Anions S 2S203 2SO4 2Ac CO3 2C2O4 2-

Color in solution White White White White White White

Test w/ H2SO4 Rotten egg smell Burnt rubber smell No smell Vinegar Effervescence No smell

Test w/ MnCl2 H20

Test w/ Fe(CN)6 3Blue Turbid blue soln

HOAc + Ba 2+

HOAc + Ca 2+

NH3 + Ba 2+ White ppt

NH3 + Ca 2+

HNO3 + AgNO3

Ppt in E1 + NH3

AgNO3 only Black ppt White ppt

White ppt

White ppt

Green soln (weak reducer)

White ppt

White ppt White ppt White ppt White ppt

White ppt White ppt

SCN PO4 3CrO4 2IBr Cl NO3 -

White White White White White White White

No smell No smell Orange solution No smell No smell No smell No smell

White ppt Brown soln Blue Green soln White ppt White ppt White ppt Yellow ppt Cream ppt White ppt

persists Orange ppt Persists Persists persists

Brown soln

Elimination Test 10 drops unk + 5 drops H2O A. Test for Volatile Products Soln + 6 M H2SO4 B. Test for Strong Reducing Anions Soln + 6 M HCl + 1 drop K3Fe(CN)6 + 1 drop 0.1 M FeCl3 C. Test for Strong Oxidizing Anions

Soln + 5drops MnCl2 in 12 M HCl D. Test for calcium and barium ppt 1. Soln + xs 3 M HOAc, warm -> remove ppt. + 0.1 M CaCl2 2. Soln + xs 3 M HOAc, warm -> remove ppt. + 0.1 M BaCl2 3. Soln + xs 3 M NH3, warm -> remove ppt. + 0.1 M CaCl2 4. Soln + xs 3 M NH3, warm -> remove ppt. + 0.1 M BaCl2

E. Test for silver ppt 1. Soln + 3 M HNO3 -> warm bath, add AgNO3 until pption complete -> Centrifuge, discard centrifugate -> dissolve ppt in 1mL 3 M NH3 -> if it dissolves add 3 M HNO3 2. Repeat w/o HNO3 Confirmatory Tests OAc- 10 drops solution evap dish -> evap over flame -> +18 M H2SO4, warm -> EtOH, warm -> Fruity odor (+) or A Br-/I- - 1 drop KMnO4 + 2 drops 3 M HNO3 -> 5 drops unk -> 8 drops baby oil, shake, leave for 15 mins -> Decolorization of MnO4- & Yellow org layer (+Br-), Pink org layer(+I-) PO4 3- - 10 drops unk + magnesia dropwise -> white ppt, + AgNO3-> yellow ppt (+) SO42- - 10 drops unk + 3 M HCl + BaCl2-> white ppt (CrO4interferes, 20 drops AgNO3 first) CO3 2-/S2O3 2- - test A, effervescence/burnt rubber smell & white soln CrO4- - test D2, C2O4 2- - test D1, S 2- - test A, black ppt in E2, Cl- test E1 SCN- - red solution in part B (try adding 5 drops Fe3+ to unk) NO3- - 5 drops test soln + 1 drop 6 M H2SO4 -> 3 drops FeSO4-> 60, +2 drops 18 M H2SO4 -> VERY SLOWLY bring upright, brown ring after few mins (+) (I-, Br-, SCN-, NO2- interfere) Cations Test w/ NaOH Xs NaOH Test w/ NH3 Xs NH3 HCl NH42-S HCl CO3 2-

NH4+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Mg2+ Ag+ Co2+

Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Pink soln

No ppt; clear White ppt; clear White ppt; clear White ppt; clear Brown ppt Blue ppt

Persists Persists Persists Persists Wine red soln; persists Persists

No ppt No ppt No ppt No ppt No ppt Blue ppt

Dissolves

No ppt No ppt No ppt No ppt Grayish white ppt No ppt

No ppt No ppt No ppt No ppt Black ppt Black ppt

Persists Persists White ppt White ppt White ppt

Cu2+

Pale blue soln

Blue ppt

Blue ppt

Ni2+ Zn2+ Fe3+ Al3+

Apple green soln Clear Yellow soln Clear

Apple geen ppt White ppt Orange ppt

Persists Dissolves Persists

Apple green ppt White ppt Orange ppt White gel ppt Gray-green ppt

Dissolves; deep blue soln Dissolves Dissolves Persists Persists Persists

No ppt

Black ppt

Persists

No ppt No ppt No ppt No ppt No ppt

Black ppt White ppt Black and yellow ppt White ppt

Persists Dissolves Dissolves Dissolves

White gel Dissolves ppt Cr3+ Blue soln Gray-green Dissolves ppy Elimination Test 10 drops unk + 5 drops H2O

A. Soln + 3M NaOH, note color of ppt-> +xs NaOH, observe which dissolves B. Soln + 1 drop 3M NH3, note color of ppt-> +xs NH3, observe which dissolves C. Soln + 6M HCl until ppt

Gray-green Dissolves ppt D. Soln + 2 drops (NH4)2S until pption complete -> stir, heat in bath -> centrifuge, discard centrifugate -> wash ppt w/ 0.001 M NH4Cl -> + 5 drops 1MHCl, heat & stir inbath E. Soln + 2 drops 3 M NH4NO3+ 6 M NH3 + 5 drops (NH4)2CO3 Confirmatory Tests

Al3+ - 10 drops unk + xs 3M NaOH -> if ppt forms centrifuge, collect supernatant ->+1 drop 3M HNO3-> 10 drops each aluminum & NH4OAc, mix + 6M NH3-> red lake(+) (Cr3+interferes) NH4+ - red LP under watch glass -> 10 drops unk + 3 drops 3M NaOH in evap dish, cover w/ watch glass -> red LP turns blue (+) Ba2+ - 10 drops unk + 1 M K2Cr2O7dropwise -> yellow ppt (+) Ca2+ - 5 drops unk + 2 drops 0.1 M (NH4)2C2O4-> white ppt (+) Cr3+ - 10 drops unk + 6 M NaOH + 3% H2O2 -> soln turns yellow (+) Co2+ - 10 drops unk + xs 6 M NH3 -> if ppt forms centrifuge, collect supernatant -> +1 drop 6 M HOAc -> pinch NaNO2, warm bath -> yellow crystals (+) Cu2+ - 5 drops unk + xs 3 M NH3-> blue complex (+) Fe3+ - 5 drops unk + 2 drops 0.1 M KSCN -> red complex (+) Mg2+ - 10 drops unk + 10 drops 1.5 M (NH4)2CO3-> + 1 drop 1 M HCl + 5 drops 0.1 M (NH4)2HPO4, shake -> opaque white soln Ni2+ - 10 drops unk + 6 M NH3 -> if ppt forms centrifuge, collect supernatant -> + dimethyl glyoxime -> cherry red ppt (+) Ag+ - 5 drops unk + 1 M AgNO3 dropwise -> white ppt (+) Zn2+ - 5 drops unk + 2 drops 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6 -> yellow/white ppt (+)