CENTROIDS AND CENTRE OF GRAVITY

In general when a rigid body lies in a field of force acts on each particle of the body. We equivalently represent the system of forces by single force acting at a specific point. This point is known as centre of gravity. We can extend this concept in many ways and get the various equivalent parameters of a body, which could help us in dealing the situation directly on a rigid body rather than considering each individual particle of the rigid body. Various such parameters include centre of gravity, moment of inertia, centroid , first and second moment of inertias of a line or a rigid body. These parameters simplify the analysis of structures such as beams. Further we will also study the surface area or volume of revolution of a line or area respectively.

1.
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
Consider the following lamina. Lets assume that it has been exposed to gravitational field. Obviously every single element will experience a gravitational force towards the centre of earth. Further lets assume the body has practical dimensions, then we can easily conclude that all elementary forces will be unidirectional and parallel.

Consider G to be the centroid of the irregular lamina. As shown in first figure we can easily represent the net force passing through the single point G. We can also divide the entire region into lets say n small elements. Lets say the coordinates to be (x 1,y1), (x2,y2), (x3,y3). (xn,yn) as shown in figure . Let W 1, W2, W3,., Wn be the elementary forces acting on the elementary elements. Clearly, W = W1+ W2+ W3 +..+ Wn When n tends to infinity W becomes infinitesimally small and can be replaced as dW. Centre of gravity :

xc=

yc=

( and zc= / in case of a three dimensional body) where x,y are the coordinate of the small element and dw(or W) the elemental force.

And we have seen that W. For some type of surfaces of bodies there lies a probability that the centre of gravity may lie outside the body. Secondly centre of gravity represents the entire lamina, therefore we can replace the entire body by the single point with a force acting on it when needed. There is a major difference between centre of mass and centre of gravity of a body. For centre of gravity we integrate with respect to dW whereas for centre of mass we integrate with respect to dm. Mass is a scalar quantity and force a vector quantity. For general practical size objects both of them turn out to be the same as both of them are proportional and the force is unidirected (dW = dm*g) .But when we consider large size objects such as a continent, results would turn out to be different because here the vector nature of dW comes into play.

CENROIDS OF AREAS AND LINES

We have seen one method to find out the centre of gravity, there are other ways too. Lets consider plate of uniform thickness and a homogenous density. Now weight of small element is directly proportional to its thickness, area and density as: W = t dA.

Where is the density per unit volume, t is the thickness , dA is the area of the small element.

Lets consider plate of uniform thickness and a homogenous density. Now weight of small element is directly proportional to its thickness, area and density as:
W = t dA. Where is the density per unit volume, t is the thickness , dA is the area of the small element.

So we can replace W with this relationship in the expression we obtained in the prior topic. Therefore we get: Centroid of area :

xc=

yc=

(and zc= / in case of a three dimensional body) Where x,y are the coordinate of the small element and da(or A) the elemental force.

Also A (total area of the plate). (xc ,yc,zc) is called the centroid of area of the lamina. If the surface is homogenous we conclude that it is the same as centre of gravity. There can also arise a case where in cross-sectional area is constant and length is variable as in the case of a rope or slender rod. In such cases the situation modifies to: W = a dl. Where is the weight per unit length, per unit cross-sectional area, A is the area of cross

section, and dl the variable length.

So the above results reduce to: Centroid of a line:

xl=

, yl=

( and zl= / in case of a three dimensional body) where x,y are the coordinate of the small element and dl(or L) the elemental force.Also

L(total area of the plate). The coordinate (xl ,yl,zl) is called the centroid of a line. It is important to mention that centroids of line may or may not lie on the line( as shown in diagram above).

FIRST MOMENT OF AREAS AND LINES

First moment of area is defined as:

Qy = , Qx = , from the above discussion on the centroid of area it is clear that we can re-write the expression as :

Qy = xc A , Qx = yc A , where A is the total area centroid of the given area.

, and (xc,yc) is the coordinate of the

Thus it follows from the above discussion that centroid of a area can be determined by dividing first moment of the area with the area itself. If the first moment of a area with respect to an axis is zero , it indicates that the point lies on that axis itself.[M x = 0 , implies yc =0 , implies point lies on x- axis]. In a similar way we can define the first moment of a line as:

Qy = , Qx = , which implies: Qy = xl L , Qx = yl L , If the given line or area is symmetrical finding the centroid becomes easy.

Because of symmetrical nature will always turn out to be zero. Hence Qy = 0. So we can conclude that the first moment about the axis will be zero about the axis of symmetry(y axis in the above example). Further centroid also lies on the axis of symmetry (figure out why?). If a body has more than one axis of symmetry then centroid will lie on the point of intersection of the axes.

CENTROID OF SOME STANDARD GEOMETRIC FIGURES Following results are obtained by integration which will be explained later. Results for symmetrical objects like square, circle, cylinder, rectangle, ring etc are omitted. For such cases centroids can be pre-assumed to be the geometric centre of the body. shape x y area
c c

Triangular Semicircular area Quarter circular area 4r/3 0

h/3

bh/2

4r/3

*/2

4r/3 Circular sector shape 2rsin x

c

0 y
c

*r length
2

Semi-elliptical area Quarter elliptical area

4b/3

4a/3

4b/3 3h/5 4ah/3

Semi-parabola area Quarter parabola area General spandrel Arc of a circle Semicircular wire Quarter circular wire

3a/8 a(n+1)/ (n+2) rsin/ 0

3h/5 h(n+1)/ (4n+2) 0 2r/

2ah/3 ah/n+1 2r

2r/

2r/

Similar concept of lines and areas can be extended to volume also. The new relationship are:

xc=

yc=

zc=

CENTROIDS OF COMPOSITE AREAS

We can end up in situations where the given plate can be broken up into various segments. In such cases we can replace the separate sections by their centre of gravity. One centroid takes care of the entire weight of the section. Further overall centre of gravity can be found out using the same concept we studied before. Xc (W1 + W2 + W3+..+Wn) = xc1W1 + xc2W2 + xc3W3+...+xcnWn Yc (W1 + W2 + W3+..+Wn) = yc1W1 + yc2W2 + yc3W3+...+ycnWn

Once again if the plate is homogenous and of uniform thickness, centre of gravity turns out to be equal to the centroid of the area. In a similar way we can also define centroid of this composite area by: Xc (A1 + A2 + A3+..+An) = xc1A1 + xc2A2 + xc3A3+...+xcnAn Yc (A1 + A2 + A3+..+An) = yc1A1 + yc2A2 + yc3A3+...+ycnAn We can also introduce the concept of negative area. It simply denotes the region where any area is left vacant. We will see its usage in the coming problems.

THEOREMS OF PAPPUS-GULDINUS
Firstly what is a surface of revolution? A surface of revolution represents the surface generated by rotating a plane curve about an axis. For example a cone can be generated by revolving a semicircle about its diameter. Curved surface of a cone can be generates by revolving a straight

line

as

shown.

Theorem 1: The surface area of the revolution is equal to the length of the generating curve times the distance covered by centroid of the curve while the surface is being generated.(case 1 of the diagram, above) Theorem 2: The volume of the body of revolution is equal to the generating area times the distance travelled by the centroid while the body is being generated.(case 2 of the diagram, above). These theorems are very useful when calculating the centroid of a given area. This is because the outputs of the theorems (area, volumes of standard geometries) are already known to us. The only unknown quantity is the location of centroid.

OBTAINING CENTROIDS BY INTEGRATION

The general expression of centroid of a body is given by:

xc= / , yc= / dA can be rewritten as dxdy , which turns it into a double integration. However, in most cases this can be simplified to a single integration. We divide the area into thin rectangular strips or sectors. For rectangle it is pre-known that its centre of gravity lies at the centre of the rectangle. In such a case dA should be appropriately expressed in terms of co-ordinates x,y and the differentials. In case of a sector, it is known that the centroid lies at a distance of 2r/3 from the centre. The method of sector should be used when the polar equation of the boundary of the curve is known. And the area dxdy in this case is given by r * rd.

In case of a line, the equations governing the centroid are as follows:

xc=

, yc=

In

this

case

dl

dx

dy

{in case of polar co-ordinates}

Here's a Quick Look at the kind of Problems which have been solved in the Tutorial document at the end :

Using integration find the centroid of the parabolic area OAB as shown in the figure below.

Derive the location of centroid for the following sector. Hence prove the results obtained for a semi-circular area.

Find the centroid of the composite area ABCDEF. A circle of radius 0.5 units has been cut out as shown. A triangle and a quarter circle have been cut out in a similar way.

Derive the location of centroid for the following area OAB.

CENTROIDS AND CENTRE OF GRAVITY

In general when a rigid body lies in a field of force acts on each particle of the body. We equivalently represent the system of forces by single force acting at a specific point. This point is known as centre of gravity. We can extend this concept in many ways and get the various equivalent parameters of a body, which could help us in dealing the situation directly on a rigid body rather than considering each individual particle of the rigid body. Various such parameters include centre of gravity, moment of inertia, centroid , first and second moment of inertias of a line or a rigid body. These parameters simplify the analysis of structures such as beams. Further we will also study the surface area or volume of revolution of a line or area respectively.

1. CENTRE OF GRAVITY
Consider the following lamina. Lets assume that it has been exposed to gravitational field. Obviously every single element will experience a gravitational force towards the centre of earth. Further lets assume the body has practical dimensions, then we can easily conclude that all elementary forces will be

unidirectional

and

parallel.

Consider G to be the centroid of the irregular lamina. As shown in first figure we can easily represent the net force passing through the single point G. We can also divide the entire region into lets say n small elements. Lets say the coordinates to be (x ,y ), (x ,y ), (x ,y ). (x ,y ) as shown in figure . Let W , W , W ,., W be the elementary forces acting on the elementary elements. Clearly,
1 1 2 2 3 3 n n 1 2 3 n

W = W + W + W +..+ W
1 2 3

When n tends to infinity W becomes infinitesimally small and can be replaced as dW. Centre of gravity :

x=
c

y=
c

( and z =
c

in case of a three dimensional body)

where x,y are the coordinate of the small element and dw(or W) the elemental force.

And we have seen that

W.

For some type of surfaces of bodies there lies a probability that the centre of gravity may lie outside the body. Secondly centre of gravity represents the entire lamina, therefore we can replace the entire body by the single point with a force acting on it when needed. There is a major difference between centre of mass and centre of gravity of a body. For centre of gravity we integrate with respect to dW whereas for centre of mass we integrate with respect to dm. Mass is a scalar quantity and force a vector quantity. For general practical size objects both of them turn out to be the same as both of them are proportional and the force is unidirected (dW = dm*g) .But when we consider large size objects such as a continent, results would turn out to be different because here the vector nature of dW comes into play. 1.2

CENROIDS OF AREAS AND LINES

We have seen one method to find out the centre of gravity, there are other ways too. Lets consider plate of uniform thickness and a homogenous density. Now weight of small element is directly proportional to its thickness, area and density as: W = t dA.

Where is the density per unit volume, t is the thickness , dA is the area of the

small element.

So we can replace W with this relationship in the expression we obtained in the prior topic. Therefore we get: Centroid of area :

x=
c

y=
c

(and z =
c

in case of a three dimensional body)

Where x,y are the coordinate of the small element and da(or A) the elemental force.

Also
c c c

A (total area of the plate).

(x ,y ,z ) is called the centroid of area of the lamina. If the surface is homogenous we conclude that it is the same as centre of gravity.

There can also arise a case where in cross-sectional area is constant and length is variable as in the case of a rope or slender rod. In such cases the situation modifies to: W = a dl. Where is the weight per unit length, per unit cross-sectional area, A is the area

of cross section, and dl the variable length.

So the above results reduce to: Centroid of a line:

x=
l

, y=
l

( and z =
l

in case of a three dimensional body)

where x,y are the coordinate of the small element and dl(or L) the elemental

force.Also

L(total area of the plate).

l l l

The coordinate (x ,y ,z ) is called the centroid of a line. It is important to mention that centroids of line may or may not lie on the line( as shown in diagram above).
1.3

FIRST MOMENT OF AREAS AND LINES

First moment of area is defined as:

Q = , Q = , from the above discussion on the centroid of area it is clear that we can re-write the expression as :
y x

Q = x A , Q = y A , where A is the total area coordinate of the centroid of the given area.
y c x c

, and (x ,y ) is the
c c

Thus it follows from the above discussion that centroid of a area can be determined by dividing first moment of the area with the area itself. If the first moment of a area with respect to an axis is zero , it indicates that the point lies on that axis itself.[M = 0 , implies y =0 , implies point lies on x- axis].
x c

In a similar way we can define the first moment of a line as:

Q =
y

,Q =
x

, which implies: Q = x L , Q = y L ,
y l x l

If the given line or area is symmetrical finding the centroid becomes easy.

Because of symmetrical nature will always turn out to be zero. Hence Q = 0. So we can conclude that the first moment about the axis will be zero about the axis of symmetry(y axis in the above example). Further centroid also lies on the axis of symmetry (figure out why?). If a body has more than one axis of symmetry then centroid will lie on the point of intersection of the axes. 1.4

CENTROID OF SOME STANDARD GEOMETRY

Following results are obtained by integration which will be explained later. Results for symmetrical objects like square, circle, cylinder, rectangle, ring etc are omitted. For such cases centroids can be pre-assumed to be the geometric centre of the body.

shape Triangular

y h/3
c

area bh/2

Semicircular area Quarter circular area Circular sector

4r/3

*/2

4r/3

2rsin

4r/3 0

*r

shape Semi-elliptical area Quarter elliptical area

length

4b/3

*
4a/3 4b/3

Semi-parabola area Quarter parabola area

3h/5

4ah/3

3a/8 a(n+1)/ (n+2) rsin/ 0

3h/5

2ah/3

General spandrel Arc of a circle Semicircular wire Quarter circular wire

h(n+1)/ ah/n+1 (4n+2) 0 2r 2r/

2r/

2r/

Similar concept of lines and areas can be extended to volume also. The new relationship are:

x=
c

y=
c

z=
c

1.5

CENTROIDS OF COMPOSITE AREAS

We can end up in situations where the given plate can be broken up into various segments. In such cases we can replace the separate sections by their centre of gravity. One centroid takes care of the entire weight of the section. Further overall centre of gravity can be found out using the same concept we studied before. X (W + W + W +..+W ) = x W + x W + x W +...+x W
c 1 2 3 n c1 1 c2 2 c3 3 cn n

Y (W + W + W +..+W ) = y W + y W + y W +...+y W
c 1 2 3 n c1 1 c2 2 c3 3 cn

Once again if the plate is homogenous and of uniform thickness, centre of gravity turns out to be equal to the centroid of the area. In a similar way we can also define centroid of this composite area by: X (A + A + A +..+A ) = x A + x A + x A +...+x A
c 1 2 3 n c1 1 c2 2 c3 3 cn n

Y (A + A + A +..+A ) = y A + y A + y A +...+y A
c 1 2 3 n c1 1 c2 2 c3 3 cn

We can also introduce the concept of negative area. It simply denotes the region where any area is left vacant. We will see its usage in the coming problems. 1.6

THEOREMS OF PAPPUS-GULDINUS

Firstly what is a surface of revolution? A surface of revolution represents the surface generated by rotating a plane curve about an axis. For example a cone can be generated by revolving a semicircle about its diameter. Curved surface

of a cone can be generates by revolving a straight line as shown.

Theorem 1: The surface area of the revolution is equal to the length of the generating curve times the distance covered by centroid of the curve while the surface is being generated.(case 1 of the diagram, above) Theorem 2: The volume of the body of revolution is equal to the generating area times the distance travelled by the centroid while the body is being generated.(case 2 of the diagram, above). These theorems are very useful when calculating the centroid of a given area. This is because the outputs of the theorems (area, volumes of standard geometries) are already known to us. The only unknown quantity is the location of centroid. 1.7

OBTAINING CENTROIDS BY INTEGRATION

The general expression of centroid of a body is given by:

x=
c

, y=
c

dA can be rewritten as dxdy , which turns it into a double integration. However, in most cases this can be simplified to a single integration. We divide the area into thin rectangular strips or sectors. For rectangle it is pre-known that its centre of gravity lies at the centre of the rectangle. In such a case dA should be appropriately expressed in terms of co-ordinates x,y and the differentials. In

case of a sector, it is known that the centroid lies at a distance of 2r/3 from the centre. The method of sector should be used when the polar equation of the boundary of the curve is known. And the area dxdy in this case is given by r * rd.

In case of a line, the equations governing the centroid are as follows:

x=
c

, y=
c

In this case dl =

= dx {in case of polar co-ordinates}

= dy

Solved problems

1. Using integration find the centroid of the parabolic area OAB as shown in the

figure below. Sol: we will use the method of vertical strips to get the elementary area.

Clearly

dA= ydx =

dx

, given

0< x <2

A(total area) =

= 2

/3

[x ] = 8/3 sq units.
1.5 2 0

Ax =
c

= 2 1.2 ,

/5

[x ] = 16/5 sq units
2.5 2 0

x =
c

Ay =
c

= [x ] = 4 sq units y = 1.5
2 2 0 c

(1.2,1.5) required coordinate of centroid.

2.

Derive the location of centroid for the following sector. Hence prove the results

obtained for a semi-circular area.

Sol: we assume the radius of the sector to be r. we divide the area into many

small sectors as: Clearly since the given area is symmetrical about y-axis, centroid will lie on y axis. Let the coordinate of the centroid be (0,Y ).
c

Coordinate of the centroid of the elementary part = 2r/3 cos , 2r/3 sin

Area of sector , A = r , area of elementary part= height)

2

(1/2 * base *

AY = 3
c c 3

=
2

= r /3
3

= 2r sin /
3

Y = [2r sin / 3]/ r = 2rsin / 3 for a semicircular area = 90 = Y = 2r sin

c

/2

/2 /[3

/2] = 4r/3

3.

Derive the location of centroid for the following area OAB.

Sol: we consider elementary area as vertical rectangular strips as shown in

figure. Finding K: (a,h) lies on the curve: h=ka . ---------(1)

n

area of elementary part= dA = y dx = kx dx,

n

A=

n+1

AX =
c

n+2

X =
c

AY = k )/2(2n+1)
c 2

= (a

2n+1

Y = a k(n+1)/(2n+1) = h(n+1)/2(2n+1) =
c n

(from (1))

Centroid of area: [

4. Using the theorems of Pappus-Guldinus, determine (a) centroid of a

semicircular area, (b) centroid of a semicircular arc.

Sol: (a) Since area is symmetrical centroid will lie on the axis of symmetry. Let it be C. let the unknown distance OC be x. The given semi-circular area will produce a sphere on 360 turn about the specified axis of rotation. Let the radius be r. According to theorem:

Volume of sphere = distance travelled by the centroid * area of semicircle

4 r /3= 2
3

r /2
2

x= 4r/3 b)

, hence proved.

Since area is symmetrical centroid will lie on the axis of symmetry. Let it be C. let the unknown distance OC be x. The given semi-circular arc will produce a sphere on 360 turn about the specified axis of rotation. Let the radius be r.

surface area of sphere = distance travelled by the centroid * length of arc 4 r= 2

2

x= 2r/

, hence proved.

5.

Determine without integration the centroid of the following figures .

a.

Semicircle cut out of a rectangle, radius r.b) semicircle,cut out of a semi circle,inner

and outer r&R.

a)

given area is symmetrical therefore the centroid lies on the y axis

We can use the concept of negative area(area which has been taken out) over here.

A =2
1

, C (0,r/2)

A = A= 2 2

, C(0,4R/3

) )

Total area, A= A + A = r (21 2 2

Y A = A* C +
c 1 y1

A* C
2

y2

Y = 2r/3(4c

) )]

Centroid [0, 2r/3(4-

b. given area is symmetrical therefore the centroid lies on the y axis

We can use the concept of negative area(area which has been taken out) over here. We have ,

A =1

, C = 4r/3
y1

A =+
2

, C = 4R/3
y2

Total area, A= A + A = (
1 2

Y A = A* C +
c 1 y1

A* C
2

y2

Y = 4 (R - r )/3
c 3 3

(R r )
2 2

Centroid [0, 4 (R - r )/3

3 3

(R r )].
2 2

6. find the volume of the solid formed by revolution of the parabola OAB about the a)x- axis b) x=5 , in the given figure -2 < x < 2 .

Sol: Given area is symmetric about y axis. Therefore we have the centroid at the y axis. Let the centroid be (0,Y ). We divide the area into horizontal strips. For any arbitrary value
c

of y, x =

. The centroid of the strip also lies on the y axis(0,y).

Area of elementary part= dA = 2x dy = 2 y<12 for -2<x<2 , from the equation.

dy. 0<

A=

=32 sq units

AY =
c

= 230.4 ].

Y = 7.2 units. Centroid of area: [0,

c

a) Volume of solid = distance travelled by the centroid * area of parabola. =2 32 = 1447.64 cubic units. b) Volume of solid = distance travelled by the centroid * area of parabola =2 cubic units * 5 * 32 = 1005.30 * 7.2 *

7. Find the centroid of the composite area ABCDEF. A circle of radius 0.5 units has been cut out as shown. A triangle and a quarter circle have been

cut out in a similar way. Sol: we have basically a rectangle from which three portions have been cut out.

Area of rectangle = A = 30 sq units. Centroid C (3,2.5)

1 1

Area of traingle = A = 2 sq units. Centroid C (2/3,2/3) (from derived results) Area of circle = A = 0.785 sq
2 2 3

units. Centroid C (3,4) quarter circle= A = 3.14 sq units. Centroid C (5.15,0.85)

3 4 1

Area of

Let the centroid of the given area be (m,n). We have one positive area and the other three areas negative. Total area, A = A + A + A + A = 30-2-0.785-3.14=24.075 sq units
2 3 4

m A = (C ) A + (C ) A + (C ) A +(C ) A
1 x 1 2 x 2 3 x 3 4 x

= 30*3 2* 2/3 0.785 * 3 3.14 * 5.15 = 70.14 m = 2.91 n A = (C ) A + (C ) A + (C ) A +(C ) A

1 y 1 2 y 2 3 y 3 4 y 4

= 30*2.5 2 *2/3 0.785 *4 3.14 *0.85 = 67.85 n = 2.82 required centroid (2.91,2.82)

8. Find the centroid of the composite area.

Sol: we make vertical strips. For any arbitary x the centroid of the strip lies at (x,y/2). Let the centroid be (m,n)

Area of elementary part= dA = 2

dx(0<x<a) and (x-b) dx (a<x<b)

2

Total area, A =

-b) =[4a +(b-a) ]/3 sq units

2 2 3

Am=
3

=
2 3

-b) dx = [4a /5 + (b-a) (b+3a)/12] m= [4a /5 + (b2 3 3 3

a) (b+3a)]/ 4[4a +(b-a) ]

An= (b-a) /5]

5 2

= / [4a +(b-a) ]/3

3

+ .

-b) dx= [2a + (b-a) /5] n= [2a +

4 3 5 3

(m,n) = / [4a +(b-a) ]/3

2 3

{ [4a /5 + (b-a) (b+3a)]/ 4[4a +(b-a) ] , [a + (b-a) /10] }

3 3 2 3 3 5

9. Find the centroid of the given area using integration. Region is the area bounded be the two parabolic curves. Also find the first moment of area about

the x and the y axes.

Sol: We have divided the region into vertical strips. For any arbitary x, centroid of the strip is [x, (x - x )/2]
2 4

dA =( x - x ) dx
2 4

total area A =

= 2/15. =

0.133

Let the centroid me (m,n)

mA= 1/12 =0.0833, therfore m = 5/8=0.625

nA= 0.191

= 0.0254 therefore n=

coordinates of the centroid ( 0.625 , 0.191 ). First moment with respect to x- axis = A*n= 0.0254 First moment with respect to y- axis = A*n= 0.0833

10.

Derive the result obtained centroid of a line for a arc given below. Radius ,0)

r. Hence verify the result known for semicircular arc (2r/

Sol: we use a sector to define a elementary length dl. Since the arc is symmetrical about x-axis , centroid will lie on x-axis. Let the centroid be(X ,0)
c

Total length of the arc,L = 2r (simple geometry , 2r 2) dl = r d , x= rcos , y=rsin

for 2 , therefore 2r for

we know that X . L =
c

=r

= 2r sin
2

X = 2r sin/2r = rsin /
c 2

Therefore centroid of arc =( rsin / , 0) For a semicircular arc = ( rsin /2 / /2 , ,0).

/2 , 0) = (2r/

11. Find the centroid of the given figure. Three wires are formed into a triangle as shown in the figure.

Sol: centroid of line lies in its mid point.

Length of OA = L =
1

= 3.60 units

Length of OB = L =
2

= 3 units

Length of AB = L =
3

= 3.16 units

Total length L = OA + OB + AB = 3.6 + 3.0 + 3.16 = 9.76 units

Centroid of OA C = mid-point of OA = (1,1.5)

1

Centroid of OB C =
2

mid-point of OB = (1.5,0) Centroid of AB C = mid-point of AB = (0.5,1.5)

3

Let the centroid of the composite figure be (m,n) we have , mL = (C ) * L + (C ) * L +(C ) * L

1 x 1 2 x 2 3 x 3

m= [1*3.6 + 3* 1.5 + 3.16 * 0.5]/ 9.76 = 0.99 nL = (C ) * L + (C ) * L +(C ) * L

1 y 1 2 y 2 3 y 3

n= [1.5*3.6 + 3* 0 + 3.16 * 1.5]/ 9.76 = 1.038 The required co- ordinate of centroid is(0.99,1.038)

12. Find the centroid of the following area by the method of composite areas. GEF and EDC are congruent.

Sol: let us assume the co-ordinate axis . this problem is similar to what we solved above. We have three parts over here , 2 triangles and one rectangle. Area of rectangle A = 22 sq units , area to triangle GEF A = 12 square units , area of triangle EDC A = 12 square units.
1 2 3

Centroid of rectangle C = (1,5.5)

1

Centroid of GEF C = (25/3 ,4)

2

Centroid of EDC C = (13/3 ,4)

3

Total area A = A + A + A = 22 +12+12 =46 square units

1 2 3

Let the co-ordnate of the centroid be (m,n) . m * A = (C ) * A + (C ) * A +(C ) * A

1 x 1 2 x 2 3 x 3

m= [1*22 + 25/3 * 12 + 31/3 * 12]/ 46 = 5.34 units nA = (C ) * A + (C ) * A +(C ) * A

1 y 1 2 y 2 3 y 3

n= [5.5*22 + 4* 12 + 4 * 12]/ 46 = 4.71 The required co- ordinate of centroid is(5.34,4.71). 13. From a semicircular area an arc OCA has been drawn dividing the area into two different component(shown in different colour). Find the centroid of both the components and the first moment of area obtained about y axis for botht the components. Let the radius for the smaller semicircle be r.

Sol: In the given problem we can make the use at negative area to find out the centroid of the grey component.

Blue component: Centroid will lie on the line OC.(because of smmetry). Radius =r (given). Therefore the centroid C = (r, 4r/3
1

) , Area A =
1

First moment with respect to y-axis = A * (C ) = (4r / 3

1 x

r =4
2

r /3 .
3

Grey component : In the given problem we can make the use at negative area to find out the centroid of the grey component. We can treat it as if smaller semicirclular area has been removed from big semi-circle. Radius of big circle = 2r A =
1

r , C = (r, 4r/3 )
2 1

A =
2

r , C = (0, 8r/3 )
2 2

Let the centroid of the grey component be (m,n) Total area A = A + A = 3

1 2

mA = (C ) * A + (C ) * A =
1 x 1 2 x 2

or, m = - r/3 nA = (C ) * A +
1 y 1

(C ) * A = 28/3
2 y 2

r or n = 28r/9
3

coord

inate of centroid (-r/3 , 28r / 9

) r

First moment of area with respect to y-axis = mA =

14. A piece of wire has been bent in the following shape ABCD. CD and AB are the arcs of the same circle. Find the centroid of the given diagram. Given length

of BC = R. Sol: OCB becocomes an equilateral triangle as BC = OB = OC = R.

OE = OC sin 60 = R sin 60. Also COD = AOB = 60 (by simple geometry)

by proven results we know that OC = OC = R sin

1 2

/6 /

3R/ therefore C =
1

3R/

(-cos30,sin30) , and C = 3R/

3

(cos30,sin30) ,and C = (0,Rsin60)

2

We have three lines DC,CB ,BA. L (DC)

1

R/3 , C = (-3
1

R/

,3R/ ) ,3R/ )

L (BC) = R
2

, C = (0,R
2

L (BA)
3

R/3 , C = (3
1

R/

Let the centroid be defined as (m,n) mL = (C ) * L + (C ) * L +(C ) * L

1 x 1 2 x 2 3 x 3

m= 0 nL = (C ) * L + (C ) * L +(C ) * L
1 y 1 2 y 2 3 y 3

n= 3R/(2

) )]

The required co- ordinate of centroid is[ 0 , 3R/(2

15. By integration find the centroid of the given curve sin x.

Sol: we consider the following elementary part dl.

We know, dl

= dx

dy/dx = cos x for the given curve.

Therefore dl = dx Let the cenroid be (m,n)

m=

= 0.731

n= 0.601

the required centroid of the curve is (0.731,0.601).

16. find the centroid of the following composite area. Radius of circle is 1 unit.

Sol:

Sol: We have three parts over here , one triangles and one rectangle and one circle. Area of triangle ACD A =8 sq units , area of rectangle A = 24 square units , area of circle A = 3.14 square units.
1 2 3

Centroid of rectangle C = (2,3)

2

Ce ntroid of ACD C = (4/3 ,22/3)

1

Centroid of cirle C = (2,4)

3

Total area A = A + A + A = 8 + 24 + 3.14 = 35.14 square units Let the co-ordnate of the centroid be (m,n) . m*A= (C ) * A + (C ) * A +(C ) * A m= [4/3*8 + 2 * 24 + 2 * 3.14]/ 35.14 = 1.848 units nA = (C ) * A + (C ) * A +(C ) * A
1 2 3 1 x 1 2 x 2 3 x 3 1 y 1 2 y 2 3 y 3

n= [22/3*8 + 3* 24 + 4 * 3.14]/ 35.14 = 4.07 The required co- ordinate of centroid is(1.848,4.07). 17. Without using direct formulas, use theorem of pappus-gladinus to find out the volume to the given solid. Also find out the amount of paint required to paint the entire solid if I litre of paint covers an area of 5 m . Length of cylinder is 10m. Height of cone is 5m. Radius of circular cross-section is 4m.
2

Sol: from the varoius data provided we plot the diagram. First one for the determination of volume and second one for the determination of surface area.

a)

Determination of volume: We have three parts over here ,a triangles a rectangle and a quarter circle. Area to triangle CDB A = 10m , area of rectangle A =40 m , area of quarter circle A = 12.56 m .
1 2 2 2 3 2

Centroid of CDB C = (1.33,15.67)

1

Centroid of rectangle C = (2,9)

2

Centroi d of quarter-circle C = (1.7 ,2.3) (from the standard results)

3

Total area A = A + A + A = 10 +40+12.56 = 62.56 m

1 2 3

Let the co-ordnate of the centroid be (m,n) . m*A= (C ) * A + (C ) * A +(C ) * A

1 x 1 2 x 2 3 x 3

m= [1.33*10 + 2 * 40 + 1.7 * 12.56]/ 62.56 = 1.83 m nA = (C ) *

1 y

A + (C ) * A +(C ) * A
1 2 y 2 3 y

n= [15.67*10 + 9* 40 + 2.3 * 12.56]/ 62.56 = 8.72m The required co- ordinate of centroid is(1.83,8.72). y axis is the axis of revolution. volume of given solid = distance travelled by centroid * total area = 2 * 62.56 = 719.32 m
3

* 1.83

b) We have three parts over here ,2 lines and a arc. Length of CD L = 6.40m
1

,length of DE L =10 m , length of arc L = 6.28 m.

2 3

Centroid of CD C = (2, 16.5)

1

Centroid of rectangle C = (4,9)

2

Centroid of arc C = (2.54,1.45) (from the standard results)

3

TotLl LreL L = L + L + L = 6.4+10+6.28 = 22.68 m

1 2 3

Let the co-ordnate of the centroid be (m,n) . m*L= (C ) * L + (C ) * L +(C ) * L

1 x 1 2 x 2 3 x 3

m= [2*6.4 + 4 * 10 + 2.54 * 6.28]/ 22.68 = 3.03 m nL = (C ) *

1 y

L + (C ) * L +(C ) * L
1 2 y 2 3 y

n= [16.5*6.4 + 9* 10 + 1.45 * 6.28]/ 22.68 = 9.02m The required co- ordinate of centroid is(3.03,9.02). y axis is the axis of revolution.

Surface area of given solid = distance travelled by centroid * total lenght = 2 * 3.03 * 22.68 = 431.78 m
2

Amount of paint required = 431.78 / 5 = 86.35 lit.

18. A wire has been bent in the following shape. Find out the centroid of the given shape. Given OA and CD are arcs centered at C.

Sol: From the given diagram we can conclude the following information. A(44cos30,4sin30),C(4,-5), G(20,0). OA , L = 2.1 , C = (0.18,1.02) (using the standard result of rsin/ and then readjusting the co-ordinates) ; AB,L =4 ,C =(2.26,1) ; BC, L = 5 , C =(4,-2.5) ; CD , L = 7.85 , C =(7.18,-3.18) (using standard result once again); DE , L = 5 , C =(9,2.5) ; EF , L = 6, C =(12,5) ; FG L =7.07 , C =(17.5,2.5) ;
1 1 2 2 3 5 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7

Let the centroid be (m,n).

m = L * (C ) + L * (C ) + L * (C ) + L * (C ) + L * (C ) + L * (C ) + L * (C ) / (L + L + L + L + L + L + L )
1 1 x 2 2 x 3 3 x 4 4 x 5 5 x 6 6 x 7 7 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

= 8.81 n = L * (C ) + L * (C ) + L * (C ) + L * (C ) + L * (C ) + L * (C ) + L * (C ) / (L + L + L + L + L + L + L )
1 1 Y 2 2 Y 3 3 Y 4 4 Y 5 5 Y 6 6 Y 7 7 Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

n= 0.78 co-ordinate of centroid= (8.81,0.78)

19. A semi-circular disk of weight W and radius r, is supported by two different type of pins, as shown in diagram. Find the reaction components at pins A and B.

Sol: we know that weight acts from the centroid. Therefore the equivalent free body diagram.

Clearly Ay = W (balancing vertical forces) , OC = 4r/3 Taking moment about B. W * 4r/3 Ax * 2r = 0 , (towards the left)

Ax = - 2W / 3

Balancing forces horizontally, Bx =Ax =-2W/3 (towards the right)

20. Find the centroid of the following area. The polar equation of the curve is r= 1+ cos .

Sol: we will proceed in a bit different way for this problem. Instead of dividing the area into sectors , we will take the cnventional small rectangular element on the area of the dimensions of dy dx. In that case we end up with a situation like :

As given in the question for every value of Area of elementary part dA = dr * r d Coordinates of the elementary part = (rcos Let the coordinates of the centroid be (m,n).

r ranges from 0<r<1+cos

, rsin

Total area A =

m*A=

mA = or m = 5/6

n*A=

nA=

= 4/3

Therefore n=

(m,n) = (5/6 ,

) is the required co-ordinate of the centroid.