2.

*wm;prrf?
2.2.1 2.1.2 2.2.3

mw =n m f mw 3 F f F (Complement)
Fd w rn

2.3

*VF@TTT%iR
2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3

w f&TKC
& TT f h l T

2.4

?JF3T

2.5 ~ F h l & * @ * & T ? f ~ d T T T W l (Major positional elements of Noun)

2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2 5.4 2.5.5

am (Determiners)
&9fRlT%

rn(Numeral Adjectives)
Tf& TT F l (Post Head Modifierslquantifiers)

fhT f%'hJl (Adverb) f&hJl (Adjective)

WN@T, k '4 T $$TJlTRTl f % d T

2.6

TI%
2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5

WRf & d

%RWF T 6 V 7 (Reflective Pronoun)

Post-headmodifier V fF4t%Tl (Adverb)

$I Fm3 f I

'@d (Post-head Modifier) W @

(Relative clause) oft

Preposition/prepositionphrase $I Fm3 f I

Post head modifier %& Fhk4lFT 3PC (relative word) $ Yl-63 $ h T TkhTW JgmW

3 Sf 2 I
(d%TRWF TFbFT lndef~nate pronouns)

2.7

d*%V&? 2.7.1 d d; W 3
272 2.7.3 2.7.4

# 6 W F F 5 T W (Introductory words)

Fd d; 'W 3 f%?TT
W T ?TdTF (~eterminers)

Fd TT Td W & % I

2.8

W4T$*Xl7

&Tm3m~-**?1**m'mm~~,rnarv*m** 4 (Subject), d (Object) 3k p(Complement) W 3 TFT FXlT 8 3k @

3yW
$1

& 3$&F4

?WT i % k (Subject and Predicate)

";TT? ? m 3 m T 8 W: T R

~ T i s r r ~ * F @ T w ~ * & 3 $ ~ l @ 3 k ~ +
S = Subject
0 = Object

V = Verb

C= Complement

l%mIkrrn~rn?: S v (T) (i) He writes

qm?l
S

(ii)

He writes a poem.

~=f+mTrn21
(v)
(iii) C She is a doctor (Noun) ?Frn*l
S

s
(iv)

They are happy. (Adjective)

Biip?r
S

(v)

We were there. (Adverb)

0 The mother was in the kitchen. (Prepositional Phrase)

(vi)

*nw'i$l

? 3 T F3 F h

m(Noun Phrase or Noun group) If 'Fisrr af3km m m $ mf%?i *%I3 T I 3 ? m m f $ ; m v m Sf;rmF5-*frar?51

m zfl. d (W 3lWT 3WRT) VGl 8 3%rr (Noun) 'sl Jd%FK (Noun-equivalent) hB1&&~h3~fcT$93m3fivi%%@$1m'i~~M
(Subject)VETFJlT: FkT ( ~ o u n ) T T T i i j r r * ~ ~ @ ~ s ~ w V g ! h $ * ~ % * ~ * & ~ $ l :

rnWrnifl
( ) ( )

*
WfRf

Dashrath was a king

:

**hl He -saw me.

, L ,

mr

(infinitive) :
l
3

~ r n m r ? To see is to believe. TrFiarn*~?~ To err is hukan.

( s )

Ti'% (Gerund) :

&fkwm~81
Seeing is believing.

fmJ%crfjlg*81
Swimminq is my favourite sport.

(3) Fl?lT T 3 h T (Noun Phrases) :

m*mmW-m31
is a popular hobby.

~ T F T ~ ~ * ~ * The beainning of the century brought many new inventions.

(a) Ti'%3saras(Noun Clauses) :

**WTrm*%r~mrl Whosoever was cauaht was sent to jail.

*mwR*vM&p%l
He realized that he was too late.

~ : ~ 3 f & ? i R * ~ % & ~ d ~ ~ 1

d * r n ~ ~ ~ - a ; ~ o T r n 3 r n ~ 1 ~ m ~ w - ~ ~ m 2 4 f & T ~

~~FT&%~M+a;-mwmmB,mwTTw-~*~
(Object) 6 ? !I

wJ&Ifi43%
He threw the ball.

nrm%k~d&W~M+t;3&~fgm.rTm1d*3hw& lm?f8 V ! (object) .i?l T $ 7 F? 8:

.@)
T h

(~oun)m'flSrT*~rrgsm~XWmm~:

~ J F T T F ~ ~ F * ~ ~ I I know that bov.

u m - r ~ ~ ~ ~
Sheela wrote

a r i p ~ v f W m : m * v

~ vihr?rns;xrnl Sheela wrote a letter home,

@)*

: * d m T * l I know him,

(T>

(inflnitiva) :

mmh*t1
We want fo sweet&

(a) f f I d 6 TffJT (Gerund) : $imTTmbl

I like swim-

@) T h r Jgmw (Noun Clauses) :

@~%fg~wr-imar$l I know what he wants.

. m : m f a ; r n a ; w t 3 & ~ r n r n r n l
2.2.3

p (Complement)

m&3hTh3~*mm@~Rsl.T;rar81m*-e~*

h~gpfJTpSd;m&pm-;h.s;rrvsmit~&~@d;mmTmmm

w* *W % d w 53r (Cornplement)eiSl ~
&$V
Tt% fhl,

3 e i a r ~ p d

fhl (Linking verb) rn Verb of Incomplete Predication

~IWW*;~.!!:
'be' (am, is, are, was, were), seem, appear, become, remain, grow, turn, feel & I

(i)

(Complement) a; WFT T ?Qh m-d

- ~~WFF, mt
Wf 3 & B, 3Ff 3hT ?FIR

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r i h m * 1 1 m - d ~ s t r m l ~ i ~ f W w - m v R b m . i f ~ * ~ ? ~ ~ $ m ~ ~ ~ m w d * m ~
(ii)

--W8

F W h f%Tr (Transitive Verb) d

Ppfar ~ ; ~ & ~ ~ % T ~ T W T T 4%lT7&?f F+W* I

W6made'FI;SiFf9;m$ 3?k&TFRf'him'W$l T $ f captain (of the team) 'Monitor' (of the class) 'chairman' (of the committee) gTfi F T T J h ?kFh8 I m: (Complement) ; m (factitive verb) 8, : P p T Call, consider, elect, make, nominate, drive, think I

he^ madehim* ' ~ h e ~ ' F d k s T e f p ~ & ? m: r r 3 l

* *

8I

* iTiiaf 8
: 3T@

?Mtl

f % h 3Wh fhl (Intransitive verb of Incomplete Predication) d; F?FT T d T $ I m:d Fd Km; (Subjective complement) & 8 I 3Tqpf FlTJ-h fhl (Transitive Verb cf lncomplete Predication) Fa;T l&b?f;rf b I 3RT: d Wf $ p (Objective complement) & 8 I

(T) R g j f g T T f M ~ d k * @ m w r ; r ~
(i)

*miTif$31.
S

C Ashok Chakradhar is a poet. (Noun)

(W t?)

(ii)

m m @ % l (b;Fr
S Ashok C h

$?I

v
a k

C r v (Adj.)

(iii)

* ~ $ f1
S V C .Heis here (Adv)

$?)

(iv)

$ i S i F ~ q t l{ e B ? )
S V The meeting i C

s m . (Preposition of place) (v) ~ e T m * e f f I (m eff?)

S v The meeting Y C
Y .(Preposition of time)

(vi) B ~ T 8 I (W S V C She is a teacher.(Noun) (vii) T C He/She is healthy. (Adj) viii

e?)

%I s v

(-h~/Wi b?)

3$1

(d 8?)
,

S v C He/She is in the class room. (Preposition) (ix)

m m f m 3 % 1 (d$?) S v C HisIHer purse k in Almirah. (Preposition of place)

$~ w 3d 9 (subject) % :
3dT W U T ,

T @ R ~

3, $iSiF, w fiI flTl (verb)

rn

F (Complement) T ndm Jrdm % I I

*,

l%?lTT (Adjective), fhd%hT (Adverb) TPll 3VS$iTr, Time and Place) % I 3cETTd

m 3 1

*.

e,
?:@.

W R T $I $ k (Noun) 3TV4 (Preposition of FKT. M, TTjT 3, sf;err 3. h

f B m * ~ 3 ; r * * m w ~ ~ 1 w ~ ~ m * ~ $ I ~ WIT7 & rn m?i 8 I STiT: W d F@i@ Xm; (Subjective complement) 8 I &&*FI

(i) (ii)

F$??

(iii)

7!$w

3 MLA, Monitor, Captain T ndm V! Objective complement & V! &8 I

W. PFI. T. I They elected her ML4,

Students made him Monitor,

M 3 ~9 riiih -6mm I
1#4% 3 Jir h
fgm I The committee =pointed him C a p u

* *
3TPf

RdT

% &W

Aoq lue6!llalu! 'Bu!s!uro~d'Aq~leaq 'eurospueq

Jk4&2 2

')4 'w'd A h

(A)

hoq jua6!lla~u!' h g ~ a q 'auospueq v

lLkkl2 @ &

'w 1d h (A!)

~ 3 T m ? r ~ f S m m ~ ~ ~ m ~ r n ~ ~ ~ m

p$lM*m*m**ns**w&e%l*If ~ m m ~ m m $ l W M I f 3 1 ~ * m m a m m l ~
did;**&Tm;tr%*~msm~'m*-*wm~m
F F l T f?T'm
3 ? R

"hS;TT 3Tf$ I 7G'IFR%

rn J i T (V) d; (ii) 3 A brave

d% University girl d; f?~!

l%3SQTG f hWY ~

-*vwm
@

TIT

8:

(v) (iii) d; fF@d%?i k FJTK m : -If*&v~&M&~*gtl

m1 -*m~mmIfmlwd;*If~TqSQTG*Sm?F
3 1 T * * m :
(1)

A brave nicely dressed smiling university girl.

(2) A brave nicely clad sweetly smiling university girl.

(3) These first three nicely dressed sweetly smiling tall university girls.

(4)

These first three very nicely dressed sweetly smiling rather tall university girls.

(i) (ii) (iii)

TrJman + Ff%T + TTRWM&%I

Rana Pratap was a luminous Kshatriya.
T I

RW &%I 4 I Rana Pratap was a noble, luminous Kshatriya.

TT

&%I 4 I Rana Pratap was a moderate, noble, luminous Kshatriya.

m, m,m.

mm?i;~~t~~=mm (iv) T
R ~ V:J grm T 3 k y=c
m 1

(v)

Rana Pratap was a moderate, well-behaved, noble, luminous Kshatriya. w m * . ~ . m , m . * . m e m s * l Rana Pratap was a religious, learned, self-controlled, well-behaved, noble, luminous Kshatriya.

(vi) TIT

mm rn if1 -

m k~ft

Rana Pratap of Rajasthan was a religious, learned, self-controlled, moderate, noble, a well known lover of motherland and a luminous Kshatriya.

TFmfhwm
V%T&

m f 8 m v$ m v @ b I ?FFaf FTm m b q ( A ~ ~ O S I tion of Noun with Noun) rft F d t Tb@W W X T 8 I ch % tftrr mm@md-b1Mir~**srq~*itrar81*m &IT T h FFFFR (apposition) 3 TF ~%3 2, d l FFK ctause f M ~ T3 T apposition3TFmff h ~ T F $ T 3 h f k ~ $ ? ~ s w i W v r :

rn

(i) (ii)

Philip, of Macedon, was father to Alexander the great. &, the man you were looking for, is there.

philip& (iii) The

n e w s

~ing*TF&-w*h$, ~ e 3m kan?T"-it~a=$ftT~l is correct.

~8news = that the train came late.

-?F@f?i

v: T F '& 3 1

news fi? apposition 3 f I

~ ~ @ ~ i r ' f F q T F $ T ~ " - i t 4 ~ T 3 f T ~ & T I 1 '

m " & * ~ ' % w m M ' ~ m ~ & T I 1 . ; F i t m ~ ( i i ) 3 k (iii) 3 rn&h: I WTTITIET 3, ~8f r (ii) (F) T, k rn$ ( ) km*mm@'T*fl

(7~) m%rn*TITIET@'
(iii)

TT3f 1

( ) ~f I%@** m r i *$I ( ) @27*&*m*b1

Tmmrmmrm d+3Tmf@Fm+rn
Suresh, a student of Gurukul, came.

rnwmmm1
(i)

Suresh, a bright student of Gurukul, came. ~ c ~ ( . 1 w F I m @ m l

m
(1)

?lT%hT.;f;rM3~*:
Suresh, an apple of teachers' eyes, a bright student of Gurukul, came.

(2) Suresh, an apple of teachers' eyes, a promising bright student of Gurukul,

came.

(3)

Suresh, an apple of teachers' eyes, a promising bright student of progressive views of Gurukul located at Haridwar, came.

(&+d+f?m)
(i) (ii) He wrote a book.

MI

He wrote a good book.

* W r n ~ M l
(iii) He wrote a good book on Gandhian philosophy.

* m * m , W m ~ M l
m 3

-mw~mlMm3,1,rnmm**

m:

1.

He wrote a uoodbook in im~ressive stvle on Gandhian philoso~hv.

2.

He wrote a a o o d m e _ a n i n c r f u l d h i a n while livina in Delhi.

philosophy

3.

He wrote a philosophv while livina in Delhi.

n Gandhian

M*dd+~msrrarb T d + ~ ~ Y I I . & 3I (i) m,T@

9Tm

*.

+ E m f

Sarla considers Madhuri intelliaent.

?F*f$Fm

9a-l
(i)

Ram presented a ring to Sita.

f%rr?Ty*mm1
The father wrote his son a letter.

Tim*

garden flower * F r v race horse

8R
337

flower garden * F r m

*mm
The guard

d***-km$l
the three prettiest girls

*
& &

horse race The teacher trains minds

m r n ~ * ~ r n ~ 8 1
the prettiest three girls

*3-his best two effoh

@3**M
his two best efforts

* i Z T * m

*mTm?iIf*2r*m

m:

If

KfiF

TFTV? (word-order) TT

; rTFT 8 T T $ % 3 F f? i ? % Irn 4 m ~%%TJIIcw (analytic) oTI$T 8 * $ I ffif m Ta;ll d? & k

FRhTFF5 (Synthetic) ';ITBT

T?J 3TpJhT $ F ? t

~ * * f % % T J I l r ~ ~ 3 $ 1 f f i f 3 * m M w m m $ 1 ~ ~
m m * ~ m T T r n h m m f l * * ~ m *

qwF;rdmf$;m~kMIfm3T2f*drFaa~mmmsrrp1
3~;j2m&m~*~***qw~m3h?,d

m l w - q * 4 & $ 1
m 5

~ ~ m * ~ ~ I f m m f m a * h % l m m * ~ m % :
Science two the new books (incorrect) The two new science books (Correct)
(x)

(J)

m * i Z T * m
(i)
grammar all silly excercises these

(ii)

two friends new her Calcutta.

-

(iii)

Convincing Cricket team's Indian final win the

(iv) Mary's laboratory expensive five Jmok

(v)

attempt a third glorious such.

(vi) girls prettiest three first the

(vii) extremely story dubious an.

M (T)

l%wfHkrmM*~rn:
(i)
A clear, imaginative direction.
-

. -

(ii)

A real romantic picture

(iii)

A tall gloomy bulldina A mediocre wounded w

(iv)

(v)

A rich, vivid superbly controlled & & J ,

(vi)

A very nice girl

(vii) Swiftly moving, superfast train.

(viii) A weight lifting competition.

(ix)

The most beautiful well preserved paintings.

(iii)

3F7 3fTT

(iv)

3FET-37Wl 3fTT

(vi)

? p

(viii)

m%

(ix)

rn -4;r *m

2.5

p&&%$%

d TT ? T

positional elements of noun

- pre-head modifiers)
~ r n i f

i m (Major

fkG?.;rmifrnb~%%~mi?v&$tcmiil (M)*m li(~w3

B ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ ~ I T % - C F ~ ~ ' F ~ S & * % - W ~ S ~ ~

~ r v ; ; ~ ~ 3 l r n ~ ~ t ; * r n % ~ * 3 1
m m m 6 r ~ w & ~ f % m M ~ ~ * ~ i f ~ 1 ~ ~ d ; & & & f8$TF 'Pre-head modifiers1X3T?i 3 3?R Ffhl t ; if & & f % ? T T 'Post-head quartifiers' & 8 I

NP (Noun Phrase) Pre - (head) Modifiers HeaJNoun Post - (head) Modifiers Quantifiers

& & f$?Ft'$ (NP Pre-head Modifiers) !l%T -4;r f%d%&R zSFT JprC 3T VTT % : ~ ~ , M ~ ~ , ~ f h l m , m 3 ? mJmim1

3 6 % %

TT if

F6Tr T F h if g@r ThVFRf

T&

&

(i)

Those
Determiner

first three
Adjectives

rather ugly
Adverb

scar-faced
Adj, ed-type

telephone
Noun used as Adjective

girls
Head Noun

Adj.

Ordinal (ii)

A
greY

Cardinal

Big

deserted

buildlng

Size (iii) a

Colour

ed-type

Head Noun

tall

Q reY
Adjectives

tower

Determiner

size

~olour

Head Noun

~ (iv)

a~

long dark endless

Adiectives

lane
Size

m:m*g;r:
Determiner S i z e z e Head Noun

4 3ThW + m 3 & m f 1 W m 3 % 1 M ~ ~ ~ 3 T I j l S @ j f *
3 d
W

~ W d 3 F ~ T T (Noun PhraseINoun Group)

tI
Determiners Possessive Nouns Modifiers rnan'dpaintet's

Numerals Ordinal1 Cardinal first two

Descriptive Adjecives interesting]

Proper Nouns/ Head Adjectives Genrndd Nouns Adverbs

the every/ several the

Chinese

oil

paintings

strearn-linedl French/ sewing1 machines expensive1 Japanese1 fourcars Indian new door general's next out standing victory.

**
(ii) (iii)

(i) V F f? & modifier^ ~ o u n * $ q d 3 (descriptive adjective) ?T tT& determiners #%: There are intelligent students In my class.

ThTRF@?WJl

8 llouns

Head Nouns 4 ~ o d i f W y? T b, X6?i F h F?iT ? r 3: Yesterday I met some very brilliant colleae students.

~erund$ s Head nouns 3 m o d i f y e 8, F& T F f ? W 7 T8 Thereis a readinq room in our Mohalla.

*8

(iv) Proper Adjectives J;T NounslGerunds3 $ T8 Mcdify & $ : She has got some rare old hd'ian oil paintings. (v)
(FFTFR:

.$

Head Nouns

TJfWWf % l T J T(descriptive adjectives), Proper Adjectives 3 W?i

$T?l % I

r n 3 & 2 ~ & m ~ 3 $ T m * 8 1 ) 3andmit:ms:%rnsm;rrmrnb. Quality + Age + Colour + Nationality -+ Noun + Head Noun
A good young black lndian factory worker. A lovely middle-aged wheatish French college teacher.

(vi) Numerals 7 l F ~Descriptive Adjectives $ if ?T?f % ??IT 3 $ / $ Ordinals, Cardinals 9 T 5 ? The flrst ten students wlll be rewarded. The flmUyg~ chapters of the book are very interestlng. (vii) Numerals $7 $ Possessive Nouns TJW $?f 8 1 Possessive Nouns Possessive nouns $7 @ modify $T?l 5 : The yvoman's flrst two interestlng big French oil paintlngs. V / first two interesting little lndian oil paintings. (viii) Articles TfiTT 3m Determiners T $ ?F4 FFK modifiers ?T @ Those three self-conscious little children. Several well-known young lndian poets.

$T?l b 1

m~Em?JMrWm%:

2.5.1

(Determiners)
3 ; m

(i)

T ? &(Numerals (ordinal + cardinal) 3 V T

~ T d 3 9m *? i H (Determiners)
I

a ; [

3:
(Adjectives)

(concord relation) Tm 2 1 9@T dTll (Head Noun) 3 (ii) $y$i '(iii) $ f % d k f 7 K m % F W * $ I (a) fhl3 (Particles) (e.g. the, a, each, both) (b) FkiTiTT (Demonstratives): (this, that, those, these) (c) 6fiUTFFF (Possessives) : (John's, Mary's, Sarala's, My, Your, his, her, their) 3Th ? TFC I (Wh-words) : (What, Which, whose) (d) Wh 3 *";i $ $ R i T F i F (Quantifiers) : (Some, few, many) (e) dVTl?WF (Numerals) : (first, second, next, last, two, three) (f)

*2

* : m : ' 9 ~ : b ~ m [ f % ~ & ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ q ~ $ & ~ e t e r r n i n e r * W ~ ~ % ~ & & ? : A m mathematics exercises.

trrn,a;ma;m

-&mmm/wflm
Anv such t w little ~ asses.

What an unsuccessful frustating attempt.

%3t.;it*eT*sQ/$
These same five boys.

tr8*&
Manv a fat goats

mw

The onlv other two fresh oranges.

**m*m?
Manv such wonderful adventures.

3zmm?--f

-@ f%kF

4
$%IT

q FkWFW f%fh'T$ (Numeral Adjectives) m

W 43 I fW

% I & V?? ?$f&WTF f@NT (Possessive Adjective) t, %T TFlT (articles,) i%FWRFF (demonstratives) jft3 3 W W I $ 7 f%7%f?WFViT (Ordinal) R m F 3 TWTTTF (Cardinal) & % :

M y two extremely attractive silk dresses.

(i)
(ii)

3teTv8-~1'Mpft~~1
3 P m

~ ~ ~ ~ T T ~ % F F * + T + I
3
Those three rather pretty girls. F-F lC/gTT-@ M

Its first entirely modern coffee house.

nhrf;l**Mm IChe third quite magnificent concert hall.

&m~&wdrn

~ These two old books.

m:gmr*yT:
F - I

**mm
ma-

The first two buildings.

u

*w*m

T h r e e glorious weeks. A second such attempt

Gwm

Two other ugly jokes.

*m*m

The second three units

y l ? * m
Five more aspiring players.

The last four boys.

m m &
The first few intelligent candidates.

v5?~$in-mm
The next few such students

M ~ w m
m-!F**

A hundred more tough guys:

-ch3?rT?iT3*

The seven wickedest old witches Their t e n new skirts

mm--;if*

-aqTiayiRm*

The two swiftest wild tigers.

(Determiners, someJother) TiTR $ ng;Fa $?T Th ?%T (Adverbials) T r FEkT 8 I ng;Fa $I%T?f hf%FPT (Adverbials) 8 : very, extremely, fairly, rather, impossibly, intensely 3ff? I
T h ?
-'

8 hb$T

(Adjectives) $7

5h7 % -T J f

3Tf?FF

old tin box

His impossibly tight leather belt.

m ~ m m a 4 5 * M
An extremely attractive silk dress.
3ld%Fqa7~flm&

The intensely cold mountain stream. a-iF TFra

mm3

m/mm

m***-*m

The shopkeeper's three rather handsome daughters.

m*flmem*
Those three falrlv pretty girls. adhewti35bt

Its first entirely modern office table.

(Adjectives) a; Y h Ti 7'FkT b I m T h ma; 2 f%dki SfWT T h l W F & h J T (Regular or descriptive Adjectives) W T: clean, dirty, friendly, hairy, noisy, gentle, obedient & Participle 8 Fl%d ing FTi ed/t d I T T 3VOTm (four sub-clauses) f! I Very TF% m - r n (Sub-modifier) T id

If f$hTJ?

m b :
A very aood little babv.
~ r n a Z r F T i 1

mm*m*m

A little red wooden doll.

w t m z F * m
A very d-

A very bterestina voung debator teacher.

T A bia brown s i l k e ~ gown

myUMTrm
Her very lovelv blue sparklinq Indian eyes.

r n ~ T R r * ~ * d

pFTif ?T @ 5% F-Fr pt TRiT (Clause phrase) gerund (N-ing) T i T fhT&fhT Ti Pre (Head) i%'WF (Modifier) a; F lIf srbm J41FI"II ?T wz &T : bI
Clause Phrase as Pre-head Modifier (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) What he did is what I wanted &*fgm*3arme~~l That he is arriving today is well known.

wmmw3,*31
What I did was what he wanted.

**m4'i*m'~~~1
Whenever bovs needed money, they visited us.

~ ~ d - h ~ d + t m m m ~ , 3 F m ~ 1 3 T l ? i 1
Gerund as Pre-head modifier : (i) Sewing is a useful skill.

rnm**rn?1
(ii) Swimming is good for health.

Xmma;rnm81

(iii)

Runnina a big house keelss me pretty busy.

*m*k-kmg;3rwrn31
AdverbIAdverb Phrase as Pre-head modifier :

(i)

His

quite unbelievably delightful lawn.

(ii) A and aramrnaticallv unjustifiable sentence construction. (iii) Virtuallv all the students were present. (iv) The dav after tomorrow will be Saturday.

-8

f%wFmmfm*-~:
(A) It was, above all, the rich, vivid and finely controlled singing of philharmonia Chorus which gave to last night performance of Messiah at the Festival Hall its nobility, vigour, and impressive strength of character. Although it was in many ways a brilliant and polished performance, this brilliance was never made an end in itself; the effectiveness of performance was due to its superb musical qualities and to the clear imaginative direction of the conductor.

(B)

(i)

..... the real, romantic spain of song, dance, and legend. Gleaming, whitewalled villages...... quaint cobbled streets...... all combine to make this an
ideal holiday district. With its green fertile countryside leading upto strange, deserted hills, with its wide sandy beaches and deep blue sea, the Costa del Sol is a must for everyone.

(ii)

Come in May and June for gorgeous mountain flowers; or in September for the rich, golden days of late summer.

(iii)

Long summer days - delightful modern hotels - picturesque fishing villages - warm sandy beaches.

(iv)

Fascinating modern residences with beautifully equipped interior........ ..... lovely.................secluded gardens.

(v)

An attractive, modern, semi-detached freehold residence.

T[Tpm

(English at Home) By Lee

quantifiers)

md

$2

fS; & rnJ j j TF%l (Head NoutYPronoun) f$ $ 3 C .m

m-~*$*&STef**TT$2,drn&m%C.,

C.-~rnwsrbm*B*'4%&3T2f**,*,*m3T2f
f&TfTTT$$l ~ T i s r r f $ $ . I f ~ ~ * ~ o d i f i e r s m m 3 ~ C . - ~ *
Quantifiers & 8 I

(F)

-*

Self-emphatic Pronoun

* ' g m v-I"
:

(v) f$T$$RT
(T) @P@d$

(Adverb)

#k g;f.

T 3 h . T (PrepositionlPrepositional Phrase)
(Verbal Adjectives :

(v)

- ing type - ed, t, en type)

(3) FkitlWW J9m;Fsr (Relative clause)

2.6.1

W h T (Reflective Pronoun)

Emphatic Self : (i) You yourself felt it.

@ w i a g ? . ' f r p f g m ~
(ii) (iii)

rnwiam~
The wall itself fell.

We ourselves did it.

m3T+mfirCTa
(iv) I mvself helped him

% ~ m m * l
(v) (vi)

3FT?Trn*hl

He hjrnseu saw it.

She herself presented him a ring. * m * 3 F @ t * * 1

(vii) The man himself did it. (viii) He himself said it.

m*rn=m1

*fQEiam1
* : m * * m ( ~ ~ ) 8 m * r n ; j ~ ~ r n $ l m (i) (ii) (iii) The man did it himself. He saw it himself. She hurt herset

2.6.2 Post-head m o d i f i e r v f$T@FhT (Adverb)

V6T % I

The rooms upstairs

are more comfortable

m * i 7 ; 9 t
The time

m ~ m m 3 1
was five o'clock. +T* $1 is mine

2 m
The book there My friend

w 21
is a Dutch

@ * h i t r t a

sa 31

~3ijf3it3f@~$~mm*~b13TmREfimA**Rt;Eir T T a 778 F T T bI T T TT$J '%T d" ?$FfI* The Rooms upstairs

3 ~ ~ f het:time l then* 2f-&m%g3ll'!!fl

2.6.3 Post-head Modifier W @d Preposition/Preposition phrase 3 m hI

H (N) Students Friends

Preposition Phrase in Bikaner

k $ m
from Hyderabad

tkTFmira7qfh7

m FMT
F - 1

3~

aiq-~~rq*

Girls Women

with ugly looks

f%7avT:v*g.r:

%m&m
without children

*33el

%n F%ll% f@fl 3gy-c& K94 Post head modifier TG'FfT pre head modifier8jT31 ~ r e ~ o s i t i o n ' s f ; T $ & ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 ~ f @ jT$l
FF Prepositional group Quantifiers % W 3 @ Prepositional group m $ f%@m (Qualified) T FRiT 8

The girl in the corner by the window.

A list of suitable books in the libraw.

61rT4

3 JLlcl+d

$ ?

mm**rn*%m~%hFF*d*%~**
~ - s r f w ~ w ~ m m $ l ~ ~ * ~ ~ ~ %
3m % W
~ ~ ~

srrs~3,*pmd$lmmm*mm*$3m*%*M
f%$lTF

Post head modifiers ! l ~ f i %

rn3 Pre head modifiers

$ ~

? ~os Yt h e Fa d m i oT d i f i~ e r *~ ~

pmT*$t

sr;zaf

8mz1
(i) Boys Girls My wife the chart The man (ii) Books Money the candidate the boy
:

Post head Modifiers -ing, -ed/en

F;9

(Verbal Adjectives) a

plavina there
**Ti?&

*wmf%G
callina uraently displavina the proaramme

sittina there

T F 4 m m m m m m
fishing from the bridue.

sent bv my friends.

*M*M/?imM*rn
supplied so far,

m a s ~ ; ~ r n ~
defeated bv ill healtk

mFrmiFm*
- t
3f~m*mmFpTr

(iii)

The best man

to watch our interests.

~ ~ * ~ m * ~ ~ ~ 3 T T - G E i f

& %k?FFiTt Relative Clause L X T $ & %I Relative TFT $ l fh'w m m % - 4 i : W ~ ~ m d , d & v $ l ~ M 8 1 $ m Subject relativelobject relative TNl complement relative & possessive relative $ I ?
adjunct relative % FCr If
2.6.5

Jrbm If 3T[tr 8 I
TZ (relative word)
Yl?V T?T W

post head modifier

q%iml=m JYWW (Relative clause)

%I

The, man, who (that) cam here yesterday, works in my office.

m3h3TT-GEif%Ymv,%*mIfmmf1
The, book, which (that) you gave me, is lost. @3hrn***,%4+$1
? F @ W FFR % F@WFFF TRlW

3h FkKW (Noun Phrase) $bllfk @ ?FlT&l W 3P-f W ? T ? d, d 3 % & $ Subject Relative (SR) Object Relative (OR), Adjunct Relative (AR), Complement Relative (CR), & 3 'j@R7 M?I.
Restrictive Relative Clause SR (Subject Relative) : (i) The man, who is visitina us this afternoon, is an engineer. 3h m 3TTJ-m~cllslti w3 STT 3-i 3, +in%rT $ I

m,

3 h ~ m 9 y f l ~ g m t i & % ~ ~ ~ ~ m $ , ~ ~ f 1
Objective Relative (OR) : 'The book, That I bouaht vesterdav, is missing. y-Fm**mrn%, * T $ ? l Possessive Relative (PR) The girl, Whose mother he helped, has come again. %mmsli*m**ag;r: STTT$l Complement Relative (CR) The news, that he is arrivina today, is correct m % ~ m S T T r n $ m $ l

=k : 'that' 6 'which' & iZlT reptace T& h T Tm;m $ I

Adjunct Relative (AR) : The AnandBhawanyhere Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was born. m m * m This is the place where he was born. 4 ~ : % m $ d % m e ~ ~ / m m ~ e T T l
$??Rm%w/TFf'f5"Tijrr

m - e ,d % ? l& F T3 -fw b F f%7llT

~redicativem V$If&lFRlTbl

& l?Tf b I

n ) % ~ ~ F Attributive TNl

W ~ ~ * ~ T ~ ? T F P T ! % T F I T $ ? :

Pre (H) Modifier

I 8;rr- (NP) 1 I ~ma;$&*m F T i j r r a ; r n & * ~

Post (H) Modifier

fhW
Adv

Adj

Noun Adj

H (N)

Prep

H(N)

Pre

(N)

(i) (ii) (iii)

an extremely intelligent University girl in the corner by the window

* i f m % r n F T * * m m
The famous bearded hokey player with the skillfull wrist work

m*m&*mifRyrrjmrmMm~M
Many large Indian Ships loaded with precious material

mrnir***mw
if
f ~a3-r " girl, player, ships 8

*w q ~f;f-4

3lTT

$M*mmd~8m%lsi:Tijrr*~wzf*m W j ? ~ # $ ~ w d % T I * ~ ~ ? I $ ~ ~ r(ii)& % (iv) ~

~mk?iif~~Wo~m3mhm81
The famous bearded hockey player with skillfull wrist work won the match for his team. Many large lndianships loaded with precious material sailed toward America.

m10
1.
Man pf courage

2.

A list pf suitable books

3.

The opposition & the war

4.

, A beauty like Padmini

The city pf Delhi

5.

6.

A house in the neiahbourhood of posh colonv.

7.

A prize of one lakh for the beautv contest winner.

8.

each one holdina baas

9.

the windows broken bv the aaitators.

10.

the only man cauuht bv the police..

11.

All the problems discussed this morninq,

-

12. Those airls, vou spoke to, weren't very friendly

'
t

13.

The youngman, o h e r e

is my fast friend

14.

The gold medal, that he won a month aao, is misplaced

15.

The rejected lover looking extremely disappointed and disgrunted

16.

The problem free business centre with market potential.

17. Very handsome child with sparkling eyes and vivacious smile

18.

An authorised business centre so close to connaught place

2.7

d*

&?
3Teas;r

3T@g (Subject) % fsFm W

&W

W3

&

~ ? P T ~ ~ S $ I ~ W w 3 ~ ~ ~ m q * a m 3 ~ * ~ I f * ~ M $ , q ~

* ?%?r $ h r * ~ T ~

~ M @ 9 ~ ~ w s F T M q m & a * ~ m ; a r m ~ * ~ ~ 3 8 f k l T sFT w hII 8 d % IFkPX (Noun Phrase) $ f;TT Wf@lT I 3.ra: Fl3 3 1 F f f I ' T T W 3llTW f % T d (subject) F V If
r i - s r r * ~ m ~ * ; r i h - * * m % m % 3 h ~ ~ ~ f i m
&%I

*~

w 1

* TF='T
:

~ ~ 3W

m, * * * * ) m r ~ m d w m f & r n m 3 ~ w w m & X l
1.

h )mr f a (Subject) Kd;mr, Impersonal - It ml there, Infinitive, Gerund, Clause, Adjective & FT 3 d3 I 3Tm TW VRTm
~ ~ * ~ 3 ~ ~ * * q M l

(M.Tf+Tlq W?)
Poets have composed many poems in praise of spring season.
2.

~~FT***KE:~I

(4=f 3-3 KE: m?)

He could not tolerate this hooliganism.
3.

M ~ w s w r m m m m m ~ f ~ (m f?) (mm m f ? )

(a) (b) (c)

4.

It is our duty to acquire a good knowledge of our mother tongue. To acquire good knowledge of our mother tongue is our duty. Acquiring of good knowledge of mother tongue is our duty.

T r ~ r n ~ ~ m f l (m3?)
There is intimate relationship between mind and body.

5.

rn3ita%&~oitmefl (mT8 3?)

There is no substance in what you say.

6.

mVfFRlT~@"citTRT78fl (m =I3 b?)

There is no wav to help him.

7. 1 3 *t i7 (M a q m 3 v

(m
Sewing is a useful skill.
8.

*3?)

~ ~ ~ * F l T l Z T ~ m r n ~ l

(*
1 appreciate good sewing.
9.

m m f?)

m m m m m 3 1 (mm 7 @ 3?)
Her sewing is very neat.

lo.

m , + & l = r v a f l
H m e s J !
is honesty.

11.
12.

lJ=d,~~f*~m~~m~~l
Beautv is beauty be it a dream woman or a dacoit one.

****&er*Wfl
(a) (b)

(m rnf?)

We learn a valuable lesson from the life of Kabir. The life of Kabir imparts or teaches us a very good lesson.

*
*

13.
14.

~ r n ~ * w ~ m I
Do come some day and help me.
~ F ~ ~ & ~ ~ s I H I ~ I

I was pleased at his coming today.

15.

md?!m%l
(a) @) Let bvaones be bygones.

We cannot undo the past.

16.
17.

afm*8,mw*m*1
The sun having set,
~ T * I

we left for home.

Do not smoke.
IS.

& ~ * h r n d ~ * l
(a) (b)
'

look down upon our mother tonaue is a mistake. is a mistake.

19. 3 T f $ E l T d ~ % ~ * ~ % @ * h T ~ ~ d % ? f f 1 His selling of the parental house to his parents, enemy is not a praiseworthy act.

2.7.1 3 7 I f someone no-one everyone

(@RW

VkWt Indefinite Pronouns)

something nothing each

somebody nobody everybody

RgifBia*wr;r**: (i) ~ / R ~ % T V I T W T Everyone is doing his work quickly.

(ii)

M~RW*I

~ ~ m ~ m m 7 f ; ~ ~ m W h 8 t ~ ~ @ r 1
When everybody has finished work, I'll put off the light.

(iii) TlR"C 3Tmr I Perhaps somebody came.

(iv)

T67 s n ~Ir
Nobody came.

(q) R
1.

mfkTMrn~M4~*:
Such is life.

2.

There was no prize for second.

3.

1 saw all the twenty of boats floating in the lake.

4.

Of many sports climbing is, in my opinion, the finest.

2.7.2

'PP

TkWTlWF YF? (Introductory words)

@) 'ltl m Rdh (use of '~t')

'ltl~*itl 3fm;rFFdmrnM4W;m3iraritl

(i)

mndmqpz%m pft?F%lb ~ ~ortbh(pw~hwtlife\*T&.@WlT

3irar81*:

(ii)

~ ~ ~ i t l * ? f r n l This is your book. Take if away. Mrrdm & (small creawes). b-m(trees and W s ) . ~ s e c t s ~ % ~ ~ ~ m ~ 'they' 3 133irarB1 3 f m w ; r r3FIS@ih~wcmiiimt3mJnaim$1
He loves his dog deeply and cannot live without it.

~~mqirrwt3~7aRnimmihpirf1
His tame monkey fell from the branch of the tree and broke jls leg.

* ~ * T v ~ ~ I W My friend has an elephant. He is very intelligent.

*vmvm%1~~gmm8?31
I have a cow. She looks very beautiful. (iii) ~ - b T . a i ~ M ~ ' i t 1 ~ ~ ~ 8 ~
~ * d * k * ~ ~ r n T l

When I saw the child it was smiling. (iv)

mrn$;~.~;l;r***rnm3: W * ~ m 3 m * 3 ; * w v m 3 1 He is telling what is not true; and he knows fi.

w m * w 2 j t ; **vm31 She deserved promotion; and she knew it.

(v)

nm;r !dlT T T 8 NourVPronoun ~ 3Tf w @ a m l It - was I who told you that.

*
*

**
~ *

$"KIT 8

~**Bjhm*mm31
h is the man who works hard.
~ G F W ~ I T F ; ~ ~ ~ I

It - is your mother who is responsible for your success. It - is the problem that is chiefly disturbing my mind.

3 ~ r n T f + ~ * $ l
I did not know that fi was you.
F&M*rsmr$l It - is they who have to go.
~ @ ~ T % T I T ~ T T ~ I

It - is Suresh who conspires.

m~~~msm~prml

h was you who began quarrel.

(vi)
T ?dlT 'It' T

& (weather), F I T Tm9 (Time) 3

~-~

3 7 %

(Frac-

t i o n s ) * ~ & * W h m 3 M + ~ ~ , m , R ; r , k ,m e w
*I

dddrnet~
It is very cold there.

k g m ~ 8 1
It is pleasant.

W ~ ? ~ F T ~ ~ F ~ B I
It is autumn. m3wRfaSTwe31 h is blowing very cold.

Tnmae31
It - is raining.

m*-"5ad31

U is very hot today.

wvmrTrTfFFimw

+ra*Tr??rBl
J$started to grow dark.

f3~?tv~:v&m
F - 1

-Firns;rrn??l
JJ is evening

m w m 8 1
j$ is noon.

FJWTrrnelTI If was morning.

rniin@Sl
It - was 8 o'clock.

3wmftrnfl
If is my turn now.
(vii) ' ~ t SF;T ' W?PTTRTFW ~$TJ (~ntroductory subject) WT3 ~ M T 8 clause STeTm TlTtVb k f (gerund) 3mm InfinitiveTI wl;l ?f T& V

*w
:

mw-cM%k~~+ft;jlm%r
It is not clear yhv he wants to resiaq.

*m*iC*mm*?l
It is no use askinq him the reason.

mmmmbl
(a) (b) (c)

70find fault is easy.

t i is easy to find fauR.

Finding fault is easy.

e w m m i r l is harmful to eat unripe fruits. (a) . . To eat m e fruds IS harmful.

(b) (c) Eating unripe fruls is harmful.

@*mm:&m3mb1
(a) (b) (c) (a) (b) (c)

J$ is better to leave me to myself. l o leave me to myself is betier. ,lsc&g me to myself is better.

Xmwrwvh81
JJ is healthy to swim. is healthy. &jmr&g is healthy.
r

~ ~ / ~ * r ~ ~ ~ 8 ~ ' 1 t ' * Yf&VWl7~erb d & * + p be idarelwadwere TFRW?i XT2f; Complement, 3 ' 6 3 7Infinitive T Gerund &? IT& ;sm 4 Objects.

13
1.

fWtfhRwrnM.3q m m :
England is unable to feed itsel.

2.

To know nature la to love H.

3.

We found the dog with a long snake in his mouth, and shaking it furiously.

4.

Is this your house? - Yes, I bought it in 1980.

5.

If was horrid place.

Is it raining?

6.

7.

If wasabout midnight.

8.

It is impossible that he will refuse.

9.

If is possible that he did not recognise me.

If would be most unfortunate if the court came to another conclusion.

10.

(m) 'There' 'ST FhT (Use of 'There') :

(i)

?! 3 3

'There' T F f$Tf&hT% & 'In that place' a; I

Jrdm 'here'

" ; ~ fT t

W W$T

$tvr

-&%I
He is there.
qT6?!1 He is here.

(ii). i ? f f k W

m
1

&IT 2I f i JFT mW Introductory subject $ Vi I f T G 3l T Y 1 W ?RR a; Jrdm I f there Tl Verb Intransitive $ I$17 &subject

3 T T * 3 T z f * * 1 m * * m :

P4;fh-TQI

qFTTTT1

qF@%l

A lion was A king was A woman i's

* : ~ * ~ ~ a 1 ~ m s 3 m ; R ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ . m i n

r n ~ r n r n l *
There was a lion. There was a king. There was a woman.

3.

WWI-TTI
~ F T ~ W ~ R T I

There was a school. There was a tree in the school. There are clouds in the sky.
~ : ~ ~ & T r n s t h e r e % F z r n ~ ~ '

3mmr;r4;sm~181
*
4.

*?~~-JT*~*MI rn&4*m*81
There is no substance in what you say.
~ T ? l q T i ~ * 3 1

5.

There is no noise at all.

6.
F T J ~ ~ * ~ F ~ T ~ ~ I

There came a voice from heaven. (iii). 'There' V ? . W W R $ 'Subject' ;F;T W l T l 7 (substitute) $ I

?rmdr

qmm: Is there any reason why they should wait any longer? (i)
(ii) (iii) (iv) There is one fact we should remember. In each of the newspapers are three main news. There is something wrong.
Q%

* *
: 'It'

'There' TT 3 1 3 3m replacement There is something wrong. Something is wrong. There are five boys sitting in the library. Three boys are sitting in the library. 'There' sF;T Y?PT nm: m,* 4 , 4,

8 K4;m 2 I %?r

(iv)

T, *,

m,*f;artr*

& ;F;T F ; r wf?7m hm 8 :

'x
(i)

hmf%cn%?t
There are books on the table.

(ii) (iii)

fiR M 3I There is a cap on the head.

T R ~ W ~ $ I
There is room on the roof.

*~ W ~ ~ F T W T F I ~ F T ~ I
(i) There is a soft carpet under your feet. (ii)

~~;~;~$~TE~#~ET%&FETvT*I There is basement under the ground floor of the house.

3 = m
(i)

@ W * ~ % $ I

There is a ceiling fan ovec your head.

(i) (ii)

Y + I T ~ T @ * * ~ ~ I There is a dispute between Ramesh & Suresh.

~ ~ ~ ~ ? P I T ~ ; V + T T * ~ ~ ~ ~ F F F $ I
T I .

.. . .

1-

. . -

_(

L _r

--

A L -

L-.

-1

-. . 1-:---I

--_I

-:--

m m m fav8vr:?pr91hgi~:
F - 1

3
(i)

wM~~owT?S\ There are fifty rooms h this hotel.

~ j f l 9 9 O j f ~ T $ T 1 There was a famine in Rajasthan in 1990.

(ii)
(iii)

W f m s v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g y 5 t ~ e f t 1
There once lived a beautiful woman in a village,

.sR8

mitmrnprn*m8*rn?t;r*W31
There are certainly some poor people among us who had a life of penuary.

** *yamTB*&~hbl
There is an open field all around the Central Library.

Jrwm 1s

The children were not asleep. It was most annoying. It was obvious that something had upset them. There was Mohan wide awake and Madhuri out of bed in her bare feet. It was almost eleven, and there, they were all whispering. What was the matter? It was that horrid ghost again. There was not much use doing anything now.

2 . 7 . 3 T3lf % FP

*t l '

(Adjectives)

(Numeral Adjective - Ordinal and Cardinals) TWT Comparative and Superlative Adjectives '@ d
(i)
V7

*%

%3'fh@R

WiT

'8 Tk

&i+r+-%~m4Rf%m&@a31
Sarala and Vimala were the in the three-legged race.

(ii) (iii)

;T;iif. i ? 4% T$ 1 Five of them capsized. -

&$ 6W 1 Dozen of navigators came in exhausted. m~rn:rn#*~*mn;t;rm~%l

Difficult conditions often bring out the best in people.

(iv)
(v)

23

*8

1 is enough.

2.7.4

ZP~~P

(Determiners)

* dm

;ndw & %

(i) (ii) (iii)

*w~$&GTI
I had several chairs

~ + T * ~ F ~ I
Half of them got broken

@
(a)

(bf
(iv)

s:Wdl elT I For many the war was disastrous. or The war was disastrous for manv.

W I TI The other came.

(i)

d k & n r s : ~ ~ ~ r (& TT8

The rich are generally selfish.

*B?)

(ii)

*M (&

T& &it I

mT& &3%?)

A U the m r are not dishonest.

~ (iii) m %

?4?3m:**~.
F-I

(*qwmm6%?)

I think the Indian are very -able'

3TWlT 16
(5)

-rnamdt'*u;mF*~~lfffT~;r~~i~3fft;;Ct* ~ & ~ ~ % d * h f f % ? i ~ l
1.

m~m*m&*&~isRa;rrma;ml

(m rn4Tl T f h is?)

(rn % is?)l

3.

*m***mii:<**:

vnit4m1
(*

*
T

m3 it?)

4,

~ i t (m fm m b?)

pr)

i%wkRf57.rmdi?i;rm*-*: 1. Suresh'sabsentina is mysterious.

2.

Your aoing there made all the difference.

3.

Being tired of work, the men went home.

4.

This flower is more faded than that.

3mm4

1.

2.

Sarla considers Madhuri very intelliaent, Sarla considers Madhuri intelliaent like her mother Sharada. 3. Ram presented a gold rina to Sita. Ram presented a pure gold rina to Sita. 4. 5. Ram presented a jewel embedded pure gold ring to sita. . . 6. Ram presented The father wrote his vounaer son a.letter, 7. 8. The father wrote his intelliaent vounaer son a letter. The father wrote his promisina. intelliaent vounger son a letter, 9. 10. The father wrote his dear. ~romisina. intelliaent vounqer son a letter.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

(A) All these silly grammar exercises. Her two new Calcutta friends. The Indian Cricket team's convincing final win. Mary's five expensive laboratory books. Such a glorious third attempt. The first three prettiest girls.

(vii) An extremely dubious story.

(ii) (iii)

M ~~~/TFII%T
3 i ~ x . f / F X TTV3

(m) (i)
( ii) (iii)

a strange, snow-capped mountain peak

These old worn out black shoes. A little knowledge (iv) A good deal of knowledge (v) All the boys (vi) Some of the girls (vii) His verytextremely surprising forcefully presented views. (viii) An authorised business centre. (ix) The examination of the problem.
m 7

Bimal Mitra was famous for his clear imaginative direction. Films produced and directed by him turned out to be heart-gripping due to effective acting of able actors and actresses, rich vivid and controlled singing of singers like Lata Mangeshkar and Burman Da and sensible artistic dances of dancers like Vajaintimala. He produced and directed both types of films realistic as well as romantic. All Indians are proud of his skillul direction. He used to do his work by his own hands. He came from Bengal, the land of greenary and stayed in Bombay all through his life. All lndians and foreigners appreciated and admired his art. He understood the meaning and purpose of art. He was such a popular and dedicated artist as will always be remembered in times to come.

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Nobody came. 2. Nothing is lost. Everything is safe. 3. Someone has stolen something. 4. It has been snowing since morning. 5. It was Ramesh who gave the correct answer. 6. It is cloudy today. 7. There was a king. 8. There is no substance in what you say. 1 9. Most are quite irrepairable. 10. (a) Both of us were awarded compen ation. (b) Compensation was awarded to b th of us.
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. It is very cool today. It is eleven o'clock. It is raining heavily since morning. Yesterday, it was your birthday, today it is mine. It is you who helped me so I am thankful to you. it is easy to earn money but difficult to spend it wisely. It is difficult to travel in the night. 1 have a rabbi; it runs very fast. 1 have a three year old daughter; it is very talkative. Give the public full information so that it may judge for itself. Death will come when it is least expected. The sky is cloudy. It seems that R will rain today. It is Sunday today; I will go to meet my friend in the evening. It is the same brave person who caught the running thief. That may be a general Indian attitude, but @ is apparently not universal.

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There are some men who never smoke. 2. There were fifty students in the Deptt. of English last year. 3. There lived an ideal king in the kingdom of Kaushal. 4. There is no arrangement of electric light in our village. 5. There are many beautiful paintings in the museum. 6. How many students are there in your college? 7. There seems to be a mistake. There was very little work done that morning. 8. The door opened and there entered an old woman. 9. 10. There have been many accidents recently. 11. Once upon a time there lived a king.
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Life can be just as difficult for the wealthy as for the poor. Conditions are comfortable and the work is &em not 1 like landscape which looks thoroughly Indian. My interest in landscape is not only ae&&cc but also geoaraphical.

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It is necessary for life to sleep. Tosleep is necessary for life. Sleeping is necessary for life. U harmful to eat unripe fruits. To eat unripe fruits is harmful. Eating unripe fruits is harmful.