TITLE

Water balance in human. 1. 2. To study the kidney regulation on urine production. To determine the effect of drinking different hyposmotic and isosmotic solutions on the urine properties in human subjects.

OBJECTIVE :

Introduction : The kidneys are complex organs that have numerous biological roles. Their primary role is to maintain the homeostatic balance of bodily fluids by filtering and secreting metabolites (such as urea) and minerals from the blood and excreting them, along with water, as urine. Because the kidneys are poised to sense plasma concentrations of compounds such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen ion, oxygen, and glucose, they are important regulators of blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and erythropoeisis. In humans, the kidneys are located in the posterior part of the abdomen. There is one on each side of the spine; the right kidney sits just below the liver, the left below the diaphragm and adjacent to the spleen. Above each kidney is an adrenal gland (also called the suprarenal gland). The asymmetry within the abdominal cavity caused by the liver results in the right kidney being slightly lower than the left one while the left kidney is located slightly more medial. In a normal human adult, each kidney is about 10 cm long, 5.5 cm in width and about 3 cm thick, weighing 150 grams. Together, kidneys weigh about 0.5% of a person's total body weight]. The kidneys are "bean-shaped" organs, and have a concave side facing inwards (medially). On this medial aspect of each kidney is an opening, called the hilum, which admits the renal artery, the renal vein, nerves, and the ureter. The outer portion of the kidney is called the renal cortex, which sits directly beneath the kidney's loose connective tissue/fibrous capsule. Deep to the cortex lies the renal medulla, which is divided into 10-20 renal pyramids in humans. Each pyramid together with the associated overlying cortex forms a renal lobe. The tip of each pyramid (called a papilla) empties into a calyx, and the calices empty into the renal pelvis. The pelvis transmits urine to the urinary bladder via the ureter. People are born with two kidneys but are able to live with only one. Basicly normal urine is contained 2 important matter ; there are Frorganic matter and inorganic matter : Inorganic matter: Na (4g), Cl (10 g), P (2.8 g), K (2 g), S (2 g), Ca (0.2 g), Mg (0.15 g), I (30 250 mg), Ar (50 mg), Pb (50 mg) . Organic matter : Urea (25 -30g), Creatinin (1.4g), Ammonia (0.7g), Uric Acid (0.7g), Albumin (0 0.2g), Creatin (60 150g), Hipuric acid (0.1 1g), Bes Purin (10mg), Asid Oksalic (15 20mg), Keton body(3 15mg), Indican (4 20mg), Alontoin (30mg), Koproportirin (60 200ug), Phenol (0.2 -0.5g), Sugar (15 50mg) after eating. 50% adult can reach glucose rate about 15 50mg/24hour, for diabetic (diabetes) contain sugar at 100g/day, ascorbic acid (15-50mg).

MATERIALS

Beaker (1 litre), Measuring cylinder (100 ml), urinometer , pH meter, natrium chloride solution (0.9%) (0.15 M), natrium bicarbonate solution (1.0%) (0.15 M) ,distilled water and drinking cup.

METHODS : 1. Each group was comprised of 3 human subjects: first subject drinks 0.5 l natrium chloride solution (0.9%). Second subject drinks 0.5 l natrium bicarbonate solution (1.0%) and third subject drinks 0.5 l distilled water. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Each subject was empty the bladder first, before drinking the prepared solution. Volume (by using measuring cylinder), relative density (urinometer) and pH (pH meter) are measured. Then the prepared solution was drunk.When the experiment starts the time is recorded. After drinking the solution, subject must not move. Subject was urinate each 30 minutes for 2 hours. The volume, relative density and pH of the collected urine was measured. The graph on the urine volume for each designated duration for the three subject was plotted. PRECAUTIONS : 1) Do not move about after drinking the solution (increase the metabolic water and sweating). 2) Do not drink solution using cup for urine collection. 3) Do not leave glassware and cup in the toilet. 4) Do not dirty the toilet. 5) If there is not enough volume of the urine, then dilute the urine (the relative density must be 1 and above). 6) If the calibrated gradation of urinometer is abnormal, the need to standardize with water (i.e. relative density = 1.0). 7) The reading of the urinometer e.g. if it shows 10 , then the relative density = 1.010

RESULTS Subject 1

: Solution Natrium bicarbonate (Fatin) Time (minutes) before 30 60 90 120 before 30 60 90 120 before 30 60 90 120 Volume (ml) 60 184 200 60 20 35 40 40 83 110 36 36 140 180 85 pH 6.50 6.88 6.90 7.66 7.98 5.53 6.21 6.31 7.02 7.38 5.80 5.96 5.96 5.56 5.11 Relative density 1.0020 1.0010 1.0030 1.0050 1.0060 1.0020 1.0010 1.0010 1.0070 1.0050 1.0250 1.0100 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

Natrium chloride (Afif) Distilled water (Aganita)

DISCUSSION: 1) The result shows that the third subject (distilled water) the volume of urine is more than the 2 other subjects. It is because of the distilled water is not contain with all nutrient and mineral, so that the reabsorption of the tubule in the kidney is not active. In addition, the osmotic pressure that produce by the distilled water in the kidney is very low. So ,much more urine is produced. 2) For the first subject that drink natrium bicarbonate solution will yield the mean of urine at low volume because this solution contain ion Na+ that will stimulate aldosteron hormone secretion to carry that ion and then higher the osmolarity at the tubules. Then , the water will also absorb into tubules passively. So the quantity of urine volume yield is low. Beside that, the pH value in the urine will increase. 3) Urine pH value that we has get is did not shows the big different , just around pH 5.5 pH 8.0 . But for the subject (drink natrium bicarbonate solution) , the result of its urine pH value is higher because both natrium ion and carbonate ion was absorbed by the kidney tubules.

4) Nevertheless, the relative density of urine is depend on the osmoticity of the solution that was drank by those subjects. The relative density is increase when subject drinking the hyperosmotic solution ,for example NaCl and then will producing a concentrated urine because of active reabsorption to balance osmotic pressure in cells. Mineral ions in the hyperosmotic solution will enters into cell passively in the kidney. So that, the water is eliminate more after an hour and concentration of the urine is occurred, and the relative density of the urine is also increased. 5) From the graph urine volume (ml) against time (minute), shows that the first, second and third subject produce urine at different volume on the different time. The first and third subject produced big amount of urine at early experiment, but the second and subjects produced in big amount at the end of experiment. CONCLUSION :

In the normal condition, the normal urine parameters for the volume is 600-2500ml / day (average 200 ml/day) and the pH value is 4.7-8.0 (average 6.0) and for the relative density is 1.003-1.030 . The kidney has the responsibility for maintaining the osmolarity and the composition of the body fluids (water balance in body) and the homeostasis of the body will function normally. REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. :

Neil. A Campbell (1996). Biology. 7 th edition. United State of America: The Benjamin/ Cumming Publishing Company, Inc. Nota SHES 2133 Fisiologi Manusia & Haiwan. Buku Panduan Amali Biokesihatan Tahap I Semester II Sesi 2007/2008 Neil. A Campbell (1996). Biology. 7 th edition. United State of America: The Benjamin/ Cumming Publishing Company, Inc. A.Raman,Ruby Husain,M Afandi Muhamad.Fisiologi Manusia Edisi Kedua. Penerbit Fajar Bakti