IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 34, NO.

2, APRIL 2006

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Numerical Simulation of Control of Plasma Flow With Magnetic Field for Thermal Protection in Earth Reentry Flight
Takayasu Fujino and Motoo Ishikawa

AbstractThe present numerical study examines the possibility and usefulness of the control of weakly ionized plasma ow ahead of a space vehicle by means of the magnetic eld for thermal protection in earth reentry ight under the ight conditions at the altitudes from about 72 to 48 km along the real earth reentry trajectory of the blunt body OREX, which was used for an earth reentry experiment in 1994. Numerical results show that the aerodynamic heating can be reduced by applying the magnetic eld at the altitude above about 55 km where the weakly ionized plasma is produced behind the bow shock wave, and also that the reduction amount of the aerodynamic heating by applying the magnetic eld becomes larger with increasing the altitude. At the altitude of about 60 km, where the aerodynamic heating had the peak value in the OREX experiment, the wall heat ux at the stagnation point and the total aerodynamic heating over the wall surface with applying the magnetic eld of about 0.5 T are, respectively, 85% and 67% of their values obtained without applying the magnetic eld. Index TermsNumerical simulation of weakly ionized air plasma, plasma control with magnetic eld, thermal protection in earth reentry ight.

, ,

NOMENCLATURE Components of magnetic ux density in the and directions. Magnetic ux density at the stagnation point. Effective diffusion coefcient of species . Average vibrational energy of molecule , which is created or destroyed at rate . Total energy. Electronic charge. Internal energy of species . Vibrational-electronic-electron energy of species . Equilibrium vibrational energy of species . Total enthalpy. Enthalpy of species . Vibrational-electronic-electron enthalpy of species . First ionization energy of species . Components of electric current density in the direction. Boltzmanns constant.
Manuscript received May 9, 2005; revised January 14, 2006. The authors are with the Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPS.2006.872458

Forward and backward reaction rate coefcients for reaction . Molecular weight of species . Molecular weight of electron. Number density of species . Molar rate of production of species by electron impact ionization. Pressure of freestream ow. Pressure. Partial pressure of electron. Partial pressure of species . Universal gas constant. Nose radius of OREX. Forward and backward reaction rates for reaction . Cylindrical coordinates. Translational-rotational temperature. Vibrational-electron temperature. Wall temperature. Temperature of freestream ow. Time. Velocity of freestream ow, which corresponds to the ight velocity of OREX. Components of ow velocity in the and directions. Mole fraction of species . Forward and backward stoichiometric coefcients of species in reaction . Permittivity in vacuum. Mixture translational-rotational thermal conductivity. Mixture vibrational-electron thermal conductivity. Mixture viscosity. Effective energy exchanger collision frequency of electron with other chemical species . Total mass density. Mass density of species . Electrical conductivity. Viscous shear stress. Translational-vibrational energy relaxation time of species . Mass production rate of species . Production rate of vibrational-electronic-electron energy. Generalized curvilinear coordinates.

0093-3813/$20.00 2006 IEEE

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Fig. 1. Schematic view of earth reentry ow around a space vehicle with the MHD ow control. It must be noted that the reference frame in this gure is the relative frame from moving space vehicle. In this relative frame, the space vehicle and the magnetic eld are stationary, and the gas around the space vehicle is moving.

I. INTRODUCTION HE blunt body OREX (Orbital Reentry Experiments) was launched by the H-II rocket from Tanegashima Space Center of Japan in 1994 to conduct an earth reentry experiment [1]. The experiment was successfully conducted and the data related to the aerodynamic heating were acquired. It has been reconrmed from the experiment that the development of thermal protection techniques is very important in order to improve manned reusable space vehicles. As one of thermal protection techniques in earth reentry ights, the ow control with externally applied magnetic eld, which is, here, called the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ow control, was proposed in the 1950s (see, for example, [2][4]). Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of earth reentry ow around a space vehicle with the MHD ow control. It must be noted that the reference frame in Fig. 1 is the relative frame from the moving space vehicle. In this relative frame, the space vehicle is stationary and the gas is moving around the space vehicle. In earth reentry ights, the strong bow shock wave exists ahead of the space vehicle. The region between the bow shock wave and the space vehicle is, here, called the shock layer, and the ow ahead of the bow shock wave is called the freestream ow. When the ight velocity of space vehicle is , the freestream ow has the velocity in the relative frame in Fig. 1. Behind the bow shock wave, thus, in the shock layer, the weakly ionized plasma is produced by thermal ionization. The outline of the idea of the MHD ow control is as follows: when the magnetic eld, which is produced by a magnet system installed in the space vehicle, is applied to the weakly ionized plasma ow, the electric current is produced in the shock layer. The interaction between the electric current and the applied magnetic eld induces the Lorentz force in the shock layer. The Lorentz force decelerates the plasma ow in the shock layer and pushes the bow shock wave away from a space vehicle. Consequently, the heat transfer from the ow to the wall surface of the space vehicle, which is called the aerodynamic heating, can be reduced by the MHD ow control. On the other hand, it was not considered in the 1950s that the MHD ow control was realistic. This is because a very large and heavy magnet system was required for producing the magnetic eld enough to control the plasma ow.

However, the considerable development of magnet system with a superconducting magnet has been shown during about 50 years since the MHD ow control was proposed. For example, the system of thin superconducting solenoid magnet with the total weight of 380 kg and the central magnetic eld strength of about 1.2 T (coil diameter: 0.9 m; coil length: 1.4 m) was constructed for the balloon borne experiment with a superconducting spectrometer to measure the energy spectrum of cosmic-ray antiprotons (the BessPolar program, [5]). The considerable development of magnet system allows us to reconsider the application of the MHD technology to the thermal protection of earth reentry space vehicles. Many papers as for numerical studies of the MHD ow control have been already published (for example, [6] and [7]). The possibility and usefulness of the MHD ow control is, however, still not well understood for wide ight conditions along real earth reentry trajectory of space vehicles. The present study, therefore, examines the possibility and usefulness of the MHD ow control under the ight conditions along the real earth reentry trajectories of OREX using an axisymmetric two-dimensional (2-D) computational uid dynamics (CFD) code, which can simulate the air plasma MHD ow with thermochemical reactions. II. NUMERICAL METHOD A. OREX Conguration and Calculation Region Fig. 2 shows the conguration of OREX [1] and the calculation region. OREX has an axisymmetric 2-D ( ) shape, and the forebody shape of OREX is composed of a spherical nose with a radius of 1.35 m, a cone, and a circular shoulder. The present study focuses on that the convection aerodynamic heating attributed to the bow shock wave can be reduced or not by applying the magnetic eld. The calculation region is, therefore, only the region in front of OREX. B. Coordinate System and Externally Applied Magnetic Field The shape of OREX is the axisymmetric 2-D ( ) shape and the attack angle of OREX was nearly zero in the reentry experiment. And also, the externally applied magnetic eld in the present study has the axisymmetric 2-D ( ) eld, as will be hereinafter described. The present study, therefore, assumes

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Fig. 3. Externally applied magnetic eld for the parameter B = 0:5 T. Color contour with gray scale shows the strength of magnetic eld. Solid lines show the direction of magnetic eld. Fig. 2. Conguration of OREX and calculation region. Reference frame in this gure is the relative frame from OREX moving with the ight velocity U . boundary B-I, B-II, B-III, and B-IV show inow boundary, axisymmetric boundary, wall boundary, and outlet boundary, respectively.

TABLE I FREESTREAM CONDITIONS AND WALL TEMPERATURE

that the plasma oweld and the electromagnetic eld are the axisymmetric 2-D ( ) eld. And also, the present study employs the axisymmetric 2-D cylindrical ( ) coordinate system, which is a relative coordinate system from the moving OREX. In this relative coordinate system, OREX and the magnetic eld are not moving but the gas around OREX is moving. The gas ow ahead of the bow shock wave is, here, called the freestream ow. The velocity of the freestream velocity corresponds to the ight velocity of OREX. The externally applied magnetic eld is assumed to be produced by a dipole and inside OREX: magnet placed at the point of (1) (2) where is the nose radius, and the strength of the magnetic , , ux density at the stagnation point( refer to Fig. 2 or Fig. 3). The present study varies the paramover a range of 0.00.5 T for examining inuences of eter the strength of applied magnetic eld on the possibility and usefulness of the MHD ow control. The distribution of the externally applied magnetic eld around OREX for the parameter is illustrated in Fig. 3. C. Flight Conditions Table I shows freestream conditions and wall temperature in the present numerical simulations. These conditions correspond to the ight conditions at the altitude from about 72 to 48 km in the OREX experiment [1]. The chemical composition of freestream gas is assumed to be 79% and 21% by mass fraction at any altitude.

D. Basic Equations of Plasmadynamics Fig. 4 depicts a sweeping diagram of thermochemical property of gas in the shock layer in earth reentry ights [8]. The vertical axis and the horizontal axis in Fig. 4 show the ight altitude and the freestream velocity, respectively. Solid circles in Fig. 4 show the altitudes and the freestream velocities in the present numerical simulations (Table I). As can be seen from Fig. 4, eleven chemical species and thermochemical nonequilibirum must be considered to simulate the reentry ows over a wide earth reentry ight condition. We can also nd from Fig. 4 that the present numerical simulations under the freestream conditions listed in Table I require at least the consideration of both seven chemical species and chemical nonequilibrium. A very brief description of the effects of chemical reactions on the oweld and the aerodynamic heating is given in the Appendix . The basic equations for the plasma uid-dynamics in the present numerical simulations are the mass conservation equations of chemical species, the momentum conservation equations, the total energy conservation equation, and the vibrational-electronic-electron energy conservation equation. We consider the following eleven chemical species: , , , , , , , , , , and . As a chemical noequilibrium kinetic model, we use Dunn and Kangs model [9], [10], in which 32 chemical reactions are included (refer to Table III in the Appendix). We employ Parks two temperature model [11] in order to take thermal nonequilibrium into

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(9) where the pressure and the viscous stress terms by are dened

(10)

(11) Total Energy Conservation Equation:

Fig. 4. Thermochemical property of gas in the shock layer in earth reentry ights.

account. The basic equations for the plasma uid-dynamics is written as follows. Mass Conservation Equations of Chemical Species:

(3) where the total mass density is given by (4) on the right-hand side of (3) is the source term The rst term for the mass production rate of species , and is expressed as (5) The forward and backward reaction rates respectively, dened by and are, Vibrational-Electronic-Electron Equation: (6) (7) where the forward reaction rate coefcients and the backare tabulated in [9] and [10]. ward reaction rate coefcients Momentum Conservation Equations: Energy Conservation where the total energy tively, dened as and the total enthalpy (12) are, respec-

(13) (14)

(8)

(15)

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where is the source term for the production rate of vibrational-electronic-electron energy, and is expressed as

(16) where the relaxation time of each species for a translationalvibrational energy relaxation is calculated by using the corrected Millikan and White formula [12], as proposed by Park which is created or de[11]. The average vibrational energy is computed by using the nonpreferential stroyed at the rate model [10]. The transport coefcients such as the effective diffusion coef, the mixture viscosity , the mixture cient of each species , and the mixtranslational-rotational thermal conductivity ture vibrational-electron thermal conductivity are estimated by an extension model of Yos formulas to the multitemperature gas mixture [10]. E. Basic Equations of Electrodynamics The plasma produced behind the bow shock wave has the ionization degree up to the order of and the pressure of , and is classied as the weakly ionized collisiondominated plasma. And also, the Hall parameter of ions, which is dened as the product of the cyclotron frequency of ions and the mean free time of ions with the other chemical species, was from our previous numerical estimated at the order up to results [13]. Therefore, we can consider that the ion slip effect does not make considerable inuence on the electric current, and also that the direct inuence of applying the magnetic eld on the motion of ions as well as the motion of neutral species can be neglected. And thus, we can assume that the Lorentz force does not directly inuence the motions of ions and neutral species, but indirectly inuences their motions through the collisions with the electrons which the Lorentz force directly inuences. The Hall parameter of electrons behind the bow shock wave is lager than unity [13], [14]. The authors have already examined numerically inuences of the Hall effect on the MHD ow control at the altitude of 59.6 km where the aerodynamic heating had the maximum value in the OREX experiment [14]. The numerical results showed that if the electrically insulating wall can be realized, the Hall effect does not have negative inuences on the usefulness of the MHD ow control, and the distributions of the wall heat ux with and without the Hall effect become almost the same. The computational cost with considering the Hall effect is much larger than that without it. Therefore, based on the previous numerical results, the present study assumes that

the wall of OREX has no electrical conductivity, and conducts the numerical simulations without considering the Hall effect. As an ongoing study of the present study, we will examine numerically the inuences of the Hall effect on the MHD ow control under the wide ight conditions along the OREX trajectory in a near future. The present numerical study neglects the induced magnetic eld because the magnetic Reynolds number is less than unity under the present numerical ight conditions. Due to the assumption of the axisymmetric 2-D electromagnetic eld and the neglect of the Hall effect, the electric eld is not induced, and also the vector of electric current density induced in the shock layer has only the azimuthal ( ) component (refer to Fig. 1). The azimuthal electric current density is written as (17) where the electrical conductivity is expressed as (18)

The effective energy exchange collision frequency of electrons with the other chemical species is written as (19), as represents the effecshown at the bottom of the page, where tive energy exchange cross section of electrons with the neutral species, and is computed using the curve t presented in [10]. F. Numerical Procedures The conservation equations for the plasma uid-dynamics are transformed into the generalized curvilinear coordinate system. The convection terms are calculated by the AUSM-DV scheme [15] coupled with the fourth-order compact MUSCL TVD scheme [16]. The viscous terms are calculated by the second-order central-differencing scheme. The time integration is performed by the LU-SGS scheme [17] coupled with the diagonal point implicit scheme [18]. On the inlet boundary and , the (boundary B-I in Fig. 2), the ow velocities and , and the pressure , and the mass temperatures fraction of chemical species are set to be those of freestream ow as follows:

except for

and

The reection boundary condition is employed on the axisymmetric boundary (boundary B-II in Fig. 2). The no slip wall condition, the xed wall temperature condition, and the noncatalytic wall condition, which implies that the diffusive ux of each chemical species is zero on the wall surface, are used on the

if is ion species (19) otherwise

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wall boundary (boundary B-III in Fig. 2 ). The wall temperature is set to the value listed in Table I. The translational-rotaand the vibrational-electron temperature tional temperature on the wall boundary are assumed to be equilibrium with . All variables on the outlet boundary the wall temperature (boundary B-IV in Fig. 2) are computed by using the supersonic outow condition (zero-order extrapolation). It is well known that the prediction of the wall heat ux is extremely sensitive to the computational grid, especially the grid spacing near the wall surface. The authors, therefore, checked the grid dependency in advance. Based on the check, a proper computational grid is employed in the present study. The number of grid points is 250 points normal to the wall surface times 65 points along the wall surface. The grid spacing near the wall is about 2 m. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION First, numerical results at the altitude of 59.6 km, where the aerodynamic heating had the maximum value in the OREX reentry experiment, will be shown in order to clarify the effects of applying the magnetic eld on the oweld. And then, by using numerical results at the altitudes from about 72 to 48 km along the OREX trajectory, we will discuss the possibility and usefulness of the thermal protection with the magnetic eld under wide earth reentry ight conditions. Fig. 5 illustrates 2-D distributions of the pressure for the paand at the altitudes of 59.6 km. rameter It is found from this gure that the bow shock wave is pushed away from OREX by applying the magnetic eld, and that the distance from the wall surface of OREX to the bow shock wave increases with the parameter . Fig. 6 depicts one-dimensional (1-D) ( direction) distributions of the translational-rotational and the vibrational-electron temperature temperature along the axisymmetric line (refer to Fig. 5) for the parameter and . We, here, dene the shock standoff distance as the distance from the stagnation point ( , ) of the wall surface of OREX to the position of the bow shock wave along the axisymmetric line. The shock and are about 13 and standoff distances for 21 cm, respectively. Fig. 7 depicts the electrical conductivity of . the gas at the altitude of 59.6 km for the parameter At the altitude of 59.6 km, the weakly ionized plasma with the electrical conductivity of about 110 S/m in maximum is produced behind the bow shock wave by thermal ionization. Although the distributions of electrical conductivity for the paramand are not illustrated because of space eter limitation, the maximum values of the electrical conductivity in and are the shock layer for the parameter almost the same as the maximum value of the electrical con. As illustrated in Fig. 8, ductivity for the parameter the azimuthal electric current is induced in the shock layer by applying the magnetic eld to the plasma ow. The interaction between the magnetic eld and the azimuthal electric current induces the Lorentz force in the shock layer, as shown in Fig. 9(a). The Lorentz force retards the plasma ow toward the shoulder of OREX [Fig. 9(b)], so that the bow shock wave is pushed away from OREX by applying the magnetic eld.

0:0; 0:3; and 0:5 T at the altitude of 59.6 km.

Fig. 5.

2-D (r z ) distributions of pressure for the parameter

As mentioned above in Figs. 5 and 6, the shock standoff distance increases with the value of the parameter , namely, with the strength of the magnetic eld. This is because the strength of the Lorentz force is proportional to the square of the strength of the magnetic eld. We can also reconrm from Figs. 6 and 7 that thermochemical reactions should be taken into account for simulating the reentry ows with applying the magnetic eld because the thermal nonequilibrium region just behind the bow shock wave and its relaxation region (Fig. 6) exist in the shock layer, and because the considerable nonuniformity of the electrical conductivity exists in the shock layer (Fig. 7).

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Fig. 6. 1-D (z direction) distributions of translational-rotational temperature T and vibrational-electron temperature T along the axisymmetric line for the parameter B = 0:0; 0:3; and 0:5 T at the altitude of 59.6 km.

Fig. 8. 2-D (r z ) distribution of azimuthal electric current density for the parameter B = 0:5 T at the altitude of 59.6 km.

Fig. 7. 2-D (r z ) distribution of electrical conductivity for the parameter B = 0:5 T at the altitude of 59.6 km.

Attributed to the increase of the distance between the bow shock wave and the wall surface of OREX by applying the magnetic eld, the velocity gradient and the temperature gradient on the wall surface are decreased by applying the magnetic eld, as shown in Figs. 10 and 11. Furthermore, these gradients become lower with increasing the strength of the magnetic eld. Fig. 12 shows distributions of the wall heat ux for the paramand at the altitudes of 59.6 km. Apeter plying the magnetic eld results in the decrease of the wall heat ux over the all portion of OREX attributed to the reduction of the gradient of the temperature on the wall surface. For any values, the wall heat ux has the maximum values at the stagna, ). The values of the wall heat tion point ( and ux at the stagnation point for the parameter are, respectively, 92% and 85% of its value obtained without applying the magnetic eld. The values of the total aerodynamic heating, which is calculated by integrating the wall heat ux and over the wall surface, for the parameter are, respectively, 83% and 67% of its value obtained without applying the magnetic eld.

Fig. 9. 2-D (r z ) distributions of (a) vector of Lorentz force and (b) stream line of ow for the parameter B = 0:5 T at the altitude of 59.6 km.

Fig. 13 depicts the shock standoff distance for the pato at the altitudes from about 72 to rameter 48 km along the OREX trajectory. As mentioned above, the is dened as the distance from the shock standoff distance , ) of the wall surface of stagnation point ( OREX to the position of the bow shock wave along the axisymmetric line. Fig. 14 illustrates 1-D ( direction) distributions of the translational-rotational temperature, the vibrational-electron temperature, and the electrical conductivity along the axisymat the altitudes of metric line for the parameter about 51.9, 63.6, and 71.7 km. As can be seen from Fig. 13,

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Fig. 10. 1-D (z -direction) distributions of ow velocity along the : ; : ; and axisymmetric line for the parameter B : at the altitude of 59.6 km.

= 00 03

05 T

00 03
: ;

Fig. 12.
: ;

Distributions of wall heat ux for the parameter and : at the altitude of 59.6 km.

05T

Fig. 11. 1-D (z -direction) distributions of translational-rotational temperature T near the wall surface along the axisymmetric line for the parameter B : ; : ; and : at the altitude of 59.6 km.

00 03

05T

Fig. 13. Shock standoff distance for the parameter B altitudes from about 72 to 48 km along the OREX trajectory.

= 0 0 0 5 T at the
:

under the ight conditions at the altitudes less than 55 km, the bow shock wave cannot be pushed away from OREX by applying the magnetic eld with any values of the parameter . This is because the bow shock wave at these altitudes is not strong enough to produce the weakly ionized plasma due to the low ght velocity, as can be conrmed from the distribution of the electrical conductivity at the altitude of 51.9 km in Fig. 14. Under the ight conditions at the altitudes above about 55 km, the weakly ionized plasma is produced in the shock layer, so that the bow shock wave can be pushed away from OREX by applying the magnetic eld. As can be also seen from Fig. 12, the shock standoff distance increases with the value of the parameter . This is because the Lorentz force becomes stronger with increasing the value of the parameter . Furthermore, it is found from Fig. 13 that the increase of the shock standoff distance by applying the magnetic eld becomes

larger with increasing the altitude under the same applied magnetic eld condition. As an index parameter of the effect of applying the magnetic eld on the oweld, the MHD interaction parameter is often used, and is dened as Lorentz force Fluid inertia force (20)

where is the reference electrical conductivity, the refthe reference charerence strength of magnetic ux density, the reference uid velocity, and the acteristic length, reference uid mass density. When the MHD interaction parameter is roughly estimated in the eld of the MHD ow conis generally given the maximum value of the electrical trol, is given the conductivity of the plasma in the shock layer, strength of the magnetic ux density at the stagnation point (in ), is given the nose radius (in the present study,

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Fig. 15. Total aerodynamic heating for the parameter B = 0 altitudes from about 72 to 48 km along the OREX trajectory.

0 0:5 T at the

Fig. 14. 1-D (z direction) distributions of (a) translational-rotational temperature T and vibrational-electron temperature T and (b) electrical conductivity along the axisymmetric line for the parameter B = 0:5 T at the altitudes of 51.9, 63.6, and 71.7 km. TABLE II MHD INTERACTION PARAMETER Q (=  U

=(

=L

))

the present study, ), and are given the velocity and the mixture mass density of the freestream ow ahead of the bow shock wave, respectively. Table II shows the values of the MHD interaction parameter for the parameter from at the altitudes from about 72 to 48 km along the OREX trajectory. The MHD interaction parameter increases with the altitude because the increase of the altitude leads to the reduction of the inertia force, and to the increase of the Lorentz force owing to the increase of the electrical conductivity in the shock layer (Fig. 14). Owing to the increase of the MHD interaction parameter with the altitude, the increase of the shock standoff by applying the magnetic eld becomes larger with distance increasing the altitude under the same applied magnetic eld condition, as shown in Fig. 13. Fig. 15 depicts distributions of the total aerodynamic heating at the altitudes from about for the parameter 72 to 48 km. It is found from this gure that the aerodynamic heating cannot be reduced by applying the magnetic eld with at the altitudes less than 55 km. any values of the parameter This is because the bow shock wave cannot be pushed away from OREX by applying the magnetic eld with any values of

the parameter , as shown in Fig. 13. At the altitudes above about 55 km where the shock standoff distance can be increased by applying the magnetic eld, the aerodynamic heating can be reduced by applying the magnetic eld, and also the reduction amount of the total aerodynamic heating increases with because the shock standoff disthe value of the parameter tance increases with the value of the parameter , as shown in Fig. 13. Furthermore, it is found from Fig. 14 that the reduction amount of the total aerodynamic heating increases with the altitude under the same applied magnetic eld condition. This is because the MHD interaction parameter increases with the altitude, and thus, the effect of applying the magnetic eld on the oweld becomes stronger with increasing the altitude. Under the condition of the altitude of about 72 km and the parameter , the total aerodynamic heating is about 22% of the value obtained without applying magnetic eld, and the wall , ), where heat ux at the stagnation point ( the wall heat ux has the maximum value on the wall surface, is about 72% of the value obtained without applying magnetic eld. IV. CONCLUSION Numerical simulations on the MHD ow control are conducted under the ight conditions at the altitudes from about 72 to 48 km along the real earth reentry trajectory of OREX using the axisymmetric 2-D CFD code, which can simulate the air plasma MHD ow with thermochemical reactions. The results are summarized as follows. 1) At the altitude of about 60 km, where the aerodynamic heating had the peak value in the OREX experiment, the wall heat ux at the stagnation point and the total aerodynamic heating over the wall surface with applying the magnetic eld of about 0.5 T are, respectively, 85% and 67% of their values obtained without applying the magnetic eld. 2) The reduction amount of the aerodynamic heating by applying the magnetic eld becomes larger with increasing

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TABLE III CHEMICAL REACTIONS ([9] AND [10])

Fig. 16. Variations of chemical species along the axisymmetric line (altitude: 59.6 km, B = 0:0 T) with considering chemical reactions.

the altitude. This is because the increase of the altitude leads to the increase of the electrical conductivity of weakly ionized plasma ow in the shock layer and to the reduction of the inertia force, so that the MHD interaction parameter increases with the altitude, and thus, the effect of applying the magnetic eld on the oweld becomes stronger with increasing the altitude. At the altitude of about 72 km, the wall heat ux at the stagnation point and the total aerodynamic heating over the wall surface with applying the magnetic eld of about 0.5 T are, respectively, 72% and 22% of their values obtained without applying the magnetic eld. 3) At the altitude less than 55 km, the MHD ow control is not useful because the weakly ionized plasma is not produced behind a bow shock wave. Therefore, preionizer systems are required in order to utilize the MHD thermal protection at the altitude less than 55 km. APPENDIX This section gives a brief description of the effect of chemical reaction on the oweld and the aerodynamic heating in reentry ights, using numerical results without applying the MHD interaction under the ight conditions of OREX at the altitude of 59.6 km. For the details of the effect of chemical reaction, see [19]. Table III shows chemical reactions in Dunn and Kangs model [9], [10] employed in the present numerical simulations. Fig. 16 shows variations of chemical species along the axisymmetric line. Under the ight condition at the altitude of

Fig. 17. Variations of temperature along the axisymmetric line with/without considering chemical reactions (altitude: 59.6 km, B = 0:0 T). T is equilibrium temperature without considering chemical reactions (calorically perfect gas model). T and T are translational-rotational temperature and vibrational-rotational temperature, respectively, with considering chemical reactions (Dunn and Kangs chemical reaction model, Parks two-temperature model).

59.6 km, most electrons are produced by the chemical reac. Fig. 17 depicts variations of temtion perature along the axisymmetric line with/without considering ). Numerical chemical reactions (altitude: 59.6 km, results without considering chemical reactions were obtained using calorically perfect gas model, which assumes constant , in air) and thermal equilibrium. specic heat ratio ( It is found from Fig. 17 that the equilibrium temperature behind the bow shock wave without considering thermochemical reactions is signicantly higher than the translational-rotational and the vibrational-electron temperature temperature

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heat ux with considering chemical reactions is much lower than that without considering chemical reactions. This is mainly because the temperature in the shock layer with considering chemical reactions is lower than that that without considering chemical reactions, as shown in Fig. 17. As mentioned above, the chemical reaction signicantly impacts on the oweld and the aerodynamic heating in earth reentry ights. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank Dr. I. Funaki, JAXA, Dr. H. Sugita, JAXA, Dr. M. Mizuno, JAXA, and Dr. J. Kasahara, University of Tsukuba, for useful discussions. Prof. S. Yamamoto, Tohoku University helped to develop the numerical code used for the present study. A part of computation in the present study was performed with the KDK system of Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH) at Kyoto University. REFERENCES
[1] Y. Yamamoto, Recent comparisons of aerothermodynamic results by CFD and FEM coupling analysis with OREX ight experiments, in Proc. 13th NAL Symp. Aircraft Computational Aerodynamics, 1995, pp. 2739. [2] R. C. Meyer, On reducing aerodynamic heat-transfer rates by magnetohydrodynamic techniques, J. Aero/Space Sci., vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 561566, 572, 1958. [3] W. B. Bush, Magnetohydrodynamic-hypersonic ow past a blunt body, J. Aero/Space Sci., vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 685690, 728, 1958. [4] R. W. Ziemer, Experimental investigation in magneto-aerodynamics, Amer. Rocket Soc. J., vol. 29, pp. 642647, 1959. [5] A. Yamamoto, A thin superconducting solenoid magnet for astroparticle physics, Nucl. Phys. B, vol. 113, pp. 299302, 2002. [6] V. A. Bityurin, A. N. Bocharov, and J. T. Lineberry, Result of experiments on MHD hypersonic ow control, in 35th AIAA Plasmadynamics Lasers Conf., 2004, AIAA paper 20042263. [7] J. Poggie and D. V. Gaitonde, Computational studies of magnetic control in hypersonic ow, in 39th AIAA Aerospace Sci. Meeting Exhibit, 2001, AIAA paper 20010196. [8] R. N. Gupta, J. M. Yos, R. A. Thompson, and K. P. Lee, A review of reaction rates and thermodynamic and transport properties for an 11-species air model for chemical and thermal nonequilibrium calculations to 30 000 K, NASA, RP1232, 1990. [9] S. W. Kang, W. L. Jones, and M. G. Dunn, Theoretical and measured electron-density distributions at high altitudes, AIAA J., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 141149, 1973. [10] P. A. Gnoffo, R. N. Gupta, and J. L. Shinn, Conservation equations and physical models for hypersonic air ows in thermal and chemical nonequilibrium, NASA, TP2867, 1989. [11] C. Park, Assessment of two-temperature kinetic model for ionizing for dissociating and weakly ionizing nitrogen, J. Thermophysics Heat Transfer, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 816, 1989. [12] R. C. Millikan and D. R. White, Systematics of vibrational relaxation, J. Chem. Phys., vol. 39, pp. 32093213, 1963. [13] T. Fujino, H. Sugita, M. Mizuno, I. Funaki, and M. Ishikawa, Inuences of electrical conductivity of wall on MHD control of aerodynamic heating, J. Spacecraft Rockets, to be published. [14] T. Fujino, I. Funaki, H. Sugita, M. Mizuno, and M. Ishikawa, Numerical studies of inuences of Hall effect on MHD ow control around blunt body OREX, in 35th AIAA Plasmadynamics Lasers Conf., 2004, AIAA paper 20042561. [15] Y. Wada and M. S. Liou, A ux-splitting scheme with high-resolution and robustness for discontinuities, in AIAA 32nd Aerospace Sci. Meeting Exhibit., 1994, AIAA paper 940083. [16] S. Yamamoto, Shock-vortex capturing method and its application to unsteady 3-D cascade ow, Computational Fluid Dynamics J., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 341349, 1999.

Fig. 18. Variations of mixture mass density  along the axisymmetric line with/without considering chemical reactions (altitude: 59.6 km, B = 0:0 T).

Fig. 19. Distributions of wall heat ux with/without considering chemical reactions (altitude: 59.6 km, B = 0:0 T).

with considering thermochemical reactions. This is mainly because the kinetic energy of the freestream gas in calorically perfect gas model is changed into only the thermal energy, and is not changed into the dissociation energy and the ionization energy associated with chemical reactions. We can also nd from Fig. 17 that the shock standoff distance with considering chemical reactions is shorter than that without considering chemical reactions. In hypersonic gas ow without applying the magnetic eld, the ratio of the shock standoff distance to the nose radius of the hypersonic vehicle is approximately proportion to the [19], where and are the mixture mass density ratio mixture mass density ahead of the bow shock wave and behind the bow shock wave, respectively. As can be seen from Fig. 18, the effect of chemical reaction increases the mixture mass density behind the bow shock wave , and so decreases the mass . Therefore, the shock standoff distance with density ratio considering chemical reactions is shorter than that without considering chemical reactions. Fig. 19 depicts distributions of wall heat ux with/without considering chemical reactions. This gure shows that the wall

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[17] S. Yoon and A. Jameson, Lower-upper symmetric-Gauss-Seidel method for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, AIAA J., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 10251026, 1988. [18] S. Eberhardt and S. Imlay, Diagonal implicit scheme for computing ows with nite rate chemistry, AIAA J., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 208215, 1992. [19] J. D. Anderson, Jr., Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1989.

Motoo Ishikawa received the B.E., M.E., and D.E. degrees from Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, in 1971, 1973, and 1978, respectively. He is presently a Professor at University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. His research interests include MHD plasma physics and direct energy conversions such as MHD power generation and direct energy converters for D-3He nuclear fusion reactors.

Takayasu Fujino received the B.S. degree from Science University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 1997, and the M.E. and D.E. degrees from Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, in 1999 and 2002, respectively. He is presently an Assistant Professor at University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. His research interests include MHD plasma physics, MHD power generation with nonequilibrium plasma, and hypersonic gas dynamics.