Introduction to Engineering survey

CN205/1.0

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING SURVEY 1.0 INTRODUCTION

The measurement of dimensional relationships among points, lines, and physical features on or near the Earth's surface. Basically, surveying determines horizontal distances, elevation differences, directions, and angles. These basic determinations are applied further to the computation of areas and volumes and to the establishment of locations with respect to some coordinate system. Surveying is typically used to locate and measure property lines; to lay out buildings, bridges, channels, highways, sewers, and pipelines for construction; to locate stations for launching and tracking satellites; and to obtain topographic information for mapping and charting. Surveying defined Surveying may be defined as the art of making measurement of the relative positions of natural and man-made features measurements include on the earths surface and the presentation of this information either graphically or numerically (Arthur Bannister) Surveying is the art and science of making field measurement on or near the surface of the earth. Survey field measurement include horizontal and slope distance, vertical distance and the horizontal-vertical angle. In addition to taking measurement in the field, the surveyor can derive related distances and directions through geometric and trigonometry analysis (Barry F.Kavanagh) Engineering surveying is defined as those activities involved in the planning and execution of survey for the location, design, construction, maintenance and operation of civil objective.

Introduction to Engineering survey

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1.2

OBJECTIVE OF SURVEYING a) to produce map or plans The determination of the relative positions of natural and artificial features on or adjacent to the surface of the earth, so that they may be correctly represent on maps, plan or sections. b) setting out The setting out upon the ground of proposed construction or engineering works. The information on the new works is normally found in setting out documents which usually include some of the drawings describe above. c) computations such as areas and volumes The execution of calculations for land areas, for earthworks volumes etc, either based on field measurements or on measurements abstracted from maps, plans and sections.

Surveying technique may be considered to be used for three distinct purpose as follows;

1.3

TYPES OF SURVEYING a. Plane survey Plane survey which generally cover areas up to In plane surveying relatively small areas are under consideration and it is taken that the earths is flat- it gives a horizontal plane. Its consider the north south lines are assumed to be parallel. Calculations for a plane surface are relatively simple, since the surveyor is able to use plane geometry and plane trigonometry. It not suitable for large areas less than 250km2. Mostly to be considered in all survey works. Plane survey are used for the layout of highways, railways, canals, fixing boundary pillars, construction of bridge, factories etc. for majority engineering project, plane surveying is the first step to execute them.

Introduction to Engineering survey

CN205/1.0

b. Geodetic survey 1.3.1 Where measurement cover such a large part of the earths surface. Suitable for large areas up to 250km2. Frameworks of angular and distance measurements between points are necessary to control all survey. Using the sophisticated instrument, accurate methods of observations and their computations with accurate adjustment. Generally carried out to provide plan control. Geodetic surveys are usually carried out by the Department of National Survey.

Different between plane survey and geodetic survey

Plane surveying: To determine the boundaries, area, or elevations of (land or structures on the earth's surface) by means of measuring angles and distances, using the techniques of geometry and trigonometry. Geodetic surveying: Remote sensing, mapping and charting depending on plane surveying of fixed reference points, like monuments, longitude and latitude coordinates; magnetic effects, and relative velocity of Earth points to each other. 1.4 i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEY ACCORDING TO PURPOSE OR USE Engineering survey Cadastral survey Hydrographic survey Topographic survey Geodetic survey Astronomy Global positioning system photogrammetric Remote sensing

Introduction to Engineering survey

CN205/1.0

1.4.1

Engineering survey

The survey which are carried out for determination of quantities or to afford sufficient data for designing engineering work such as roads, railways, dams, sewage disposal, and construction work generally. based on boundaries mark, beach mark, triangulation monument, GPS monument and have vertical and horizontal control. 1.4.1.1 a. b. c. Purpose of engineering survey carried out spatial data. Setting out Produce detail plan

1.4.2 Cadastral survey The survey which are generally plotted to a larger scale than topographical survey and arc carried out for fixing the property lines, calculation of area landed properties and preparation of revenue maps of states. A survey for the preparation of defining legal property boundaries. To produces a plans of property boundaries for legal purpose, such as determination of boundaries mark, resurvey for land acquisition, subdivision etc. 1.4.3 Hydrographic survey The survey which deal with the mapping of large water bodies for the purpose of nautical navigation, prediction of tides and determination of mean sea level and control works such as oil exploration, construction of harbours works and waterways etc. hydrographic survey consists of preparations of topographical maps of the shores and banks, by taking soundings and determining the depths of water at a number of places and ultimately surveying bathymetric contours under water. 1.4.4 Topographic survey

The survey which are carried out to maps showing the topography of an area i.e. the natural or man made features on the surface of the earth. To produce topography map and range scale 1:250000 to 1:1000000 and to produce thematic map. To transfer information on the paper to the field,

Introduction to Engineering survey

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whereas proposed position of any item of construction must be marked out on the ground. To calculate areas and volume for related areas. 1.4.5 Geodetic survey Where measurement cover such a large part of the earths surface. Suitable for large areas up to 250km2.Frameworks of angular and distance measurements between points are necessary to control all survey. Using the sophisticated instrument, accurate methods of observations and their computations with accurate adjustment. Generally carried out to provide plan control. Geodetic surveys are usually carried out by the Department of National Survey. 1.4.6 Astronomy

The survey which are carried out for determining absolute locations i.e latitudes of different places on the earth surface and the direction of any line on the surface of the earth by making observations to heavenly bodies i.e star and sun. in northern hemisphere, when night observations are preferred to observations are usually made to the Polaris i.e the pole star.

supernova 1.4.7 Global Positioning System The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the only fully functional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Utilizing a constellation of at least 24 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, the system enables a GPS receiver to determine its location, speed, direction, and time. Other similar systems are the Russian GLONASS (incomplete as of 2007), the upcoming European Galileo positioning system, the proposed COMPASS navigation system of China, and IRNSS of India. The Global Positioning System, while originally a military project, is considered a dual-use technology, meaning it has significant applications for both the military and the civilian industry.

Introduction to Engineering survey

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conception of GPS satellite in orbit

GPS receiver and antenna -Trimble, garmin & leica 1.4.8 Photogrammetry

The method of determining the shapes, sizes and positions of objects using photographs and therefore it is an indirect method of measurement because photographic images are under scrutiny rather than objects themselves. Its branches is aerial photogrammetry and terrestrial photogrammetry.

Photo image

Introduction to Engineering survey

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1.4.9

Remote Sensing

In the broadest sense, remote sensing is the small or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by the use of either recording or real-time sensing device(s) that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object (such as by way of aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, buoy, or ship). In practice, remote sensing is the stand-off collection through the use of a variety of devices for gathering information on a given object or area. Thus, Earth observation or weather satellite collection platforms, ocean and atmospheric observing weather buoy platforms, monitoring of a pregnancy via ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and space probes are all examples of remote sensing. In modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of imaging sensor technologies including but not limited to the use of instruments aboard aircraft and spacecraft, and is distinct from other imaging-related fields such as medical imaging.

The 2001 Mars Odyssey Spacecraft used spectrometers and imagers to hunt for evidence of past or present water and volcanic activity on Mars.

Introduction to Engineering survey

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1.5 1.5.1

SURVEY WORK IN SURVEY ENGINEERING Principle of survey The fundamental principles upon which different methods of surveying are based are very simple. To produce map or plan. Location of a point by measurement from two control point are selected. The line in then plotted a convenient scale on a drawing sheet. the line use part of the base line to use the next measurement. The following measurement point are based on both of the method: a) survey. b) c) d) Offsets method (rectangular co-ordinates)- short measurements at right angles to a measured straight survey line. Traverse method - bearing and distance measurement from any part control point by using prismatic compass or theodolite. Triangulation method bearing measured for every point. chain survey method third point measurement and base on chain

1.5.2

Basic stages of survey operations. The entire work of a survey operation may be divided in distinct stages:

a) Reconnaissance During reconnaissance the surveyor goes over the area to fix a number of stations, ensuring necessary intervisibility, to establish a system of horizontal control. A few permanent stations are also selected for an extension of the survey. b) Observations and measurement The observations also include determination of difference in elevations between the stations, establishment of points at given elevations and surveying contours of land area. c) Field record

Introduction to Engineering survey

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All the measurement from the surveying are recorded in a field book. Every care is made to ensure correct entries of all the observations otherwise the survey may be useless. Final measurement to produce map or plan and all the spatial data. 1.6 MODERN SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS iconventional instruments manually and take time to finish survey work. a. Vernier theodolite, optical theodolite and prismatic compass b. Land chain, steel tape and synthetic tape. c. Dumpy level and wyes level d. Mechanical calculator, trigonometry logharithma e. Stereo plotter f. iiLead line sounder

modern instruments a. Electronic theodolite, Electronic distance measurement and total station. b. Digital level c. Electronic calculator, computer hardware and software. d. Digital stereo plotter e. Echo sounder f. Global positioning system