TUTORIAL 1A 1. How thick mineral wool insulation with thermal conductivity k=0.

52W/mK is needed if we want to keep the heat flux below 10W/m2 at a temperature difference of 40oC 2. Interior of a refrigerator has inside dimensions 6050125cm3. The composite wall made of two 3mm mild steel sheet have conductivity k=35W/mK each with 5cm of glass wool insulation (k=0.045W/mK) between them the average interior and exterior heat transfer coefficient are 10 and 13W/m2K respectively. Calculate rate at which heat must be removed from the refrigerator for the air temperature inside and outside of the refrigerator are 6C & 26C respectively. Also calculate the temperature at the outside surface of sheet metal. 3. What is the approximate temperature difference between the inside and outside surfaces of a copper tube with thermal conductivity k=378W/mK & di/do=15/19, if the total heat flow from 10m of tubing is known to be 5kW?

TUTORIAL 1B 1. A finned tube has an outside surface area which is three times the inner surface. The overall heat transfer coefficient referred to the outside is 200W/m2 oC. How large is the U-value referred to the inner surface. 2. Air at 100C flow in a copper tube (k=384W/mK) of 4cm I.D. and with 0.6cm thick wall which are heated by water at 125C a scale of 0.3cm thickness is deposited on the outer surface of the tube whose k=1.75W/mK. The air and water side heat transfer coefficient are 221 and 3605W/m2K. Calculate (a) Overall heat transfer coefficient based on outer surface area (b) Water to air heat transfer rate (c) Temperature drop across the scale deposited. 3. One side of a plane wall is maintained at 120C while the outside is exposed to a convection environment at 25C & h=12W/m2oC. The wall has the dimension of 2m4m, has thermal conductivity k =2.1W mK and is 40 cm thick. Estimate the heat transfer rate through the wall and the temperature of other side.

TUTORIAL 2A 1. Consider two infinite long rods (A and B) of the same diameter but different materials. One end of each rod is attached to a base surface temperature at 100C, and the rods are exposed to the ambient air at 20C. it was found that the temperature of the rods were equal at the position x A = 0.15m and xB =0.075m , where x is measured from the base surface. If the thermal conductivity of rod A is known to be k A = 70 W mK , determine the value of k B for rod B. 2. A long thin glass walled 0.3cm diameter, mercury thermometer is placed in a stream of air 2 with convection coefficient of 50 W m K for measuring transient temperature of air. Consider cylindrical thermometer bulb consist of mercury only. For which k = 9 W mK , = 0.017 m 2 hr . Calculate the time constant and time required for the temperature change to reach half of its initial value. 3. A rod with k =378W mK , 10mm in diameter and 120mm long, has its base at 120oC. The surface of the rod is exposed to ambient air at 40oC with a convective coefficient of h =80 W m 2 K . Assuming the tip is insulated. Determine (i) the temperature of the rod at a distance of 30mm from the base (ii) heat transfer rate (iii) Effectiveness.

TUTORIAL 2B 1. A 10cm diameter long bar initially at a uniform temperature of 30oC is placed in a medium at 640oC with a convective coefficient of h = 20W m 2 K . Calculate the time constant & time required for the bar to reach 240oC. Also calculate the time required 3 for the bar to reach 630oC. Take k =38W mK , = 600 kg m and
C p =1000 J kgK

2. A large aluminum plate of 10cm is initially at a uniform temperature of 500C is suddenly immersed in a liquid at 100C with heat transfer coefficient as 1200W/m 2K. Find the temperature at the centre line and at the outer surface of the plate 1 minute after immersion. For aluminum take; = 8.4 105 m2 s , k = 215W mK , = 2700 kg m 3 ,
C p = 900 J kgK

3. An orange of 10 cm diameter is initially at a uniform temperature of 30 0C. Suddenly it is placed in a refrigerator in which the air temperature is 2 0 C. If the surface heat transfer coefficient is 50 W/(m2-K), determine the time required for the centre of the orange to reach 10 0 C. Assume for the orange = 1.4 x 10-7m2/s and k = 0.59 W/(m-K). TUTORIAL 3A

1. Assuming the transition from laminar to turbulent flow takes place at a Reynolds number of 5 x 10 5, determine the distance from the leading edge of a flat plate at which transition occurs for the flow of each of the following fluids with a velocity of 2 m/s at 40 0 C.(i) Air at atmospheric pressure;(ii)Hydrogen at atmospheric pressure;(iii) water;(iv) Engine oil; (v) mercury. Comment on the type of flow for the 5 fluids if the total length of the plate is 1 m. 2. Water at 30 0 C with a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s enters a 2.5 cm-ID tube whose wall is maintained at a uniform temperature of 90 0 C. Calculate the length of the tube required to heat the water to 70 0 C. 3. Water at 20 0 C with a mass flow rate of 5 kg/s enters a circular tube of 5 cm-ID and 10 m long. If the tube surface is maintained at 80 0 C, determine the exit temperature of water. 4. Air at 25C across a 60W incandescent bulb, glowing at 115C. If the bulb is approximated by a 50mm diameter sphere, estimate the heat transfer rate and the % of power lost due to free convection. Use; Nu = 0.55Gr 0.25 , = 20.02 10 6 m 2 s , k f = 0.02964 W mK

TUTORIAL 3B 1. Liquid sodium is to be heated from 110C to 159C at a rate of 3kg/s in a 25mm diameter electrically heated tube. Calculate the minimum length of the tube if its wall temperature is not to exceed 195C. The properties of sodium at 134.5C are: = 916 kg m3 , = 0.594 106 m 2 s , Pr = 0.0087 , C p =1356.5 J kgK , k =84.9 W mK , use
Nu = 4.82 + 0.0185 Pe 0.827

2. A vertical plate 0.2m in height and 1m wide is maintained at a uniform temperature of 110C. It is placed in a quite air at 30C. Find the heat loss from the two surface of the plate. =1.029 kg m3 , = 20.6 105 Poise , Pr = 0.694 , k = 0.0296 W mK 3. A liquid is to be heated from 100C to 150C at a rate of 2.5kg/s in a 30mm diameter electrically heated tube. Calculate the minimum length of the tube if its wall temperature 3 is not to exceed 250C. The properties of liquid at 125C are: =920 kg m ,
=0.6 10 6 m 2 s ,

Pr = 0.009 ,
0.827

C p =1356.5 J kgK

k =84.9 W mK

use

Nu = 4.82 + 0.0185 Pe

4.

Air at 30 0 C flows with a velocity of 10 m/s along a flat plate 4 m long. The plate is maintained at a uniform temperature of 130 0 C. Assuming a critical Reynolds number of 2 x 10 5 and width of plate to be 1 m determine (a) the heat flux at the trailing edge of the plate, (b) the heat transfer from the laminar portion of the plate, (c) the total heat transfer from the plate and (d) the heat transfer from the turbulent portion of the plate. TUTORIAL 4A

1. 2.

A truncated cone has top and bottom diameters of 10cm and 20cm and a height of 10cm. Calculate the shape factor between the top surface and the side and the side and itself. A spherical tank with diameter 40cm fixed with a cryogenic fluid at 100K is placed inside a spherical container of diameter 60cm and is maintained at 300K. The emissivities of the inner and outer tanks are 0.15 and 0.2 respectively. A spherical radiation shield of diameter 50cm and having an emissivity of 0.05 on both sides is placed between the spheres. Calculate the rate of heat loss from the system by radiation and find also the rate of evaporation of the cryogenic liquid if the latent heat of vaporization of the fluid is 2.1x105 W-s/Kg A1 and A2 are two rectangular flat surfaces having a common edge and inclined at an arbitrary angle to each other. They are very long along the common edge and have width of ab and ac respectively in the other direction as shown in figure. Show that
F12 = ab + ac bc 2ab

3.

TUTORIAL 4B 1. Consider a diffuse circular disc of diameter D and area A2 & a plane diffuse surface of area A1 (A1<<A2). The surfaces are parallel, and A1 is located at a distance H from the center of A2. Obtained an expression for the shape factor F1-2. Two large parallel plane having emissivity of 0.3 & 0.5 are maintained at a temperature of 800 & 300C respectively. A radiation shield having emissivity of 0.05 both side is placed between the two plates. Calculate (a) Heat transfer rate per unit area without shield. (b) Temperature of the shield. (c) Heat transfer rate per unit area with shield. Two square plates 1m x 1m are parallel to and directly opposite to each other at a distance of 1m. The hot plate is at 800K and has an emissivity of 0.8. The clod plate is at 600K and also has an emissivity of 0.8. The radiation heat exchange takes place between the plates as well as the ambient at 300K through the opening between the plates. Calculate the net radiation at each plate and the ambient.

2.

3.

TUTORIAL 5A

1. Find out the expression for temperature distribution of hot fluid through the evaporator and hence find the expression for heat transfer rate. 2. In a heat exchanger hot fluid enters at 60 0 C and leaves at 48 0 C, where as the cold fluid enters at 35 0 C and leaves at 44 0 C. Calculate the mean temperature difference for (a) parallel flow, (b) counter flow, (c) single pass cross flow (both fluids unmixed), 3. A shell and tube heat exchanger is to be designed for heating water from 25 0 C to 50 0 C with the help of steam condensing at atmospheric pressure. The water flows through the tubes (2.5 cm ID, 2.9 cm OD and 2 m long) and the steam condenses on the outside of the tubes. Calculate the number of tubes required if the water flow rate is 500 kg/min and the individual heat transfer coefficients on the steam and water side are 8000 and 3000 W/ m2-K respectively. Neglect all other resistances. 4. Air free saturated steam at 90 0C condenses on the outer surface of a 2.5 cm OD, 6 m long vertical tube, whose outer surface is maintained at a uniform temperature of 60 0C. Calculate the total rate of condensation of steam at the tube surface.

TUTORIAL 5B 1. Saturated steam at 1.43 bar condenses on a 1.9 cm OD vertical tube which is 20 cm long. The tube wall is at a uniform temperature of 109 0C . Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient and the thickness of the condensate film at the bottom of the tube. 2. Saturated water at 100 0C is boiled with a copper heating element having a heating surface area of 0.04 m2which is maintained at a uniform temperature of 115 0C. Calculate the surface heat flux and the rate of evaporation of water. Also calculate the critical flux. 3. A vessel with a flat bottom and 0.1 m2 in area is used for boiling water at atmospheric pressure. Find the temperature at which the vessel must be maintained if a boiling rate of 80 kg/h is desired. Assume that the vessel is made of copper and the boiling is nucleate boiling. Take v = 0.60 kg/m3. 4. Estimate the diffusion rate of water from the bottom of a test tube 10 mm in diameter and 12 cm long into dry atmospheric air at 240C.