the
matching procedure describe in Step 3b. See image below.
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Split Screen View

d) Users can exclude the abnormal points using the Deselect Data Points function. Click on the
Deselect Data Points icon button on the menu tool bar
then click, hold and drag near points
to deselect. While dragging the mouse the program will draw a rectangular box arrow the points to deselect. Release the mouse button and the points that were included in the deselect box will turn unfilled gray and the program will adjust the lease square fit. See Image below.
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Split Screen View

e) If user doesnt like his match(s) then click the Reset Data Period icon button
and the program
will clear the match and the user can then perform new match(s) by repeating steps 3b-d. f) Under Forecast Settings. The can user setup a forecast period to correspond to each match period. Click on the box next to Forecast Period to display + to add and to remove a forecast period. See Image below.
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Split Screen View g) Under each Forecast Period click on the box next Select Match Period, users can select a match period establish in the above steps to setup the decline profile to perform the forecast for that forecast period. Input Time Span number of months to project the forecast. Input or select Start Value (initial production rate) for the forecast period. See Image below.
Split Screen View
h) Click the Run button to create the Forecast Results and Production Match report. See Image below.
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Split Screen View 3. After calculation, user can click Results on the tool menu bar to Save copy or save results to a Clip Board, Save as Image or to an Excel file. 4. User can click the Upload Results icon on the tool bar to save the Results to a PEOffice Manager result files. Note: The above scenario is base on monthly historical data volumes user can also perform the above forecast using historical daily and annual volumes as well.
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Analyze Gas well Production by Advanced Decline Curve Analysis

The goal of this example is to introduce the operation procedures of Advanced Decline Curve Analysis. From the example, following information is known: Parameters calculated from Advanced Decline Curve Analysis Operation procedures of Advanced Decline Curve Analysis Detailed operation procedures are shown as follows: 1. Click Index Forecast>Production Rate> Advance Decline Curve Analysis and the following user interface will be displayed in the program results pane with seven main tabs, Data, Agarwal_FMB, Fetkovich, Blasingame, Agarwal, Forecast and Reporting. The data tab will have four sub tabs Production Table, PVT Curve, PVT Table and Production Plot.
2.
Loading Data and Analysis SetupClick the filter button icon
on the top left of Parameters Input
pane. The Filter dialog box will appear. Set the dialog box as displayed below and click on the box next to Well to expose the list of well names loaded when the project was created and data was loaded to the project data tables. Click the Ok button and the program will load the desired data for the well. If no data was loaded to the project data table the user can manually input the production
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data from other files by copying and pasting or typing in the data directly into the Production Data pane. Once the production data is loaded the program will automatically create the Production Plot See Images below.
Split Screen View 3. Parameter Input setup. Also see images below. a) Under Fluid Parameters input fluid and reservoir parameters
b) Under Fluid Properties by default, or choose gas Z factor and viscosity model
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c) Under Well Properties click on the box next to Wellbore Radius and input the value for wellbore radius. d) Under Analysis Parameters choose the way to gain flowing bottom hole pressure: input, calculate from tubing pressure or calculate from casing pressure.
e) The PVT and Pwf calculation model data can also be import from ProdDesign for Gas results.
Click on the import icon button f)
at the top right of the Parameters Input pane.
Click on the Wellbore Parameters tab at the bottom of the input parameters pane. If users choose to calculate from tubing pressure or calculate from casing pressure, wellbore parameters should be entered.
g) When well is directional well, enter Wellbore Parameters Table,.
h) When data input is complete the user can then have the program create the PVT Curve, PVT
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Table and calculate Pwf. Click calculation button and table and display them. See Image below. . The program will create the pvt curves
i)
Click on the Production Curve tab, Click Data Filter button
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4. Agarwal-FMB a) History Matching- Click on the Agarwal-FMB (Flowing Material Balance) tab. Notice the change in the Input Parameters pane. Input the Aban.Press value under Basic Parameters. See Image below.
b) On the top plot click on a blue match point and Drag the two blue points to get best fit in both up and down line matching, Notice as the line is moved the values under Output Parameters will change accordingly; OGIP, EUR, PI, etc.
5.
Fetkovich Type Curves a) Click on the Fetkovich tab. Notice that the Paramaters Input pane will change again. In the results pane the program by default will displayed the rate and cumulative type curves along with the rate and cumulative production history plotted. User can turn on and off the individual set of types curves and production his See image below.
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b) Go to the parameters input pane. Under Basic parameters input vaules for Pwf and Aban.Prod. The value of b will be determined when user performs a history match of the rate late time type curves.
c) History match- click and hold on the production history curve. Now drag the data points to get best fit with type curve. Notice when dragging the curve the values under Out Parameters will change according to the position of the dragged production history curve. Now click the Automatic Type Curve Selection button EUR, K, S, Qi, Di, etc. , user can get best fit type curve and gain OGIP,
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6. Blasingame Type curves a) Following the same steps and procedures as describe in Fetkovich above to perform analysis. The images below are examples of the Blasingame type curves with production history curves.
b) The Parameters Input pane Plot Options will change accordingly.. Basic Parameters input Abon.Pres; Flowing Model; reD c) Drag the data points to get best fit with type curve, click Automatic Type Curve Selection button , user can get best fit type curve and gain OGIP, EUR, K, Xf, etc.
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d) Agarwal Type Curves. Follow the same steps and procedures as describe in Fetkovich above to perform analysis. The images below are examples of the Blasingame type curves with production history curves.
a) The Parameters Input pane Plot options will change accordingly.

b) Drag the data points to get best fit with type curve. Now click the Automatic Type Curve
Selection button
, user can get best fit type curve and gain OGIP, EUR, K, Xf, etc.
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e) Production Forecast and Reports- Forecast are determined by the matching of the rate late time type cures during the matching exercise. However the user has to input abandonment rate values and forecast period. f) Click on the Report tab in the results pane. The Parameters Input pane will change accordingly. Under Output Option user should see the list of analysis techniques described above. With a box next to each. Check off each one.
a) Agarwal-FMB- If this analysis was performed, when the user click of the reports tab, it will be the first plot and report results displayed as shown below.
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b) Fetkovich-Click on the Fetkovich forecast tab, the Parameters Input pane interface will change according to the analysis technique selected. Fetkovich forecast setup. Click on the Parameters Input pane. Input Aban.Prod and Forecast Period as shown. Once the time span value is added the program will create the historical forecast results plot and report as shown below
c) Blasingame- Click on the Blasingame forecast tab. The Parameters Input pane interface will change according to the analysis technique selected. Forecast setup. Click on the Parameters Input pane. User can input multiple schedule settings. Click on the box next to Forecast Setting to reveal two function buttons, + to add and to remove. Input Aban.Prod, Forecast Period, Pwf and Xf ( If set to default the program will determine Xf). See image below.
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Once the time span value is added the program will create the historical forecast results plot and report as shown below.
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d) Agarwal- Click on the Agarwal forecast tab the Parameters Input pane interface will change according to the analysis technique selected. Forecast setup-Click on the Parameters Input pane. User can input multiple schedule settings. Click on the box next to Forecast Setting to reveal two function buttons, + to add and to remove. Input Aban.Prod, Forecast Period, Pwf and Xf ( If default the program will determine Xf). See image below.
As with the Fetkovich and the Blasingame forecast, once the time span value is added the program will create the historical forecast results plot and report as shown below.
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g) After calculation, user can click Results on the tool menu bar to Save copy or save results to a Clip Board, Save as Image or to an Excel file. h) User can click the Upload Results icon on the tool bar to save the Results to a PEOffice Manager result files.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON
9.4 SimON Black Oil Reservoir Simulator

9.4.1 Introduction
About SimON
With the advent of readily available computing power, Reservoir simulation has become an indispensable step in: establishing and confirming complex or high value oilfield development plans, matching production history to geological or reservoir models, and calculating what-if scenarios of various stimulation or water flooding projects all with the goal of improving reservoir recovery factors. While many simulators are powerful, they are typically complicated and must be operated by specialists. Some simulators may be simple (to operate), but they have bad functionality and yield bad results. Because simulation is generally perceived as being too complicated and access to using them is restricted only to the specialists, the engineering community perceives that they cannot benefit from reservoir simulation. SimON is a finite difference, three-phase black oil reservoir simulator used to simulate and forecast production performance from black oil reservoirs with complex geological structures. SimON was designed to meet the demands - of simulation specialists as well as non-specialists seeking tools - for recovery scheme, reservoir, borehole and well design optimization. Used stand-alone or in conjunction with PEOffice, SimON can ensure complete, powerful and fast reservoir simulations, utilizing available petroleum engineering data. Pre-processing workflows are significantly streamlined through: concise project and data management, data input wizard and direct production data loading and model compatibility with popular geological building and reservoir simulation software. Engineers can easily visualize (post-process) simulation results through versatile and excellent curve, 2-D contour and 3-D illustrations. SimON has been field tested and validated with SPE test cases worldwide to ensure precise and reliable simulation results.

Main Functions
SimON is a fully implicit, 3D, 3 phase black-oil simulation software Simulate fluid flow including oil-water , gas-water and oil-gas-water three phase flow. Create static geological model Simulate different rock regions, fluid regions, Equilibrium regions and report regions.
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Simulate aquifer model by applying two modes, which includes Carter and Tracy models. Simulate rock properties according to rock compressibility and relative permeability curve Simulate the hysteresis effects of relative permeability and capillary pressure. The software provides empirical formulas of oil-gas relative permeability and oil-water relative permeability. User can get simulated oil-water or oil-gas relative permeability data on the basis on providing permeability endpoints and index. Realize fluid PVT simulation inside reservoir Simulate any fluid PVT property at any time with provided data. Software provides material Equilibrium from phase PVT property to calculation procedures in simulation. Create initial condition of reservoir by given oil-gas, oil-water and gas-water Contact Get pressure distribution for simulation demand by vertical Equilibrium method according to pressure corresponds to reference depth. Apply an effective method to handle well problem Compute bottom hole pressure and grid variable by fully implicit method. Provide complete and effective well control function, bottom hole pressure control, production control etc. Curve View Manager Add flexible oilfield, well groups, single well vs. production, pressure, reserves variation view, and conveniently apply curve template and curve customization. Load customized property, simultaneously load different simulation cases results, realize loading of historical data used in history matching. Check and export curve data to report directly through interface. Plane, 3D Grid View Manager Play plane field diagram, 3D views of static properties such as grid size, structure depth, porosity, permeability etc. and dynamic properties such as saturation degree, pressure etc. variation with time or layer. Diagram attribute includes detailed field diagram properties statistics and grid display setup. 3D views with customize property. Cross-Section, sub-model cut out in 3D views of any property filed.
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Main Features
Apply fully implicit method to ensure stability of super-long time step simulation Simple project item and information Manager Model data input window has clear and compact interface Convenient and fast input data preparation Effective well handling and history matching Provide model grids in common use, which includes Corner Point grid, block-center grid model and radial grid model Realize batch process operation Powerful and multi-function post-process system including all kinds of curve analysis and nice 3D visualization effect
Whats New in SimON 5.6

Add enumeration method of initialization model; Add amendment record function of history matching; Improve fault function; Improve aquifer function; Advance reserves result accuracy; Add oil density function; Improve custom property function; Improve importing historical data file function; Improve importing and exporting SimON data file function; Simplify project manager function; Optimize menu bar and toolbars; Advance restitution and operation effectiveness of 3D; Simplify curved name and add Y-axis name of plot; Improve exporting reservoir data file function.
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Menu
File
Commands New Project Open Project Save Project Load Data Page Setup Print Preview Print Link to Server Exit Icon Functions Create a new SimON project. Open an existing SimON project file Save already opened case. Load data from default data source or local database SimON local database. Set page margin and binding line. Preview the current document to print. Print current file. Link to PEOffice server. Exit from running program of SimON.
Managers
Commands Project Manager Data Manager 3D Model Preview WellEvent Icon Functions Switch to Workspace Manager window. Open data Manager window. Input geological model data for 3D model preview. Open WellEvent window.
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Plot
Commands Plot New Plot Load Curve Load History Data Save Plot Template Apply Plot Template Save Customization Apply Customization Layout Setting User-Dfined Variables Current Graph Show All Graph Save Image As Save Selected Graph as Bitmap Previous Well Next Well Display chart Data Show previous well diagram in view. Show next well diagram in view. Show view data. Setup rows and columns in current view. Define new property according to current properties by using various formula Select one diagram and click this command to zoom in selected diagram in view. Click this command to resume zoomed in view. Save curve in current view as bitmap. Save multi-diagrams as bitmap respectively. Add saved customized curve to current view. Save current drawn curve under designated path. Apply saved curve template. Save current curve template under designated path. Icon Functions Open calculating curve view window. Create a new single view in curve view. Select calculation result curve or historical data curve loading to view. Select historical data file loading to curve view.
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Run
Commands Run Batch Run Stop Icon Functions Numerical simulate calculation of current project. Calculate for several projects respectively. Stop calculation.
2D
Commands Contour Grid New Map Load Variables Export Property Data Save Image As Select Original Size Zoom In Zoom Out Region Zoom Pan Save current contour view under designated path. Switch from any operating state to no operating state. Resume plane grid diagram or contour map to original size. Zoom in plane grid diagram or contour map. Zoom out plane grid diagram or contour map. Partly zoom in plane grid diagram or contour map. Reduce plane grid diagram or contour map. Icon Functions Open contour view window. Open plane grid window. Create a new single view in map view. Select reservoir property for adding. Export the property data of opened view.
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3D
Commands 3D Load Variables User-Defined Variables Initial View Show Model View Mode Reservoir Crosssection Region Model Play Control Position Set Views Lighting Pick Model Property Property Statistics Save Image As Export diagram in current view. Count properties of different model. Cut out reservoir arbitrarily to form sub-models. Control speed of playing 3D model properties. Save current view position or return to last saved position. Set direction of view model diagram. Show or hide illustration in current view. Click any grid on 3D Model and show its properties. Resume current model to default state. Show or hide reservoir in current view. Show solid model, wireframe model or dot model. Cut out reservoir arbitrarily to form cross-sections. Icon Functions Open 3D model view window. Select reservoir property for adding. Edit new formula based on current properties and formula
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View
Commands Toolbars Panes Status Bar Icon Functions Show or hide standard, curve and 3D views Toolbars. Show or hide input window and attribute window.. Show or hide status bar.
Reports
Commands Well Data Reservoir Data Simulation Log Icon Functions Select production result data and save as text format. Select model property data and save as text format. Open model calculation log.
Help
Commands Help About SimON Icon Open the help of SimON Display program information, version number and copyright. Functions
Toolbar
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Icon Commands Functions
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New Workspace Open Workspace Save Case Print Print Preview Load from Server Workspace Manager Data Manager Load Well Location Map 3D Model Preview Plot Contour Grid 3D Run Batch Run Stop Help Open calculating curve view window. Open contour view window. Open plane grid window. Open 3D model view window. Numerical simulated calculation of current project. Calculate several projects respectively. Stop calculation. Open SimON help document. Input geological model data for 3D model preview. Open data Manager window. Load well location map. Switch to workspace Manager window. Save already opened case. Print current file. Preview the current document to print. Load data from default data source. Open an existing SimON Workspace file Create a new SimON Workspace.
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Icon Commands New Plot Load Curve Save Plot Template Apply Plot Template Save Customization Apply Customization Layout Setting Current Graph Show All Graph Save Image As Previous Well Next Well Display chart Data Select Original Size Zoom In Zoom Out Region Zoom Pan Switch from any operating state to no operating state. Resume plane grid diagram or contour map to original size. Zoom in plane grid diagram or contour map. Zoom out plane grid diagram or contour map. Partly zoom in plane grid diagram or contour map. Reduce plane grid diagram or contour map. Setup rows and columns in current view. Define new property according to current properties by using various formula Select one diagram and click this command to zoom in selected diagram in view. Save curve in current view as bitmap. Show Previous well diagram in view. Show next well diagram in view. Show view data. Add saved customized curve to current view. Save current drawn curve under designated path. Apply saved curve template. Functions Create a new single view in curve view. Select calculation result curve or historical data curve loading to view. Save current curve template under designated path.
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Icon
Commands Reservoir Cross-Section Region Model Start Play Skip to Start Skip to Previous Pause/Continue Stop Play Step to Next Skip to End Reverse Play Increase Play Speed Restore Play Speed Decrease Play Speed Left View Right View Front View Back View
Functions Cut out reservoir arbitrarily to form cross-sections. Cut out reservoir arbitrarily to form sub-models. Play property variation movie along specified time steps. Play to the start point. The command is used to play model variation one step backward. The command is used to pause/ play current model. The command is used to stop current model play. The command is used to play model variation one step forward. Play model to the end point. The command is used to play model forward. Speed-up playing speeds. Resume default playing speed. Speed-down playing speed. Show left view model diagram. Show right view model diagram. Show front view model diagram. Show back view model diagram.
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Top View Bottom View Show top view model diagram. Show bottom view model diagram.
Panes
Left tree view region is used to display property names in current view, for example selectively display geological property of some vertical layer in geological model, and display post-process curve, field diagram and 3D selected property name, time point and playing mode etc..
Middle-view function region is used to display pre-process data inpurt window and display post-process
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curve, field diagram and 3D views. The former includes tables, diagrams, parameter values comprised of static data and production data tables, input data tables comprised of dynamic data; the latter includes calculated production and pressure curves, saturation and pressure filed diagrams, different time point and corresponding different property 3D views. Horizontal Split and Vertical Split can be easily carried out on each Tab page to check multi-views simultaneously for user.
Right attribute region is used to select for pre-process simulation and input static, dynamic parameters for simulation, for example whether to use lagging effect and imput bubble point pressure. Right attribute region is also used to set post-process diagram attribute, such as color, linear, diagram size etc.;
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Status Bar
The Status Bar displays description of toolbar menu or icon items functional status. Item status is displayed when users cursor over or click on the toolbar menu item or icon. Status bar is shown at the bottom of the SimON window. The left area of status bar describes the menu item operation. Similarly, this area shows the operational information of the toolbar. The right area of status bar shows the lock-out state of following keys Indicator CAP NUM SCRL Description Capitalization lock key is locked. Number lock key is locked. Scroll lock key is locked.
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9.4.3 Getting Started

Introduction
Open SimON, and you will see that the SimON screen is comprised of six subsections, which are title, menus, tools, tree diagram, working area and message area.
Menu Tool Bars Title
Working Area
Tree
Message Area
When the properties of elements, diagrams and tables in the work area are modifiable, a property area will appear in the right of work area.
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Title

Menus Tools
Tree Diagram
Property Setting Area
Working Area
Message Area
To create a reservoir simulation, there are many options and parameters to specify. For different models, the options and parameters are different. Black Oil Model demo project will be used as an example case to show you the principles and steps of Pre-Processing and Post-Processing in SimON. Click on Black Oil Model on the Project Manager Pane. The Black oil Model should load and the Working Area interface will change as shown below
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There are six sections of data required to build a simulation model . They are (1) Model Definition, (2) Grid Model, (3) Rock Properties, (4) Fluid Properties, (5) Initialization and (6) Production Model, and we will look at each of them in detail.
Model Definition
Double click on Black Oil Model. Now click on the Model Definition tab. The working area display should display as shown below. Model Definition contains the overall conditions of the current case, which include System Unit, Start Date, Fluid Model, Reservoir Temperature, Standard Pressure, Standard Temperature, Grid Type, Number of Grid Cells in X-direction or Number of Grid Cells in R- direction, Number of Grid Cells in Y-direction or Number of Grid Cells in Theta-direction, Number of Grid Cells in Z-direction, etc..
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System Unit specifies the unit system of input and output data in current case. There are two unit systems you can select in SimON; they are Metric and English. Start Date specifies the starting date of the simulated data. It is often the earliest date of well completion, production and injection. Fluid Model specifies the type of mobile fluids in the reservoir. The options are;
Black Oil, select this option when there is no free gas in the reservoir, Oil Water, select this option when there is water, oil, dissolved gas and free gas in the reservoir Gas Water. select this option when the reservoir is a gas reservoir Reservoir Temperature specifies the initial temperature of the reservoir, whose unit could either be C, K, F or R. The default value of Reservoir Temperature is 160.00 F. Standard Pressure specifies the pressure of the standard condition in the gas/oil separator, whose value usually is 14.65 psi, and you usually do not need to change it unless you know the specific condition of the gas/oil separator. Standard Temperature specifies the temperature of the standard condition in the gas/oil separator, whose value is 60.00 F. Grid Type specifies the coordinate system of the current reservoir which describes the shape of the reservoir grid system. Available options are Cartesian and Radial.
When Radial selected, the geometry of grid block is illustrated (as next page).
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You need to further input the Inner Radius of the grid model, the number of Grid Cells in R-direction, the number of Grid Cells in Theta-direction, and the number of Grid Cells in z-direction. The default value of Inner Radius for the grid model is 0.0656. You can input the real Inner Radius of the grid model if you know the exact value.
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When Cartesian is selected, you need to further select the Geometry Type of the grid model, the number of Grid Cells in X-direction, the number of Grid Cells in Y-direction and the number of Grid Cells in Z-direction. There are two options for Geometry Type, i.e., BlockCentered and CornerPoint. The difference between BlockCentered grid and CornerPoint grids will be discussed in the Grid Model section.
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Grid Model
Grid Model contains the geometry and property of a simulation model, which include required items such as Grid Size, Structure Depth, Perm/Trans and Porosity, and optional items such as Net Pay, Regions, Aquifers and Faults. Required items are shown as soon as you open the Grid Model tab,
while optional items will be invisible until you left click on the Grid Model in the Tree Diagram, and then select Yes to Apply Net Pay, Apply Regions, Apply Aquifers, Apply Faults in the Property Area. Next, we will go through the requirements of these items and their meanings.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Grid Size and Grid Position

The specification of grid size and grid position varies with Grid Type and Geometry Types. When Radial is selected for Grid Type in the Model Definition, the content of Grid Model.
For radial grid, either R-Bedding Grid, Theta Grid and Z-Bedding Grid or R-Horizontal Grid, Theta Grid, Z-Vertical Grid will be used to define grid size, and grid Top Depth which is the depth of a grid top or Structure Depth which is the depth of a grid centre to specify the grid position. The difference between R-Bedding Grid and R-Horizontal Grid is that R-Bedding Grid is the length of grid along layer direction, while R-Horizontal Grid is the length of the grid along the horizontal direction. The difference between Z-Bedding Grid and Z-Vertical Grid is that Z-Bedding Grid is the length of the grid perpendicular to the layer plane, while Z-Vertical Grid is the length of the grid along the vertical direction. When Cartesian is selected as the Grid Type and BlockCentered selected for Geometry Type in the Model Definition, either X-Bedding Grid, Y-Bedding Grid and Z- Bedding Grid or X-Horizontal
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Grid, Y-Horizontal Grid, Z-Vertical Grid will be used to define the grid size, and grid Top Depth or Structure Depth to specify the grid position. The difference between Bedding and Horizontal or Vertical is the same as that in radial grid, and the difference between Top Depth and Structure Depth is also the same as that in radial grid.
When Cartesian is selected for Grid Type and CornerPoint selected for Geometry Type in the Model Definition, you can either input Grid Block Coordinate lines and CornerPoint Depth by select Grid Block Coordinate lines for Corner Grid in the right of the window,
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or input Grid Block Coordinate lines and CornerPoint Depth by selecting Grid Block Coordinate lines for Corner Grid in the right of the window, to define the grid size and grid position.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Net Thickness

The thickness of the zone is called Net Thickness, and the ratio of the thickness of zone in the grid to the thickness of the whole grid is called NTG, which is the abbreviation of net to gross ratio, so the value of NTG should be between 0 and 1. You could either input net thickness of every grid by selecting Net Z-vertical Grid for Net Pay, or by input NTG of every grid by selecting NTG for Net Pay to specify Net Thickness.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Permeability /Transmissability

SimON considers the anisotropy of the rock, and you could choose to input either permeability or transmissibility for each direction and for every grid block.
Porosity
Porosity is required for every model, its value is between 0 and 1, and often has a value of 0.05 to 0.3. There is another way to specify Porosity and is by selecting Pore Volume to Porosity/Pore Volume, if you know the Pore Volume for each grid block.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Regions

If the rock properties or fluid properties of your model in different regions are different or your model has multiple equilibrium or you want results about different area, you can apply Rock Region, Fluid Region, Equilibrium Region, Report Region by clicking on the Grid Model and select Yes to Apply region, and then select Yes to Apply Rock region, Apply Fluid Region, Apply Equilibrium Region, Apply Report Region.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Aquifers

Aquifers are optional. You could activate the aquifer option by clicking on Grid Model in the Tree Diagram and then select Yes to Apply Aquifers.
SimON can simulate different types of aquifers, including Fetkovich Steady-State Model and CarterTracy aquifer in mechanics; bottom aquifer and edge aquifer in position. You could add more than one aquifer to your model by right clicking on Aquifers in the Tree Diagram and select Add Aquifer.
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For Fetkovich Steady-State Model, you should specify the Aquifer Location and input the Water Encroachment Index for the aquifer. You could also modify the parameters of the aquifer by clicking on the Click word which is to the right of Modify Parameters in the Work Area, and click on the button to the right of the window. Then a window pops up. Select the Add button to add modifications, and click OK after you are done with the modification.
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For Carter-Tracy aquifers, you should specify the Aquifer Location, and input the Permeability, Porosity, Thickness, Inner radius of the aquifer and Angle of Water Encroachment. If the aquifer has a limit External Radius, you should select Yes to Limit Aquifer Size and then input the outer radius of the aquifer. The parameters of Carter-Tracy aquifers could also be modified just the same as that for Fetkovich Steady-State Model.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Faults

Faults are optional. You could activate the fault option by clicking on Grid Model in the Tree Diagram and then select Yes to Apply Faults.
With SimON, users can simulate both, sealed and unsealed faults, and you could add more than one fault by right-clicking on Faults in the Tree Diagram and select Add Fault.
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For a sealed fault, you should specify the Direction of the fault, the X1, Y1 and Z1 of the upstream grid, and the X2, Y2 and Z2 of the downstream grid, and also the Trans Multi (which is short for Transmissibility multiplier) between the two grids. If you input 0.01 for the Trans Multi, then the Transmissibility between the two grids will be 0.01 times of that at the beginning.
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For an unsealed fault, you should specify the Vertical Fault Throw of the fault instead of the Trans Multi.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Brief Summary

The typical amount of data in a Grid Model is huge. SimON provides you with two easy and effective ways to input and modify grid properties, such as Grid Size, Structure Depth or Top Depth, Perm/Trans, Porosity, Regions. The first way is by clicking on Click button located to the right of Modify Data in the Property panel of Property. A button will appear, click on it and then a window will pop up. Input the range of X, Y, Z index to be modified, and select the operator which could be equal =, add +, minus -, multiply *, and divide /; then enter a value for the operator and click OK.
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The other way is by clicking on Click button located to the right of History Matching in the Property panel of Property. A button will appear, click on it and then a window will pop up. Choose the static properties which you want to modify, and input the range of X1-X2, Y1- Y2, Z1- Z2 to be modified, and select the operator which could be equal =, add +, minus -, multiply *, divide /; then enter a value for the operator and click OK. You can delete or select the modified record, and write remark.
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If you already have a model created by Eclipse, VIP, CMG or SimON format model building software, you can import it by right clicking on your model and selecting Import in the dropdown menu. Then select the type of model you want to import. The SimON format model is created by ReModel which is a 3D geological model visualization module in PEOffice software suite.
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Rock Properties
There are four sub-tabs in Rock Model; they are Rock Compressibility, Water-Oil Function, Water Gas Function and Gas Oil Function. From the picture, we could see that not all the sub-tabs could be seen at the same time, when Gas Water Model is selected in the Model Definition, only Rock Compressibility and Gas-Water Saturation Function are visible; when Oil Water Model is selected in the Model Definition, only Rock Compressibility and Oil-Water Saturation Function are visible; when Black Oil Model is selected in the Model Definition, only Rock Compressibility, Oil-Water Saturation Function and Gas-Oil Saturation Function are visible. The parameters required in Rock Properties could be and always are obtained by experiment.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Rock Compressibility

SimON can simulate rock properties either with constant compressibility or with pressure dependent compressibility. You can specify constant rock compressibility by selecting Yes in the options of constant rock compressibility; the initial default value set by SimON for rock compressibility is 4X10 -6 bar-1. If you have a rock compressibility table of your reservoir experimental data, you could select No to constant rock compressibility, and enter the rock compressibilities at different pressures. To add new records to the table, you should click on the Rock Compressibility Table, and input the amount of records to the right side of Rock Compressibility Table and then click on the button.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Oil-Water Saturation Function

In the Oil Water Function of Rock Properties, you need to specify oil relative permeability Kro and water relative permeability Krw at different water saturations Sw in a seepage experiment, and oilwater drainage pressure Pcowd in a mercury injection experiment at different water saturations Sw. To simulate your model more accurately, you could apply capillary hysteresis by selecting Yes to Apply Hysteresis in the Property Area, and then a parameter called Pcowi, which is the imbibition pressure in the imbibition process.
SimON provides you with a theoretical way to calculate Saturation Functions, in case you dont have an oil-water saturation function. Click on the Click word to the right side of Correlations in the Property Area, and click on the button; a window will appear.
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You only need to then input Connate Water Saturation, Residual Oil Saturation, Kro at Swi and Krw at Sor, while Water Index and Oil Index, which SimON gives a default value of 3.0, are the parameters in the experimental correlation and you do not need to input them. After you have entered the required parameters and clicking on the OK button, the oil-water saturation function table in the Working Area will be filled by SimON, and a set of water and oil relative permeability plots are plotted.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Gas-Oil Saturation Function

The Gas-Oil Saturation Function sub-tab is generally the same as the Oil-Water Saturation Function sub-tab, except that there is a 3-phase Oil Correlation option in the Gas-Oil Saturation Function subtab and you need to further input the critical Gas saturation to calculate the Gas-Oil Saturation Function by the experimental correlation. The 3-phase Oil Correlation is used to get 3-phase oil relative permeability by 2-phase seepage experiment and has options for Stone I and Stone II. Usually we select Stone II option, which is also the default option in SimON.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Gas-Water Saturation Function

When Gas Water Model is selected in the Model Definition, Gas-Water Saturation Function sub-tab will be visible. The Gas-Water Saturation Function is generally the same as the Oil-Water Saturation Function sub-tab, except that you only need to input Connate Water Saturation to calculate the GasWater Saturation Function by the experimental correlation.
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Fluid Properties
There are three sub-tabs in Fluid Model. They are Water PVT, Oil PVT and Gas PVT. The tabs displayed depend upon the Fluid Model chosen. For example, in the: Gas Water Model - Water PVT and Gas PVT is displayed Oil Water Model - Water PVT and Oil PVT is displayed Black Oil Model, all the sub-tabs are visible.
The parameters required in Fluid Properties could be and always are obtained by fluid PVT experiment. Next, we will see what there is in every sub-tab.
Water PVT
You need to input four parameters in the Water PVT sub-tab, which are Standard Density, Viscosity, Compressibility and Formation Volume Factor of water.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Oil PVT

You are required to input or import four columns of data in Oil PVT, which are the bubble point pressure Pb, dissolved gas-oil ratio Rs, oil formation volume factor Bo, and oil viscosity Visc at different bubble points, in the Working Area. In addition, you need to input oil API Gravity at surface condition, Viscosity Derivative which is the variation rate of oil viscosity with pressure when the oil is undersaturated, the initial Bubble Point Pressure of oil, and the compressibility constant if you select Yes to Constant Compressibility option in the Property Area.
If select No to Constant Compressibility then another input column is added for input of Co values at different bubble points.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Gas PVT

There are three columns of data needed in Gas PVT. They are Gas pressure Pg, gas viscosity Visc at the current Pg, and either, the gas formation volume factor Bg or the Z Factor at the current Pg which is controlled in the Property Area by Apply Gas Z Factor option. In addition, you are required to input Gas Density in the Property Area. See images below
Yes Z-Factor Applied
No Z-Factor Applied
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Initialization
There are only eight parameters in the model initialization. They are Reference Depth, Reference Pressure, WOC Depth, GOC Depth, GWC Depth, Pc at WOC, Pc at GOC, Pc at GWC, in which WOC is the abbreviation for water oil contact, GOC is the abbreviation for gas oil contact, and GWC is the abbreviation for gas water contact. Not all of the eight parameters could appear in the same model; in Water Oil models, there are only Reference Depth, Reference Pressure, WOC Depth and Pc at WOC available; in Black Oil models, there are only Reference Depth, Reference Pressure, WOC Depth, GOC Depth, Pc at WOC and Pc at GOC available; in Gas Water models, there are only Reference Depth, Reference Pressure, GWC Depth and Pc at GWC available.
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Production Model
There are five sub-tabs in the Production Model, which are Well Specification, Well Completion, Well Production, Well Injection, and Time Settings.
Well Specification
In the Well Specification, you are required to input six columns of data, that is Well Name which is the name or number of the well, Well Group which is the group that the well belongs, Well Type, Grid I which is the I index of the grid for the well X-intersect in the model, Grid J which is the J index of the grid of the well Y-intersect within the model, and Description which will include a note on the well. In Well Type, there are three options available: Vertical Well, Slant Well and Horizontal Well. As most wells in real oilfields are mainly vertical, SimON sets the default direction of the wells to be vertical.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Well Completion

There are six columns of parameters required in the well completion, which are Time, Well Name, I Location, J Location, K Location, State, KH or well direction. There are many types of well completions and well stimulations in the oil field, each of which has a different effect on the productivity of the well. You should input the name of the well to be Completed in Well Name column, and the completion date in Time column, the I index of the completion location in the I Location column, the J index of the completion location in the J Location column, the K index of the completion location in the K Location column. Select whether the current status of the well completion at the current time is Open or Closed in State column. Input the formation coefficient KH in the KH column or select the direction of well in Well Perforation Direction column if you dont know the KH for the current perforation.
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If you select No for Apply KH, you are required to select the direction of the well in the Well Perforation Direction column, and SimON will compute the KH automatically by itself. If there is well testing data for you model, and you know the well index for the wells, you could select Yes for Apply WI, and a WI column will appear in the Working Area.
Well Production/Well Injection

In the Well Production and Well Injection sub-tabs, you could choose whether to input or import surface oil rate, surface gas rate, surface water rate, surface liquid rate, surface fluid rate and reservoir oil rate, reservoir gas rate, reservoir water rate, reservoir liquid rate, reservoir fluid rate for different wells at different production times by selecting Yes to Apply Surface Oil, Apply Surface Gas, Apply Surface Water, Apply Surface Liquid, Apply Surface Fluid, Apply Reservoir Oil, Apply Reservoir Gas, Apply Reservoir Water, Apply Reservoir Liquid, Apply Reservoir Fluid in the Property Area. You could also choose whether to Apply BHP Limit, Apply Water Rate Limit, Apply Gas Rate Limit or Apply Liquid Rate Limit according to the production condition and requirement for the well.
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Well Production and injection data are huge, especially for fields that have a long production history, and it is tiresome and prone to error to convert data formats. To make it more convenient, SimON allows you to import data from either Excel or your database. SimON automatically searches the wells in the Well Specification and will filter out the data you want by deleting the data of the wells that have not been specified, so we strongly recommended you first input the well specifications for all the wells before you input or import well Production data.
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Next we will show the specific procedure for importing data from Excel or your database.
Importing Production or Injection Data from an Excel File

After you have defined all the wells to be imported in the Well Definition sub-tab, you can import the production or Injection data by right-clicking on Well Production or Well Injection in the Tree Diagram and select Import Excel Data, and in the pop up window select the Excel file containing you production or injection data.Your production or injection data will be imported into SimON.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Importing Production or Injection Data from your database
To import production or injection data from your database, you should first ensure that the corresponding wells of the production or injection data you want to download have been defined in the Well Specification sub-tab. After that, right click on Well Production or Well Injection in the Tree Diagram of Production Model, select Import Server Data, and a dialog will; appear. In the dialog you could select the time range for the data, which is defaulted to the time range between the start of simulation and the date the latest production or injection occurs, click on OK and SimON will download all the data that satisfies the requirements.
Time Settings
The aim of Time Setting is to specify at which date the results or restart files will be print or exported. There are three columns of data in the Time Settings sub-tab, which are Mark, Report Date and Days.
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The value in the Days column means how long the current report date is from the start of the simulation. The column of Mark is used to distinguish the origin of records. When there is nothing in the Mark column of a record, it means the current time record is generated by SimON, and it could not be deleted. When there is an I in the Mark column, it means the current time record is entered by the user; When there is an R in the Mark column, it means that the current time record is a restart time. The Mark column is just for viewing, and could not be edited. By default, SimON will add all the dates in Well Completion, Well Production, Well Injection subtabs and the start date of the simulation in Model Definition to Time Setting sub-tab, and the date generated by SimON could not be deleted. You could input either report date or days you want between the Start Date and the End Date of the simulation in the last row, and SimON will compute the other for you. The start of the simulation is specified by Start Date in the Model Definition tab, and shown in the Property Area of time setting, which could not be edited. While the End Date is the end of the simulation which is by default the latest date of Well Completion, Well Production and Well Injection. You could specify the End Date as you want in the Panel at the right of the window. You could also add the reporting date you want in the panel at the right of the window by selecting Specify Date for Setting Method, and enter the reporting date for Date Specified, and then click on Add below; or by selecting Specify Days for Setting Method, and enter the days from the start of simulation for Days Specified, and then click on Add below; or by selecting Set Steps for Setting Method, enter the start date and end date of time range for Step Start Date and Step End Date simulation for Days Specified, and enter the value for Time Step, and select the unit for Step Unit, and then click on the Add button .
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9.4.4 Tutorial
When SimON is opened for the first time, you will find that there is a project named SimON-Demo with 4 cases (whose names are Black Oil Model, Oil-water Model, Gas-water Model, and Radial Model), prepared for you to study. When you click on the project, a summary of all the 4 demos that belong to the project will appear in the working area, showing the creation date and data completeness.
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When you click on a case of the project, there will be a general description of the case in the working area, showing general information and data completeness of the case.
In this tutorial we will show you how to build a simulation model and display the results based on a new case that we will name as demo1. To create your own model, the standard procedure is as follows: 1. 2. Create a new case in the Workspace Manager Input the data and check them in the Data Manager, which include the following sections: (1) Model Definition: general model information specification. (2) Grid Model: create a new grid model or import a grid model. (3) Rock Properties: specify rock compressibility and saturation functions. (4) Fluid Properties: specify water, oil and gas PVT data. (5) Initialization: specify Initialization data (Grid pressure, Water Saturation, Gas Saturation for every grid in numerical method; and equilibrium data for each equilibrium region in equilibrium initialization method). (6) Production model: include Well Specification, Well Completion, Well Production, Well Injection and Time Settings. 3. 4. 5. Run the simulator. View results in the Results Manager, which include plots, contours, grid maps and 3D viewer. Report the results.
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Create a new case

1. Add a new case to the project by clicking on the button by right clicking on the project and selecting New Case.
at the top of Project Manager Window, or
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2. A new case with a default name of New Item appears, and a message appears stating New Item cannot be a case name! displays in the message window at the bottom of the screen. The user cannot use the new case unless they give it another name. Input a name you want for the new case, demo1 for example. Click on in front of it to finish the rename.
Note: you can rename the case again by right clicking on the case and select Rename, or simply by clicking on the name of the case twice.
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3. If you want, you can make a clone of the current case by right-clicking on the current case and selecting Copy Case, and a new case named demo1_c, which has the same data set as the current case, will be created. The cloned case acts as an independent case which could be checked, copied, deleted, renamed and run as a normal case. See images below.
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Note: The main information and the data state of the currently selected case is shown in the Working Area, of which means data is OK, means data is insufficent.
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Input and Verify data

To input data for your model, you should double click on demo1 to open the Data Manager for demo1, or you can right click on the case and select Open Case in the menu. There are generally six types of data you need to specify, Model Definition, Grid Model, Rock Properties, Fluid Properties, Initialization and Production model. See images below.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Model Definition

In this tutorial, we select: English as the unit system for the current case, Black Oil in the selection of Fluid Model, Cartesian in the selection of Grid Type, BlockCentered in the selection of Geometry Type, 50 as the number of Grid Cells in X-direction, 50 as the number of Grid Cells in Y-direction, 5 as the number of Grid Cells in Z-direction. 160 degrees F as Reservoir Temperature, 14.65 psi as the Standard Pressure and 60 degrees F as the Standard Temperature.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Grid Model

1. Open Grid Model-Click on Grid Model, and the following window appears.
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2. Select the properties of the model Click on Grid Model at the top of the tree diagram on the left of the window, and in the Property Area at the right of the screen select: X-Bedding Grid for X Grid Size, Y-Bedding Grid for Y Grid Size, Z-Bedding Grid for Z Grid Size, Top Depth for Top Depth/Structure Depth, No for Apply Net Pay, X Permeability for X Perm/Trans, Y Permeability for Y Perm/Trans, Z Permeability for Z Perm/Trans, Porosity for Porosity/Pore Volume, Apply Region- No, Apply Aquifers Yes, .Apply Faults - Yes
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3. Input data with Data Modifier-Select the X-Bedding Grid of Grid Size in the tree diagram, and click on the Click word to the right side of Modify Data in the Property Area, and a button appears. Click on it, and then a window called Modify Data pops up, as shown below.
Input 130 at the right tab of the propped window, click on Apply, and then all the data in the XBedding Grid of Grid Size becomes 130. See image below.
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Click on or Close button at the Data Modifier window to close it, and we now finished modifying the data in X-Bedding Grid of Grid Size. Repeat the same operation to make all the data in Y-Bedding Grid of Grid Size to be 130, Z-Bedding Grid of Grid Size to be 30, X Permeability and Y Permeability of Perm/Trans to be 200, Z Permeability of Perm/Trans to be 0.001, and Porosity to be 0.10.
As for the Top Depth of the model, the top depth of different layer varies. We take the default full range of X and Y direction grid index, and change the range of Z direction grid index to be from 1 to 1, to make the top depth of the first layer be 8200ft, as is shown below. And by the same way, we change the range of Z direction grid index to be from 2 to 2, to make the top depth of the second layer 8230 ft. We can also make the top depth of the third layer 8260 ft., the fourth layer 8290 ft., and the fifth layer 8320 ft. See image below.
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4. Specify an aquifer-Click on the aquifer in the tree diagram at the left of the screen, select Fetkovich Steady-State Model for Aquifer Type and Bottom Water for Aquifer Location, and input 40 RB/(d.psi) as the Water Encroachment Index in the working area, shown as below.
Right click on the aquifer in the tree diagram, and select Add Aquifer to add a new aquifer, as shown in the image below.
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Select "Carter-Tracy Aquifer" for "Aquifer Type" and Edge Water for Aquifer Location, input 50mD as aquifer permeability, 0.2 as aquifer porosity, 100ft as aquifer thickness, 360 degree as Angle of water Encroachment, and 3000ft as aquifer Inner Radius, as is shown below.
5. Specify a fault-Click on the fault in the tree diagram at the left of the screen, input data shown in the image below, which specifies a sealed fault that cuts through the model in the Y direction.
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6. Preview the grid model in 3D Preview-You can open 3D Model Preview by selecting 3D Preview. Click Managers on the menu tool bar to reveal a dropdown list of functions, as shown in the image below.
In the 3D Model Preview, click and drag the mouse to rotate the model, press Shift on the keyboard and drag the mouse at the same time to move the model, press Ctrl + Shift on the keyboard and draw the mouse at the same time to zoom the model. And you can see different properties simply by clicking on the desired parameters in the diagram tree. See images below.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Rock Properties

1. In the Rock Compressibility sub-tab of Rock Properties, select Yes for Constant and take the default value of 0.000004 for Rock Compressibility.
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2. In the Oil-Water Saturation Function sub-tab, you can click on the Click word to the right side of Correlation in the Property Area, and then click on the button to generate a saturation function with empirical formulations.
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Note: You can also copy data from the excel file by right clicking on the left-top of Oil-Water table and select Paste, as shown below.
3. The Gas-Oil Saturation Function sub-tab, generate gas-oil saturation function from empirical formulations. Set up method is the same as Oil-Water Saturation describe in Step 2 above. See image below.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Fluid Properties

1. In the Water PVT sub-tab, we will take the default settings, that is 62.43 lbm/ft^3 for water Standard Density, 0.38 cp for initial water Viscosity at reservoir condition, 0.000003 1/psi for water Compressibility, and 1.01 for initial water Formation Volume Factor.
2. In the Property Area of Water PVT sub-tab, we input 35 for Oil API Gravity, 0.0002058 1/psi for Oil Viscosity Derivative, 2501.9 psi for Bubble Point Pressure, select Yes to Constant Compressibility, and input 0.000064 1/psi for Oil Compressibility in the Property Area of Oil PVT sub-tab. See image below.
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3. For the Oil PVT table in the Working Area of Water PVT sub-tab, we copy the data from the Excel file named demo1 data which is prepared for you by right clicking on the left-top of the Oil-Water table and selecting Paste. See Images below.
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4. In the Gas PVT sub-tab, we select No for Apply Gas Z Factor and take the default value of 0.056 lbm/ft^3 for Gas Density in the Property Area. For Gas PVT table in the Working Area of Gas PVT sub-tab, users can copy the data from the Excel file we prepared for you by right clicking on the left-top of the Gas PVT table and selecting Paste. See image below.
Initialization
In this tutorial, we input 8260 ft for the Reference Depth, 3658 psi for the Reference Pressure, 8000 ft for Gas-Oil Contact, 8330 ft for Oil-Water Contact, 0.0 psi for Gas-Oil Capillary Pressure and Oil-Water Capillary Pressure, as shown in the image below.
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Production Model
1. In the Well Specification sub-tab of the Production Model, we will copy the well specification data from the sheet of Well Specification in the Excel file named demo1 data we prepared for you by right clicking on the left top of the Well Specification table and select Paste. See images below.
2.
S i m il a r l y ,
copy the well completion data from the sheet of Well Completion in demo1 data.xlsx, and right click on the left top of the Working Area in the Well Completion sub-tab and select Paste. See images
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below.
3. In the Well Production sub-tab, select Yes to Apply Surface Oil, Apply Surface Gas, Apply Surface Water and Apply Surface Liquid in the Property Area at the right of the window. User can copy the well production data from the sheet of Well Production in demo1 data.xlsx to SimON.
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4. In the Well Injection sub-tab, make sure that Yes is selected for Apply Surface Water, and then copy well injection data from demo1 data.xlsx into SimON.
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5. In the Time Setting sub-tab, we could see that SimON have automatically generated some report dates in the time list from the previous completion. SimON automatically set the default start date and the default end date of the modeling, too. SimON acquiescently takes the earliest date as the start date, and the date that you build the model as the end date of the modeling, as shown in the image below. To make the running time of the model shorter, we change the End Date to 2010-9-1 in the Property Area. See images below.
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Note: In the Mark column, C means Completion, P means Production, U means User Defined. So PU in the Mark column means well produces in the current date, CU in the Mark column means well completes with no production occurred in the current date, while CPU in the Mark column means both well completion and production occurred in the current date. Completion and production time cant be deleted, while only user defined date can. Although End Date could be changed, it couldnt be earlier than any completion and production date, if so SimON will give you a warning and cancel the change.
A Brief Summary of Input data

In the way mentioned above, you can easily build a new simple model for theoretical use, but models for real oilfields are much more complex. If you have already had a model in SimON, Eclipse, CMG or
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VIP format, you can import it by right click on a new case and select Import / SimON Data, Import / Eclipse Data, Import / CMG Data and Import / VIP Data in the Project Manager, as shown in the image below.
Note: The import data function needs to be improved and be more compatible, and currently SimON mainly recognize the grid model part of Eclipse, CMG and VIP format, and while models in SimON format could be faultlessly imported.
Run Simulator
After you have entered the data and made sure everything is right, you then could click on the button to run the model. Note: In the process of running, SimON will plot the production and injection of the whole field from both simulation results and historical data, which you will be able to compare. You could stop the simulation by clicking on button if you are not satisfied with the results.
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You could also run more than one model at the same time by ticking the models you want to run in the Tree Diagram and selecting Run>Batch Run on the menu bar or click on Batch Run button in SimON.
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Results Manager
After you have successfully run the model, you can view the results using the Plot Manager, Contour Manager, Grid Manager and 3D viewer.
Plot Manager
Open the Plots Window
Click on the button in the tool bar, or select Plot>Plot on the tool menu bar, and then the plot
window will open. See images below.
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Load Curve
1. Click on the button in the tool bar, or select Plot >Load Curve on the tool menu bar, and then the Add Curves window will appear as shown below.
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2. To add the simulation results for the model, make sure that Simulation Data is selected in the middle of the dialog bottom as shown in the image below.
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To add simulation results for the whole Field, select demo1 in the Field sub-tab on the left, and select Oil Prod. Rate, Oil Prod. Rate, Gas Prod. Rate, Water Prod. Rate, Water Inj. Rate, Water Cut and Gas Oil Ratio in the Surface Prod sub-tab in the box at the center of the dialog box, and then click the Add>> button. See image below.
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To add simulation results for wells, click and drag the mouse to select all the wells in the Single Well sub-tab on the left, and select Oil Prod. Rate, Oil Prod. Rate, Gas Prod. Rate, Water Prod. Rate, Water Cut and Gas Oil Ratio in the Surface Prod sub-tab in the box at the center of the dialog box, and then click the Add>> button. See image below.
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If the user added useless parameters to the right tab of the window, they can remove it by selecting it and click on <<Delete button. In this case, we select all the production parameters for W1 to remove from the selection. See image below.
The simulation results selected are as follows. See image below.
Note: You can hold down the shift key on the keyboard or click hold and drag the mouse to select multiple parameters adjacent to each other in the sub-tab. Users can also use the Ctrl key on the keyboard to select multiple parameters that not adjacent to each other in the sub-tab.
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3. To add history data for the model, make sure that History Data is selected at the bottom of the dialog bottom.
To add history data for the whole Field, select demo1 in the Field sub-tab on the left, and select Oil Prod. Rate, Oil Prod. Rate, Gas Prod. Rate, Water Prod. Rate, Water Inj. Rate, Water Cut and Gas Oil Ratio in the Surface Prod sub-tab in the box at the center of the dialog box by left clicking the mouse and then click on the Add>> button.
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To add history data for wells, draw the mouse to select all the production wells in the Single Well subtab on the left, and select Oil Prod. Rate, Oil Prod. Rate, Gas Prod. Rate, Water Prod. Rate, Water Cut and Gas Oil Ratio in the Surface Prod sub-tab in the box at the centre of the dialog box then click the Add>> button. See image below.
4. Click on OK, and the following window will appear. If you want to add more plots repeat the steps as described above.
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View Plots
User can select plots to display by checking the desire plot box of the Property Pane on the tree diagram. SimON will draw the plots in the Working Area. Users can then contrast and analyze the plots conveniently and easily. See image below.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Edit the Properties of the Plots

SimON provides users with abundant functions to edit the plot properties by clicking on any component of the plot, and moving the mouse to the rightmost side of the screen, and then a window which contains the properties of the plot component will appear. Anchor the Properties pane, by clicking on the pin at the top right of the pane. Then, you can edit the properties of the plots as desired. See image below.
View and Export the data of the Plots

The data of the current plot in SimON could be viewed and exported as a text file by clicking Plot>Display Chart Data on the tool menu bar or by clicking on the button on the toolbar, or right
click on any part of the plot, except for the axes and the lines, and then select from popup functions menu Display Chart Data. See images below.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Manage Multiple Plots

1. Add a New Plot-Users can add a new plot in the Working Area by selecting Plot>New Plot in the menu bar or by clicking on in the tool bar.
2. Show Different Plots Jointly-When there are multiple plots, you could split the current plot from others and show it horizontally by right clicking on the name of the plot sub-tab and selectingSplit Horizontally or Split Vertically. See images below.
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3. Undo split plots back and/or change the order of plots. If you want to undo the split, just click on hold and drag the tab title of one plot behind another. See images below.
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And you can also Change the order of plots by dragging the title of one plot behind another, shown as below.
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4. A fast way to see the curves of different wells. Users can see the same parameters of different wells by simply clicking on next well. See images below. or , which means see the parameters of the previous well and the
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User-Defined Properties
1. Select the Plot>User-Defined Variable in the too menu bar. The following window will appear, in which you could add and edit your own well parameters and save them for future use.
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Note: In this tutorial, we will define a property named reservoir Liquid Prod.Rate, which formula is Reservoir Oil Production Rate + Reservoir Water Production Rate. 2. Select Oil Prod. Rate in the Res Prod tab and press the Add>> button, then Oil Prod. Rate is added to the Formula area. Press the + button, and select Water Prod. Rate in the Res Prod tab, and press the Add>> button. See images below.
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3. Input Reservoir Liquid Prod.rate as the name for the property in the text box under Specify Property Name, then click the Add button, and the property will be added to the Property List area on the right.
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4. Now, open the load curves window, you will see that there is a parameter with the name we just defined Reservoir Liquid Prod.rate in the user-defined tab.
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5. Save a User Defined Parameter-By design, user-defined parameters can only be used as long as the Plot Manager is opened. When the plot window is closed and open it again, the parameters that you defined before wont exist. So, you need to export and save the parameters that you have defined for future use with following operations. Open the User-Defined Property window, press the Browse button to specify the directory and the file name that you want your parameters to be saved. And then select the parameters that you defined and want to be saved, and press the Save Formula button to save the parameters. See images below.
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Now close the Plot Window and open it again to use the parameters that we have saved. First open the User-Defined Property window, and press Browse button to select the file that we have just saved parameters in. See images below.
Press the Select Formula button, and the imported parameter and a message window appears.
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Close the window and click on the parameter, and you will see the formula for the defined parameter.
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Contour Manager
Open the Contour Manager
1. Click on the
button in the tool bar, or select 2D>Contour in the menu bar, and the Contour
Manager is opened. See image below.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Load Properties

2. Click Load Variables in the 2D menu, and a window appears. See images below.
3. Select properties such as Pressure and So in the left frame, and select the date in the middle frame, and press Add>> button, then press OK, and the properties are loaded.
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Zoom the view

If the default view of the property isnt very good, you can use the window to zoom it in and out. See image below. and in the tool bar at the top of
View and Display the Properties

1. Display Properties at different dates-Select Pressure for Property, 2 for Layer, Date for Play Type in
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the left part of the window, and drag the speed controller to its rightmost side, then press the play button at the left of the window to play the property in the Working Area of the window.
2. Stop the Display-During the playing of the reservoir property, the play button turns to the stop button , so you could stop the playing of reservoir property by clicking on it. See image below.
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3. Display Properties of Different Layers-Select Pressure for the Property option, 1 for the Layer option, and 1999-07-01 for the Date option in the left of the window, and press button, and then you will see the pressures in different layers of your model at 1999-07-01 are displayed.
4. Display Wells-User can also display well(s) in the graph by selecting Yes to the Display Well option.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Manage Multiple Contours

1. Users can obtain more than one contour in SimON by selecting Contour >New Map on the tool menu bar. See images below.
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2. When there are multiple contours, users can split them horizontally or vertically by right click on the map title and select Split Horizontally or Split Vertically as described above for plots.
Grid Manager
Clicking on the button in the tool bar will open the Grid Manager and the following window will appear. All the functions in the Grid Manager are generally the same as in contours, and the operation to achieve the same result is similar, so we wont repeat it again.
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PEOffice User Guides SimON Open 3D Viewer
Click on the in the tool bar, or select 3D>3D in the menu bar, and following window appears. On the left of the window, users can select the properties, time, layer, and the well to view. On the right of the window, are the unit properties, the range of the properties. Users can edit the parameters of the components in the view.
Zoom, Pan and Rotate 3D View

In the 3D viewer, you can draw the mouse to rotate the model, press Shift in the keyboard and draw the mouse at the same time to move the model, press Ctrl + Shift in the keyboard and draw the mouse at the same time to zoom the model.
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Load Properties to view

Open Load Variables Window-If the properties you want dont appear in Property selection on the left of the window, then user have to load them manually. To load the reservoir properties, you should first select 3D >Load Variables in the tool menu bar. See images below.
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1. Load Dynamic Properties-Select Pressure, So and Sw in the box at the left of the window by using the Ctrl key on the keyboard, and select 1994-04-01 to 1999-09-01 in the box in the middle of the window by clicking on 1994-04-01 and drag the mouse to 1999-09-01, then click on the Add>> button to add the properties.
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2. Load Static Properties-Select Static at the left of the window bottom, and then select X Perm and Y Perm in the box at the left of the window by using Ctrl Key in the keyboard, and select 2003-04-01 at the middle of the window, and then click on the Add>> button to add the properties.
3. After you have added the parameters, you could delete the properties you dont want by selecting the parameters and then click on the Delete button.
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4.
Click OK to load all the properties selected.
Display the Well Trajectory

Turn off Show Model in the 3D menu to conceal the reservoir, and the well trajectory will be displayed in the 3D viewer. See image below.
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Results Reporting
There are three types of results Report in SimON. They are Well Data, Reservoir Data and Simulation Log. See image below.
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Well Data Report

Well data contains the historical injection and production data of wells, groups, and the whole field.
1. Open Report Well Data Window-To export the well data, select Well Data in the Report menu, and the following window will pop up.
2. Simulation Data-Select All and Simulation Data at the bottom of the dialog box, and select the wells O1, O2 in the Single Well sub-tab. Then select Oil Prod. Rate, Gas Prod. Rate, Water Prod. Rate in the Surface Prod sub-tab, then click the Add>> button. See image below.
3. History Data-Select All and History Data at the bottom of the dialog box, and select the wells O1, O2
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in the Single Well sub-tab. Then select Oil Prod. Rate, Gas Prod. Rate, Water Prod. Rate in the Surface Prod sub-tab, then click the Add>> button. See image below.
4. After the parameters have been added, users can delete some of them by selecting the ones no wanted and click the <<Delete button in the window. 5. If you are satisfied with all the parameters to be exported, select the Export button and a dialog appears.
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6. Specify the name and the root directory of the file that the well data is to be exported to. Note: If you compare Well Data Report window with Load Curves window in the plots, you will find that the layout of the two windows and the parameters in the two window are identical, so the well data exporting and plotting are just two different ways of displaying well data in SimON.
Reservoir Data
Reservoir Data exported by SimON contains the reservoir properties at different dates and layers.
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1. Open Report Reservoir Data Window-To export reservoir click Report> Reservoir Data in the menu, and the following window pops up.
Note: In the pop-up window, make sure that Grid Coord Data and Active Grid Data check boxes are ticked to include the grid coord and active grid number array in the export file.
2. Add Dynamic Data-Select Pressure, So and Sw in the box at the left of the window by using Ctrl Key in the keyboard, and select 1994-01-01 and 2010-09-01 in the box at the middle of the window, and select all the 5 layers by clicking on 1 and drag the mouse to 5 in the layers frame. Click the Add>> button to add the properties.
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3. Add Static Data-Select Static at the left of the window bottom, select X Perm and Y Perm in the box at the left of the window by using Ctrl Key on the keyboard, select 2003-04-01 at the middle of the window, and select all the 5 layers, and click the Add>> button to add the properties.
4. Delete Unwanted Parameters-After the parameters have been added, user can delete some of them by selecting the ones you dont want and clicking on the <<Delete button in the window. If you
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are satisfied with all the parameters to be exported, click the Export Report button and a dialog appears.
5. Give the exported file a name, and specify the name and the root folder of the file that the well data is to be exported to, and click the Save button. Note: The parameters in Contour, Grid and 3D viewer are also reservoir data, so the properties in the Load Reservoir Properties window for the 3D viewer are identical to the properties in the Reservoir Properties Report window.
Simulation Log
The Simulation Log file contains the information of the simulator the model runs. This data is very useful for advanced users to estimate the condition of the model and how the model is running.
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The file is mainly composed of the initial information of the model, how the storage is allocated, the time-stepping of simulation and actions taken when well(s) are under control, etc. 1. Click Reports>Simulation Log, users can open the default simulation log file named Project2.demo9.LOG.O.TXT, which is printed in the directory of PEOffice>Cases> SimON> Projects>Project2>demo9>output under the PEOffice setup root folder by SimON during the execution of the model. See images below.
2. When the default simulation log file is opened, users can save the default simulation log file in another directory by selecting File>Save as and specify the name and directory you want to save the log file to.
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