International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences (IJSRES), 1(7), pp. 158-165, 2013 Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.

com/ijsres ISSN: 2322-4983; 2013 IJSRPUB http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsres-2013-p158-165

Full Length Research Paper Influence of Land Use on the Distribution of Some Soil Chemical and Physical Parameters in Omidiyeh, Iran
Ali Gholami1*, Ali Akbar Moridi1, Mohammad Tahsin Kariminejad2
2

Department of Soil Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan, Iran Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran * Corresponding author email: a.gholami@khouzestan.srbiau.ac.ir
Received 11 April 2013; Accepted 30 May 2013

Abstract. To study the effect of land use on soil properties in the south of the Omidiyeh in Khuzestan province sampling depth of 0 to 30 cm at 6 users (forest, abandoned land, irrigated farming, rangeland, dry farming and orchards) was attempted. Some physical and chemical characteristics of the soil such as saturation percent, conductivity, reactivity, and tissue were tested. Results of statistical analysis showed the type of user have a significant effect on these indicators. Although the soil in the studied area has a good texture but it is at risk of salinity. Saturation percent of the soil is also less than 50% and soil reaction is between 7/3 - 7/7. Comparison of research results and statistical analysis showed that soil quality indicators in rangeland have degraded compared to irrigated cultivated lands and soil degradation was greater in these lands. Keywords: Land use, Soil chemical and physical parameters, Omidiyeh

1. INTRODUCTION At present soil degradation is a serious issue and it has economic and social harmful effects in local, national and global levels. Dealing with natural resources must be consistent with their long-term career potential. In the case of not according to the rules, soil quality decline gradually (Carter et al., 2007). Soil quality is consistently capacity of the soil that perform their duties as a vital living system, within ecosystem under different use so in addition to maintaining biological production could improve air and water quality and supply health of human ,plant and animal. If does not replace appropriate management with soil conditions, the soil may be loses potency of its productivity for a long time (Hajabbassi et al., 2002). Land use returns to both issues of the Utilization of Land and management of land. Because land uses activities affect other factors so those are individually more important and more affective (Terrence et al., 2001; Morgan, 1995). Land use means the use of land in current state that covers all parts of the land in agriculture, natural resources and industrial and so on. Agricultural land,

forest and rangeland are included the most important applications (Ahmadi, 1999). Knowledge of types of ground cover and Human activities has a particular importance in various areas and maps that display different levels of the ground in such activities is called land use plan or land use. In other words, these maps show the current situation and the geographical distribution of land use in activities such as agriculture, forestry, and range management (Zobiri and Majd, 1996). The goal of this study is influence of land use on the distribution of some soil chemical and physical parameters in Omidiyeh, Iran. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The studied area is part of Omidiyeh county with 15000 ha on Khuzestan province, that located from 4948 to 4956eastern longitude and from 3032to 3039northern latitude. Six types of common management including forest, abandoned land, irrigated farming, rangeland, dry farming and orchards (Palm groves) were selected (Fig. 1).

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Fig. 1: Map of land uses in the study area

Fig. 2: Location of soil samples in the study area

Sampling of soil uses Transect method from 0-30 Cm depth (Zhao et al., 2005) and location of sampling register by GPS (Fig2). Physical and chemical characteristics of the soil such as saturation percent, conductivity, reactivity, and tissue for evaluation soil condition in different land uses, were measurement in Lab. Analysis of results done through SPSS software and repeated means of characteristics in different uses through Duncan range test in %5 levels and compare

of probabilities. So table of descriptive statistical for soil parameters on each land use, table of abundant cumulative data for each test, for each land use with histogram related to each parameter, table of compare soil parameters means in different land use and table of analysis variance (ANOVA) effect of land use on soil were made by SPSS .Also, for drawing charts used Excel software.

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS As be for show, from the point of view statistical, there is significant different between Silt particles,

Sand particles (except between abandoned lands and dry farming) and Clay particles (except between Irrigated farming and Orchards) in different land uses (Fig 3).

Table 1: The result of variance analysis of different land uses effect on soil parameters
Mean of Squares Sand (%) 6326.480* Silt (%) 3810.267* Clay (%) 376.467* pH 0.729* EC )ds/m( 7573.999* S.P )%( 814.810* df Variability 5 Land Use

*: Significant in 5% of Duncan test.

Table 2: The comparison of soil parameters mean in different land uses in study area
Index Mean Sand (%) 91.9a 33.8 cd 21.5 e 49.9 b 34.2 c 32.7 d Silt (%) 2.2 f 44.1 d 57.5 a 36.7 e 49.8 b 46.9 c Clay (%) 5.9e 22.1 a 20.9 ab 13.4 d 15.9 c 20.4 b pH 7.715 a 7.3 c 7.503 b 7.387 bc 7.37 bc 7.649 a EC )ds/m( 1.2670 b 74.3 a 7.099 b 8.29 b 8.65 b 11.78 b S.P )%( 24.430 e* 38.690 c 46.660 b 35.010 d 34.810 d 49.350 a Land Use Forest Abandoned land Irrigated farming Rangeland Dry farming Orchards

*: The similar data is non-significant in 5% of Duncan test.

Fig. 3: Comparison of soil particles in different land uses in study area (*: The similar data is non-significant in 5% of Duncan test)

According to Table 2, from forest land toward rangeland, dry farming, abandoned, irrigated farming and Orchards amount of sand has gradually decreased while the amount of silt and clay have increased.This

may be due to consolidated sand and vegetation, cultivation and tillage operations work. Soil texture of steadied area (except the forest soil) is loamy and No significant change had seen in soil texture. This

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subject consistent with findings Fattahi (2003), Lahorpour (2004), Mirzaali (2004), Ghadrivangah (2005), Dianati (2006) and Gholami (2010). Noting, the forest land had been Flowing sand which

stabilized by planting saplings in previous years and now it has turned into a jungle. Texture of forest soil was "Sand "and soils of other users "Loam or SiltLoam" were determined.

S.P(%)
a d b

60
c e

40
20 0

Orchard

Dry farming

Rangeland

Irrigation Farming

Abandon land

Forest

LAND USE

Fig. 4: Comparison of soil Saturation Percent (S.P) in different land uses in study area (*: The similar data is non-significant in 5% of Duncan test)

According to data in Table 2, and Fig. 4 significant different has seen between Saturation Percent (S.P) of soil in different land uses (except between rangeland and dry farming). Clay soils and soils with more organic matter have much more water than sandy soils

and poor soils. Same as the percentage of moisture, Sandy soil holds water by the suction force less than clay soil. The results from soil saturation percent are accordance to research of Hajabbassi et al. (2002) in the Boroujen's soils in central Iran.

Fig. 5: Map of Saturation Percent (S.P) in different land uses in study area

Since the forest soil texture is sand and has little content of clay so saturation percent of it is the lowest. Orchards have the greatest amount of soil saturation percent which may be due to the high content of clay

and organic matter. Rangeland and dry farming showed no significant differences to each other in saturation percent of soil.

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80 70 60

EC (ds/m)

50
40 30
b

20
b b b b

10
0

Orchard Dry farming Rangeland

Irrigation Farming

Abandon land

Forest

Fig. 6: Comparison of soil Electrical Conductivity (EC) in different land uses in study area (*: The similar data is non-significant in 5% of Duncan test) LAND UES

Results of analysis statistics (Table 2 and Fig.6) show the significant difference between Electrical Conductivity (EC) of abandoned soils and other users. This difference may be due to relatively salty soils of study area, Non-farm on abandoned land for many years, low annual rainfall and high evapotranspiration, high levels of ground water in the area, much more clay and also lack of natural drainage. As a result, passage of time has led to increased salinity in abandoned soils which are placed in the category of highly saline soils (S4). Forest land has no salt (S 0) because its soil texture is sand. Irrigated farming has low salinity (S1) that may be due to continuous cultivation, irrigation and drainage .Other land uses have moderate salinity soil (S 2). Results show Noting that the salinity of the Zohreh River which is water supply of irrigated

farming and orchards is among the causes of soil salinization. Effect of irrigation on leaching and reduce the salt concentration has reported by Zehtabian et al. (2006). According to data (Table 2 and Fig.8) there is significant different between Soil Reaction (pH) in different land uses (except between forest and Orchards). Increase of the soil reaction in irrigated farming and orchards may be due to management practices such as fertilization which consistent with findings Giessen et al. (2009), Balesdent et al. (2000) and Bolan et al. (1991). Reaction is also highest in forest which probably due to high levels of content calcium carbonate. Buffering properties of the soils prevent extreme changes and reduction of pH in soils (panahpour, 2009).

Fig. 7: Map of soil Electrical Conductivity (EC) in different land uses in study area

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pH
ab b a ab

7.8 7.6 7.4 7.2 7 6.8 6.6 6.4

Orchard Dry farming Rangeland Irrigation Farming

Abandon land

Forest

LAND USE

Fig. 8: Comparison of soil Reaction (pH) in different land uses in study area (*: The similar data is non-significant in 5% of Duncan test)

Fig. 9: Map of soil Reaction (pH) in different land uses in study area

5. CONCLUSION Today, all researchers agree that the change in the land use is one of the important and main causes of hazards and disasters such as flooding, erosion, sediment production, and change of ecological and environmental conditions, and change of the properties of soil and water condition. Land use change process is a nonlinear dynamic change which is related to so many respective factors and the ecological, geographic, and socio-economic reciprocal effects. Comparison of research results and the use of the results of statistical tests showed that soil quality indicators in rangeland has degraded compared to

irrigated cultivated lands and soil degradation was greater in these lands. REFERENCES Ahmadi H (1999). Applied Geomorphology, Vol.1 (water wearing), 2nd edition, Tehran University Press, 668 pages. Balesdent JC, Chenu M, Balabane M (2000). Relationship of Soil Organic Matter Dynamics to Physical Protection and Tillage. Soil and Till Research, 53: 215-230. Bolan NS, Hedley MJ, White RE (1991). Process of soil acidification in central plains rangeland soil after 20, 30 and 60 years of cultivation. Soil

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Sci. J., 150: 851-857. Carter MR, Gregorich EG, Anderson DW, Doran JW, Janson HH, Pierce FJ (2007). Concept of Soil quality and their significance. P.In: Methods for Assessing Soil Quality. Soil Sci. Soc. Of Am. Special Pub, No.49, Madison, Wisconsin. Dianati Tilki Gh, Ghaderi vangah B (2006). Comparison of soil properties of pastures under natural grazing and the planting in Metsh in Gilan pervice. Science and technology Natural Resources. Pages 96-90. Fattahi B (2003). Assessing grazing on vegetation and soils of the plour's summer pastures. M.Sc. thesis Range Management, Tarbiat Modarres University, 79 pages. Ghaderivangah B (2005). Comparison of grazing pastures and the planting areas in terms of runoff and sediment production. M.Sc. thesis Range Management, Tarbiat Modarres University, 84 pages. Gholami A (2010). Assessing changes in land use and its effects on physical, chemical and mineralogical soil (case study: Aghcheh Friedan's region) Soil thesis, Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch of Khuzestan. 201 pages. Geissen VR, Snchez-Hernndez C, Kampichler R, Ramos-Reyes A, Sepulveda-Lozada S, OchoaGoana BH, de Jong E, Huerta-Lwanga S, Hernndez-Daumas S (2009), Effects of land Use Change on some Properties of Tropical Soils-An Example from Southeast Mexico. Geoderma, 151: 87-97. Haj Abbas MA (2002). A case study of agricultural land converted to pasture on some physical properties, soil fertility and crop parameters in

Borougen. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1(6): 161 to 149. Lahorpour Sh (2004). Effect of grazing intensity on soil chemical and physical of summer pastures in Cherendo in Kurdistan province. M.Sc. thesis Range Management, Tarbiat Modarres University, 68 pages. Mirzaali A (2004). The effect of grazing exclusion on vegetation and topsoil salinity pastures in Gomishan in Golestan province. M.Sc. thesis Range Management, Tarbiat Modarres University, 59 pages. Morgan RPC (1995b). Soil erosion and conservation. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 198p. Panahpour E (2009). Effect of compost leachate on soil fertility and nutrient distribution in the soil profile under drip irrigation. Soil thesis, Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch of Khuzestan. 160 pages. Terrence JT, George RF, Kenneth GR (2001). Soil Erosion, John Wiley and Sons NC, USA, 338p Zhao WZ, Xiao HL, Liu ZM, Li J (2005). Soil degradation and restoration as affected by land use change in the semiarid Bashang area, northern China. Catena, 59: 173-186. Zehtabian GR, Srabyan L (2003). The causes of soil salinization in Plain Gonbad - Alagol. Journal of Science and Research of International Research Center for Coexistence with Deserts, 9 (2): 168-180. Zubair M, Majd H (1996). Introduction to Remote Sensing Technology and its application in Natural Resources, Tehran University Press, 316 pages.

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Dr. Ali Gholami is an assistant professor in soil science. He is the editor and reviewer of some international journals. He has studied 15 university research design, and 50 printed papers in national and international conferences and journals. Mr. Ali Gholami has graduated with first grade in M.Sc. degree and PhD coarse book. He was selected as head of department of soil science and manager of research office in Islamic Azad University, Khuzestan Science and Research Branch in 2009 and it now. Also he was selected as superior researcher in 2011 and 2012 in Khuzestan province, Iran.

Ali Akbar Moridi, is a graduate student in Department of Soil Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khouzestan, Iran in 2012.

Dr. Mohammad Tahsin Kariminejad is Faculty member of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran. He received the PhD degree in Environmental Soil Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2010, M.Sc. degree in Soil Science, Shahid Chamran (Jondi Shapour) University, Ahvaz, Iran, 2003 and B.Sc. in Soil science, Urmia University (University of Rezaeiyeh), Urmia, Iran, 2000.

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