ISSN 1018-5593

European Commission

COST European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research

Semi-rigid behaviour of civil engineering structural connections

COST C1
Composite steel-concrete joints in braced frames for buildings

European Commission

Semi-rigid behaviour of civil engineering structural connections

COST C1
Composite steel-concrete joints in braced frames for buildings

Edited by David Anderson University of Warwick

Brussels Luxembourg 1996

Published by the European Commission European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research

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A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int) Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997 ISBN 92-827-9573-X European Communities, Brussels Luxembourg, 1997 Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Italy

Preface In the context of this document, composite construction means the composite action of a steel frame with a concrete floor slab and possibly concrete encasement to increase the resistance and stiffness of the frame. Most joints between members in such frames are commonly treated as "nominally pinned", mainly because of a lack of guidance on alternative approaches to design. This document concerns the design of moment-resisting "composite" joints. They are beam-to-column or beam-to-beam joints that are designed so that reinforcement in the slab contributes to the resistance and the stiffness of the joint. The action of the reinforcement permits the frame to be designed as a "semi-continuous" or even "continuous", even though the steel connection within the joint may be of a nominallypinned form. Although Eurocode 4 as published as an ENV recognised the possible use of composite joints, methods to predict the structural properties were judged not sufficiently wellestablished to justify their inclusion in the code. Since then significant additional research has been carried out, and interim guidance on design has been published in a number of countries. It is envisaged that the EN version of Eurocode 4 for buildings will include both Principles and Rules for Application for composite joints. This present document provides the background to the intended code provisions, and shows comparisons with test results to justify the methods adopted. Eurocode 4 should be consistent with other Eurocodes. Eurocode 3 already gives provisions for steel joints. In the revised Annex J to the ENV, a "component" approach is adopted. Each component comprises an element subject to a specific structural action. Once the contribution of a component to the overall joint response is understood and evaluated, the components are assembled to provide the calculation model for the joint. Chapter 1 of this document provides an introduction to composite construction for building frames and to the classification of joint behaviour; this in terms of the influence of the joint on the response of the other elements of the frame. Chapter 2 describes the flexura! behaviour of composite joints, with reference to tests on full-size configurations;

the influence of various components on the response is observed. A formal statement of the components relevant to composite joints is given in Chapter 3, followed by an explanation of the procedures for assembly. The evaluation of component characteristics is described in Chapter 4, including transformations needed to permit nodal representation of joints in frame analysis. The document concludes with comparisons against some test results to demonstrate the suitability of the methods already described. The document was prepared by the Composite Sub-Group of Working Group 2 of the COST-C1 Project. This project concerns European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research in the area of Semi-rigid Behaviour of Civil Engineering Connections. The Chairman of Working Group 2 was J.-P. Jaspart. The Convenor of the Sub-Group was D. Anderson, who also edited the document. Individual chapters were contributed by the following: Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Moment-resisting composite joints D. Anderson H. Bode and H.-J. Kronenberger J.-P. Jaspart

Chapter 3 Modelling of composite joints and assembly of components Chapter 4 Component characteristics

G. Huber and F. Tschemmernegg

The calculation examples were prepared by G. Huber and D. Anderson Other members of the Group were : J.-M. Aribert, F. Benussi, J.W.B. Stark, K. Weynand and Y. Xiao. Grateful acknowlegement is made of technical papers and other contributions by these colleagues, and to further contributions by N.D. Brown, C. Muller and A.A. Saim.

November 1996

IV

Notation 1. A a b bc C D d E e F f g H h h. k L Roman symbols Cross-sectional area Throat thickness of weld Resistance of a bolt Width Width of column profile Linear stiffness Compression resistance of diagonal strut Distance; thickness Modulus of elasticity Flexural rigidity Horizontal distance from column profile to slab reinforcement Force Parameter; function of; strength Dead load per unit length Length of column Height Depth of column profile Stiffness factor Stiffness coefficient Length of beam Length of beam in hogging bending Length Moment Axial force; number of shear connectors in the length of beam in hogging bending q Load per unit length; imposed load per unit length Rotational stiffness Stip Thickness Shear force

t
1 M

s
s t V

Lever arm Greek symbols Transformation factor; parameter Transformation factor Partial safety factor Displacement Angle Strain Rotation Stress Ratio of reinforcement area to cross-sectional area of slab Parameter related to unbalanced loading Parameter Common subscripts Structural steel Beam Centre of joint Concrete; column; compression; capacity Cylinder strength Composite Column Contact plate Design Effective value Equivalent Flange Counter Initial value Counter; joint Longitudinal; value related to point L

2.

3. a b C c ek
CO

col cp d eff eq f i ini j L

Li+conn

Load introduction and connection

VI

m p R S s se t u
V

Mean value Plastic Resistance Value related to point S Reinforcement Shear connection Transverse Tension Ultimate value Shear area Web Web panel Yield value

w wp y

vu

Contente Preface Notation Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8.1 1.8.2 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 Chapter 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 Composite steel-concrete construction in braced frames Structural steel joints Other composite elements Composite joints Classification of joints Terminology Joint characteristic and joint properties Influence of joints on frame behaviour Nominally-pinned joints Rigidjoints Classification by moment resistance Semi-rigid joints and classification by stiffness Classification of composite joints Conclusion Introduction Types of joint Joint detailing Introduction Steelwork connections The reinforced concrete slab Concrete encasement Influence of joint detailing on the moment-rotation behaviour of composite joints Arrangement of the structure Introduction Contribution of shear connectors distributed along the composite beams 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.11 2.15 2.16 2.28 2.28 2.28 iii ix

Moment resisting composite joints

IX

2.4.3 2.4.4 2.5 Chapter 3

Unbalanced loading and single-sided joint configurations Methods of erection Conclusions

2.36 2.41 2.43 2.50 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.12 3.22 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.6 4.7 4.12 4.12 4.17 4.17 4.18 4.20 4.20 4.21 4.21 4.28 4.28

References Modelling of composite joints and assembly of components 3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 Chapter 4 Introduction Introduction to the component method Principles of the method Levels of refinement Procedures for joint assembly Introduction General mechanical approach Eurocode based mechanical approach Analytical procedures

References Component characteristics 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4 4.6.5 4.7 4.7.1 Introduction CLS-definition Transformation factors Moment resistance and rotation capacity for the simplified joint model Stiffness for the simplified joint model Compression region Stiffness of steel components Design resistance of steel components Deformation capacity of steel components Stiffness of concrete casing Design resistance of concrete casing Tension region Stiffness of composite components

4.6.6 Deformation capacity for a cased column in compression

4.7.2 Design resistance 4.7.3 Deformation capacity

4.8 4.8.1

Shear connection Stiffness

4.29 4.29 4.30 4.30 4.32 4.32 4.37 4.37 4.37 4.42 4.43 4.43 4.46 4.48 5.1 5.2 5.22 5.40 5.50

4.8.2 Design resistance 4.8.3 Deformation capacity 4.9 4.9.1 Shear region Stiffness of steel web

4.9.2 Design resistance of the steel web 4.9.3 Deformation capacity of the steel web 4.9.4 Stiffness of concrete casing 4.9.5 Design resistance of concrete casing 4.9.6 Deformation capacity for a cased column in shear 4.9.7 Simplified modelling for double-sided joint configuration References Appendix to Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Calibration examples 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Introduction Contact plate beam-to-column joint Flush end plate beam-to-column joint Beam-to-beam joint

References

XI

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Composite steel-concrete construction in braced frames The most important and frequently encountered combination of construction materials is that of steel and concrete, with applications in both buildings and bridges. Although very different in nature, these two materials complement one another; concrete is efficient in compression and steel in tension; when of necessity steel components must resist compression, concrete can restrain these against buckling; concrete also gives protection against corrosion, and thermal insulation at high temperatures. The design of structures for buildings and bridges is mainly concerned with the provision and support of horizontal surfaces. In buildings, the floors are usually made of concrete, reinforced by steel to resist tension. As spans increase though, it is cheaper to support the slab, for example by beams, rather than to thicken the slab. In building structures the grid of beams is in turn supported by columns (Fig. 1.1). Both the beams and columns can be conveniently Fig. 1.1 Composite construction constructed using structural steel sections,

normally hot-rolled I- and H- shapes respectively. It used to be customary to design the bare steelwork to carry all the loads, but since the 1950s it has become increasingly common to connect the concrete slabs to the supporting beams by mechanical devices. These eliminate, or at least reduce, slip at the steel-concrete interface, so that the slab and the steel beam section act together as a composite unit, commonly termed a "composite beam" (Fig. 1.2). In practice, interconnection is achieved by headed studs or other connectors which are welded or shot-fired to the _,. , . _ Fig. 1.2 Non-composite structural steel and embedded in the concrete, as shown in and composite beam 1.1

Fig. 1.3. Despite the need to provide and fix these "shear connectors", the use of composite action has certain advantages. A composite beam has a greater stiffness and usually a higher load resistance than its noncomposite counterpart, *r i ~ ~ ^ Connectors *

Consequently a smaller steel section is usually required, resulting in savings of material and reduced depth of construction. The latter is important for integration of building services. It also influences the height of the

building, and composite beams can therefore lead to ., , , j j j iL Fig. 1.3 Shear connection & worthwhile savings in cladding costs and those associated with heating or airconditioning of the building's space. Because of the benefits in structural performance, it would seem preferable to ensure that the concrete slab and steel section act in a composite manner at all times. This would result in all loads, including the dead weight of the floor, being resisted by the composite section. For this to be achieved, it is necessary to support the steel beam during

construction, until the concrete has hardened sufficiently to act with the steel as a composite member. This is termed "propped construction". The alternative "unpropped construction" uses the resistance of the steel section alone to carry loads during construction. Often the additional time required for the placing of props outweighs the benefits gained. These are usually limited to a reduction in deflection at service load. Ultimate strength methods are used to determine the resistance of composite beams for buildings, and design calculations then show that the load level at failure is independent of the method of construction. Unpropped construction is therefore usually used in practice. The ultimate moment resistance is taken as the plastic moment capacity of the composite section and its calculation is therefore an application of rectangular stress block theory. The ultimate design strengths are specified in design codes. In view of its international character, this publication makes reference to Eurocode 4, in which the following assumptions are made :

1.2

(i)

Concrete in compression is stressed uniformly to 0,85fck / yc, where * is the characteristic 28-day cylinder strength of the concrete and yc is the partial safety factor for this material's strength.

(ii) (iii)

Concrete in tension is neglected. Structural steel is stressed to its design yield strength fy/ya, where fy is the characteristic yield strength and ya is the partial safety factor for this material.

In sagging bending the stress distribution at ultimate moment will therefore be as shown in Fig. 1.4. No account need be taken of local buckling in the steel section since even if part is in compression (Fig 1.4(b)), the compression flange is attached to the concrete slab by shear connectors and the depth of the web in compression is small.
0.8Sf ck /* c

As the provision of beams avoids thick slabs, a floor in a building with composite beams consists essentially of a series of interconnected T-beams with wide, thin concrete flanges, as

fy/^a

shown in Fig. 1.5. In such a system, the flange width may not be fully effective in resisting compression, because of "shear lag". This phenomenon is taken into account by using an "effective width" in design of the composite beam. Arguably the commonest form of composite construction in buildings

(b)

Fig. 1.4 Plastic stress distributions

uses simply-supported composite beams, in which the slab is itself reinforced by profiled steel sheeting (Fig. 1.6). This acts as formwork during construction, and in service keys into the hardened concrete, to create a "composite slab". Shear connection is usually provided by embossments or indentations on the sheeting, or by the shape of the profile itself. The popularity of this form of construction is due as much to the reduction in

1.3

construction
Mean stressin concrete flange

time that

can

be

achieved,

as to

savings

in material

costs.

Fig. 1.5 Effective breadth

Fig. 1.6 Composite floor

Welded steel mesh is provided in the slab, in addition to the sheeting, to resist shrinkage cracks and to ensure adequate fire resistance. 1.2 Structural steel joints In framed structures, at each intersection between beams and columns it is usually the columns that are continuous. The beams are attached to the external faces of the columns by connections. Although tubular sections are sometimes used for columns, the commonest section is -shaped. The bending stiffness of these sections is much greater is the plane of the web ("major axis bending") than in a plane parallel to the flanges ("minor axis bending"). The columns are usually orientated with their webs co-planar with those of the main beams, as shown in Fig. 1.1, so that any beam-to-column interaction causes major axis bending in both
n

4 n

ff ff ff

. ff ff ff

ff ff ffX I Ijff ff ff -"

VJ

members. In both steel and composite structures, the traditional classification of joints has distinguished basically two

Fig. 1.7 Rigid joint

Fig. 1.8 Simple joint

forms: rigid joints and simple

joints (Figs. 1.7, 1.8). A simple joint has been regarded as one that transmits shear force without developing significant moments that might adversely affect the members of the structure. A rigid joint transmits whatever moment and shear force is required, treating

1.4

connected members as fully continuous. Both classes of joint may also be required to transmit axial forces, for example when acting as part of a bracing system. The basis for the classification has been the type of steel beam-to column connection. Strictly in a simple joint the slab should be interrupted to eliminate any significant element of continuity. For simple construction in practice, the reinforcement is only the welded mesh provided to resist shrinkage and fire. Both concrete and mesh may be continuous past the column, but neither will provide significant resistance to moment. In braced frames any moment which would tend to form at the joint would be hogging in nature; before the ultimate design loads are reached the concrete cracks and the mesh fractures, thereby destroying any continuity.
.

TT

In composite

beams

1X1

..

the contribution of the slab to the resistance to vertical shear is small and difficult to determine. In design

Fig. 1.9 Composite joints with simple steelwork connection

therefore, it is assumed

that the resistance is provided by the steel section alone. A simple connection for a composite beam is therefore designed in the same way as for a steel member. Economy requires that joints are easy to fabricate and straightforward to connect on site. Simple connections for composite beams, like those for steel members, therefore employ web cleats, fin plates or end plates. These are types of connection found to be economical in practice (Fig. 1.9). 1.3 Other composite elements Although world-wide it is at present commonest to use frames of composite beams, simple connections and steel columns, in some circumstances it is cost-effective to employ composite action in the columns and in the connections. Steel columns in multi-storey buildings may need protection from fire. This is often provided by encasement in concrete. Tests have shown that savings can be made by using structural grades of concrete for the encasement and designing the column as a composite

1.5

member. This permits account to be taken of the contribution of the concrete to the strength and stability of the column. If the steel section is H or I-shaped, it may be either totally or only partially encased (Fig. 1.10). The use of composite columns is well-established, and modern design codes such as Eurocode 4 provide detailed provisions Fig. 1.10 Encased composite columns
for their design In contrast

the use of composite action in connections is much newer. resistance of the connection.

Eurocode 4 defines a

composite connection as one in which reinforcement is intended to contribute to the

If slab reinforcement in the form of individual bars of good ductility is laid past the column, it should be possible to develop significant moment resistance even if the steelwork connection remains simple in nature. 1.4 Composite joints The behaviour of composite joints is described in detail in Chapter 2. However, the structural action is exemplified by Fig. 1.11. Although the concrete cracks, the reinforcing bars provide tensile resistance. For the type of joint in the figure, this is augmented by the tensile resistance of the upper part of the steelwork connection. Tensile forces are balanced by compressive action between the lower part of the beam's steel section and the column. More straight-forward forms of connection are also possible, if tensile resistance is provided solely by the reinforcement, as shown in Fig. 1.12.

RR

crx
K22Z

Fig. 1.11 Action with steel end plate

Fig. 1.12 Action with contact plate

1.6

Clearly such an approach provides a more economical means of achieving the benefits of continuity (greater load-bearing resistance, greater stiffness) than the use of rigid steelwork connections. For use in practice though, code provisions are needed, based on avoidance of failure modes identified by analysis and physical testing. At the time of drafting ENV 1994-1-1, research on composite joints was not sufficiently mature to enable such provisions to be made, particularly in a code for international application. Provisions will though be included in prEN 1994-1-1 and hopefully in the subsequentlyagreed European Standard. The purpose of this publication is to provide the background to the proposed design provisions, including examples of calibration. 1.5 Classification of joints Joints of the type shown in Fig. 1.12 will not be of sufficient stiffness to provide the full continuity expected from a rigid joint. Similarly, the moment resistance will be less that the potential resistance of the composite beam section even in hogging bending. These characteristics may also be shown by joints such as the type shown in Fig. 1.11, and other types of joint which can be envisaged. Frames employing joints with such characteristics are "semi-continuous" in nature. It is therefore necessary to develop a classification system which does not just treat joints as either simple or rigid. With only two verydifferent classes, engineering judgement has been used to decide which class a particular type most closely conforms to. With an extended system, it is preferable to use quantitative limits, which apply to key structural properties. Such a classification system has been developed for Eurocode 3 and adopted in Eurocode 4. This will be described below. 1.6 Terminology In developing new design approaches, such as semi-continuous design, a clear and precise definition of the main terms is required. The following definitions used in this publication are based on those in the Eurocode and are illustrated in Fig. 1.13: A "node" is the location where the axes of two or more members meet, and is used in frame analysis.

1.7

Nodal zone

Node

A "nodal zone" covers the node and the lengths of the connected members affected by local interaction. A "connection" refers to the structural

Connection

steel

components

which

mechanically

fasten the members. Fig. 1.13 Terminology A "joint" is the connection and the zone of interaction between members. 1.7 Joint characteristic and joint properties The response of a frame to loading which causes flexure will be dependent, amongst other factors, on the overall rotational response of each joint. This may be described by a M - curve, where M is the moment at the column face and is the relative rotation between the column axis and that of the beam's steel section (Fig. 1.14). The "joint rotation" should also account for deformations occurring in the vicinity of the joint, unless these are allowed for by use of sophisticated models for the beams and columns. For example, the "joint rotation" will usually account for local buckling of steel sections, and deformation of shear connectors within the nodal Fig. 1.14 Joint rotation zone. In addition, the overall - curve will need to include the flexibility arising in, for example, a one-sided connection (Fig. 1.15).
Panel zone

As will be shown in Chapter 2, experimental - curves are non-linear. For design however, piece-wise linear approximations can be used, provided that the approximate relationship lies wholly below the more Fig. 1.15 Shear rotation precise characteristic. A design - characteristic may need to define three main properties: moment resistance, Mj;Rd. rotational stiffness, Sj,

1.8

rotation capacity^-

4M MRd

These are illustrated in Fig. 1.16 for a bi-linear approximation. 1.8 Influence of joints on frame behaviour The relevance of these properties to both frame

. cd

behaviour and joint classification can be readily appreciated by considering the response of the beam shown in Fig. 1.17. For simplicity the beam is taken to be of uniform cross-section, with an elastic-plastic moment-curvature relation. The elastic flexural rigidity is Elb and the beam's design

Fig. 1.16 Bi-linear approximation

ry un i t length s@c
=*r

moment resistance is assumed to be the plastic moment, MpijRd (Fig. 1.18). For the joint at each end of the beam, three

Fig. 1.17 Semi-continuous beam

different forms of behaviour will be considered (Fig. 1.19): (i) (ii) a pinned joint of rotation capacity cd, arigidjoint of moment resistance MRd; a joint whose - response is represented

M pl.Rd

(iii)

by a tri-linear relationship.
Curvature

It is assumed that the nodal zone is small in relation to the span Lb of the beam. The response of the beam is considered under increasing uniform load, q per unit length.

Fig. 1.18 Beam characteristic

1.8.1 Nominally-pinned joints With pinned joints, no end moment is developed The bending moment diagram can be determined by statics, with a maximum moment of qL2/8 (Fig. 1.20). Provided that the rotation capacity of the joint is adequate (see below), the limiting resistance of the beam is reached when this moment reaches the plastic moment Mpi.Rd- For the moment-curvature

1.9

response assumed in Fig. 1.18, a mechanism has now formed, by virtue of the plastic hinge at mid span, and collapse occurs. Up to this load level, the midspan deflection and the end rotation can Rigid l/T" J'
ini ()

be determined by elastic theory. For the analysis 'cd to be valid, it is necessary though for the joint to be able to sustain this rotation without any local

Pinned

Fig. 1.19 Joint characteristics

form of failure, such as fracture of a bolt or weld, occurring. 1.8.2 Rigid joints With rigid joints, no rotation occurs at the ends of the beam. In conventional design of continuous structures, the joints are proportioned to resist whatever end moments result from the analysis of

t^K^
e=q,L
24EI = 5o,L4 384EI

the structure (the "global analysis"), and the joint resistance provided is therefore as great as that of the connected beam. Thus as long as the beam remains elastic, the end moments are the well known fixedend moments, qL2/12. From statics, the midspan moment is therefore qL2/24 (Fig. 1.21). As the load increases, the end moment will reach the plastic moment of the beam. The

Fig. 1.20 Beam with pinned joints

resulting plastic hinges now rotate under further

qL*724

increase of load, until the moment at midspan also reaches the plastic resistance. The formation of a plastic hinge at this point transforms the beam

Fig. 1.21 Beam with rigid joints

into a mechanism and collapse occurs. A s the end

rotation occurs in the beam section, it is the beam, not the joint, which requires deformation capacity. This is achieved in design by selecting a Class 1 section.

1.10

1.9 Classification by moment resistance The provision of a design resistance in the joint at least as great as that of the beam will often however require a stiffened arrangement, which increases the cost of fabrication. One of the innovations in Eurocode 3 concerns the use of "partialstrength" connections, in which the design resistance is less than that of the connected member. In such cases plastic hinges form in the joints. Unless a purely elastic method is used for global

analysis, rotation capacity will now be required in the joints, commensurate with the
M/Mp|.Rd 1.0 Mj.Rd/M pl.Rd Fullstrength Partialstrength

redistribution assumed in the global analysis. A classification diagram for joints based on moment resistance is shown in Fig. 1.22. This permits

"full

* Fig. 1.22 Classification by moment resistance

strength" and "partialstrength" joints to be clearly distinguished, irrespective of stiffness.

1.10 Semi-rigid joints and classification by stiffness Consider now the trilinear characteristic shown in Fig. 1.19. For very high values of stiffness, the behaviour will resemble closely that of the rigid joint (characteristic ii). In such cases the joint can be assumed to be rigid for the global analysis. Similarly, a very flexible joint may be assumed to be pinned. However in the interests of economy the designer may well wish to choose a form of joint whose stiffness does not approximate to either rigid or pinned behaviour. In this way arrangements which are more expensive to fabricate can be avoided whilst achieving worthwhile benefits in structural performance compared with simple design. Classification by rotational stiffness therefore enables the designer to model the structural frame in a realistic manner whilst providing freedom to choose the joint arrangements most suited to the particular project. The boundaries for stiffness classification of joints in braced frames, proposed for Eurocode 3, are shown in Fig. 1.23. A wellknown method of allowing for semirigid joint action in global analysis is to modify the beam stiffness to an effective value. For similar reasons, the acceptable boundaries for the rigid and pinned idealisations are expressed in terms of beam stiffness related to initial joint stiffness. The boundaries have been

1.11

1 rigid if SjlB > 8EIb/Lb 2 semi-rigid 3 nominally pinned if Sy* < 0.5EIb/Lb

determined in terms of acceptable errors resulting from the assumption of fully-rigid or trulypinned behaviour. 1.11 Classification of composite

Key: Elb is the flexural rigidity of the beam Lb is the span of the beam

joints For composite joints, it is

necessary to decide whether the classification by stiffness should be related to the cracked or uncracked flexural rigidity of the

Fig. 1.23 Classification by stiffness

beam's cross-section. The boundary for rigid joints has been determined in terms of loss of restraint to the columns. When providing restraint against column collapse, the joint moments in a braced frame will experience reversal (Fig. 1.24), with the whole of the beam now in sagging bending. The concrete can be assumed therefore to be entirely, or at least substantially, in compression and the uncracked properties of the equivalent steel section should therefore be used. Classification by resistance compares the moment capacity of the joint to that of the beam. ^7677First-order

Its purpose is to indicate which

77*77-

77*77

77*77- element will limit resistance in the beam-toSecond-order

Fig. 1.24 Reversal of joint moments bending. 1.12 Conclusion

column intersection. For braced frames, the moment resistance of the composite beam should therefore be that applicable to hogging

In order to design joints as composite elements, it is necessary to examine in more detail the behaviour of typical arrangements of joint, and how their structural behaviour can be modelled. For everyday design, provisions are needed to determine the key structural properties, based on comparisons against test results. These aspects of composite joints are considered in the subsequent chapters of this publication.

1.12

Chapter 2: Moment resisting composite joints

2.1 Introduction

Unless the joints are rigid and full-strength, the behaviour of composite structures is influ enced by their stiffness, resistance and ductility. Conventionally joints have been assumed either as nominally pinned or as rigid. In reality both assumptions may be inaccurate and uneconomic and represent only small parts at the boundaries of the total moment-rotation behaviour. They can lead to a wrong interpretation of the structural behaviour in terms of load-resistance and deflections. In tests it has been found that some joints which have been assumed to be rigid provided someflexibilitywhile joints which have been assumed to be nominally pinned were able to transfer a certain amount of moment resistance. Thus to achieve economy and safety in design it is necessary to take into account the real behaviour of composite joints in the analysis and design of composite structures. Moment-resisting joints have to transfer the moments and forces between members with an adequate margin of safety. Their behaviour in turn influences the distribution of mo ments and forces within the structure. An overall account of the behaviour of composite joints would need to recognise their three-dimensional nature. However, in composite structures the presence of rather stiff continuous floor slabs usually allows out-of-plane and torsional deformations of the joint to be neglected [2.1]. This is the reason why the at tempt to describe the behaviour of composite joints can be reduced to a description of the in-plane behaviour. With reference to the in-plane behaviour, the rotational flexibility is the most important joint characteristic affecting the global structural response [2.1]. It can be described by M-curves which give the relation between the moment acting on the joint and the corre sponding rotation within the joint. Knowledge of these --curves is the basis for the incorporation of joint behaviour into the analysis of the structure. Moment-rotation curves can be obtained by tests and numerical simulations as well as mechanical or mathematical modelling. The curves should include all main parameters affecting the behaviour of com posite joints.

2.1

A description of the flexural behaviour of a joint has to take into account all possible sources of deformability within the joint area. In general the deformations which occur can be divided into (i) shear deformations acting within the column web panel and (ii) bending deformations. Shear deformations are caused by unsymmetrical loading and/or unequal joint geometry. The bending deformations can be subdivided further into deformations due to tensile or compression forces, based on the idea that a bending moment can be replaced by a couple of forces acting in opposite directions. Therefore three different areas can be defined within a joint: the tension zone, the compression zone and the shear zone. The proposal to take advantage of less than rigid joints dates back to 1970 [2.2]. It was the result of considerations on: how to prevent or to control local buckling of beam or column sections in negative bending areas of continuous composite structures, in order to apply plastic design approaches at ultimate limit state, how to control deflections and cracking of concrete of simply supported composite beams at the serviceability limit state and how to achieve these favourable results by reducing costs of the structure with respect to fabrication and erection. During the following years initial research projects were carried out with encouraging results, confirming the basic expectations. However, as a consequence of the limited number of studies, there was still a lack of background knowledge for the development of design methods. A detailed review of this early work, providing also a basic background on joint behaviour is given in [2.1]. During the last few years a large number of research projects aimed to close these existing gaps have been carried out. Results of this work are summarised in [2.3] and [2.4]. In order to develop design rules for the whole range of composite joints expected in practice under monotonie loading, as a first step the behaviour of so-called semi-continuous (semi-rigid and/or partial strength) joints has to be investigated. The aim of this chapter is to summarise the prevailing behaviour.

2.2

2.2

Types of Joint

In Chapter 1 a joint is defined as the connection itself and the corresponding zone of in teraction between any two members. In general composite joints forming part of compos ite frames or floor systems are located at points of intersection of beams and columns or of beams only. They consist of a number of components transferring the loads between the connected members. These comprise: the steelwork connection, which itself consists of several components, such as con necting elements (plates, angles) and fasteners (welds, bolts) the reinforced concrete slab, if it is continuous, parts of the cross sections of the connected members (column and beam webs and flanges) and in the case of beamtocolumn joints, the column web panel.

Composite action within the joint is ensured by the shear connectors distributed along the connected beams. All these components provide a particular, in general nonlinear, force deformation behaviour, thereby influencing the behaviour of the whole joint.

"

tz

^f^
'

^^

su*i*

a. joint with welded connections

b. joint with endplate connections (flush or extended)

c. joint with partial depth endplate connections

33 " ..nlnln !

HS

e. joint with cleated connections

I il

5i i
L
d. joint with fins and contact plates

f. joint with boltless steel work connections

Fig. 2.1 Types of moment resisting beamtocolumn joints

Fig. 2.1 shows usual types of moment resisting composite beam-to-column joints; similar configurations can also be used for beam-to-beam joints. They differ in the type of steelwork connection, which is one of the main parameters affecting joint behaviour. In a bare steel joint, welded connections and flush or extended endplate connections are often assumed to provide a high degree of continuity, while the other types shown in Fig. 2.1 would normally be assumed to provide a lower degree of moment resistance and stiffness. Through being part of a composite joint however, these types of connections can also result in a high stiffness and strength for the joint. Due to the presence of the continuous reinforced concrete slab they are now subjected to normal forces. Finplate connections and web cleated connections can be strengthened by additional bolted or welded cleats or steel plates connecting the flanges of beams and columns. So-called boltless connections provide their moment resistance by the reinforcement in the slab and by the transfer of compression forces only at the lower beam flange through contact plates. Most of these joints can be used in conjunction with partially encased beam and/or column sections. The additional concrete increases the fire-resistance as well as the strength and stiffness of several joint components, for example the column web panel. The concrete slab can be either a solid slab or a composite element cast on profiled steel sheeting. Bending moments acting on a joint are transferred by tension and compression forces and, in case of the column web panel, by shear forces, thus forming the so-called tension, compression and shear zones of the joint. Within these zones, forces are transferred by the different components which are individually loaded by normal forces or shear, which in some components are accompanied by local bending. Several components can therefore be stressed by more than one action. The force-deformation behaviour of some of these components can be influenced by stiffening and/or strengthening elements such as column web stiffeners, backing plates and partial concrete encasement. The behaviour of these joints is - besides the behaviour of the bare steel connection and the column web panel - mainly influenced by the behaviour of the reinforced concrete slab. The parameters type, amount and arrangement of reinforcement influence the joint behaviour significantly.

2.4

Besides the structural detailing of the joint components, the arrangement within the structure has to be considered in order to describe the moment-rotation behaviour of a composite joint. Parameters outside of the joint such as the type, amount and distribution of shear connectors along the beam length, the type of loading (which can be balanced or unbalanced) or the location of the joint within the structure (single sided or double sided joint configuration) affect the behaviour of composite joints. Also the type of construction (propped or unpropped) has to be considered. Thus in this chapter the description of the moment-rotation behaviour of composite joints is separated into two parts: The influences due to the structural joint detailing are discussed first in section 2.3, while the influences due to the configuration of the structure will be highlighted in the second part (section 2.4).

2.3 2.3.1

Joint detailing Introduction

The behaviour of a composite joint is influenced by (i) the force-deformation behaviour of the individual joint components and (ii) the lever arms between these joint components. Both are influenced by the structural detailing and in turn influence the stiffness, resistance and rotation capacity of the joint. In general the various joint components exhibit an individual non-linear force-deformation behaviour. Each component has limitations which can be responsible for the failure of the joint as a whole. How and to what extent each component contributes to the overall joint behaviour depends on the location of the component in the joint, in particular the distance from the compression or tension zone. In addition the degree of activation is important, which depends on the interaction with other joint components. It is assumed however, that the deformation behaviour of individual joint components subjected to a specific loading will be always the same, independent from the arrangement of the component within the joint. The behaviour of individual components of the steelwork connection is described in the revised Annex J of Eurocode 3 [2.5] and in background papers [2.6,2.7]. Here a summary is given concerning the overall behaviour of different types of steelwork connection. The

2.5

responses of additional components resulting from designing the joint as composite are described later, before the influence of the arrangement of composite joints on the overall behaviour is considered.

2.3.2

Steelwork connections

Welded connections provide high stiffness and strength but they are expensive in site-fabrication and during erection and require small tolerances of the members. The resistance of welded joints may be limited by local instabilities in the compression zone (the lower flange of the beam, the adjacent parts of the beam web and the column web) or by excessive deformations due to column flange bending (if horizontal stiffeners are not provided). As long as instabilities do not occur, welded joints can be assumed to be rigid and of full strength. Deformations may occur only as a result of yielding or buckling of the beam or column flanges and the webs. The welds have to be designed using a higher partial safety factor in order to prevent brittle failure [2.5], As part of a composite joint, welded steelwork connections can provide stiffness and resistance higher than that of the bare steel joint if local instabilities are prevented by stiffeners. Their behaviour can be assumed then to be that of a continuous beam. Endplate connections can be flush, extended or of partial depth. Deformations can arise in the column flange and web of the tension zone of the joint, also in the endplate itself, in the bolts and in the compression zone of the joint (beam flange and web and column flange and web in compression). The contribution of endplates to the overall joint behaviour will be influenced by yielding of the components and by local instabilities in the compression zone. Overall resistance, stiffness and ductility as well as the failure mode of endplate connections can be adjusted by varying the arrangement and the properties of the corresponding components. Based on the behaviour of bolted T-stubs subject to tensile forces, the behaviour of the tension zone of an endplate connection or that of the adjacent column flange in bending can be easily described. For a T-stub, three different failure modes are possible, as shown in Fig. 2.2.

2.6

Actual components

Equivalent T-stub

Force and moment diagrams

Q . 0 , 5 FTJ1J

J-M
"pini

M.ina

Mode 1 : Complete yielding of the flange

t'TJM

Q . 0 . S E B V B d 1

trj.o.sIBmj

/1
Mode 2: Bolt failure with yielding of the flange

0.5 E u 1

.5BB,,Bd

Msd *

D(.Rd

Mode 3: Bolt failure

Fig. 2.2 Failure modes of actual components and equivalent T-stub flanges [2.5] In the first case failure occurs in the plate or flange itself. As a result of yielding near the bolts and adjacent to the stiffening component (flange and web of the beam, column web or stiffeners), a full plastic mechanism can be developed. Its formation leads to large de formations of the flange, and therefore provides high ductility. In some cases strain hard ening or membrane effects within the flange can lead to a further increase of the resis tance. The behaviour of a T-stub will be changed if the stiffness and the resistance of the plate is increased (by increasing the thickness or using material with higher strength) or if the stiffness and resistance of the bolt arrangement decreases (by reducing the distances between the bolts and the stiffening sections of the beam and column, or by reducing the bolt strength). This will lead to the second failure mode. In this case a combined flange and bolt failure will occur. Yielding of the plate can only be achieved at the stiffening sections of the beam (flange, web) or column (web, stiffener). Such a failure can be accompanied by a reduced deformation capacity. A further increase in flange properties or

2.7

decreases with the bolt arrangement will lead to the last failure mode: rupture of bolts. In such cases the deformations up to rupture are very limited. The joint will show a brittle behaviour unless buckling or plastic deformations occur within the compression zone. Such a brittle failure has to be prevented if moment redistribution is required from the analysis of the structure. In practice often more than one bolt row in tension will be used, which generally yields an increase in stiffness and resistance of the endplate connection. In such cases it is necessary to distinguish between bolt rows acting independently from each other and several bolt rows acting together, thus leading to different yield line patterns as shown in Fig. 2.3.

Fig. 2.3 Effectiveness of additional bolts rows, depending on the yield line pattern formed by the first bolt row [2.6] Cleated connections or finplates are often used in practice, because they are much cheaper in fabrication and erection. On the other hand they normally do not provide the same degree of continuity as endplates or welded connections. The consequence is, that the use of cleated connections as steel connections will lead to an increase in beam size.

2.8

If only the web of the beam is connected such connection can be assumed to be pinned (Fig. 2.4). As a result of the gap between the beam end and the column surface and the small lever arm between the bolts, the stiffness and moment resistance of such connections are small. Only if the rotations are large enough to close the gap between the lower beam flange and the column flange can a significant increase in stiffness and strength be achieved. Then compression forces can be transferred directly by contact. However, the required rotations will normally be higher than those which will develop in a structure of adequate overall stiffness.

tei
Angle'

Fixed support-f+r Column flange

i"j
M

-Beam web

Fig. 2.4 General deformation pattern of the cleats in web cleated connections [2.8] Stiffness and resistance can be increased in comparison with web connections only by using bolted or welded cleats or steel plates, connecting beam and column flanges. Regarding the lower flange, contact plates or shims can be provided to ensure effective transfer of compression. The greatest part of the deformations within such a joint arrangement occurs due to bending of the cleats, bearing of the bolts and slip caused by clearance holes, as shown in Fig. 2.5 and Fig. 2.6.
i
Top a n g l *

Top ongle
A Fixed support

Fig. 2.5 Deformations in flange cleated connections [2.9]

2.9

Bolt sp may be prevented by tightening the bolts to increase friction between the steel plates. The load-deformation behaviour of such a flange cleat in tension can be assumed to be similar to the behaviour of a T-stub in tension, as described above, provided that the transfer of forces from the beam flange to the cleat by shear and bearing (including slip) is taken into account.

fc

w w

J HL

J |I xnx

* - '

Major stip

Load transferred by bearing and shear

Load transferred by friction

Relative movement

Fig. 2.6 Load against slip in a bolted lap splice [2.10] If welded steel plates are used to transfer forces from the beam tension flange to the column, care has to be taken to ensure sufficient ductility. Welding of the steel plates all around the beam flange and the column flange will leave only the small gap between beam end and column flange for free elongation of the steel plate. This results in a high stiffness but also in a very low ductility of this component. Increasing this length of free elongation by ending the weldments before the beam end will increase ductility but also reduce stiffness, thus changing the overall joint behaviour. As already mentioned, contact plates or shims can be used in conjunction with cleated connections to transfer compression at the lower beam flange (see Fig. 2.1). They can also be used together with finplate connections, and in composite joints which can be called boltless connections. They ensure a direct transfer of force without any slip. In composite joints they provide the possibility to change the joint behaviour during erection of the structure. The boltless connection is pinned during erection. Placing of contact plates or

2.10

shims after concreting leads to a change in the structural system from simply supported beams to semi-continuous or continuous members.

2.3.3 The reinforced concrete slab The reinforced concrete slab is part of the beam as well as a component of the composite joint. In hogging bending it is stressed by a tensile force and a certain amount of the negative bending moment, although the latter may often be neglected. It is connected to the steel beam and therefore indirectly to the steel connection too by shear connectors distributed along the beams. As it is well known, concrete itself is not able to transfer significant tensile forces due to its very limited tensile strength. Thus the concrete slab has to be reinforced in longitudinal and transverse direction by steel bars and/or prefabricated steel mesh. The force-deformation behaviour of the reinforced concrete slab has a significant influence on the moment-rotation behaviour of a composite joint with regard to stiffness, resistance and ductility. The ratios between the stiffness and the resistance of the bare steel joint to the corresponding composite joint are particularly important parameters. The contribution of the reinforced slab to the joint behaviour depends on the amount, distribution and material properties of the reinforcement, the type of slab (solid or profiled) and its effective width, the tensile strength of the concrete and the bond-stress relationship between reinforcement and the concrete. For a better understanding, a reinforced concrete member under pure tension is considered first. In the case of tensile forces acting on a reinforced concrete component or a concrete element it is normally assumed that these forces are transferred by the reinforcement only. This is due to the fact that concrete will crack after the tensile stresses have reached its tensile strength. Therefore usually only the properties of the reinforcement are taken into account in calculating resistance and deformations of a slab. Tests with reinforced concrete members show however that between the cracks concrete and reinforcing steel are acting together and thereby affecting the force-deformation behaviour. This is the

2.11

so-called "tension-stiffening" effect: the reinforced concrete element is suffer than the reinforcing bars not embedded in concrete. Fig. 2.7 from the CEB/FEP Model Code 1990 [2.11] shows the stress-strain relationship of a reinforced concrete member including tension stiffening (e^m-curve) compared with the behaviour of the un-embedded reinforcement only (Es-curve).

=N/A

Fig. 2.7 Simplified stress-strain diagram for embedded reinforcement [2.11] In the case of reinforcing bars the force-deformation behaviour is linear only up to the strain where yielding of these bars begins. After yielding stresses are further increased due to strain hardening until the ultimate strength is reached and rupture of the reinforcement occurs.

() single crack formation

7 / / V / jN.cr Ni

(c) stabilised crack formation

N.>N,. t ,

r i N,

cix)

y ..

,
) 1 1 1 I

1
L

Fig. 2.8 Distribution of strains in the case of single and stabilised cracking [2.12]

2.12

The curve for the embedded reinforcement includes tension stiffening and shows a different behaviour with respect to stiffness and ductility. Initially concrete is uncracked and provides a high stiffness for the member. When the tensile strength of concrete is reached, a first crack appears. This leads to stress and strain concentration within the reinforcement at the crack. Subsequently, the stiffness is reduced due to further cracking within the concrete over the length of the element, leading to larger deformations. This part of the stress-strain behaviour depends on the scatter of the tensile strength of the concrete, the reinforcement ratio and the bond-characteristic between reinforcement and concrete. At the crack locations the normal force acts on the reinforcement and causes different strains between reinforcement and concrete. Within the introduction length Les shown in Fig. 2.8 [2.12] the natural bond between reinforcement and concrete reduces the different strains. Outside the introduction length the strains of the reinforcement and the concrete are equal. Further increase of load does not increase the number of cracks significantly. The crack pattern tends to stabilise and the cracks widen. In comparison with the state of single cracking this stage is characterised by different strains in the concrete and the reinforcement over the whole member. New cracks can develop only if the bond capacity is sufficient to induce forces into the concrete that reach the tensile strength of concrete between the cracks. The bond between cracks reduces the maximum strain of the reinforcement at the crack locations and causes the tension stiffening effect of concrete between the cracks [2.12]. The last branch of the curve shows the significant influence of tension stiffening on the deformation capacity of a reinforced concrete member. It was found that the ultimate average strain and the deformation capacity of reinforced concrete are reduced compared with the ultimate corresponding values assuming fully-cracked behaviour. This part of the curve is influenced by the bond, the elongation of reinforcement at maximum load, the reinforcement ratio and the ratio between the yield and the ultimate tensile strength of the reinforcement. This reduction can lead to rupture of reinforcement at an unexpectedly low overall deformation. The ultimate strain and the tensile strength of the reinforcement can be achieved only at the cracks. Thus deformation of the reinforced concrete member is mainly due to concentrated plastic deformations of reinforcement at the cracks.

Fig. 2.9 shows stress-strain diagrams obtained from tests [2.13] with reinforced concrete elements under pure tension. Table 2.1 contains the test parameters of the concrete and 2.13

the reinforcing bars. As it can be seen from Fig. 2.9 the overall ductility of these three test specimens differs significantly. In tests No. 1 and 2 the same ratio of reinforcement was used while in test No. 3 the amount of reinforcement was reduced. The diameters of the rebars and their maximum strain at ultimate load were different. In comparison with the first test the higher ultimate strain of the rebars used in the second test leads to an increase of ductility. Comparing the second and third test a reduction of the ratio of reinforcement leads to a far less ductility. stress [N/mm2]
test specimen and length

used for strain measuring TTTTT

600

1.600

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

). 100

120.0

liJS

Stran

| 300|

Fig. 2.9 Stressstrain curves of tensile tests with reinforced concrete [2.13]

Test No.

reinforcement ratio

diameter

ultimate strain su of the reinforcement

ratio ft / fy

1 2 3

0.6 % 0.6 % 0.2%

10 mm 8 mm 8 mm

12.0 % 15.2% 15.2%

1.14 1.14 1.14

Table 2.1 Test parameters of the concrete tensile members and the reinforcing bars

It should also be noted that the available values of maximum steel strain at ultimate load used in these tests are very high. Characteristic values from Eurocode 2 [2.14] are much lower (either 5 % or 2.5 %). Thus the effect of tension stiffening on the deformation ca pacity of a reinforced concrete slab would be more severe if the material properties are so far reduced.

2.14

As mentioned before, different types of reinforcement can be used, such as prefabricated welded wire mesh or individual ribbed bars. Due to welding, the ductility of the mesh is reduced leading to an early failure of mesh reinforcement. This is the reason why in ulti mate limit state calculations, in which use has been made of ductility, mesh should not be taken into account [2.15].

In composite beamtocolumn joints, tensile forces have to be transferred around the col umn leading to stress concentrations at the edges of the column flanges. There the first cracks will appear and open, at the end spreading over the whole width of the slab. Often fracture of the reinforcement occurs at these locations due to these stress and strain con centrations thereby limiting the rotation capacity.

2.3.4

Concrete encasement

In a comprehensive series of component tests the influence of partial encasement of col umn sections on strength, stiffness and deformation capacity of the column web panel in shear and compression has been investigated [2.16, 2.17]. Fig. 2.10 and Fig. 2.11 show typical test specimens and the loading arrangement used in these studies. It was found that partial encasement of the column increases stiffness, resistance and deformation capacity of the column web, both in shear and in compression, as can be seen from Fig. 2.10 and Fig. 2.11. In addition it prevents buckling of the beam and column web in compression.

F[kN]
1600.0

steel column with partial encasement

1200.0

I
0 0 7 ' I jg

800.0

400.0

steel column, HEA 300, FE235

0.0 * I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r=>- w

J
[ mm ]

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Fig. 2.10 Loadintroduction in the compression zone: Influence of partial encasement [2.16]

2.15

M s [kNm]

steel column with partial encasement

t-Es- [mrad]
0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

Fig. 2.11 Moment-rotation curves of the shear panel: Influence of partial encasement [2.17]

2.3.5

Influence of joint detailing on the moment-rotation behaviour of composite joints

The following discussion aims to highlight the influence of joint detailing on the behaviour of composite joints.

load cell displacement transducer flush endplate specimen

f
double web cleat specimen

i ' ' ' '

-IPE330 strain clinometer/

0: \2y

I .

i , _L ' '

' '
-ll'KMO-

i ' a

11KB 240

CP01

CD 02

Fig. 2.12 Typical arrangement of a double sided joint test (two specimens in the same figure) [2.18]

Moment-rotation curves describing the behaviour of joints have been obtained by many cruciform type experiments with structural subassamblages consisting of beams and col umns. Experiments on a whole structure can be carried out as well but they are very ex2.16

pensive and require special test facilities within the laboratories. Fig. 2.12 shows a typical test arrangement for double sided composite joints subjected to balanced loading, while Fig. 2.13 illustrates a test specimen with a single sided joint arrangement. In general the rotations are measured by transducers or inclinometers located near the joint.
^Supporting column203x203 UC52

Additional trim ban

Shear ud

Rebar and mesh

;
Transverse rebars Major txii beam stub

^^/^
^
Partial depth ndplatr in the bottom position 305x165 UB 40

Fig. 2.13 Single sided joint specimen [2.19]

Due to the complexity of the behaviour and the large number of parameters influencing the momentrotation curves of composite joints, the different aspects are described by comparing selected test results.

In comparing such results, it should be remembered that the tensile force acting within a composite joint is the sum of the tensile forces acting within the reinforced concrete slab and those forces acting in the tension zone of the bare steel connection. These are limited due to equilibrium conditions by failure of the corresponding components, the maximum forces in the compression zone and in the shear zone of the joint. In addition the forces acting within the joint are influenced by outside parameters such as deformation at the steelconcrete interface (slip in the shear connection between the slab and the steel sec tions, see 2.4.2). Due to these interactions, test results sometimes seem to show opposing trends which in reality are mainly based on different steel connection details. These details influence the behaviour of reinforced concrete and/or the actual failure mode. It is obvious that a useful evaluation of test results has to consider similar test conditions, taking into account the behaviour of the whole joint and the connected members, as. well as the rein forcement in the slab.

2.17

Fig. 2.14 shows the influence of the beam depth on the behaviour of composite joints. The diagram contains the results of two tests with endplate connections in combination with a profiled reinforced composite slab on metal decking [2.20]. The reinforcement ratio used in these tests was unchanged (1.0 %). The only difference between the tests concerned the depth of the beam steel section, which changed by a factor of nearly 1.5. In both tests failure occurred by rupture of the reinforcement. The increase in stiffness and resistance due to the higher beam depth is obvious. The influence of beam depth on the rotation ca pacity of the joint can be seen also. The failure by rupture of the reinforcement limits the momentrotation curves. A n increase of the beam depth, and therefore of the lever arms between the components located in the tension zone and those located in the compression zone leads to a reduction of rotation capacity.

M[kNm]
400.0

=1.10%

Test S8FD

457 152 UB 52

300.0

203 203 UC 52 p = 1.10% Test S8F 305 165UB40

200.0

100.0 203 203 UC 52

0.0

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

1 50.0

n* [ m r a d ]

Fig. 2.14 Influence of beam depth on joint behaviour [2.20]

The influence of different types of steel connection can be seen from Fig. 2.15 [2.18]. In the first test flush endplate connections were used while in the second test double web cleats connected the beam web and the column. In both tests the beam size and the prop erties of the slab were the same. The slabs cast on metal decking were reinforced by a very low amount of reinforcement. Mesh and rebars were used, with the latter providing a reinforcement ratio of 0.4 %. In both tests failure by rupture of the reinforcement limited the momentrotation behaviour of the joints. The differences in stiffness, resistance and rotation capacity are obvious. Joints with endplate connections provide a higher stiffness

2.18

and strength than joints using web cleats only. On the other hand the cleated connection shows a higher rotation capacity. In the second test, the compression force balancing the tensile force within the reinforcement had to be transferred by the web cleats. In such connections the bolts connecting the cleats to the beam web are loaded by shear and bearing. As a result of slip due to clearance holes and plastic deformations in the cleats due to bearing, large deformations will occur in the compression zone of such joints, leading to high ductility, but simultaneously to a very low stiffness. In endplate joints, in addition to the reinforcement, the upper bolt rows of the endplate connection contribute to the tensile resistance of the joint. The compression forces are transferred by contact between the endplate and the column at the lower steel flange. Due to the higher tensile forces and the increased lever arms between the compression zone of the joint and the reinforcement and the upper bolt row, the moment resistance as well as the stiffness of the joint are increased. On the other hand the deformations within the compression zone will be reduced by the direct load transfer between the column and the beam. Therefore this type of joint shows a reduced rotation capacity.

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

Fig. 2.15 Influence of type of steel connection [2.18] The influence of the detailing of endplate connections with respect to thickness and material properties of the endplate, the diameter and the properties of the bolts and their position are not described in more detail. These parameters are described elsewhere [2.6, 2.7], However, the difference due to the type of endplate will be demonstrated as follows:

2.19

M[kNm]
400.0

300.0

200.0

100.0
0.0

[mrad]
0.0 5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

Fig. 2.16 Steel and composite joint with extended endplate connections [2.21]

Fig. 2.16 shows the curves of tests with a bare steel joint using extended endplates and a corresponding composite joint [2.21]. The test results demonstrate clearly the influence of the reinforced concrete slab on the behaviour of a composite joint even though a reinforcement of only 0.7 % had been placed within the slab. As it can be seen from the curves, moment resistance and rotation capacity increased due to this reinforce ment within the slab, while the initial stiffness was nearly the same. M[kNm]
400.0

300.0

200.0

100.0
0.0

[mrad]
0.0 5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

Fig. 2.17 Steel and composite joint with flush endplate connections [2.21] The same influence has been investigated in further tests [2.21] shown in Fig. 2.17, but now flush endplates where used while all other parameters were not varied. Stiffness, re sistance and rotation capacity increased due to the contribution ofrthe reinforced concrete slab. The bare steel test failed by fracture of the upper bolts, in combination with plastic deformations within the endplate in the tension zone. In the composite test, reinforcement

2.20

rupture was followed by failure of the steelwork connection similar to that in the bare steel test. The higher rotation capacity of the composite test results from increased com pression forces due to the presence of the reinforcement, which causes more deformation in the compression zone. Comparing the bare steel tests with flush and extended endplates as shown in Figs. 2.16 and 2.17 an increase in stiffness, resistance and rotation capacity can be seen, resulting from the additional bolt row. However, if the corresponding composite'tests are com pared, only an increase in resistance and rotation capacity can be found. Such increases are explained by the higher resistance against bending of an extended endplate in compari son with a flush endplate. The resulting higher compression force induces greater defor mation in the compression zone, thereby increasing the rotation capacity. In composite joints a steelwork connection with partial depth endplates can also provide significant moment resistance, even though a bare steel joint of this type of connection would be assumed as nominally pinned. Fig. 2.18 compares results from tests [2.22] with flush and partial depth endplate connections. Two different amounts of reinforcement (0.71 % and 1.21 %) were used together with these types of endplates. M[kNm
SJB-14 = 1.21 % SJA-14p = 1 . 2 1 %

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

[mrad]

Fig. 2.18 Comparison between composite joints with flush and partial depth endplate connections [2.22] Comparing specimens with the same amount of reinforcement, the tests show the influ ence of the location of the upper bolt row and therefore the difference between flush and

2.21

partial depth endplates. The increased lever arm of the upper bolt row with regard to the compression zone and also the direct connection between the flush endplate and the beam's tension flange lead to higher stiffness and moment-resistance. The final rotations correspond to the decision to stop the tests, rather than any form of component failure. M[kNm
200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 305 305 UB 40 203 203 UC 52

0.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

+e50.0

[mrad]

Fig. 2.19 Partial depth endplate connections: influence of location of the endplate [2.18] Fig. 2.19 contains results from tests with partial depth endplates in which only the location of the plate has been changed [2.19]. In the first test the endplate has been fastened to the lower beam flange and the beam web, while it has been welded to the upper steel flange and the beam web in the third test. In the second test the endplate has been fastened to the beam web only. As it can be seen from fig. 2.19 the location of a partial depth endplate has a significant influence on stiffness and resistance of the composite joint as well as on rotation capacity. However, it seems that these tests were terminated due to excessive deflection of the specimens. In order to discuss these test results it is necessary to take into account the failure modes. Fastening the endplate to the bottom flange of the beam leads to a high stiffness and resistance, which is mainly caused by the relatively large lever arm between the reinforcement and the centre of compression (in this case near the lower steel flange). In this test failure was initiated by buckling of the column web leading to a falling branch when the ultimate moment resistance was achieved. As a result and in comparison with the other tests the rotation capacity is relatively small. Shifting the partial depth endplate in the direction of the upper steel flange leads to a decrease in stiffness and resistance due to the reduced lever arms between the centre of compression and the acting tensile forces while the rotation capacity increases. In the second and third test buckling failure in the
2.22

beam web occurred, leading to a higher rotation capacity. In the last test where the end plate has been fastened to the upper beam flange the rotation capacity is lower than if it would be fastened to the beam web alone. This reduction is caused by the reduced lever arm between the centre of compression and the tensile zone.

Composite joints with cleated connections to the beam web provide only a very low stiff ness and resistance which is a result of the small lever arm between the reinforcement and the transfer of compression by the cleats. However, if such connections are strengthened by applying further cleats at the upper and lower steel flanges, the stiffness and resistance of the corresponding joints are increased. Fig. 2.20 shows load-deflection curves from tests [2.23] in which, in addition to a single web cleat, further cleats where used to in crease the moment resistance of the joint. In these tests a solid slab with a reinforcement ratio of about 0.67 % was used. In the tests with two cleats in addition to the web cleat a further cleat has been used to connect the lower steel flange with the column. In tests with three cleats, the upper steel flange has also been fastened to the column. The tests were carried out with two different types of cleats in order to show the influence of cleat thick ness. M[kNm]
400.0

300.0

3 cleats, t = 3 cleats, t = 2 cleats, t = 2 cleats, t =

10 mm 13 mm 10 mm 13 mm

TT
IPE360

200.0

EC
EPE 360

100.0

w [mm]
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0

HEB 200

Fig. 2.20 Influence of number and thickness of the cleats, reinforcement ratio: 0.67 % [2.22] The stiffness of joints is not influenced significantly by either the number or the thickness of cleats. The small differences in stiffness result from bolt slip. Thickness of the cleats seems to have a negligible influence on resistance and rotation capacity. These properties may though be influenced by the number of cleats. At lower levels of load, the upper cleat
2.23

will not influence the behaviour of the joint significantly. The upper cleat however in creases the resistance of the joint and leads to less rotation capacity. This effect can be ex plained by considering the failure modes of these tests. In one of the tests where only one cleat (at the lower steel flange) has been used, rupture of reinforcement limited resistance and rotation capacity of the joint. In the second test with only one flange cleat excessive yielding of the reinforcement limited the momentrotation curve of the joint. In the tests with three cleats, buckling of the column web led to a reduction of rotation capacity. Thus the upper flange cleats do not only lead to an increase in moment resistance. They also change the failure mechanism by increasing the resistance in the tension zone of the joint so that the utilisation of the resistance in compression is enhanced.

The influence of the upper cleat diminishes with a higher amount of reinforcement. Fig. 2.21 shows results from similar tests [2.23] where reinforcement ratios of 2.1 % were used, which led to column web buckling in all tests.
3 cleats, t = 3 cleats, t = 2 cleats, t = 2 cleats, t = 10 13 10 13 mm mm mm mm

M[kNm]
400.0

HE
IPE360

*"
300.0

200.0

BE
-3

n I'

H
1PE360

100.0

f*~

0.0

w [mm]

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

Fig. 2.21 Influence of number and thickness of the cleats, reinforcement ratio: 2.1 % [2.23]

So far only influences due to the detailing of the steel connection have been described. A s already mentioned, however, the reinforced concrete flange can also have a significant influence, and this shall now be shown.

2.24

M[kNm]
250.0

SCJ5, = 1.0 %, with web stigener

: 305 165 UB 40

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

[mrad]

Fig. 2.22 Influence of reinforcement ratio and column stiffening in case of flush endplate connections[2.19] Figure 2.22 shows the results of tests on composite joints with flush endplate connections [2.19]. Three curves are given with two different ratios of reinforcement. The third curve shows the influence of a column web stiffener. In the first test a reinforcement ratio of 0.2 % has been used while in the second and third test the reinforcement ratio has been increased to 1.0 %. Test SCJ 3 with the low amount of reinforcement (0.2 %) shows the lowest stiffness and resistance. Rupture of the mesh reinforcement occurred at a rotation slightly lower than 10 mrad. This failure does not lead to a noteworthy decrease in resis tance, because the bare steel joint provides nearly the same resistance as the composite joint. An increase of the amount of reinforcement up to 1.0 % in test SCJ 4 leads to an increase in stiffness, resistance and rotation capacity. In this case the test was terminated by excessive deformations of the column flange and buckling of the column web in com pression. In comparison with test SCJ 4 an additional web stiffener has been used in the compression zone oftest SCJ 5. As can be seen from Fig. 2.22 this arrangement leads to a further increase in stiffness and resistance of the composite joint while the rotation capac ity was slightly reduced. In this test failure was initiated by buckling of the beam flange, thereby limiting resistance and rotation capacity of the joint.

By means of tests on flush endplates the influence of the reinforcement ratio on the mo ment-rotation behaviour of composite joints has also been investigated. Results are shown in Fig. 2.23 [2.20]. The sizes of beams and columns as well as the arrangement of the flush endplate connection were not varied. Only the amount of reinforcement was

2.25

changed. Reinforcement ratios of 0.55 % (test S4F), 1.1 % (test S8F) and 1.65 % (test S12F) were used. In tests S4F and S8F deformations of the column flange in the tensile zone could be observed at higher loads, which were followed by rupture of the reinforcement. In test S12F buckling of the beam web and flange resulted in high rotations being achieved. This test was terminated before any failure could occur. M[kNm]
400.0 '

300.0

200.0

100.0

0.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

[mrad] Fig. 2.23 Influence of reinforcement ratio in case of joints with endplate connections [2.20]

The influence of reinforcement on stiffness, resistance and rotation capacity of such composite joints is understandable. Increasing the amount of reinforcement leads to more stiffness and resistance of the composite joint. The rotation capacity will increase if failure is eventually caused by fracture of reinforcement. If the failure mode changes, as happened in test S12F, then the available rotation capacity depends on the appropriate failure mode. In this case local buckling of steel beam sections provides a larger rotation capacity, but this may be different in cases where other failure modes govern the moment-rotation behaviour. It is impossible to increase the resistance of a joint by increasing indefinitely the amount of reinforcement. For a given joint arrangement the action of the reinforcement is limited by the force which can be transferred in the compression zone and the shear zone (in case of unbalanced loading) of the joint. Further increase of reinforcement will result in failure of the compression or shear zone of the joint. In comparison with the results from joints with endplate connections Fig. 2.24 contains moment-rotation curves from tests on composite joints where finplate connections have 2.26

been used to transfer vertical forces [2.13]. In all these tests the column sections have been partially encased in order to prevent buckling failure of the column web. The detail ing of the finplate connection was the same in all cases. In three tests a contact plate closed the gap between the lower flange of the beam and the column flange, to enable a direct transfer of compression forces from the beam flange into the column. In test No. 4 however the gap between the steel and the column flange was not closed in this manner. M[kNm

=1.3%

= 0.4 % without contact plates 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

contact plate

100.0

e* [mrad]

Fig. 2.24 Influence of ratio of reinforcement in case of finplate connections [2.13] From these tests the influence of the amount of reinforcement is obvious. The first test with a reinforcement ratio of 1.3 % provides the highest stiffness and resistance. At a ro tation of slightly more than 40 mrad buckling of the lower flange of the beam reduced the ultimate moment, until at a rotation of nearly 60 mrad rupture of the reinforcement oc curred. In the second and third test the amount of reinforcement was reduced to 0.9 % and 0.4 % respectively. In these tests failure by rupture of the reinforcement also oc curred. A loss in stiffness, resistance and rotation capacity was observed. The loss in rota tion capacity is a result of the reduced reinforcement ratio on the ductility of the rein forced concrete slab as described already in 2.3.2 above. In the fourth test the same amount of reinforcement has been used as in the third, but in this test no contact plate closed the gap between the lower flange of the beam and the column. Initially the compression force was transferred into the column by the lower bolts of the finplate connection. Loss of friction occurred however at a low level of bending moment

2.27

leading to slip in the bolted connection. As a result of this slip the bending moment could not be increased much more while significant rotation took place. After bearing contact between the bolts and the finplate and the beam web had been attained, an increase in stiffness and resistance was observed. However, plastic deformations within the finplate or the beam web due to bolt bearing followed but without increasing the moment resistance. The beam end continued to rotate like a hinge. Finally, contact between the lower flange of the beam and the column caused the stiffness and resistance to increase considerably, until the reinforcement ruptured at a very large rotation of nearly 100 mrad. As it can be seen from these diagrams, stiffness, resistance and rotation capacity of composite joints can be increased by increasing the amount of reinforcement, provided that no other failure mode limits the transfer of moments and forces within the joint, until rupture of reinforcement takes place.

2.4 Arrangement of the structure 2.4.5 Introduction Not only type and detailing of the joints themselves influence the behaviour of composite joints, but also parameters outside the joint. These effects are mainly due to: shear connection between the steel beam and the concrete slab, the type of loading, whether it is balanced or unbalanced, the position of the joint within the structure and the method of erection, whether the steel beams are propped or unpropped during concreting. These influences will be described by examining both test results and results obtained from numerical simulations. Such simulations are necessary because only a small number of fullscale tests on complete structures has been carried out so far. 2.4.2 Contribution of shear connectors distributed along the composite beams

Composite action in composite joints is achieved by shear connectors next to the joint and distributed along the connected beams. These connectors have to transfer shear forces between the steel beam and the concrete slab. In general rigid shear connection is assumed achieving a complete interaction between the steel beam and the slab without slip at the

2.28

interface. In reality the usual types of shear connectors, for example headed studs, are not rigid. They can be characterised by a non-linear load-slip behaviour depending on the properties of the shear connectors and those of the surrounding concrete. If profiled steel sheeting is used, the geometry of the sheeting and the direction of the ribs have also a significant influence on the connector behaviour. The fastening of the connectors, whether through-deck welded, or welded to the flange directly before the holed metal decking is placed, has also a certain influence. Fig. 2.25 shows common types of shear connectors (headed studs and cold formed angles), further types of connectors which are used in practice are described in Eurocode 4, 6.4 [2.15]. In addition a new type of shear connector (punched shear connector) [2.24] which can be used in slim-floor constructions is given.

Fig. 2.25 Common and new types of shear connectors

''t

Due to the non-linear behaviour of shear connectors, a rigid shear connection can only be provided by a high number of stiff connectors without metal decking. However, this is uneconomic. In practice, the number of connectors depends on the degree of shear connection which is required in designing beams. Full connection means that the shear connectors distributed along the beam are able to transfer the total force between the steel beam and the slab which is necessary to develop the maximum bending resistance. Doing this, the designer accepts some slip at the steel-concrete interface. Partial shear connection results if the number of shear connectors placed along the steel beam is smaller than the required number to provide full shear connection. The number of connectors can be limited in short beams or by the fact that it is possible only to place the connectors in the ribs of profiled steel sheeting. Partial connection then leads to a reduction of the normal forces acting in the composite cross sections. The moment resistance of a composite beam will

2.29

then be reduced. Slip at the steel concrete interface will also increase and cause a certain reduction in beam stiffness. End slip at the steel-concrete interface next to the joint can have a significant influence on joint behaviour. The whole distribution and transfer of forces within the joint may be affected. Stiffness, resistance and rotation capacity can be changed. In comparison with a rigid connection, slip reduces the deformations of the concrete flange. The deformations within the tension zone of the steel connection will increase, and the failure mode of the joint may also change. A reduction of the number of shear connectors leads to a less contribution of the reinforced concrete slab to the joint behaviour. Therefore the influence of shear connection on the behaviour of composite joints depends mainly on the amount of reinforcement within the slab and on strength and stiffness of the bare steel connection. Slip at the steel concrete interface near the joint causes a reduced stiffness and resistance of the joint. However, if the degree of shear connection is very small and the amount of reinforcement is not too high the composite joint will provide similar stiffness and resistance as the bare steel joint. An the other hand, if the degree of shear connection is not too small, than the behaviour will be similar to that of the corresponding composite joint with full shear connection. Particularly the initial stiffness can be the same which results from the stiff linear elastic behaviour of the shear connectors at lower loads. The rotation capacity can be increased or reduced, depending on the failure mechanism (shear connectors, reinforcement, steel connection) and on the deformations within the tension zone of the joint. Figure 2.26 shows moment-rotation curves evaluated in tests with endplate connections [2.25]. In this series the influence of the degree of shear connection was investigated. Flush endplates where used to form the steelwork part of the joints. In the first test CI full shear connection was used while in the second and the third test the degree of shear connection was reduced to 75 % and 50 % respectively (based on the design strength of the components). In test CI fracture of the bolts in tension limited the rotation capacity. In tests C2 and C3 the shear connectors failed. As mentioned before partial shear connection reduces the stiffness and resistance of a composite joint while its influence on the rotation capacity depends on the real failure mode and the degree of partial interaction.

2.30

M[kNm]
400.0

Cl, p>100%

300.0

200.0

100.0

[mrad]
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

Fig. 2.26 Influence of partial interaction in case of endplate connections [2.25]

The diagrams in Fig. 2.27 contain results of numerical recalculations of these tests CI and C3 with different degrees of shear connection. The software [2.26] used is able to take ac count of material nonlinearity including slip at the steelconcrete interface and the real joint behaviour. Reduction of the number of shear connectors leads to partial interaction between the steel beam and the concrete slab, reduces the tensile forces within the rein forcement and the deformations within the slab () and increases slip () at the steel concrete interface. Due to this different interaction between steel beam, concrete slab and joint, the failure modes are changing, from rupture of reinforcement to fracture of the connectors. M[kNm]
400.0 400.0

M[kNm] Test C3 s [mm] A [mm]

mm] A [mm]
a,

300.0 200.0

100.0

^ [mrad]
20.0 30.0

o.o
0.0 10.0 20.0

30.0

^ [mrad]

Fig. 2.27 Recalculation oftest results [2.25]

Fig. 2.28 shows results from tests where double web cleats in combination with flange cleats formed the steelwork connection [2.27]. Test Dl concerned the bare steelwork connection. In the other tests the influence of the degree of shear connection on the be 2.31

haviour of such joints was examined. In the tests with composite joints full shear connec tion (D2) and lower degrees of shear connection (75 % in D3 and 50 % in D4) were pro vided. These tests show behaviour, which is typical for cleated and finplate connections, as already described in 2.3.4. Slip within the bolted connection due to clearance holes leads to a first load plateau. A fter contact between the bolts, the cleats and the connected beam section, an increase in bending moment and stiffness can be observed. Due to the lower stiffness and resistance of the bare steelwork connection, the influence of rein forcement and shear connection is clearer than in the other test series with endplates. A f ter bolt slippage has started, the resistance and stiffness of the composite joints increase in combination with the degree of shear connection. In these cruciform tests the rotation capacities were similar to each other. In the second test with full shear connection the reinforcement ruptured while in the third and fourth test fracture of the shear connectors limited the rotation capacity.

M[kNm]
300.0

120

.302035 /fanLn!

EPE 360
r*=

1 HEB 200

D2j

p> !oo%

200.0

100.0

0.0

(E3

[mrad]

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

Fig. 2.28 Influence of partial interaction in case of cleated connections [2.27] Not only the degree of shear connection influences the joint behaviour, but also the ar rangement of shear connectors near the joint. Fig. 2.29 shows measured loadrotation curves from tests [2.28] on interconnected floor beams, where the main beam is under neath. In these tests the influence of partial interaction with slip as well as the influence of the arrangement of shear connectors were investigated. In these specimens, moment resis tance was achieved only by reinforcement in the tension zone and a contact plate between the lower steel flanges, to transfer the compression forces.

2.32

P[kN]
arrangement of shear connectors

5.0

e- [mrad] 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0

Fig. 2.29 Load-rotation curve of boltless beam-to-beam joints [2.28] In all tests the beam size as well as the arrangement of reinforcement within the slab re mained constant. A relatively high reinforcement ratio of 2.42 % was used. In the first test No. 1 full shear connection was provided by uniformly-distributed shear connectors, while in the test No.3 partial shear connection with a degree of 70 % was used. In this test shear connectors were also distributed uniformly. In the test No. 4 the same number of shear connectors as in the first test was used. Now, though, all the shear connectors were lo cated at the end of the cantilever, thus forming a very long uniformly stressed tensile band in the slab. The first and fourth test specimen failed by rupture of the reinforcement, while in the third test with partial interaction fracture of shear connectors limited the ultimate rotation. These test results again show very clearly the influence of partial interaction and the arrangement of shear connectors on the behaviour of composite joints. Comparing the first and third tests it is obvious that due to partial interaction stiffness and moment resis tance are decreasing, while rotation capacity increases. A greater distance between the joint and the first shear connector adjacent to the joint leads to a more uniformly stressed tensile band in the slab. Therefore a higher ductility of the reinforced concrete slab and a larger rotation capacity are obtained. On the other hand stiffness is reduced a little.

In general the highest slip values occur at the ends of a composite beam. In hogging mo ment regions slip may also be affected by the type and degree of shear connection in sag ging moment regions. Eurocode 4 [2.15] requires that in hogging bending regions full shear connection shall be provided, while in sagging moment regions partial shear con nection may be used. These requirements are mainly based on the limited ductility of the shear connectors. As long as the total number of connectors has been calculated in accor-

2.33

dance with this specification and with regard to the minimum degree of shear connection, these connectors may still be spaced uniformly along the total length of the beam. This is the reason, why not only the isolated connection, but the whole structural system needs to be considered, if precise, scientific tests and/or numerical simulations are to be carried. In a further numerical case study [2.28] the influence of partial interaction in sagging moment areas has been investigated. The computer program [2.29, 2.30] used is able to take account of physical non-linearities including slip at the steel concrete interface. Fig. 2.30 shows the structural system and the type of joint at the interior support, which is the same as in the connection tests of Fig. 2.29. The amount and distribution of reinforcement and the number of shear connectors are the same, leading to full shear connection in the hogging bending region. In addition the influence of the method of construction has been investigated in these calculations, but this shall be discussed later.
structural system and loading q=g+p

120
500

r
10.50 m ^ - ' \ 10.50 m

620

connection area

IPE 500, FeE 355, partially encased

Fig. 2.30 Case study on interacting floor beams [2.28] Three different floor beams, but with same dimensions, have been analysed: No. 1 : with full shear connection and propped during construction No. 2: partial shear connection in the sagging moment region, degree of shear connection 54 %, propped construction No. 3: similar to calculation No. 2, but now unpropped during construction, dead load g = 50 kN/m In addition the behaviour of the test specimen in Fig. 2.29 was recalculated (No. 4), but now with a uniformly distributed load instead of the point loads which were applied in the physical test. In all cases, rupture of reinforcement at the connection governed the ultimate load and limited the bending moment redistribution. The different behaviour of these three alterna2.34

tives can be seen from Fig. 2.31. The plots in the bottom part are load^-curves. The cal culated ultimate load of the system qu is related to the load calculated by applying plastic hinge theory. The upper plots are moment-rotation curves, where the calculated ultimate moment resistance Mu of the joint is related to its plastic moment resistance. Strain hard ening of reinforcement and steel has been taken into account. The rotation is taken in the connection. Fig. 2.31 shows no significant difference in the m --behaviour, as long as propped con struction is concerned. This means if full shear connection is provided in hogging bending, partial shear connection in sagging bending has no influence on the stiffness and resistance of the joint.

q = g + [kN/m]

Q?
Fig. 2.31 q and m -curves against rotation [2.28]

10.50 m

_
"TT 4

Fig. 2.32 Slip distribution over the beam length at failure load [2.28]

However, slip due to partial shear connection in the sagging moment region increases the rotation capacity and makes a higher moment redistribution possible. Fig. 2.32 contains the calculated slip behaviour along the floor beam on the right side at failure. The floor beam No. 1 with full shear connection shows more slip than the recalculated connection test (No. 4). Much more end slip occurs in the beam with partial shear connection (No. 2). In this case a shear connection with high ductility should be used, which can be provided by headed stud connectors together with profiled steel sheeting. Otherwise, the first con-

2.35

nectors would reach their ultimate slip too early, thereby limiting the rotation capacity and bending moment redistribution.

2.4.3

Unbalanced loading and single-sided joint configurations

Until now joint behaviour has been discussed based on tests and numerical simulations on double-sided joint configurations with balanced loading of the nodal zone. No moments were transferred into the column. However this is not the only realistic loading situation for beam-to-column joints. Due to checkerboard loading conditions or due to the particular location of the joint in the frame system unbalanced loading may occur. This means that the moments acting on both sides of the nodal zone are unequal. The difference between these acting moments has therefore to be transferred into the column. In the case of single sided joint configurations (edge columns) the whole moment acting on the joint has to be introduced into the column. Resistance to unbalanced loading is provided by the column web panel stressed in shear. Shear forces in the column web panel result from the combined action of the net forces in the tension and compression zone of the joint and the shear force resulting from the moment distribution in the column. Due to these shear forces additional deformations occur in the nodal zone, which are not really rotations. But they lead to a change in angle between the axis of the column and the axis of the connected beam, as shown in Fig. 2.33.

V Fig. 2.33 Shear panel deformations This figure demonstrates, that in the case of double sided joint configurations shear panel deformation leads to increased rotations in the higher loaded joint, while the rotation of the lower loaded joint is reduced. The behaviour of the shear panel is well known and will not be discussed in detail. Of much more interest is the influence of shear panel deformations on the joint behaviour and

2.36

the question how and to what extent does the reinforced concrete slab contribute to this behaviour.
M[kNm] il load introduction shear connection

M[kNm]

total joint

load introduction

[mrad]
I 1 1
t&

20.010.0

10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

20.0 10.0

10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

left joint

right joint

3200
HEB 260 HEA260

\ / \
column axis

beam axis

Fig. 2.34 Momentrotation curves for the left and right hand joint configuration in case of unbalanced loading Figure 2.34 shows moment rotation curves for a double sided joint configuration sub jected to unbalanced loading [2.16, 2.17, 2.31]. In the corresponding test boltless joints were investigated. The curves show the momentrotation behaviour of the left and right joint in the case of an unbalanced loaded beamtocolumn node. The given moments and rotations relate to the point of intersection of the beam and column centrelines. In the test the left joint was heavier loaded than the right one. The test failed due to crushing of the concrete slab at the less loaded side near the column. In addition the contributions of the loadintroduction and the connection of the joints as well as the contribution of the column web panel in shear to the overall momentrotation curves are given. In both figures the rotations resulting from the contribution of the single joint zones relate to the moment acting on the corresponding joint. The moment acting on the shear panel itself is smaller than the moment transferred by the heavier loaded joint. This results from the shear forces arising from the moment distribution in the column, but also acting on the shear panel. A lthough the "momentresistance" of the column web panel is smaller, this

2.37

does not mean that failure of column web panel in shear will occur. Whether such a failure, which shows very high ductility, is achieved or not depends on the resistance and ductility of the other joint components and the amount of moment, which has to be transferred into the column. In case of single sided joint configurations the contribution of the column web panel to the overall joint deformations is much higher [2.16, 2.17, 2.31], and this can be seen from Fig. 2.35. The test specimen was similar to the one used in the test shown in Fig. 2.34. Failure occurred by yielding of the shear panel and the steel beam. In such cases the moment resistance of the joint is often limited by the moment resistance of the column web in shear and therefore the available rotation capacity is much higher. M[kNm]

200 HEB 260

HEA260 -20.0 -10.0 0T0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 < h [mrad]
Y

Fig. 2.35 Moment-rotation curve of a single sided joint configuration [2.31] Forces acting in the compression zone of the joint and in the tension zone of the steel connection are introduced into the column web panel directly. But for the tensile forces acting in the reinforced concrete slab, the load path is different. In general the reinforcement within the slab is not anchored to the column directly. The transfer of forces from the slab into the column is managed by means of contact between the slab and the column at the less-heavily loaded side of the joint. Tensile forces from the more heavily loaded side of the joint have to be transferred within the slab around the column to the less-heavily loaded side. There the unbalanced part of the tensile forces is introduced into the column by compression in the slab leading to equilibrium of tensile forces, as can be seen from Fig. 2.36 [2.17].

2.38

F
right

> F
left

Fig. 2.36 Truss model for load introduction from the slab into the column in case of unbalanced loading [2.17] Due to the load transfer around the column, unbalanced loading requires additional trans verse reinforcement to resist the transverse splitting or tensile forces. This can be seen very clearly from modelling the load transfer by means of a truss as shown in this figure. Tests carried out by different researchers highlight the importance of anchoring the lon gitudinal reinforcement on the less-heavily loaded side of the column and demonstrate the need to provide adequate transverse reinforcement.

JUL

O.

_OL

Fig. 2.37 Anchorage of reinforcement at an external column [2.32]

2.39

In the case of single sided joint configurations the longitudinal reinforcement will generally be placed and anchored in the form of loops. Fig. 2.37 contains possible forms of addi tional reinforcement to anchor tensile forces acting on the longitudinal reinforcement in the case of an edge column [2.32]. In research to optimise this anchorage arrangement it was found that placing the loops as close as possible around the column will lead to the best results to enable load transfer into the column without excessive slip, deformations and cracking.

As already mentioned, the column web panel can be strengthened by welded steel plates and partial concrete encasement. Both, steel plates and concrete encasement, increase the stiffness, resistance and ductility of the web panel

300.0

200.0

100.0

0.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

e* w [mm]
60.0

Fig. 2.38 Loaddeflection curves of single sided joint configurations with endplate connections and partial interaction beams [2.33] The influence of slip on the loaddeflection behaviour of an edge column joint, due to par tial interaction between the steel beam and the concrete slab, can be seen from the curves given in Fig. 2.38. In these tests endplate connections were provided in addition to the re inforced concrete slab to interconnect a beam with a column [2.33]. For comparison, the curve of a bare steel joint test is also shown. In the composite tests the column has been partially encased, thus strengthening the column web panel. The degrees of shear connec tion have been chosen to be 70 % and 30 % respectively. The results confirm that reduc tion of the number of shear connectors leads to a reduction in stiffness and strength, but the rotation capacity was found to be increased. From Fig. 2.39 it follows that partial in teraction has no influence on the contribution of shear panel deformations. The small dif

2.40

ference in stiffness results from a higher strength of the concrete in the test with a degree of shear connection of 70 %. M[kNm]
200.0

150.0 100.0
50.0

0.0

[mrad]
0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

Fig. 2.39 Deformation of the shear panel [2.33]

On the other hand it is obvious that the joint with a ratio of shear connection of 30 % pro vides a lower strength and a higher rotation capacity (see Fig. 2.40). In both composite tests failure occurred by fracture of shear connectors in combination with yielding of the column flange in the tension zone.
M [kNm
500.0

400.0

300.0

200.0 steel connection 100.0 reinforced concrete slab

0.0 0.0

[mrad] 10.0
20.0 30.0 40.0

Fig. 2.40 Contributions from the steel connection and the reinforced concrete slab to the overall joint deformations [2.33]

2.4.4

Methods of erection

In comparison with steel, concrete or timber structures the behaviour of a composite structure depends to a greater extent on the method of erection, as already mentioned in Chapter 1. Steel and timber frames and floor systems are able to carry loads directly after

2.41

erection, and their self weight is relatively small. In concrete structures the formwork is usually propped until the concrete has hardened. When the props are removed, the concrete structure carries the total load including the dead weight of the structure itself. But in the case of composite structures the bare steel structure is able to carry dead loads during concreting. Bare steel beams may therefore be unpropped. In general unpropped construction will be chosen in order to be economical. However, if the steel structure is not able to carry the construction loads itself or if deflections are unacceptably great the steel beams may be propped by additional supporting elements which are to be removed after concrete has hardened. Unpropped construction is more economical in respect of the work, time and costs on site. However, in comparison with propped erection the steel structure and therefore the moment-resisting steel connections are pre-loaded if unpropped erection is used. In the case of propped construction the composite beam structure carries all the dead load and live loads. In the case of unpropped construction, however, the steel beam has to carry the dead weight of steel and concrete. As long as the steel beam behaves elastically, this dead weight stresses the steel beam alone. After the yield strength has been reached under increased loading, stresses are redistributed within the composite section more and more. In calculations under the ultimate load it may then be assumed that the whole composite cross section is loaded and stressed, as if it would have been produced as one unit and on props. In case of moment-resisting composite joints the method of construction can result in a significant influence on the joint behaviour. If unpropped construction is used, the bare steel joint is pre-loaded. Therefore the corresponding steel connections have to provide a higher ductility than those in case of propped construction. If composite joints fail by rupture of reinforcement or fracture of the shear connectors, unpropped construction provides more ductility and in some cases also a higher resistance in the joint. With regard to the analyses shown in Fig. 2.31 there is obviously a significant influence from the type of loading and the method of construction [2.28]. In case of partial shear connection and unpropped construction, the rotation capacity is enlarged, but the part after hardening of the concrete is significantly reduced. This reduction is caused by the influence of method of construction on the development of slip at the steel-concrete inter2.42

face. If unpropped construction is used, the maximum end slip at the connection is reduced. The relative displacements between the steel beam and the slab, however, are nearly constant over the beam length. This effect is due to plastic deformations at midspan. The plastic zone is larger than in case of propped construction and full shear connection, because the steel beam alone is pre-loaded by the dead load. In addition it can be seen from the diagram in Fig. 2.31 that the loading history has no significant influence on the ultimate load in this case. This could be different, if more dead load is applied to the steel beam or if an other failure criterion governs due to different structural detailing, especially of the joint. This could be the case for example, if bolts loaded in tension are used in the tensile part of the steelwork connection [2.30].

2-5

Conclusions

Fig. 2.41 represents the behaviour of composite joints [2.1]. It can be separated into four areas.

Fig. 2.41 Typical moment-rotation curve of a composite joint [2.1]

In the first part of the curve, concrete is uncracked. Due to the limited tensile strength of concrete this part of the curve is limited to a low cracking moment. However, in this branch the curve shows a very high stiffness. Comparison of test data shows that this branch is mainly affected by the stiffness and strength of the uncracked concrete, which itself depends on the tensile strength of the concrete and on the ratio of reinforcement. The influence of steel components in the tension zone of the joint seems to be small be-

2.43

cause of the high position of the centre of rotation within the joint before the concrete cracks.

In the second part of the moment-rotation curve, concrete cracks and this leads to a reduction in stiffness. This reduction in stiffness of the concrete slab depends on the tensile strength of concrete, bond between rebars and concrete, the ratio of reinforcement and its yield strength. Due to the reduction in stiffness of the concrete flange, the position of the centre of rotation moves in the direction of the centre of compression within the joint. Therefore the influence of the components of the steel connection in the tension zone increases. It is obvious that steel connections which provide high stiffness in the tension zone now contribute more significantly to the stiffness of the joint. On the other hand the steel connection can also be responsible for loss in stiffness. Connection with cleats is a typical case, where bolt slip can occur, reducing stiffness in both the compression zone and in the tension zone of the joint. The third branch of the curve shows a substantial loss of stiffness, which can be due to several reasons: yielding of reinforcement, steel sections (beam and column), fasteners or plate elements, inelastic processes like slip in bolted connections or slip at the steel concrete interface, changes in the interaction between individual components of the joint and structural imperfections. Due to the high number of different combinations which might occur, the extent of this region and the loss in stiffness vary greatly. At the end the curve enters a plastic region, which results from plastic deformations of joint components and/or local instabilities. This area is characterised by reaching the ultimate moment resistance and rotation capacity, which both depend on the failure mechanism of the particular joint. After reaching this region, joints often show a further increase in strength, which might be due to strain hardening in the reinforcement or steel plate elements, as well as membrane effects.

2.44

The ultimate moment resistance, the available rotation capacity as well as the failure mechanism - all these properties depend on ductility of the individual joint components. Failure can occur in the tension zone or in the compression zone of the joint. In the case of unbalanced loading or a single sided joint configuration, failure of the shear panel may also occur. Detailing of the whole joint and the loading conditions determine the actual failure mode for the joint. The available resistance in the tension zone is limited by the resistance of the compression zone and perhaps by the resistance of the shear zone. Thus an increase of resistance in the tension zone may lead to failure by buckling of the beam's lower flange, the beam web or the column web in compression. Failure of the column web in compression may be prevented by increasing the resistance of the web by means of welded stiffeners or partial concrete encasement. Buckling of the beam web can also be prevented by partial encasement. Within the tension zone of a composite joint the resistance and the rotation capacity mainly depend on the detailing of the steel connection and the slab. In bolted connections failure by fracture of the bolts in shear and/or tension should be prevented, because it leads to a sudden failure of the joint and perhaps to collapse of the whole structure. Inelastic or plastic deformations within steel elements, for example endplates and flange cleats, and deformations due to bolt slip and bearing provide more ductility and therefore a higher rotation capacity. Welded steel plates should have enough free length for elongation after yielding to prevent premature fracture of the steel plates. The welds should be designed with an adequate degree of safety in order to prevent their failure. The resistance of the tension zone of the joint can also be limited by plastic deformations within the web and the flange of the column and of the beam, thereby limiting the transfer of tensile forces through the bolts or welds. More reinforcement increases the resistance as well as rotation capacity of a joint, independent of the chosen type of steelwork connection. However, the amount of reinforcement should be adequate to prevent a too early rupture of the reinforcement itself. This failure mainly depends on the sustainable strain of the reinforcing bars at maximum load, the bond between reinforcement and concrete, the reinforcement ratio, the ratio between yield and ultimate tensile strengths of the reinforcement and on the tensile strength of con2.45

crete. The adequate amount of reinforcement depends on the bare steelwork joint properties and the rotation capacity required by the structure. Slip at the steel concrete interface can effect rotation capacity of the joint. In cases where rupture of the reinforcement will be responsible for the failure of a joint, slip due to shear connection between steel beam and concrete slab will reduce deformations within the slab, therefore providing a higher rotation capacity. Care has to be taken though to avoid failure of the shear connectors, which ensure the contribution of the reinforced concrete slab to the moment-rotation behaviour of composite joints. Therefore, in some cases the influence of the sagging moment region on the slip in hogging moment regions has also to be taken into account. On the other hand slip at the steel concrete interface will be reduced by unpropped construction of the structure, which leads to a pre-loading of the bare steel structure and the bare steel joint. Thus in the case of unpropped construction the bare steel joint has to be ductile enough, to prevent premature failure of the joint. In the case of unbalanced loading or single sided joint configurations, additional failure modes may occur. While failure of the shear panel seems to provide high ductility, sudden failure may occur if the longitudinal reinforcement is not anchored correctly. Additional transverse reinforcement is necessary, while concrete failure in compression may occur due to load introduction into the column. Attention shall be drawn to a last aspect: Normally, the resistance of continuous composite beams in sagging bending is much higher than over interior supports, including joints in the negative moment region. That means, that the joint resistance often governs the ultimate loading, if global elastic analysis of the structure is applied. Therefore bending moment redistribution is necessary, to make the best use of the high resistance in positive moment regions. The available rotation capacity of the joint and the negative moment region next to the joint limits the amount of bending moment redistribution however, if the required rotation is too large or the available rotation capacity is too small. From this it follows that joints shall be adequately ductile. The required ductility is substantial, if partial strength joints are provided and global plastic analysis is applied: the plastic hinge method of analysis then yields the highest ultimate load for the structure.

2.46

If partial strength joints are provided, cracking of concrete, yielding of the steel beam and possibly buckling of compressed steel components will be reduced in the negative moment region, and this region itself will be shortened. This results in less deformations in the adjacent composite beam sections. Nevertheless, in order to maintain a large rotation capacity and to apply plastic global analysis, it is then necessary to increase the ductility of the joint or to reduce the required rotation capacity. Several tests [2.30] with large scale, two span composite beams have shown that joints can be designed adequately as partial strength joints, with sufficient rotation capacity to enable full bending moment redistribution. Fig. 2.42 shows results from a test on a composite floor beam system over two spans with a total length of 13.22 m [2.30]. The test specimen is an example for interconnected floor beams, the main beam underneath. It consists of two simply supported steel beams and the continuous reinforced composite slab. The total load was introduced at four points per span. At the inner support a so-called boltless connection, similar to those shown in Fig. 2.29 was used. Continuity and moment resistance in the negative bending region have been provided by reinforcing bars in the slab (reinforcement ratio 1.54 %) and a contact plate between the lower steel flanges. Shear connectors were distributed uniformly, providing full shear connection over the whole beam lengths. During casting the beams were propped. The figure provides the necessary full design information for this beam system. The main information from the test is the load-rotation curve given in the upper right diagram and measured during the test. It shows the applied load versus the rotation in the joint at the inner support. In the test the load was increased up to failure of the structure due to rupture of the reinforcement in the joint. The diagram below shows the development of moments at the joint and in the span, recalculated from measured forces at the supports. In addition the left diagram shows the load-deflection curve near midspan and the measured maximum crack width in negative bending.

2.47

w[mm]

1.6 [mrad]

N) 00

f, f. r, f,
I

t t ' t
Sfe
, 1420 \, 1270 i, 1270 i, 1270 L 1270 110 13220

no

1270

j, 1270

L 1270

| 1270

, 1420

i-

Fig. 2.42 Design requirements for a semicontinuous floor beam [2.30]

At a rotation of nearly 12 mrad the joint reaches its plastic moment resistance while only 2/3 of the plastic moment resistance at midspan is achieved. From this rotation up to failure the joint behaves plastically as assumed in an idealised plastic hinge. At a rotation of about 36 mrad the full plastic moment resistance at midspan and therefore the ultimate load of about 1300 kN calculated by rigid plastic analysis is obtained. The joint provides a higher rotation capacity than necessary, and failure occurs at a rotation of about 45 mrad. Thus, this part of the diagram shows that for the investigated test specimen rigid plastic analysis can be applied to calculate ultimate load. As already mentioned above, the left diagram contains the development of deflection at midspan and crack width at the inner support, thus forming the basic requirements at the serviceability limit state. From the obtained ultimate load the load-level corresponding to the serviceability limit state was recalculated to approximately 700 kN. At this load the joint still shows a linear elastic behaviour. The corresponding maximum deflection at midspan was measured to be 13.7 mm, which is 1/463 of the span length, being within the limits required in practice. However, at this load the maximum crack width was measured to be 1.1 mm, which is much higher than the corresponding upper limit from Eurocode 4, even though a reinforcement ratio of 1.54 % was used in the test. As already mentioned above, the crack width at the serviceability limit state can be controlled easily. This aim can be attained by steelwork connection providing some continuity in the tension zone of the joint, by unpropped construction or - if partial shear connection is provided - by means of ductile shear connectors [2.30]. As a general result from this and other tests the following conclusions can be drawn to formulate requirements for composite joints: During erection steel beams should be unpropped, and they should act as simply supported in order to reduce the required rotation capacity of the joint. If it is not possible to use nominally pinned steelwork connections, then the steelwork connection should provide a higher rotation capacity than in case of propped construction. Up to the serviceability limit state joints should be designed to behave linear elastic in order to enable the use of elastic analysis. They should be stiff enough to fulfil the deflection and crack width requirements.

2.49

 At the ultimate limit state joints should have adequate resistance and should be ductile enough to enable the structure to carry loads as high as possible. In order to meet these requirements appropriate modelling of the joints is required, to ob tain design rules which may be used with confidence to obtain in practice the desired structural behaviour.

2.6 2.1

References Zandonini; R.: "Semi-Rigid Composite Joints", in Structural Connections Stabil ity and Strength (ed. R. Narayanan), London. Elsevier Science Publishers LTD, 1989, pp 63-120 Barnard, P.R.: Innovations in composite floor systems. Paper presented at the Ca nadian Structural Engineering Conference, Canadian Steel Industries Construc tion Council, 1970, 13 COST CI: "Semi-Rigid Behaviour of Civil Engineering Connections", Proceed ings of the first state of the art workshop (ed. A. Colson), published by the Euro pean Commission, Directorate-General XII, Science, Research and Development, Brussels, 1992 COST CI: "Semi-Rigid Behaviour of Civil Engineering Connections", Proceed ings of the Second State of the Art Workshop (ed. F. Wald), published by the European Commission, Directorate-General XII, Science, Research and Develop ment, Brussels, 1994 Eurocode 3: Part 1.1: Design of Steel Structures: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. ENV 1993-1-1, CEN, Brussels, 1992 Zoetemeijer, P.: "Summary of the Research on bolted beam-to-column connec tions", TH Delft, Delft, 1983 Weynand, K., Jaspart, J.P., Steenhuis, M.: "The stiffness model of the revised Annex J of Eurocode 3 " . Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Connections in Steel Structures, ECCS and AISC, Trento, 1995 Nethercot, D. ., Zandonini, R.: "Methods of Prediction of Joint Behaviour", in Structural Connections Stability and Strength (ed. R. Narayanan), London. El sevier Science Publishers LTD, 1989, pp 23-62 Chen W. F., Kishi, N : "Moment-Rotation Relation of Top and Seat Angle Con nections". Department of Structural Engineering, Purdue University, Report CESTR-87-4, 16

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5 2.6 2.7

2.8

2.9

2.50

2.10

Davison, J. ., Nethercot, D. A : "Overview of Connection Behaviour", in Structural Connections Stability and Strength (ed. R. Narayanan), London. El sevier Science Publishers LTD, 1989, pp 122 CEBFEP Model Code 1990, Comit EuroInternational du Beton, Lausanne, 1990 Hanswille, G.: "Cracking of Concrete Mechanical Models of the Design Rules in Eurocode 4", Proceedings of the Engineering Foundation Conference Composite Construction HI, Irsee, 1996 Bode, H., Ramm,W., Elz, S., Kronenberger, H.J.: "Composite Connections Experimental Results", SemiRigid Structural Connections, IA BSE Colloquium Istanbul, 1996 Eurocode 2: Part 1: Design of Steel Structures: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. ENV 199211, CEN, Brussels, 1992 Eurocode 4. Part 1.1: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures: Gen eral Rules and Rules for Buildings. ENV 199411, CEN, Brussels, 1992 Wiesholzer, J.: "Zur Krafteinleitung bei Verbundknoten". Ph.D., University of Innsbruck, A ustria, 1992 Brugger, R.: "Zur Schubtragfhigkeit von Verbundknoten", Ph.D., University of Innsbruck, A ustria, 1993 Ren. P.: "Numerical Modelling and Experimental A nalysis of BeamtoColumn Connections allowing for the Influence of ReinforcedConrete Slabs". Ph.D., EPFL Lausanne, Switzerland, 1995 Xiao, R.: "Behaviour of Connections in Steel and Concrete". Ph.D., University of Nottingham, United Kingdom, 1994

2.11 2.12

2.13

2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18

2.19

2.20 A nderson, D., Najafi, .: "Performance of Composite Connections: Major A xis End Plate Joints". Research Report CE 44, Department of Engineering, Univer sity of Warwick, 1993 2.21 A ribert, J.M., Lchai, .: "Experimental Investigation in Composite Connection and Global Interpretation". COST CI, Proceedings of the first State of the Art Workshop, Straburg, 1992 2.22
1

Benussi, F., Puhali, R., Zandonini, R.: "Experimental analysis of semirigid con nections in composite frames". Proc. Int. Conf. on Steel Structures. Recent Re search Advances and Their Applications to Design. Budva, Yugoslavia, 1986 Jaspart, J.P.: "Etat limite ultime de la resistance de l'ame d'une colonne dans un assemblage semirigid d'axe faible". Ph.D., University of Lige, Belgium, 1990 Tschemmernegg, F., Huber, G.: "Flachdecken mit Stanzduebeln". Bauingenieur 71 (1996), SpringerVerlag, Germany, pp 425236
2.51

2.23 2.24

2.25 A ribert, J. M.: "Influence of Slip of the Shear Connection on Composite Joint Behaviour". Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Connections in Steel Structures, ECCS and AISC, Trento, 1995 2.26 A ribert, J. M., Rageau, E., Xu, H : "Dveloppement d'un lment fini de poutre mixte acierbton intgrant les phnomnes de glissement et de semicontinuit avec ventuellement vouement local". Construction Mtallique, no. 2, France, 1993, pp349 2.27 A ribert, J. M., Lchai, ., Muzeau, J.P., Racher, P.:"Recent Tests on Steel and Composite Connections in France". COST Cl, Proceedings of the Second State of the Art Workshop, Prag, 1994 2.28 Bode, H., Kronenberger, J.: "Behaviour of Composite Joints and their Influ ence on SemiContinuous Beams", Proceedings of the Engineering Foundation Conference Composite Construction III, Irsee, 1996 Schanzenbach, J.: "Zum Einfluss der Duebelnachgiebigkeit und Unterverduebe lung auf das Tragverhalten von VerbundDurchlauftraegern im Hoch und Indus triebau". Ph.D. University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, 1988 Kronenberger, H.J.: "Ein Beitrag zum Verhalten von A nschluessen im Verbund bau unter besonderer Beruecksichtigung von Nachgiebigkeiten in der Verbundfuge und des Einflusses der Herstellung". Ph.D. (in preparation), University of Kaisers lautern, Germany, 1997 Hittenberger, R.: "Zur Durchdringung von Sttzen und Deckenplatten bei Ver bundknoten". Ph.D., University of Innsbruck, A ustira, 1992 Tschemmernegg, F., Huber, G., Pavlov: "Tension Region in the Panel Zone of a Composite Joint". Paper T4, COSTCI/ECCS TC 11 Drafting Group for Com posite Connections, University of Innsbruck, A ustria, 1995 Badran, M.: "Tests on SemiRigid Composite Joints". COST CI, Proceedings of the Second State of the Art Workshop, Prag, 1994

2.29

2.30

2.31

2.32

2.33

2.52

Chapter 3 : Modelling of composite joints and assembly of components

3.1 Introduction Traditional approaches to the design of composite frames overlook the actual response of the joints and adopt ideal behavioural models i.e. the "pinned" model in simple construction and the "rigid/full-strength" model in continuous frames. The latter provides greater load-bearing resistance and greater stiffness for the frame but, as already mentioned in Chapter 1, rigid steelwork connections may not be the most appropriate solution. A more economical approach may be to use the structural action observed in tests on composite joints to achieve increased resistance and stiffness in the frame. The restraint provided by the composite joint thus becomes a design parameter. For frames in which bending predominates this parameter is the overall rotational response described by a Mj - ] curve. Examples of such curves obtained experimentally have been given in Chapters 1 and 2 but for design, prediction methods are required. It is therefore necessary to model the joint so that its response can be calculated to an accuracy appropriate in design. A pre-condition to a reliable selection of the joint model is understanding of the different sources of deformation and resistance. This is aided by adopting a "component" approach, as described below. The evaluation of component characteristics is explained in Chapter 4 and their assembly to determine the overall joint response is given herein. The advantage of the component approach is that an engineer is able to calculate the mechanical properties of any joint by decomposing it into relevant components. This approach has enabled much of the material presented in Eurocode 3 for steel joints to be applied also to composite joints to be designed to Eurocode 4. 3.2 Introduction to the component method 3.2.1 Principles of the method The component method may be presented as the application of the well-known finite element method to the calculation of structural joints. In experimental tests, a joint is generally considered as a whole and is studied accordingly; the originality of the component method is to consider any joint as a set of "individual basic components". Each component comprises an element subject to a specific structural action. 3.1

In the particular case of Fig. 3.1 showing a steel joint with an extended end plate connection subject to bending, the relevant components are the following : compression zone : column web in compression; beam flange and web in compression; tension zone : column web in tension; column flange in bending; bolts in tension; end plate in bending; beam web in tension; shear zone : column web panel in shear. As each of these basic components is subjected to tension, compression or shear and deforms accordingly, it therefore possesses its own level of resistance and stiffness in tension, compression or shear. End plate-to-beam welds deform so little that their contribution to the overall joint flexibility is neglected. Their brittle behaviour at ultimate state means that the collapse of a joint because of a weld fracture has to be avoided through appropriate design. For these reasons, welds are not considered as components. The distribution of the longitudinal stresses in the beam cross-section located close to the joint differs significantly from that further along the member. For this reason the beam flange and web in compression and the beam web in tension have to be checked explicitly as joint components. The check of the beam flange in tension, on the other hand, is covered by the usual verification of the beam cross-section. As the deformations of these beam components are already taken in the flexural stiffness of the beam, there are assumed not to contribute to the joint flexibility.

3.2

The co-existence of several components within the same joint element - for instance, the column web which is simultaneously subjected to compression (or tension) and shear - can obviously lead to stress interactions that are likely to decrease the resistance and the stiffness of each individual basic component; this interaction affects the shape of the deformability curve of the related components but does not call into question the principles of the component method.

Fig. 3.1 Steel joint in bending with extended end plate The application of the method requires the following steps : a) listing of the "active" components for the particular joint; b) evaluation of the deformation and resistance characteristics of each individual basic component; c) assembly of the components to evaluate the characteristics of the whole joint. In the two last steps, only specific characteristics, such as initial stiffness or design resistance may be required; alternatively, the whole load-deformation curve may be determined. The parallels between the component method , as specified by the three steps, and the finite element method are obvious. The component method requires an appropriate knowledge of the behaviour of the basic components. Research work carried out in the last years has enabled analytical expressions

3.3

to be proposed for the prediction of the initial stiffness and resistance characteristics and of the deformation capacity of many components: Available components for steelwork joints column web panel in shear (possibly reinforced by concrete encasement); column web in compression (possibly reinforced by concrete encasement); beam flange in compression; column flange in bending; column web in tension; end plate in bending; beam web in tension; flange cleat in bending; plate in bearing; bolt in tension; bolt in shear; plate in tension or compression; Additional component for composite joints longitudinal slab reinforcement in tension.

Indications on the deformation capacity of these components are also available. Background information on the steel components is provided in [3.1] and [3.5]. Simplified expressions for their stiffness and resistance properties can be found in the revised Annex J of Eurocode 3 [3.2]. For the "composite" component, reference should be made to Chapter 4 of the present document. For composite joints, it is recognised that the steel column web panel in shear and compression may be reinforced by concrete encasement; this is regarded as a form of stiffening and strengthening to these steel components, rather than as additional basic components, as also described in Chapter 4.

3.4

Appropriate combinations of these components permit coverage of a wide range of joint configurations. This should be sufficient to satisfy the needs of designers as far as steel or composite beam-to-column joints and beam splices in bending are concerned. Assembly procedures are presented in section 3 of the present chapter. 3.2.2 Levels of refinement The framework for the component method is sufficiently general to allow the use of various techniques for component characterisation and joint assembly. In particular, the stiffness, resistance and deformation capacity characteristics of the components may result from laboratory tests, numerical simulations by means of finite element programs or analytical models based on theory. The characteristics may be developed with different levels of sophistication according to the aims: expressions may cover the influence of all the parameters which significantly affect the behaviour of the component ([3.1], [3.5]), for example strain-hardening, membrane effects, bolt prestressing; the expressions may cover the whole range of loading up to collapse; such expressions are quite appropriate for research; simplified rules such as those introduced into Eurocode 3 [3.2] and Eurocode 4 [3.8]; these are suitable for practical design. Similar levels of sophistication exist also for joint assembly [3.1-3.5]. Procedures for assembly are now described. 3.3 Procedures for joint assembly 3.3.1 Introduction Two main approaches are used to assemble components. The more comprehensive one is a mechanical approach. For design purposes the more useful one though is an analytical approach. Both are described below. The assembly procedure is based on a distribution of the forces acting on the whole joint into internal forces in the individual constitutive components. To obtain a safe estimate of joint resistance, this distribution has at least to satisfy the three following basic requirements :

3.5

 the internal forces have to be in equilibrium with the external forces applied to the joint; the internal forces have never to exceed the resistance of the components; the maximum deformation capacity of the components has never to be exceeded. In the mechanical models presented in sections 3.3.2 and 3.3.3, the compatibility of the displacements between the constitutive components is also satisfied, which results in a more accurate prediction of the joint behaviour. 3.3.2 General mechanical approach When a joint configuration is loaded, each of the constitutive components is subjected to a compression, tension or shear force (F) and deforms accordingly (). The actual response of these components is expressed in the form of non linear F- curves. A physical representation of the local response of each individual component is achieved by adopting a spring model. As soon as the characteristic F- relationship of each constitutive spring is known, all the springs can be assembled to represent the configuration of the joint; examples utilising end plate connections are shown in Fig. 3.2. After assembly, a set of forces in equilibrium is then applied to the beam and column extremities so as to see how the joint configuration behaves. Under incremental loading, the forces distribute between the components according to the instantaneous tangent stiffness of the latter. This way of evaluating the response of the joint configuration fulfils the above-mentioned general principles on which any assembly procedure has to be based, but requires the use of a computer to solve the numerous equations characterizing this iterative procedure. Software programs based on this mechanical approach exist for steel and composite joints, [3.5] and [3.7]; their suitability for research purposes has been demonstrated. Detailed information on the sophisticated model of Ref. [3.5] are given in Fig. 3.3. It is shown that groups of springs in parallel and/or in series can be combined, when they are subjected to a specific force, and replaced by a single one so to reduce the number of springs in the model. In this way models of less complex appearance, such as those in Fig. 3.2, can be obtained.

3.6

-wv-vW-VW-

a. Steel joint configuration with end plate connections

b. Composite joint configuration with end plate steelwork connections Fig. 3.2 Mechanical procedure for joint assembly

3.7

0--NAA-0

Fig. 3.3 Innsbruck mechanical model

3.8

3.3.3 Eurocode based mechanical approach 3.3.3.1 Connection elements, load-introduction and shear Although a joint can be regarded simply as a direct assembly of basic components, it is also convenient to generally regard a major-axis joint as comprising two parts, namely a connection and a web panel (Fig. 3.4). This terminology is used in Eurocode 3 and 4 [3.2,3.8]. Each part corresponds to the main sources of deformability: a) the deformation of the connection arising from the deformations of the connection elements (end plate, angles, bolts, etc), the column flange and from the loadintroduction deformability of the column web; b) the shear deformation of the column web associated mostly with unbalanced forces carried over by the beam(s) and acting on the column web at the level of the joint; the forces introduced to the web are statically equivalent to the beam end moment(s). These sources are illustrated in Fig. 3.5 for the particular case of a steel joint between a single beam and a column. The deformability of the connection elements is concentrated into a single flexural spring located at the end of the beam (Fig. 3.5.a). The associated behaviour is expressed in the form of an - curve. The deformation of the column web panel ABCD is divided into: The load-introduction deformability, which consists of the local deformation of the column web in both the tension and the compression zones of the joint (respectively a lengthening and a shortening); this results in a relative rotation between the beam and column axes; this rotation is concentrated mainly along edge BC (Fig. 3.5.b) and also provides a deformability curve. The shear effect due to shear force Vn , which results in a relative rotation between the beam and column axes (Fig. 3.5.c); this rotation makes it possible to establish a second deformability curve in the form of a Vn - relationship, which may be represented also by springs, as explained further in this chapter. It is important to stress that the deformability of the connection (connection elements + load-introduction) is only due to the forces carried over by the flanges of the beam(s) (beam moment(s) M), while the shear Vn in a column web panel is the result of the combined

3.9

action of these equal but opposite forces and of the shear forces in the column at the level of the beam flanges.
connection web panel

^ components (e.g. bolts, endplate)

joint = web panel + connection Fig. 3.4 Parts of a beam-to-column joint configuration (single-sided configuration)

a. CONNECTION ELEMENTS CONNECTION (

*

b. LOA DINTRODUCTION

c. SHEA R

SHEARED PA NEL { V N )

Fig. 3.5 Main sources of deformability of a joint The difference between the loading on the connection and that on the column strictly requires that account be taken separately of both sources of deformability when designing a building frame (Fig. 3.6.a). However to do so is only practicable when the frame is analysed by means of a sophisticated computer program allowing for the separate modelling of both sources of deformability. In all other cases, the actual behaviour of a joint must be

3.10

simplified by concentrating the whole deformability into a single flexural spring (Fig. 3.6.b), as recommended in Eurocode 3 and Eurocode 4. The resulting mechanical model for a composite joint is described in 3.3.3.2 below.

'

l-0\*i I

L__,__j
a - Actual "beam + connection + sheared web panel" modelling

'c

b - Simplified "beam + joint" modelling (recommended in Eurocode 3) Fig. 3.6 Joint modelling Furthermore, the use of non-linear curves for the characterisation of the joint behaviour is incompatible with practical design of steel and composite frames. This means that the moment-rotation curve associated with a flexural spring has to be idealized. For serviceability calculations a linear approximation is assumed, while for ultimate calculations a bi-linear idealisation can be employed (Fig. 3.7). Based on an extended parametric study of braced and unbraced frames - performed by means of a non-linear finite element program - the safe and rather accurate character of these simplifications has been demonstrated [3.7]. The following chapter describes how characteristics for joint components have been evaluated, including the transformations necessary when the realistic joint model of Fig. 3.6.a is simplified to one flexural spring (Fig. 3.6.b). 3.3.2 EC4 mechanical model for joints The mechanical models presented in Fig. 3.2 and in Fig. 3.3. clearly allow separate representation of the behaviour of the column web panel in shear, the load-introduction and of the connection elements.

3.11

M ,

Serviceability Fig. 3.7 Idealised moment-rotation relationships

Ultimate

However, because of their complexity, their use for characterisation is recommended only for situations where the actual behaviour of these parts of a particular joint configuration has to be considered, for instance, when comparing test results and model predictions. For usual applications, reference is made to the concept of a joint combining both parts, as described in 3.3.3.1, and the mechanical models have to be modified accordingly. Fig. 3.8 presents the mechanical model for joints which has been introduced in Annex J of Eurocode 4. For double-sided configurations, two joints are substituted, one for each side, and particular attention has to be given to the proportion of the deformability and the resistance of the web panel in shear ascribed to each joint. This is treated in Chapter 4. 3.3.4 Analytical procedures 3.3.4.1 Introduction As long as non-linear F- curves are used to characterize the response of the springs in the mechanical models, computer software is required to derive the - characteristics of the connections and panels or of the joints. Analytical formulae can however be derived from these mechanical models when some idealized spring properties are adopted: if the springs have a linear response corresponding to their elastic stiffness, then the elastic initial stiffness of the joints, connections or panels can be derived analytically;

3.12

if the springs have a rigid-fully plastic response with a yield plateau providing sufficient deformation capacity at the design load level, then the design resistance of the joints, connections or panels can be derived analytically.

The following paragraphs show the manner in which the mechanical model presented in Fig. 3.8 has been used to obtain simple evaluations for the elastic stiffness and the design bending resistance of composite joints, for inclusion in Eurocode 4. It is assumed that full shear connection is provided and that full interaction is achieved.

M:

rebars + contact between concrete-column + slip centre-line / of column

'load introduction (web + local effect) sheared panel concentrated at C-point (Fig. 3.6.b)

Fig.3.8 EC4 mechanical model for joints 3.3.4.2 Eurocode 4 model for stiffness evaluation The initial stiffness Sj,^ is derived from the elastic stiffnesses of the components. The elastic behaviour of each component is represented by a spring. The force-deformation relationship of this spring is given by: Fi = ki where Fi is the force in the spring i, (3.1)

3.13

ki E ;

is the stiffness coefficient of the component i, is the modulus of elasticity of steel is the deformation of the spring i.

Chapter 4 gives background for the formulae to determine k. The spring components in a joint are combined into a spring model. Fig. 3.9 shows for example the spring model for a beamtocolumn composite joint where the tensile force in the joint is resisted by a single layer of reinforcement bars.

Fig. 3.9 Spring model - simple case The force in each spring is equal to F. Subscripts 1, 10 and 11 relate respectively to the following components: column web panel in shear, longitudinal reinforcement bars in tension and unstiffened column web in compression in conjunction with a contact plate. The moment Mj acting in the spring model is equal to Fxz, where is distance between the centre of tension (located at the level of the reinforcement bars) and the centre of compression (assumed located at the centre of the lower beam flange). The rotation ] in the joint is equal to ( + + ) / . In other words:
-Mj-.

O j.ini

Fz + ,

Fz 2 F 1 1 1 - + +
ki VK.1 ku

kioy

Ez: 1
k

(3.2)

Fig. 3.10a indicates how the spring model is adapted for more complicated cases such as where the tensile forces resulting from the applied moment on the joint are carried over not only by a layer of reinforcement bars, but possibly by a second row of bars, or by bolt rows in tension belonging to the steelwork connection. The layers of reinforcement are assumed to behave like bolt-rows in tension, but with different deformation characteristics. It is assumed that the deformations are proportional to the distance to the point of compression, 3.14

but that the elastic forces in each row are dependent on the stiffness of the components. Fig. 3.10b shows how the deformations of the column web in tension, the column flange in bending, the bolts in tension and the end-plate in bending (components 5, 4, 9 and 6 respectively) are added in series to form an effective spring for bolt row r, with a stiffness coefficient keff,r. Fig. 3.10c indicates how these effective springs for each bolt row are replaced by an equivalent spring acting at a lever arm z. The stiffness coefficient of this effective spring is keq, which can be included in formule (3.2) in place of kin . The formulae to determine keff,r, keq and are given in Annex J of Eurocode 3 and Eurocode 4; they can be derived easily from the sketches of Fig. 3.10. The basis for these formulae is that the moment-rotation behaviour of each of the systems in Fig. 3.10 is equal. An additional condition is that the compressive force in the lower rigid bar is equal in each of these systems.

^5,2 ,4,2 k 9| 2 ^6,2

eff,1 -

10

k,

kn

k,

k,

b)

C)

Fig. 3.10 Spring model for a beam-to-column end plated joint with two bolt rows in tension

3.15

3.3.4.3 Eurocode 4 model for resistance evaluation The manner in which components are to be assembled to determine the resistance of composite joints is based on that given in the revised Annex J of Eurocode 3. In cases such as that represented by the composite joint shown in Fig. 3.11, the distribution of internal forces is easy to obtain as the compression force may be assumed to be transferred at the centrod of the beam flange and the tension force at the level of the layer of reinforcement bars. In a similar way to evaluation of stiffness, a row of reinforcement is here also considered as a bolt row with specific resistance characteristics. The resistance possibly associated with the bolt row located close to the compression centre is usually neglected as it contributes in a quite modest way to the transfer of bending moment in the joint (small level arm). The design resistance of the joint
MR

is associated to the design resistance

FRCJ

of the

weakest joint component: for this joint, the beam flange and web in compression, the column web in compression, the column web in shear or the reinforcement bars in tension. So: MRd = FRd . where in the level arm of the internal forces. (3.3)

Rd

-*-

<-

Rd

Fig. 3.11 Joint with one row in tension When more than one row is considered in the tension zone, the distribution of internal forces is more complex. For sake of simplicity, the particular case of a steelwork beam splice with flush endplates is illustrated in Fig. 3.12. Let us assume initially that a particularly thick end plate is adopted (Fig. 3.13). The distribution of internal forces between the different bolt rows is linear according to the distance from the centre of compression, assumed to be at the centrod of the lower beam

3.16

flange. For sake of clarity, the compression force Fc which equilibrates the tension is only represented in Fig. 3.13 and not in Fig. 3.14 and Fig. 3.15.

Fig. 3.12 Joint with more than one row in tension

-V FRd

Fig. 3.13 Steel joint with a thick end plate For the case of a thick end plate, the design resistance MRd of the joint is reached as soon as the bolt row subjected to the highest stresses - in reality, that which is located the farthest from the centre of compression -reaches its design resistance in tension Bt.Rd The quite limited deformation capacity of the bolts in tension does not allow any redistribution of forces to take place between the bolt rows. It is here assumed that the design resistance of the beam flange and web in compression is sufficient to transfer the compression force Fc. From Fig. 3.13, MRd is so expressed as: MRd

FRd

, hi

(3.4)

For thinner end plates, the distribution of internal forces requires much more attention. When load is first applied to the joint, the forces distribute between the rows of bolts and reinforcement according to their relative stiffness. This stiffness is mainly associated for bolt rows to that of the part of the end plate adjacent to the row being considered. In the particular case of Fig. 3.14.a, the top bolt row is characterized by a higher stiffness because of the presence, at that level, of the beam flange and web welded to the end plate. Because 3.17

of this higher stiffness, the top bolt row resists proportionally a higher load than the lower ones (Fig. 3.14.b).

(a) Configuration

(b) Distribution of the internal forces at the beginning of the loading. Fig. 3.14 Joint with a thin end plate In the application rules proposed so far for Eurocode 4 [3.8], it is assumed that as the moment increases the reinforcement bars reach their design resistance before the top row of bolts. As ductile bars possess reasonable deformation capacity in tension, redistribution of the internal forces can take place and the supplementary bending moments applied to the joint are carried by bolt rows, each in turn reaching its own design resistance, commencing with the top row first. For the design resistance of the bolt rows, reference is made to the concept of the T stub introduced in Annex J of Eurocode 3. According to the latter, the failure of the Tstub may be associated to that of the bolts only (Mode 3), of the end plate only (Mode 1), of the boltend plate assembly (Mode 2) or to that of the beam web in tension. If the mode is ductile, redistribution between the bolt rows can take place. Different failure modes of the joint may occur:

3.18

i)

The plastic redistribution of the internal forces may extend to all the rows of reinforcement and bolts because of their sufficient deformation capacity. The redistribution is said to be complete and the resulting distribution of internal forces is called plastic. From Fig. 3.15, the design moment resistance MRd is expressed as: MRd = FRd.i hi (35)

Eurocode 3 considers that a bolt row possesses sufficient deformation capacity to allow a plastic redistribution of internal forces to take place when: FRd,i is associated with the collapse of the boltplate assembly or of the plate only and; FRdii < 1.9 Bt.Rd where Bt.Rd is the design tension resistance of a bolt.

"Rd,1
P 1 1

fc

"I Rd,i j Th

Fig. 3.15 Plastic distribution of forces The plastic forces FRd,i vary from one row to another according to the nature of the rows and the failure modes (reinforcement bars, bolts, plate, boltplate assembly, beam web, etc). ii) The plastic redistribution of forces may be interrupted because of the lack of deformation capacity in the most recent bolt row to have reached its design resistance (FRdik > 1,9 Bt.Rd and linked to the collapse of the bolts or of the boltplate assembly). In the bolt rows located lower than this row (denoted k in Fig. 3.16), the forces are then linearly distributed according to their distance to the point of compression. The design moment resistance then equals: MRd = X FRd,i.h +
i=l.k

FR Rd.k
'k

j=k+l,n

(3.6)

3.19

where: n is the total number of rows of reinforcement and bolts; In this case, the distribution is said to be "elastic-plastic".

Rd.i

r*-F,Rd.k

"' h 3>i

Fig. 3.16 Elastic-plastic distribution of internal forces iii) The plastic or elastic-plastic distribution of internal forces may be interrupted because the compressive force Fc is limited by the design resistance of the beam flange and web in compression. The moment resistance MRd is evaluated with similar formulae to (3.5) and (3.6) in which, obviously, only a limited number of rows are taken into consideration. These rows of reinforcementand bolts are such that:

1=1.m

F.

"c.Rd

(3.7)

where m is the number of the lower row permitted to transfer a tensile force, Fi is the tension force in the row number 1, Fc.Rd is the design resistance of the beam flange and web in compression. The application of this approach to beam-to-column joints is quite similar. The design resistance associated to each of the rows is possibly limited in this specific situation not only by the resistance of: the end plate; the bolts; the beam web the reinforcement bars but also by that of:

3.20

the column web the column flange. Unlike the beam splices, the design moment resistance MRd can now be limited by the resistance of: the column web in compression; the column web panel in shear. In the proposed Annex J for Eurocode 4, evaluation formulae are provided for each of these components. Annex J of Eurocode 3 presents a full example showing how to distribute the internal forces in a beam-to-column steel joint for an end plate connection incorporating multiple rows of bolts. This example also highlights the concept of individual and group yield mechanisms. When adjacent bolt rows in the steelwork connection are subjected to tension forces, various yield mechanisms may form in the connected end plate and column flange: individual mechanisms (see Fig. 3.17.a) which develop when the distance between the bolt rows are sufficiently large; group mechanisms (see Fig. 3.17.b) including more than one adjacent bolt row. To these mechanisms are associated equivalent lengths of T-stubs (see Fig. 3.17) and, through specific formulae, design resistances. When distributing the internal forces in a joint, Eurocodes 3 and 4 recommend never to transfer to a bolt-row: a higher load than that which can be resisted if it is assumed that the bolt row being considered is the only one able to transfer tensile forces (individual resistance); a load such that the resistance of the whole group to which the bolt row belongs is exceeded.

3.21

i^=p
a

(a) Individual mechanism (b) Group mechanism Fig. 3.17 Plastic mechanisms

References 3.1 Jaspart, J.P. : "Study of the Semi-Rigid Behaviour of Beam-to-Column Joints and of its Influence on the Stability and Strength of Steel Building Frames" (in French), Ph. D. Thesis, MSM Department, University of Lige, Belgium, 1990. 3.2 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures: Part 1.1 - General rules for buildings: Annex Jon steel joints in building frames. Paper N 419 E, CEN/TC250/SC3-PT9, 1994. 3.3 Anderson, D. and Brown, N.D. : "Design of composite connections according ENV 1994-1-1 Annex J", Congress Report, 15 th Congress, IABSE, June 1996, pp. 975983. 3.4 Aribert, J.M. : "Influence of slip of the shear connection on composite joint behaviour", in Connections in Steel Structures III: Behaviour, strength and design (ed. R. Bjorhovde, A. Colson, and R. Zandonini). Pergamon, 1996, pp. 11-22.

3.22

3.5

Tschemmernegg F. et al : "Semi-Rigid Composite Joints" (Zur Nachgiebigkeit von Verbundknoten), Stahlbau, n 12, 1994, and n 1, 1995 (in German)

3.6

"Semi-Rigid Action in Steel Frame Structures", Final Report of the ECSC Research Project n 7210/SA-507, Commission of the European Communities, 1990.

3.7

Jaspart, J.P. : "Plastic hinge idealization of structural joints. EC3 philosophy", COST CI WG2 document C1/WD2/96-02, 1996.

3.8

Eurocode 4 Design of steel structures: Part 1.1 - General rules for buildings: Annex Jon composite joints in building frames. Paper N 123, CEN/TC250/SC4, 1996.

3.23

Chapter 4 : Component characteristics

4.1. Introduction In the revised Annex J of Eurocode 3, the design moment-rotation characteristic is determined from the propeties of the joint's basic components. For each component, rules are given to determine design resistance and elastic stiffness. Their derivation is given elsewhere [4.1]. The stiffness coefficients given in the code relate to forcedeformation relationships for linear springs. For a single component with a stiffness coefficient k, the corresponding linear stiffness is given by: C = E-k where by: F = C-A where F is the load applied to the component (compression, tension or shear); is the extension of the spring. For composite joints additional basic components and forms of stiffening can be identified. To determine the properties of these, analytical formulae have been developed. Their accuracy has been demonstrated through comparisons with test results and numerical simulations on components [4.1]. The combined use of these formulae and of the spring model shown in Fig. 4.1a (Model Innsbruck), in which each basic component or form of stiffening is represented by an individual spring, allows the response of the main sources of deformability to be predicted. Good agreement between this model and test results has been demonstrated. (4.2) (4.1)

E is the modulus of elasticity. Thus the force-deformation relationship is given

As a simplification for global structural analysis, the Innsbruck component model has been replaced by a realistic joint model (Figs. 4.1b, 4.1c) where the joint is seen to still occupy a finite area within the structure. The joint response is modelled by rotational springs for connection deformability, including load-introduction, and for shear deformation of the column web. The properties of these rotational springs are obtained by combining appropriately the linear springs of the component model (Fig. 4. la).

4.1

zones: connection

panel zone

connection

regions: tension ^^M^M^A^^t ... concrete composite

^

No. component 1 interior steel web panel concrete encasement 2 exterior steel web panel (column flange+local effects) 3 effect of concrete encasement on exterior spring 4 beam flanqe (local effects), contact plate, end plate 5 steel web panel nel. part of flange, fillet radius 6 stiffener in tension 7 column flange in bending (stiffened) 8 end plate in bending , beam web in tension 9 10 bolts in tension 11 reinforcement (within panel) in tension 12 slip of composite beam (due to incomplete interaction) 13 redirection of unbalanced forces 14 steel web panel in shear 15 steel web panel in bending 16 concrete encasement in shear

zone panel zone panel zone panel zone panel zone connection panel zone panel zone connection connection connection panel / conn. panel / conn. panel / conn. panel zone panel zone panel zone

region compression compression compression compression compression tension tension tension tension tension tension tension tension shear shear shear

group 3 3 3 3 6 1 1 4 4 4 1 /4 1 /4 1 /4 2 2 2

1 2 3

Fig. 4.1a Component Model Innsbruck

Fig. 4.1b,c Joint Model Innsbruck However, as the analysis of large frames requires that as few elements as possible are used to determine the behaviour, it is convenient to concentrate the whole deformability into a single flexural spring (Fig.4.2) as described in Chapter 3. This also permits commercial structural analysis packages to be used, because the latest versions commonly allow designers to specify flexural springs at the ends of beam elements. Such a simplified joint model is used in Eurocode 3 and is proposed for Eurocode 4. A s can be seen from Fig. 4.2, this neglects the finite size of the joint. A nalyses using the simplified model therefore assume that member deformations occur within the region

4.2

occupied in reality by the joint. The resulting errors, which increase with the proportion between the joint and frame dimensions and also depend on the loading situation, can be allowed for by a transformation procedure. In this procedure, transformation factors are applied to the analytical formulae for stiffness and resistance of the flexural spring, to fit the concept of the simplified joint model. This procedure is described below. To assist this, it is convenient first to identify reference points at which various joint characteristics may be calculated.

SoShow I

J SS-

Conlre ollhejort

Fig. 4.2 Simplified joint model 4.2. CLS - definition

Fig. 4.3 C L S - definition

The reference points are shown in Fig. 4.3. The subscripts C, L and S will be used for all joint characteristics (stiffness, resistance, rotation) to indicate the location at which a particular characteristic is being evaluated. When a realistic joint model of finite size is used within the structure, such as Fig. 4.1b or Fig. 4.1c, the joint response will be modelled by springs located at the edge of the joint area; in these figures the springs allow for deformability of the connection elements including load-introduction and for deformation of the column web panel, as explained in Chapter 3. These springs are located at S and L, whereas the simplified joint model is located at C. Thus in order to use the simplified model the characteristics of the realistic joint, determined from tests or analysis, have to be transformed from L to C and from S to C.

4.3. Transformation factors Factors to be used in the transformation can be derived from the actual moment distribution of the frame within the finite joint area (Fig. 4.4). They are defined as the relative proportions between the bending moments at the three locations C, L and S:

4.3

Fig. 4.4 Transformation ace. actual bending moment diagram

= Mg/Mc = M s / ML / = M c / M L

Transformation from S to C Transformation from S to L Transformation from C to L

(4.3) (4.4) (4.5)

Representing the moments M^ and M L by statically equivalent forces F c and FL (Fig. 4.5): F
c =

Mc/z

(4.6) (4.7)

FL = M L / z and defining the effective shear force in the column web panel V s (Fig. 4.6): Vs = M s / z then the transformation factors may also be expressed as: cc = V s / F c = VS/FL / =FC/FL

(4.8)

(4.9) (4.10) (4.11)

4.4

ZU

s c

Fig. 4.5,4.6 Inner forces For simple systems, such as singlesided test specimens, the transformation factors depend only on the geometry and can therefore be expressed in such terms, as shown in Fig. 4.7. Generally though the factors should be obtained from the bending moment diagram of the analysed frame.
M

Col

b/2

1
a a

M,
Ms

H
H-z

> 1.0

M( = 1+ > 1.0 2-a M,

/3=

= (1+ ^ )

Mo

H-z

Fig. 4.7 Special case: Single-sided welded steel specimen

4.5

4.4. Moment resistance and rotation capacity for the simplified joint model For these characteristics, there are two possible approaches to ensure accurate design. The first is to compare consistently, at the same location, resistance values with stress resultants from the frame analysis (Fig. 4.8a). To avoid a conservative design, account should be taken of the fact that the moments at S and L are less than that in C.

" L.Rd (loadintr.&conn.)

>

<M

S , R d (shear)

Fig. 4.8a Consistent design in S and L A second possibility is to transform the realistic joint characteristics from L and S to C, before comparing them with the actual stressresultants in C (Fig. 4.8b). This is at first sight the more attractive, because frame analysis using the simplified model will reveal the stress resultants at C without further calculation. However, if accurate design is required, it is still necessary to know the stress resultants at L and S in order to obtain the transformation factors. It is obvious though that in some cases the joint dimensions will have a much smaller influence than the frame dimensions, in which case and can be simplified to unity.

M
LRd.U4conn

oM
C,Rd.U&conn

Design: M _ < mln(M

*"

)
C.Rd.shear

C.R.&ccnn

Fig. 4.8b Design in C after transformation 4.6

4.5. Stiffness for the simplified joint model Unfortunately, as the frame analyses depend on the joint stiffnesses, the transformation for stiffness has to be performed before the frame analysis, even though strictly the joint transformation and the frame analysis are an iterative process for statically-indeterminate frames. To effect the transformations, the proportions between the stiffnesses in C, L and S can be found by utilising the definition of the rotation stiffness as S = M / . The relation between M c , M L and M s has already been described. Considering deformation, to compensate for the flexibility of the extended beam stub when using the simplified model, the rotation at C can be calculated from the rotation in L by reducing the latter to take account of the deformation of this beam stub (|)beam >
as

shown in

Fig.4.9. With an average moment (M c + ML)/2 the basic relationships for elastic bending result in the beam relationships shown in the figure, the length of the stub being taken as b/2. As a consequence of the reduction in joint rotation, the transformation from L to C results in an increase in joint stiffness.
beam-deformation
(simplified joint-model)

beam

M c +M L 2-S j.beam 2 E I beam

.

beam

u
= |_ -<t>beam
Fig. 4.9 Transformation of joint rotation from L to C Similarly, compensation must be made for the flexibility of the extended column stubs. In doing this, care has to be taken to distinguish between various deformations associated with the column. To visualise these, reference will be made to a single-sided joint test (Fig. 4.10). First the total system rotation relative to the plumb line (<J>total) derived from the deformations
can

be

W3 and W4. This rotation includes not only joint

deformation due to shear but also column deformations and possibly flexibility at the supports. These other influences have to be subtracted, leading to <t>s,plumb However, with flexibility of the columns and of the supports removed, the rotation of the web panel over the depth must be accompanied by rotation of the now-rigid columns over a total length (H - z), if compatibility is to be maintained. Thus the rotation relative to the 4.7

plumbline has to be increased by multiplying it by H/(H z) to determine the rotation of a spring in S. A s can be seenfromFig. 4.7, this factor is equivalent to 1 /a.
' ^

! w.

Hzf w.
h.

total

[_ ^s.plumb

total system rotation

elastic column deformation

deformation of supports

separated joint rotation

real joint deformation

os

total

W3 +W4

, = total -
_

H-z

= S.plumb

J_

column deformation
MQ/2 (simplified joint model) 'column

Ms + M C
fc

1^
column

j,column ' ' '-'column

s. .column
li

l> f = 4 DPf=2
Ms/2

, ~ column

Fig. 4.10 Transformation of joint rotation from S to C

4.8

= 3 00|

The deformation ) > bas to be reduced to allow for the bending deformation of the column stubs, m

addition, as the simplified spring model in C is located

at the end of the beam, rotation of the column lengths above and below the joint is no longer necessary to maintain compatability as shown in Fig. 4.11. Thus the rotation 0 depends on 5,1>
not

- Hence: (4.23a)

= ,^ -

However as the transformation is to relate C to S, this equation may be re-expressed as 0 = .8 - (4.23b)

Fig. 4.11 Different rotation values linked to shear Such transformation results in an increase of stiffness when moving the spring from S to C. Unfortunately for cases of stiff shear panels and deep joints the flexibility of the realistic joint model (Fig. 4.1b,c) due to shear is less than the flexibility of the extended column stubs associated with the simplified model. This results in a negative stiffness at C to compensate for the flexibility of the column stubs.

The procedure when calculating with a simplified joint model would therefore be to start with the rotational stiffness of the realistic model at S (assembled by all linear springs representing the components in shear) and at L for all components associated with load introduction and the connection. These rotational stiffnesses are then transformed separately from S to C and L to C taking account of the stiffnesses of the beam and column stubs introduced by the simplified model. Finally the transformed stiffnesses are combined to obtain the total rotational stiffness at C.

4.9

The procedure is shown in more detail in Fig. 4.12, with the derivation of the expressions for S c>s hear
ancl

Sc,Li+conn being given in the appendix to this chapter. Both the

assembly and the transformations have to be performed by the designer, as they depend on the joint configuration and the system response. The rle of the design code is to provide values for the stiffnesses of components in the realistic joint model and to present the expressions for the transformations. Code
realistic Stiffness Values Of Components CS,shear, , CL,loadntr.+connecton,

Designer assembly of several components: Ss,shear=f(Cs,shear,i)

^L,Li+conn t(.^L,loadintr.+connection,i)

seperate transformation to C: Mc
''Cshear rC.shear

Ms = Mc S
j.column

MC = a ML S
S.shear

(from actual system)

1+
^j.column S.shear ^

Mr
C,Li+conn j. rC,Li+conn

j.beam

-S
L,Li+conn L,Li+conn

S j.beam - S

i+f
o

serial shift sequence:

1
Sjjni

1 =
Cshear

1 +
C,Li+conn

Fig. 4.12 Exact stiffness transformation after component assembly However, as it is known from tests on nominally-identical specimens that the initial stiffness is somewhat variable, the high precision of the above approach is inappropriate and simplifications can therefore be accepted. By assuming that (1+/)/2 are approximately unity, the simplified expressions for
m

(1+)/(22) I/SQ shear

and
an

i/^c Li+conn g i v e n

Fig 4.13 are obtained. The assumptions can be justified by

reference to the geometrical expressions given in Fig. 4.7, or more generally by reference to frame analyses. Strictly the transformations apply after the basic components contributing to total stiffness in shear, or in load introduction and the connection, have been assembled. As a further simplification, stiffnesses of some individual basic components can be calibrated 4.10

to already include the flexibility of the beam and column stubs.

Thus 'quasi

transformed' stiffness coefficients can be given in the design code, leaving the designer to assemble the individual components according to the joint configuration and to effect the final transformation shown in the bottom part of Fig. 4.13. Care needs taking though in forming the quasitransformed coefficients, to avoid taking the beam and column stubs into consideration more than once as the calibration procedure can only be performed for one special joint configuration. code calibration (as done at present)
realistic Stiffness Values Of Components CS,shear,i , CL,|0adintr.+connection,i
^S.shear.i J "L.loadintr.+connection.i

separate transformation to C:
1

1
9 _ S.shear

1
9 ''.column

1+
O 2 ' "

c
C,shear

a2
~
~
1

1
9 _ S.shear

1
9 '"'j.column

1
Q

1
0

1 1+
9 j,beam

^CLi+conn

-'L,Li+conn

9 *

1
< 'L.Li+conn

''j.beam _

calibration independently of structure: 1

1
q

1
o c '

1
q

1
^L.Li+conn
v

1
q

^C.shear

^S.shear

^.column

^C.Li+conn

'j,beam

code quasitransformed stiffness values of components: designer collection of several components :

^C.shear

Sc,Shear,i' , Sc,L+conn,i'

t(^C,shear,i )

^C.Li+conn

H^C.Ioadintr.+connection.i )

final transformation:
^ C,shear ~ C,shear 2

a=Ms

Mr (from actual system)

M

Mc

L
u

C,Li+conn

C, Li+comi

a serial shift sequence: 1

^j.ini

1
^C.shear
Q

1
"O.Li+conn

Fig. 4.13 Simplified stiffness transformation

4.1

4.6. Compression region [4.2] 4.6.1 Stiffness of steel components In the Eurocode 3 model for steel joints, it is assumed that deformations due to compression in the flange or web of the beam are included in the analysis of that member. Consequently, they are not assumed to contribute to the flexibility of the joint. The same is assumed for the stiffness of composite joints. Deformation of the column section in compression (Fig. 4.14) arises because of load introduction to that section from the lower beam flange. Based on simplifications, the stiffness coefficient for steel joints, denoted k2 by Eurocode 3, has been derived as: k2 = 0 . 7 b e f f t w c / d c . -(4.32)

-Fig. 4.14 Column web panel in compression

To check the correspondence between this result and Model Innsbruck, the value has been re-determined by a parametric study using the latter model. The study dealt with HEA and HEB profiles (180 mm < h c o i u m n < 400 mm, h c o m m n < h b e a m < 600 mm), with either welded steelwork connections or a steel contact plate. For the welded connections, the throat thickness was taken as 70% of the lesser flange thickness from the sections being welded. In order to account for the simplified joint model in Eurocode 3 (spring at C), a quasitransformation of the component itself from L to C was utilised. This was carried out as described previously, except that the stiffness of the beam stub, S; beam
w a s ta

ken

as twice that given in Fig. 4.9. This was because it was only the stiffness of the compression region that was being investigated. Thus the beam flange in tension was assumed to be infinitely stiff.

4.12

Calculation according ENV 199311 / revised Annex J:

0.7 b t
k

2 =

eff

wc

(J.40)

S.. . = E z k0
j.ini 2

(J.34)
'

Proposal for ENV 199411 :

2a =

0.75 b t eff wc

S.. . =E
j.ini.a

zk_

2a

135%

1000
/
800

/o /o "^
600
/m
(

f o 75% V

/m\2
r^/ "

sy

5//

400

200

200

400

600

800 [MNm]

1000

Sjjni Model IBK

Column: HEB180HEB400

FE 360 E=210.000 N/mm2

Compression region

Beam: Columnprofile HEB 600 ( \ . a = 0 7 'mln

Fig. 4.15 Calibration of initial stiffness steel component Loadintroduction into HEBprofiles (welded) 4.13

Calculation according ENV 199311 / revised Annex J:

0.7 beff t wc

(J.40)

S.. . = Ez*k
j.ini

(J.34)
'

Proposal for ENV 199411:

0.51 b
k

t
wc S.. . = E j,ini,a a

2a =

eff

zk0 2a

finn *snn um) % .M l i

125%

80%

.\

"

rvto J
) /

/^

iL inn c
-

a>\0

inn -

00

100

200

300

400 [MNm]

500

600

Sj.ini Model IBK

Column: HEA 180 HEA 400

FE 360 E=210.000 N/mm2

Beam:
Compression region Columnprofile HEA 600

s:

a = 0.7.t

Fig. 4.16 Calibration of initial stiffness steel component Loadintroduction into HEAprofiles (welded) 4.14

Calculation according ENV 199311 / revised Annex J

k

0.7 beff t wc

(J.40)

S.. . = E z j.ini

k0 2

(J.34) v '

Proposal for ENV 199411 :

k
=

0.21 beff t wc

2a

S.. . = E z * k 0 j,ini,a a 2a

140%

800 4 600 E

3
/

/ 75% /

< 200 / /

400 (O

200

400

600 [MNm]

800

Sj.ini Model IBK

Column: HEB 180 HEB 400

FE 360 E=210.000 N/mm2

Beam:
Compression region Columnprofile HEB 600 h L O M , ; h = 2.0't (

Fig. 4.17 Calibration of initial stiffness steel component Loadintroduction into HEBprofiles (contact plate) 4.15

Calculation according ENV 1993-1-1 / revised Annex J:

,. k O

2-

0.7 b t eff wc
d c

(J.40)

S.. . = E z
j.ini

k 0

(J.34)
'

Proposal for ENV 1994-1-1:

0.16 b t
i, K 2a d eff wc S.. .
j,ini,a

=E

zk0

2a

500 /

140%

400

M
mWk
/

/
80%

"g 300

jl

200

100

100

200

300

400 [MNm]

500

Sj.ini Model IBK

Column: HEA 180HEA 400

FE 360 E=210.000 N/mm2

Compression region

Beam: Columnprofile HEA 600

III
h = 1.01, ; h = 2.0t(

Fig. 4.18 Calibration of initial stiffness - steel component Loadintroduction into HEA-profiles (contact plate)

4.16

The results of these studies are shown in Figs. 4.154.18. The comparisons for the joint components themselves here and later are made in terms of rotational stiffness Sj = C as shown in the figure; where is the lever arm for the joint. Sj j n i is

calculated according to the revised A nnex J of Eurocode 3 and "S; i n i Model " refers to the value determined using Model Innsbruck. Good agreement is found for welded joints between HEBprofiles, although they are less good for the HEA profiles, which have thinner component parts than HEB sections. The results for the joints with contact plates are completely different, due to the more localised connection between the beam and the column. On the basis of these, the stiffness coefficient for an unstiffened column web in conjunction with a contact plate for Eurocode 4, to be denoted k\\ in the proposed annex J is proposed as: k =0.20b e ff t w c / d c (4.33)

It is assumed that the depth of the contact plate is not less than the thickness of the beam flange, nor greater than twice this thickness. 4.6.2 Design resistance of steel components The expression for design resistance F c w c R given in the revised A nnex J was confirmed by test results from Innsbruck, except that no interaction was observed between the value of the resistance in compression and the shear force in the column web panel. [4.3, 4.4] In practice, the treatment of steel components in composite joints should follow that given in Eurocode 3; this is currently under review [4.5]. 4.6.3 Deformation capacity of steel components Deformation corresponding to the attainment of the maximum resistance has been found to be dependent on the type of column section:

IPE Deformation capacity (mm) 1.5

HEA 3.0

HEB 5.0

HEM 7.5

Table 4.1 Deformation capacity of column sections The corresponding rotation capacity is obtained taking account of the lever arm for the joint. 4.17

4.6.4 Stiffness of concrete casing -section columns may be cased in concrete, either completely or just within the overall dimensions of the steel section. This stiffens the joint and therefore needs to be

evaluated. In addition to parameters given in 6.1, the characteristic concrete compressive strength was in the range 30 N/mm^ < f^ 0.00023 < e s < 0.00032. The stiffnesses proposed are those which, when used in combination with the stiffness values for the steel component, provide maximum agreement with Model Innsbruck. The comparison included the same quasi-transformation as that described in 6.1 to take into account the stiffness of the beam stub when using the simplified spring model. This results in the values for a factor shown in Table 4.2. Kc HEA HEB HEA , HEB Welded/end plate 0.32 0.73 0.35 Table 4.2 Stiffness factor K c K c contributes to the stiffness factor kj 3 for the encasement: k,3 = (Kc beff b c ) / h c where the linear stiffness due to the encasement is: C = Ecmk13 (4.35) (4.34) Contact plate 0.06 0.11 0.10 < 40 N/mm^, and the shrinkage strain

Fig. 4.19 shows the comparison for the case of contact plate connections and HEA sections. In view of the much more important influence of the tension region in the overall stiffness of the joint, the scatter seen in Fig. 4.19 is regarded as acceptable. For Eurocode 4, the factor K^ is independent of section type. A combined evaluation of HEA and HEB sections resulted in K^ taken as 0.35 for welded or full depth end-plate connections. For contact-plate connection, the factor is taken as 0.1.

4.18

0.06 b _.b
k

13~

eff

2
S ; ; =

'ki-j

j,im,c

cm

1-3

125%

75%

40

80

120

160

200

Sj.ini.c Model IBK [MNm]

Column: HEA 180HEA400

Ecm= 32.000 resp. 35.000 N/mm2 S = 0.00023 resp. 0.00032 Vi15

II

BWBfflM Compression region

S ^

Beam: Columnprofile HEA 600

h = 1.0t, ; h = 2.0t, E =210.000 N/mm2

Fig. 4.19 Calibration of initial stiffness - concrete component Loadintroduction into HEA-profiles (contact plate)

4.19

4.6.5 Design resistance of concrete casing The proposals resulting from the parametric study are given in Fig. 4.20. In addition, it may be assumed that the casing prevents buckling of the steel web and thus no reduction in the resistance of this component need be made for the slenderness effect.

c,c,Rd

0 85 fc k 1.32-TO|C-(l0+5-tfc)-(bc-twc) '
10 ... introduction length:
contactplate

>
cp
|

weld seams
r

':^=
'o=t ftJ +2-Tl2*-a b

ab

o=tfb+2-tCp*hCp

Increasing factor

kWCiC = 1 + 3 . 7 5 * - < 1.5

^ck
o c ... longitudinal stress in concrete

Fig. 4.20 Design resistance - concrete component

4.6.6 Deformation capacity for a cased column in compression The deformation capacity associated with the attainment of maximum resistance has been found to be as follows:

IPE Deformation capacity (mm) 4.5

HEA 4.5

HEB >5.0

HEM >7.5

Table 4.3 Deformation capacity for encased steel sections in transverse compression

4.20

4.7. Ten sion region [4.6] 4.7.1 Stiffn ess of composite compon en ts The deformation of the tension region takes the form of a gap between the front of the column section and the concrete slab (Fig. 4.21). In the case of symmetric loading the gap can be calculated as the elongation of the longitudinal reinforcement across the depth of the column section. Half of this value can be assigned as the deformation on each side (Fig. 4.22a). In the case of unbalanced loading the gap will occur only on the side of the bigger force (Fig. 4.22b). The difference in the forces has to be redirected around the column leading to bearing of the concrete slab against the column.
righl.Sd

righSd'

M.Sd

MM.Sd<

right,Sd

Fig. 4.21 Gap in tension region

F+AF

Fig. 4.22a,b Balan ced and unbalanced loading The behaviour can be represented by a truss model (Fig. 4.23), from which it can be seen that transverse tension is created; this requires the provision of transverse reinforcement. Thus for stiffness calculation, it is necessary to distinguish between balanced and unbalanced loading. Furthermore the stiffness at the edge of the joint (location L) has to be transformed to location C in order to use the simplified joint model.

4.21

F 12

F /2 =

F
1

F
righi
1

' lett

<

..

right

AF = M .F,right 45 ^60 F
rlS*l

>F
Ml

solid slab

composite slab

bc + e, - ^ 4tan

tan

tan =

3L_

A = Frighl

E.A
77

T
4tanSEcmd 4tan5Ecmd

EaAL

2tanz5EaAT

s i n 5 c o s E O T bc d

T2

T3

C1

C2

C3

Necessary values:
.. factor of unbalance d f
be he

... ... ... ...

thickness of slab factor: solid slab f=40, comp.slab f=1 area of long.reinforcement (both sides incl.ductile mesh acc.EC2) area of transverse reinf. (one side incl. ductile mesh acc.EC2) safety factors, load duration factor 0.85 moduli of elasticity (reinf., beam, slabconcrete)

.. width of column profile .. ... hight of column profile

AL AT

Ys.Yc.od eL ... distance of long.reinforcement

...

Ea. Ea,tam, Ecm fyi_,fyT,fck Aubeam ... hb, bb, tm

distance of transverse reinf.

charact.strength long,transv.reinf.,concrete area of long.reinf. in beam beyond joint area beam dimensions (hight, width, flange thickness)

lever arm of joint

Fig. 4.23 Truss model 4.22

Using the truss model, it is possible to develop the expression for the gap given in Fig. 4.23 [4.7]. Simplifications are possible though. The first of these concerns

geometry (Fig. 4.24).

1.5 }=> 45<<5<60 1.5

0.3

tan<5

0.7

(1)
e

h n C

Model Innsbruck:

..ffii
1-

(2)

confrontation Model Innsbruck simplification for 3 2.0

deviatio 94% 102%

/ 18 ra
for e,/ h_ = 1 t o 1 5 and eT/eL = 1 t o 1.5

E 1.6
c o

yZ

3 14
Q.

i 12 to ' e 1.0
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 Model Innsbruck formula (2)

Fig. 4.24 Geometrical simplification

4.23

Due to practical considerations the distance eL between the centre of gravity of the longitudinal reinforcement and the centre of the joint is linked to the width of the column profile. For practical arrangements of reinforcement, the angle should not remain under 45 and should not exceed 60. Therefore the distance e T between the centre of gravity of the transverse reinforcement and the edge of the joint (i.e. column flange) is given in relation to e L . Considering the limits for e L and e T the complex formula for

the calculation of the angle can be replaced by the very simple one shown in Fig. 4.24. This has been justified by comparison between the simplified and the exact calculation, as shown also in Fig. 4.24.

Model Innsbruck:
'TensioaLpoint

= _z 2'/.'

' +

1
E3AL

'4e,bc ^b c cos

, .

2tarf6E B A T

4E c m dtan

j^ + f+ l

Simplification:
S
*^Tension,Lpolnt

.2 E a '
~

AL

hc

1 +

Parameter study:
column: HEA 200,280,360, HEB 240,300,400 e L /b c = 1*1.5 e T /e L = 151.5 solid slab d = 1505250 composite slab d =100200
0 I average-1.891

=> bc, \\

20

=0.2

AT/AT,nec. = 1+2 Ea = 210kN/mm2 Ecm = 30.5 kN/mm2

'Tjiec.

yL

2 fyT tan
|

600 g 500

I K=1.8S\

><

(C25)

400

= 0 5 1 (step 0.1) (balanced 5 fully unbalanced) A L = IOH50 cm 2 < | |. . 1 . h*L. ^

Yc
f

I 300 co | 200

s s &

yL

(I 100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Sonsion Model Innsbruck

example: =0.2, solid slab

Fig. 4.25 Simplified formula ace. parameter study

4.24

The sophisticated Model Innsbruck includes all out-of-balance effects in the redirectionspring (Fig. 4.1a) but results in a very complex formula for the initial stiffness in the tension region (Fig. 4.25). A simplified formula has therefore been developed by including a redirection-factor KM. In a comprehensive parametric study (Fig. 4.25) KM was calculated for each combination of parameters. A cubic formula for KM depending only on , has been found to have sufficient accuracy (Fig. 4.26). The different

behaviour between solid and composite slabs is brought in by a factor v. Comparison between the proposal for stiffness calculation and the calculation using Model Innsbruck shows a tolerable deviation. Simplification: proposal:
~7 Tension,L-point ~ *

EaAL 1 hc 1 +

= (7.7 2 13.8 + 8.9) composite slab: solid slab: = 1.0 = 1.4

Confrontation Proposal Model Innsbruck =0.2, 0.6,1.0, solid and composite slabs __1000
CO </>

Var.coeff.=21%

800
+2 boundary *' y *

600

/ * NAM 4

f
"
Q.

400
2 bounda ry

S 200
C

C/5

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000

STenson,Opoint [MNm] - M o d e l IB K Fig. 4.26 Simplified formula ace. parameter study

4.25

The quasitransformation from L to C takes account of the fact that only stiffness in tension is being considered. Thus the second moment of area of the beam stub is taken about the compression flange, which is assumed to be infinitely stiff. Thus the value of S; beam i s t a k e n Sj,beam where: Atension = AL,beam + bb tfl, (hb/z)2 (4.37)
= as:

^E a At e n s j o n fh

(4.36)

Other symbols are defined in Fig. 4.23. A s a simplification, h ^ / z can be assumed to be 0.8.

For balanced loading, as the gap is divided equally between each side (Fig. 4.22a), the effective stiffness at L is twice the value for S j e n s i o n L given in Fig. 4.25. Thus for balanced loading ( = 0): _ _ _ Sjbeam(2SjensioriiL) ^Tension,C,left ~ ~ ^Tension, C,right ~ ^^ ^j.beam
Zi)

(4.38)

Tension,L

For unbalanced loading ( 0), with the greater load on the right-hand joint: Sj.beam ^Tension, C,right = b j,beam SjensonL ^Tension.L
L

(439) is infinite.

For the lefthand joint, at which there will be no gap (Fig. 4.22b), S j e n s o n Thus ^ (Fig. 4.9) is zero and therefore ^Tension, C, left = " Sj,beam

(4.40)

The resulting expressions for stiffness are given in Fig. 4.27.

4.26

 = 1 =

,lefl
M

<1

tension region

right
F
right

i F

left

1 + 1.5
solid slab

= 1 + 1.5
composite slab

0.3 tan<5 0.7

right I rr. : | left

"

Micft^Mnght

factor of unbalance

...

thickness of slab area of long.reinforcement area of transverse reinforcement safety factors modulus of elasticity (reinforcement beam) charact.strength long.,transv.reinf.,concrete area of long.reinf. in beam beyond joint area beam dimensions (width, flange thickness)

b c ... width of column profile hc ... hight of column profile eL ... distance of long.reinforcement e T ... distance of transverse reinf. ... lever arm of joint

AL ... Aj ... Y S ,Y C Ea ... fyL.fyTifck Auxam bb, tn,

Initial Stiffness:
equal forces (balanced loading):

Sjjni,t

Ea ' k\o '

* ,0 * x * ,0 ** =
k\ni a WM

MiO

U n e q u a l f o r c e s (unbalanced loading):

M right > M, 8(t

'~hc{05K,ans)
A,
-

*\0,

hc-(l

K,-0.5-Kmm)

transformation factor A, K,,a, A L ,beam+064t fb b b

redirection factor

= - ( 7 . 7 2 - 1 3 . 8 + 8.9)
composite slab: solid slab: = 1.0 = 1.4

DesJ2n Resistance:
fyL ' L
M

AL< A, <

2-AT-tan8 0.94bcd
h

fyr
to exclude failure in transverse reinf.

j.Rd.T
Y.S

fvL fck
to exclude BRITTLE failure in concrete

Yc fvL

Fig. 4.27 Proposal for ENV 1994-1-1 / Annex J 4.27

4.7.2 Design resistance Looking at the truss model (Fig. 4.23), in general there are three possible failure modes : ductile failure in the longitudinal reinforcement; ductile failure in the transverse reinforcement; brittle failure in the compressed concrete in contact with the column profile. The last should be excluded, and sufficient transverse reinforcement can be provided to avoid the second mode. The limiting resistance therefore depends on that of the longitudinal reinforcement. Expressions are given in Fig. 4.27.

4.7.3 Deformation capacity For connection to an internal column, the deformation capacity of each joint should be determined on the basis of a length measured from the centre-line of the column to the nearest shear connector on the beam. There are two reasons for this: reliable composite action between the slab and the steel beam section is only developed through the shear connectors tests show that if fracture of the reinforcement occurs, the crack associated with this is in front of the column flange; plastic deformation of the reinforcement occurs across this crack, which is associated with the behaviour of the joint rather than that of the adjacent composite beam. The deformation capacity is influenced not just by the length and ductility of the reinforcing bars but by tension stiffening of concrete between cracks. When the stress in the reinforcement exceeds the yield strength the effect of tension stiffening increases significantly, because the bond between concrete and reinforcement causes yielding of the reinforcement only at the immediate crack locations. The mean strain after yielding of reinforcement, s s m , can be described according to the CEB-FIP Model Code 90 [4.8]. The same calculation has been used elsewhere in Eurocode 4 [4.9]. Thus the deformation capacity is e sm . . The corresponding rotation capacity is obtained by

taking account of the lever arm for the joint.

4.28

4.8. Shear connection 4.8.1 Stiffness Unless account is taken of deformation of the shear connection in the behaviour of the beam, then the influence of slip should be accounted for in the stiffness model for the joint. This may be done by reducing the stiffness coefficient for the slab in tension, as now shown. Let K s c be the translational stiffness of the shear connection defined by: s = Ft/Ksc (4.41)

where Ft is the design tension force in the slab and s is the slip at the steel-concrete interface close to the joint. The design moment at the composite joint, M, is given by M = S j j i n i + Ft.hs where S\[n[ (4.42)

is the initial stiffness of the steelwork connection and h s is the lever arm

for the tension force. In addition the elongation As of the slab reinforcement is given by: As = F t /Kg where K s (4.43)

is the translational stiffness of the reinforced slab in tension, while the

rotation of the composite joint is given by: = (5 + s ) / h s (4.44)

Combining the relationships for s, As and , the relationship for the moment becomes: M = S jiini + K.h, 2 . * . + Jvs / K S C Hence it can be seen that the effective stiffness of the slab is reduced by the factor: 1 1 + Ks / Ksc (4.46) (4.45)

The stiffness K s c for the shear connection is determined by elastic interaction theory [4.10] and is given by: K s c = Nk s c / ( - (( - 1) / (1 + a))(h s / d s )) 4.29 (4.47)

where d s is the distance between the line of action of the tension resistance of the slab to the centroid of the beam's steel section, and: a = EaIa/(d2EsAL)
(4.48)

= [(l + a)Nkscd^/(EaIa)]

(4.49)

is the length of the beam in hogging bending adjacent to the joint - it may be assumed to be 0.15 L5. k s c is the stiffness of one connector - for a 19 mm diameter headed stud it may be taken as 100 kN/mm. 4.8.2 Design resistance The shear connection will be designed in a conventional manner according to Eurocode 4. 4.8.3 Deformation capacity For ductile connectors, a simplified analytical procedure is available to evaluate the end slip at a joint [4.10]. The moment-rotation curve is approximated by the tri-linear relationship OABD shown in Fig. 4.28:
Moment

Rotation

Fig. 4.28 Tri-linear approximation OABD (i) Point A corresponds to first yielding of the shear connection. The corresponding value of the force FS(A) in the reinforcement within the joint and the end slip s(A) can be calculated using the expression for the stiffness of the shear

connection given in 8.1 above. This is assumed to be valid up to a maximum load in the most heavily loaded stud of 0.7 P^ .

4.30

Knowing the stiffness of one connector (k sc ), the end slip, s(A), can then be determined. The force FS(A) is then obtained from this slip and the stiffness of the shear connection K sc . (ii) Point corresponds to the attainment of the maximum interaction force between the reinforcement and the beam's steel section. Thus for full shear connection: Fs(B) = A s .f y (4.50)

The end slip is magnified due to the elasto-plastic behaviour of the shear connection between A and B. It may be assumed that: s(B) = 2.s(A). (F S (B)/F S (A)) (4.51)

Assuming that the centre of rotation is at the centre of the compression flange, the rotation capacity of the tension region is given by: 0 = (Au + s(B)/h s where Au is calculated according to 7.3, and h s (4.52) is the distance from the

centroid of the reinforcement to the centre of the compression flange. It is not expected that in normal design practice the rotation capacity will be limited due to failure of the shear connection. ENV1994-1-1 requires the provision of full shear connection in hogging moment regions. For conventional headed studs there is no evidence that the slip capacity of the connectors would be exceeded in this situation. Application rules in Eurocode 4 for partial shear connection in sagging moment regions are based on an assumed slip capacity of 6 mm for "ductile" connectors; these included headed studs. This may be conservative though; where certain types of profiled steel sheeting are used, available slips are much greater than 6 mm. Fracture of the shear connectors has occurred in joint tests in which the shear connection was by cold-formed angles, but only with partial shear connection. For Application Rules which differ from those of ENV 1994-1-1 by allowing partial shear connection in hogging regions, the above procedure should be modified by basing the force FS(B) on the resistance of the shear connection and replacing s(B) by the limiting slip capacity of the shear connectors.

4.31

4.9. Shear region [4.11,4.12] 4.9.1 Stiffn ess of steel web Using the Eurocode 3 definition of the shear area A vc , a parametric study of HEA and HEB profiles (180 mm < h < 600 mm) has shown that the bare influence of shear deformation on the stiffness at S (Fig. 4.3) can be given by Co = E
~

0.26-A v r .

In considering the stiffness of the shear region of a composite joint, it is necessary to distinguish between the type of beam-to-column steelwork connection. Two extremes can be identified: (i) joints in which the beam web is not connected to the column flange, as is the case for connection by a steel contact plate within a composite joint; (ii) joints in which the beam web is completely attached to the column flange, as in a welded joint. Annex J of Eurocode 3 envisages joints of the latter type, termed here as "stiff joints. Unlike these, joints of the first type, termed here as "weak" joints, permit bending deformation to occur in the column section within the depth of the joint; this has an important influence on the initial stiffness. Where it occurs, it results in additional

flexibility, which may be allowed for by the reciprocal formula for stiffness given in Fig. 4.29. Four cases are identified in that figure. 4.9.1.1 Weak CC-joint Bending deformation occurs within the depth of the joint; its extent is dependent on factors which include the flexural rigidity of the column section and the depth of the joint. Due to the load-introduction effectively being concentrated at the levels of the tension region and the compression region, the distribution of bending moment is linear (Fig. 4.29). However, the simplified spring model used in the Eurocodes is located at the centre of the joint which causes a concentrated introduction of bending moment to the column at this point (Fig. 4.30). This causes greater deformation and to compensate for this the stiffness of the simplified model should be increased by the transformation procedure. To determine the increase, a parametric study has been made, with the column section ranging from HEA or HEB 180 mm to 400 mm in depth while the beam was varied between the size of the column section up to a section 600 deep. A wide
4.32

scatter of results was obtained (Fig. 4.31), but a factor of 1.26 resulted in the best overall agreement. (This factor takes into consideration the weakness of the column within the weak joint and the transformation). Multiplying 1.26 with 0.26 leads to the factor 0.33 in the expression for EC3 factor k\.

weak

stiff
Beam-web connected to column

s, s
CC-Joint
Joint n column-center

J shear

j bending

Beam-web NOT connected to column

_ 12EI C0 ,
| bonding 2

= oo
J bending

CE-Joint
Joint at column-end

=
| bending

3EI C0 ,
2

= oo
| bending

Fig. 4.29 Bending influence within web panel 4.9.1.2 Weak CE-joint The absence of a column length above the joint results in the bending moment distribution associated with the realistic situation (Fig. 4.29) being completely different from that related to the simplified model (Fig. 4.30). However, a factor of 1.26 has been found again to be appropriate. 4.9.1.3 StiffCC-joints No bending deformation occurs in reality. Following the transformation described in Section 5, a factor of 1.42 is proposed (1.42-0.26 = 0.37). Unfortunately for the combination of a column profile 180 mm deep with a beam 600 mm deep, the error caused to the simplified model by the flexible column stubs cannot be compensated even by a spring of infinite stiffness. Such extreme combinations are rare in practice though.
4.33

4.9.1.4 Stiff CE-joints As a consequence of the more significant flexibility of an end joint, the bending correction factor amount to an average value of 3.11 ( 3.11 0.26 = 0.81 ).

JQINT^RANSFORMATION :

%
w

sicolum>ss
j column .WS'-

CC-Joint
Joint in column-center

0.5

>

4 E I col
] column Condition: M=const.

CE-Joint
Joint at column-end

M
j column

2 E I col
Condition: M=const.

Fig. 4.30 Simplified quasi-transformation from S to C

4.34

Calculation according ENV 1993-1-1 / revised Annex J: S j i i n i =E.z -k, (J.34)

k,=

0.38AVC

(J.39)

Proposal for ENV 1994-1-1:

Sj.ini.a E a k, a

k.a =

0.33 0.261.26 A vc
-

400
E

correlation coeff. = 0.95

trendline 116%

130%j

I 300

A r* 6*7** *

<
k.

200 m
Ol T"

>

> 100
e c/5"

r^
* + .
0

*
C

4 15 % |

100

200

300 [MNm]

400

Sj.ini Model IBKtranst.

Great deviation: column HEA/HEB 180 , beam HEA/HEB 600

Column: HEA/HEB tm 180 fe 400

FE 360 Ea=210.000 N/mm2 Ga= 80.000 N/mm2 f = 235 N/mm2 ya,k =1.1

fr-J.'."'i Shear r region

| jSiSj^lfJP '

iSBilpli SSfSfr'
Shear region Beam: Iram Columnprofile to 600

Fig. 4.31 Initial stiffness - steel component (weak CC- and CE-j oints)
4.35

4.9.1.5 Summary The results of these studies are summarised in Fig. 4.32. For all except the stiff CE joints, the combination of factors is reasonably close to the single value of 0.38 given in the revised Annex J of Eurocode 3.

Annex J ENV 1993-1-1 / revised Annex J:

2 SJ.ini ; ; r ,=E-z -k,

(J.34)

k,=

0.38A vc

(J.39)

Proposal for Annex J ENV 1994-1-1

la
kla =
1 a , Shear 1 3 , bending
^VC

Sj.ini.a E

k, a

K^1a,Shear

0.26
weak
^

^ 1 a,bending

stiff

VJ'^'

(column center)

3
1

1.42
1 9
1 .

(jp
^ ^ E Z (column end)
L

3.11

2^B
V/VS (column center)

weak
>
I

stiff

(jp
V s C (column end)
L

f\

0.
I

Jl3

0.37 0.81

Fig. 4.32 Initial stiffness - steel component 4.36

4.9.2 Design resistance of the steel web For design purposes, the proposals given in Eurocode 3 for the resistance of a column web panel in shear may be followed. It should be noted though that comparison with test results improves if the factor of 0.9 in the Eurocode formula is replaced by an expression depending on the type of steel column section and on the proportion between the depth of the column section and the lever arm of the joint leading to values between 0.7 and 1.0 [4.11]. 4.9.3 Deformation capacity of the steel web As described in Eurocode 3, the column web panel in shear provides sufficient rotation capacity for plastic global analysis. 4.9.4 Stiffness of concrete casing Following the "component" approach, the initial shear stiffness of a composite joint should be calculated as the sum of the relevant stiffness of the steel column's web panel and that of the concrete casing. Model Innsbruck gives a solution for the M - characteristic which depends on the concrete's modulus of elasticity, its shrinkage and the angle and effective area of the casing acting as a diagonal member in compression. The resulting relationship is non-linear and it is necessary therefore to interpret this in some way to determine a value of initial stiffness. By setting together the steel and the concrete components as a system of parallel springs, it can be observed that the elastic limit of the steel web panel dominates the - characteristic of the composite joint. So, simplifying, the - characteristic can be described as a linear function until the rotation reaches the elastic limit of the steel web (Fig. 4.33). Using this definition, a parametric study has been performed. The sections were in the ranges given in 9.1.1. CC- and CE- joints, both weak and stiff, were examined. The concrete grade varied from C25/30 to C30/37 and both a normal force in the column and no force were considered. Shrinkage strain was fixed at 0.32 %o. The procedure employed in the study is illustrated in Fig. 4.34. As a first step the initial shear stiffness of the composite joint was calculated according to Model Innsbruck at the S position (Fig. 4.3). This was then transformed from S to C to take account of the flexibility of the column stubs, following the procedure explained
4.37

in Section 5. This flexibility was calculated assuming that the concrete around the column profile was uncracked. Finally, the initial shear stiffness of the concrete casing was calculated as the difference between the transformed value of the initial stiffness of the composite joint and that of the steel web panel determined according to Section 9.1 and Fig. 4.32. CC weak
N<>0
FE 360 Ea210.000 N/mm2 G a = 80.000 N/mm' ( = 235 N/mm2
ya,k

480.5 mm

Ta"11 C 25/30 = 25 N/mm2 0.00032

Beam: HEA 400 Column: HEA 200

Ck

1.5

200
150 composite

steel concrete

0.01

0.02

0.03

[rad]

Fig. 4.33 Initial stiffness - composite joint in shear

4.38

 Parameter-study
-) stiff resp. weak connection of the beam web to the column -) Column-profile HEA/HEB 180 to 400 -) Beam-profile HEA/HEB Column-height to 600 -) Concrete encasement: C25/30 resp. C30/37 -) with and without normal force in the column

kj,ini,co(S) Model IBK

-) CC- resp. CE-joints (joints in the centre resp. joints at the top of the column)

O Joint-transformation
Sj,ini,co Model IBK
M

:=>
M

Sj,i n i, co Model IBK

j.ini.co M.IBK

j.ini.co M.IBK TRANSFORMED

Boundery-conditions for the simplified joint-model !

Sj5ini,CoM.iBK -

j.ini.co TRANSF.

<0

Sjini,aEC4

Sj5ini?cEC4

Sj5ini,cEC4

formula (Ecm, z, column)

Fig. 4.34 Calibration procedure - initial stiffness of concrete component in shear

4.39

It has not been found possible to obtain a simple formula for the stiffness of the casing based on a physical model as the deviations of the steel part and the transformation is included. So a formula has been derived by curvefitting; this is given in Fig. 4.35. Comparisons between the results based on a transformation of those from Model Innsbruck and the proposed formula show that there is little deviation between corresponding values, provided that the boundaries shown in Fig. 4.36 are not exceeded.
j,ini,co
=

j,ini,a

j,ini,c

Proposal for ENV 1994-1-1

( Sjjnifi E cm '
z

' *\c

* !
V vea k

f\+fi'
\

h~T
h

cJ

stiff

CURVE

FITTING FACTORS
fi CCJoints

f2 f3 ft f2 f3

>| ( ) r _
' ' :

N<>0
1

0.025

0.025

2.2

0.032

0.080

1.8

CE Join! s

\ )

N=0

0.017

0.003

1.8

0.500

1.2

E. ,_ . :.. .

Fig. 4.35 Initial stiffness - concrete component These boundaries arise because the simplified joint model is not able to represent the exact behaviour of joints with small columns and deep beams. For those above the boundary lines, not even an infinitely high stiffness is able to compensate for the flexibility due to the column stubs. Strictly, a negative stiffness would be required, but this is excluded from the design proposals.
4.40

^j.ini.co

"

CC stiff, weak
j,ini,co ~

^ co

600 550

5
ui

. 2
8 E

J ^ 450
400
350 300

500

IF

^ ^

J nl.co

00

I
OD

250
200180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 Column profile (HEA/HEB) 400

CE weak
rf.

m Ui

600 . .I I ^ Syrll.CO * 550 tvja^ 500 S I | B P ^ j,ini,co m I 450 > 400 o 350 300 F ra > ?50 200

OO

S i.ini.co *:

oo

180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 Column profile (HEA/HEB)

400

CE stiff
^ 600 550
500 450 400 :.,.
j.ini.co * ''' '' ' iM

0 r $
OO

.^p

E. 2

.mi.co

1
E S
03

350
F^v

300 250 200

B::-;I: .

j.ini.co ":oo
400

180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 Column profile (HEA/HEB)

Fig. 4.36 Boundery conditions for the simplified joint model

4.41

4.9.5 Design resistance of concrete casing The additional resistance may be determined by modelling the casing as a diagonal compression member (Fig. 4.37). The resistance is enhanced by compressive axial force in the column, which tends to limit the maximum tensile stress in the concrete.

Proposal for Annex J ENV 1994-1-1:

'wp,c,Rd 'Z

Kp,c,Rd cRd

=D

nn

' wp,c,Rd

DcM

rf 'Ak

A*

Force in concrete strut

Aconcr =[0.S-(hc-2tfcyCos

9]-[bc-twc]

Area of concrete strut

ad = 0.85

= arctan Sd N Rd^composite
j

'\-*\
<.

Loadduration factor, angle of strut

v = 055 1 + 2

factor considering normal force in the column

Fig. 4.37 Design resistance - concrete component in shear

4.42

4.9.6 Deformation capacity for a cased column in shear An encased column web panel generally has adequate rotation capacity for plastic global analysis. 4.9.7 Simplified modelling for double-sided joint configurations As each joint is modelled as a separate spring (Fig. 4.38), two transformation factors are needed to relate the characteristics of the realistic joint model in shear (Fig. 4.1c) to each

simplified spring model. In the revised Annex J of Eurocode 3, the factor is used for this purpose.

I -g>

Fig. 4.38 Double-sided joint configuration has been defined in Section 3 as the factor relevant to transformation from S to L (Fig. 4.3). This corresponds to the definition of in the revised Annex J, because it is expressed in terms of the bending moments applied to the connections (i.e. location L) by the beams. The algebraic expression arises from consideration of the rotational equilibrium of the web panel Fig. 4.39:
M

vs =

L ,right- ML,left

V C1 - V C2

(4.53)

c2.

M L.left

L.right

'd

Fig. 4.39 Forces in web panel

4.43

As is shown in Section 3 to be V S /F L , where F L = ML/z, it follows that for the right hand spring: ML.right M L i l e f t
right
M M

( v c l V C2 )z 2M L, right

(4.54)

L , right

while for the lefthand spring:

o _ /F _ML,ieftML|right (VC1VC2)Z Pleft _ V S '*L,left ~ + M L.left 2M L.left

(4.55)

However as the simplified spring model is located at C rather than at L, it is necessary to consider if these transformation factors are strictly correct. For contact plate

connections or others in which the beam is effectively supported by a bracket only (Fig. 4.40a) it is the interface moment M L which affects the shear force V s and the moment Mg. The additional moment = M M L is distributed locally in the

lower part of the column and does not therefore influence V s .

does not affect shear in joint (Ms, Vs)

"excl "
C2 ^

^cT^

v,
C1

^. Ms.incUM

V, s.exclAM

Ms,exciM

MLirightMLileft

Vc1Vc2

(actual version of Eurocode 3revised Annex J definition)

Fig. 4.40a Shear force in web panel depending on type of joint

4.44

In contrast, when considering welded connections or others in which the vertical shear is transferred by connection between the beam web and the column flange, the total centre moment, MQ, affects the shear force (Fig. 4.40b) and therefore the transformation factor should strictly be as defined in Section 3. Such distinctions become important in evaluating design proposals against test results because commonly the dimensions of joints tested in laboratories are significant relative to the overall dimensions of the members. This is demonstrated in the calibration examples presented later in this report. Finally, it should be noted that earlier sections of this chapter have assumed that is included in the moment M s shown in Figs. 4.4, 4.7 and 4.8.

does affect shear in joint (Ms, Vs)

" i n c l "
V.
b2 M C.left

c2

mm
ve
C1

b1
M C.rlght M S.incIA Vc1Vc2

M -r-

MsjnciAM
"s.inclAM

MCrightMC|eft

Fig. 4.40b Shear force in web panel depending on type of joint

4.45

References

4.1

Tschemmernegg, F. et al: "Zur Nachgiebigkeit von Verbundknoten", Stahlbau, 63 (H.12), 1994 and 64 (H.l), 1995

4.2

Tschemmernegg, F. and Huber, G.: "Compression region in the panel zone of a composite joint", University of Innsbruck, Institute of Steel and Timber Construction, COSTC1/ECCS TC11 Drafting Group for Composite Connections Technical Paper T2, Austria, 1995

4.3

Klein, H.: "Das elastischplastische LastVerformungsverhalten steifenloser, geschweiter Knoten fr die Berechnung von Stahlrahmen mit HEBSttzen", University of Innsbruck, Institute of Steel and Timber Construction, Dissertation, Austria, 1985

4.4

Wiesholzer, J.: "Zur Krafteinleitung bei Verbundknoten", University of Innsbruck, Institute of Steel and Timber Construction, Dissertation, Austria, 1992

4.5

Guisse, S. and Jaspart, J.P.: "Influence of structural frame behaviour on joint design", in Connections in Steel Structures III Behaviour, strength and design (ed. R. Bjorhovde, A. Colson and R. Zandonini). Pergamon, 1996, pp. 321330

4.6

Tschemmernegg, F., Huber, G., and Pavlov, A .B.: "Tension region in the panel zone of a composite joint", University of Innsbruck, Institute of Steel and Timber Construction, COSTC1/ECCS TCI I Drafting group for Composite Connections Technical Paper T4, Austria, 1995

4.7

Hittenberger, R.: "Zur Durchdringung von Sttzen und Deckenplatten bei Verbundknoten", University of Innsbruck, Institute of Steel and Timber Construction, Dissertation, Austria, 1992

4.8

CEBFIP Model Code 1990. Design Code. Comit EuroInternational du Bton. London/Lausanne, 1993

4.9

Hanswille G.: "Cracking of concrete: mechanical models of the design rules in Eurocode 4", Engineering Foundation Conference Composite Construction III, Irsee, Germany, Morning Sessions, 1996, pp. 141154

4.46

4.10 Aribert, J.-M.: "Influence of slip of the shear connection on composite joint behaviour", in Connections in Steel Structures III Behaviour, Strength and design (ed. R. Bjorhovde, A. Colson and R. Zandonini). Pergamon, 1996, pp. 11-22 4.11 Tschemmernegg, F. and Huber, G.: "Shear region in the panel zone of a composite joint", University of Innsbruck, Institute of Steel and Timber Construction, COSTCl/ECCS TC11 Drafting Group for Composite Connections, Technical Paper T3, Austria, 1995 4.12 Brugger, R.:"Zur Schubtragfhigkeit von Verbundknoten", University of

Innsbruck, Institute of Steel and Timber Construction, Dissertation, Austria, 1993

4.47

Appendix to Chapter 4 A.1 Derivation of Senear

By definition: Sc = Mc/<|>c. From Fig. 4.10:

0C = a.S - column = ( M s + M c ) / ( 2 Sj.column). (A.2) (A.3)

A ( .l)

Also: a = Ms/Mc Substituting (A.3) into (A2):

= ( . ) - ( M s + Mc)/(2Sj.column)

(4.3)

Using this expression and (4.3) to substitute for and M c in (A.l) :

s

Ms/a ( 8 ) - (M S + M S / a ) / ( 2 S j ) C 0 l u m n )

As by definition: Ss = Ms/ it follows that:

s =

Ss/o a ^ S s ( l + l/a)/(2S j ) C o l u m n )
^j.column-^s

~ a2-Sj,coiumn-Ss(l+a)/2 A.2 Derivation of Scu+conn

By definition: S c = Mc/ (A.l)

4.48

From Fig. 4.9: = * 4 W = (Mc + ML)/(2.Sjibeam) Also:

/ = MC/ML (4.5)

(.4) (.5)

Substituting (A.5) into (.4):

= . (Mc + M L ) / ( 2 Sj.bc.rn)

Using this expression and (4.5) to substitute for and Mc in (A. 1): Sr = As by definition:
SLMI/,

(/a)ML ^(^+0/(2^^)

it follows that:

or =

(/)S l - ( / a + l)S L /(2S j>beam ) Sj,beam-SL(/) Sj,bea m -S L (l + / a ) / 2 *

4.49

Chapter 5 : Calibration examples 5.1 Introduction

The proposals given earlier for prediction of moment resistance and stiffness are compared below with results from three tests. Where available, measured properties and dimensions from the experiments have been used in the predictions. Hence in the design formulae, all partial safety factors have been taken as unity and their algebraic symbols are not included in the calculations which follow. The examples concern: a contact plate connection with an encased column section, the joint being subject to unbalanced loading a flush end plate beam-to-column connection, with the joint subject to balanced loading a flush end plate beam-to-beam connection, with the joint subject to balanced loading.

References to Eurocode 3 are to the draft revised Annex J : Joints in building frames.

5.1

5.2

Contact plate beam-to-column joint

The test, reference 116.002 (VTV3), was carried out at the Institute of Steel and Timber Construction, University of Innsbruck. The measured values are recorded in the Sericon Databank [5.1]. To make comparisons with the design formulae for nodal representation at C (see Fig. 4.3), the experimental characteristics have been related to this point [5.2]. As the observed failure mode was by buckling of steelwork, no calculations are made for rotation capacity based on tensile failure of the reinforcement.

5.2

COSTCl Semirigid Behaviour

Project Section
: ,

Sheet No. 5 , 3

of 5.5

Composite steelconcrete joints Ccwbucb p U b e joiV.b r y : ;

...

Name Date

_/>

n.u.at 1
!

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_

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I i i i j

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!

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1 1
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1

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;

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.

: ; i

i ! ; ! ! 1i i i ! 1 1 1 i ' ! : ! 1 i i I ! M I M M : i M M i i i ! i i ; ! i i i 1! i i M i lI li ! ! ! ! M M i M M M M M! I I ! : ! | ' | j 1 i l i i : ; M M M ! i I ! I i M M : i 1M i I 1M i ! ! ! M i M i 1 I1
i
i i

I I !
i

! I i
\ \
1

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i ! M

i 1 1 " ! i i ' i' " M M : ' 1 't i ! " >"";" "j " ' "j ; 1 ' 'i'""""' ! ;

i M ! M ! Mi 1 \ !

! \

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i

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1 i

; !

; ! ! !" ! "!""' 'j ~ ! !

! ! ; !

1 j "~
' ' ;

i i II I IT 1 1 I

COST-Cl Semi-rigid B ehaviour Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. 5.1^. of 5.So Name _H /"bfl Date . . q(o

Section Cov\fcfcixb pU.be j o i n t

I

mehutko- d\mtntic*sL -a^

! i : : i ! : i : !
!

~r

_>U nu* !fi.e_i.J_L'. iki J " 2lSm<_

Bear

J ! ' i !
I I

_eliji-jg_b: - i i j ! '
!

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! ! . I L !

ibi J : l O M m ._'j....LJ ..L.L I fc] s H 2 m * L

J.El_>_.7.eiJ_.M ! b i : i fcT__) " "' I'

_ L i _ p r j _ __LJ_L j g t M ^ j ^ c p o , w?
I

JS_t%.ev*i
!

i'.ii
Uc

77.rnni.

S_: =
A

Cr){V\_

! ! I

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m.m _
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.= ] *finta.
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C O S T C l Semiriigid Behaviour
Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. 5. S Name GH | DA Date l"7.||.9G

of S 6 o

Section

Ccvtfc A ib picee, jomb

1 1 | | | ; j IM |1 j ! I J R 1 j I MM i I ^ M I M I M M M i M Il 1 MIM M M ; M M y I M M ! M ! I / I | | 1 1 \ \ _ ; I 1 ! h\ \ i II 1 1 1 _j ! / _ _ i 1 ! i | : | ! ! ri 1 ! ! "T"'7I i1 ' J / / l 1 ! | ! ! ! i TM 1 ! 1 1 1 !1 1 1 | ! ! T.. M M H l ' I I ! ! 1 1! ! i I ! ! ! ! a i M . i ! ! !1 ! L l 11 [ _ : j ' 1 i * i ! M i I M i l i* 4*i 1 1 1 | | i ! I M M MT ! I I i 1 I i i TT i i 1 ! i M i l l ! ! i ! ! ! i li M I M I I I I I I . II i I II I ! 1 1 ! ! R ""~ 1| i ! ! M M1 M i l 4cT I I I I | ! ! I ! ! UJ l i l il ! 1 I I I I i M ! T^^J 1 i I i i i ! ! T ii ^ . 1 1 __ ' J.'!i~~ i l i ! i ! i ' Il Ml! - 1 i ! M M ' M 1M M i ! i; M i lit I j 1 ' SM M M l ~ | i M 1 M _cJ* . Li 1_ l i MM M M i 1 ! i ! M M ! M ! 1 ! ' 1 ' ! ! 1 M ! M i IJ | M M M M M M i l l 1 1 ! i I i i i ! M I I | M I M M I M M M M ! ! ! ; ! M i l ! i ! i ; | i i : : 11 I I I I M ' I ! i ! 1 I ! i ! M i L LJ I r ! ~ i I M 1 1 i 1 1 | M MM M | 1 i 1 1! ! 1 M M M M I 1 1 1 ! I M I M 1 1 | I ! i j i M ! M 1 M ! 1 M M i M ! i 1 ! !I I I I ! 1 1I 1 i 1 II 1 ; M 1M M Il 1 1 I

"th

II

LI

I 1

/1

I
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I
I

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1 A

'

1
f

I I

-m-

i 1

! !

I j

p
:

COSTCl Semirigid Behaviour

Project Section Composite steelconcrete joints C*wfcftfc piate lomb M M 1 M II i i

Sheet No. S.fc Name GH / D A Date '7./.4=>

of 5. So

! "
1 i

;
i
: !

M 1i l I 1I 1M 1M LU 1 TPTtd) J U I U . J _ U _ U * U\t I TPCLl>

! l i! i zw.i i l i M ! ! luJbMl
i >! i M ! i 1 i i ! i I i ^r^hfci rl M l i ! i
1

i i ! l

_ 4 !p;(t**ji j

M M i M ! i M M ! i M M

\ !

JMLIIJ &_{< !4_3Et>

M

M M ! ! I ! i I I ! i i ! I I I i ! 1M M I I 1i ! I I i ! I !
! i ; i

I 1 M_ ! 1
__e__.
s.

tl _

|
i

1 i M M M i i / ffl^l 1 ! Kft
1 1 ' ! 1 ! i 1 ! 1 M l 1 ! 1 I I\A ! M J
r^tip

! i i J_l..U_l.J.iX.J] MXj ULL

!
1

I I !U M ! i ! I M 1 i 1 I I I

M M : M M M ! M M M M M M ! ! 1i ! ! i M M i i ! ! M[ M ! ! ! 1 1 1 1 i 1

vi * 1

L>
p

& t

J...;..!.. :J

: M i M i i M i M

M M M M ! M4fe! ! ! M

il

i 1
!

1 1.
< <V

JO! U J 5 L f j3Li J M S
1 i lo

: : M M i
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t M M 1 M ! I I ! i i I M 1 i ! 1 1 ! 1 1 i 1i MM. i l M M i 1 M! M ! 1 B>M _ P__). ' I 1 L,H3Hb / rT u > i M i : : ! M ! ' i i M M I I

M i l
j 1 . I ; i

'

i |

! 1

1 1

1 1

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'

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' ;

' M

;
' M

:
:

! M

! ! i i1 I I 1 j M M I I M il i 1 1 I I 1 1 r j 1 ! : ' ;"i ""! M ! ' i i : M ! M i i ! I i I1 i M M M M ! ! ! ! 1 M M : M : i M M M i M : : ; M M i ! M i i M I i M M M M M M M M i I I I 1 M M M : M M II ! 1 II ! i M ; M M M M i i ! . M ' i : : : M : 1 ' M M ! : ' M ' 1 ; : i ; i ! l i l i ; ' i ! : ; M ! i M M 1 ; : ; : : M ! ! i ! 1i ! : j M i : : i ! M i ! i 1 1 1 ! i I . ' > M i 1 11 ! I . ! ! M
1 1 1
1

M M ! M M ;

! ! 1 1M : 1 ]1 ! ; M i M ! i M M

M M ! 1

'I

COSTCl Semirigid Behaviour

Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. 5 . 7 Name 6 - H l*S>(\ Date

of 5 . So

Section Co*beicb plate joi^fc M M M M M M M M i M rrtS'feffnaibifyi \fkihoc fis! ! _L L J. i 1 ! i M i i ' i l i i i l ! L! L

i j j i y M 1 M M M

17 11 1 (0

!
!

i. !.S*l6.ii4i^J_Jii7JM_.J. I i MM.M M

M M i i MM 1 M M ! i i i i i M 1 M g l M r l IM i 1 ! 1 L i i L 4 / V I4V? N r r ci! [vzy{ iM """' i"""TLJnjjHr "'M'M4t ;' i MM M M ;_ !.!._!.J JLAIAV i l l ! 1 1 1' rVifis * ; M ! ! i z n Llrfcht ; M 1 M M ! ' M M ! | | | I !! V t ! ! i i M M ! M M ! i1 | : M c} ' ! M M M : 1 1 1 ! M M ! I V _ : M M M ! M ! 1 1 1 1 >I 1 1 ! i i i i : !" U T i~i"""T : ' i MTTT ;
j !

O h 51*)

Rg. 4.if0et
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Name 6 H / " ^ A
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Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. 5 - 3 Name 6H t>(\ Date

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Sheet No. S . . o Name H / f l

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Project Composite steel-concrete joints

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Project Composite steel-concrete joints

Sheet No. 5 . 1 3 of 5. So Name

Date

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Section

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Project Composite steel-concrete joints

Sheet No. 5,15 Name Date

of 5. So

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Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. S. /fc> of .o Name Date 6 H l^fi\ 17 11*9 b

Section Cewbeccb plafce j e > m t

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Project Section
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Sheet No. 5 . l 7 Name Date K />A

of S.So

Composite steel-concrete joints

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Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. 5 , / Name GH /"Dfl

Date

of S. So

Section Cwbeitb fleifce j 0 ' * ^

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Project Section Composite steel-concrete joints Cwbectfcr \& j o i n t

Sheet No. 5 . 9 Name Date

of

G H /"Dfl l7.ll.(o
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COSTCl Semi] g i d Behaviour

Project Section

Sheet No. S,Q<? of S-So Name Date Grh/fcA I7'l|.9fc

._.

Composite steelconcrete joints Cwtectb pl*be j*b

! !

M M M \ MML: :
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COSTCl Semirigid ]behaviour

Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. S , 2 | Name G H / f l Date

of S.So

Section

CcnbtxcL plate ^)i*b

17 H.<3fc

"I 1 ' T T ! T I T "'T !' i

!

M i ! 1 i 1 ! M M M M i M M I I 1 J .. L . trtie^r 4 O chncete* >*bdfc out*! iTfVifeJ calcUib ifcnTi I l l

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Flush end plate beam-to-column joint

The test, reference NDB3, was carried out at the Department of Engineering, University of Warwick. The measured values are recorded elsewhere [5.3]. The experimental characteristics were measured at point L (see Fig. 4.3) and the calculated values have been related to this point. The stiffness and tensile resistance of the steelwork part of the connection were determined by calculation according to therevisedAnnex J of Eurocode 3 [5.4]. Failure was by fracture of the reinforcement.

5.22

COST-Cl Semi-rigid Behaviour

Project Section
| |

Sheet No. 5<*23 of . Name (Ml> > / J> \ 7'II.CKo

Composite steel-concrete joints FUsVi **

pla.be b*ttrvik>~tlu<iv\joi'fc Date

I

itu
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C O S T C l Semi]" j gid B e h a v i o u r Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet N o . 5 . L

of

S.So

Name
Date

*"fc/_A

Section FLujk eviri, platz, bearwfe SluiWAJomb

i

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COSTCl Semi]rijid Behaviour

Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. S 2 5 Name

of 5. So

N&&/pf) 7. II.<=)<*

Section Fluito v>ci pUte b^iKk5luiHitjM.b Date

1 1

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COSTCl Semi]risgid Behaviour

Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. S , * 2 ^ of S So Name Date N ) ^ /"&)

Section Flusk W plate J><ev* h& eau j 'b I 1 I I I ILLL. k b i s 1 c_lud fttllaL* b WitidL U ^k I I I I I i 1I 11, "LIT Fuit t h i i s!t* 2w X. I 11
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Project Composite steelconcrete joints
LSMI**

Sheet No. S 2 7 f S So Name * V ^ & ant Date

| |

tor}

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Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. 5 2 ^ * 5*So Name Date ^ /fl n.W-^fo

Section FluyW e^d plcctg, i>ecti*fe> rSW*. j nfc M 1

! i ! Il M : i M i il II 1 1 T t o s l i a l y? cuk_l U fe_JbU*_L_

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C O S T - C l Semi-rigid Behaviour
Project Composite steel-concrete joints

Sheet No. 5 , * 2 of S.So

Name Date i^^B /&P\

Section Flu K volpiate b m - b - cSUtmrt jwb i ! i i !

.. ... .... ...

7..9(>

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COSTCl Semirigid Behaviour

Project Composite steelconcrete joints b-eui*'ki-cSlMto*\ott TT

Sheet No. 5 0 Name Date

of g . s

f*T E >b /"Oft 17.1).^b -

Section F l u j k ev*dl ylwte

1 Mill 1 GOAvposit Ui I 1 i i 'i y _ T J Red_j_t___L 1 !

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COST-Cl Semi-rigid Behaviour

Project Section Composite steel-concrete joints
FIMJV>

Sheet No. , 9 ( Name

of S S o

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Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. 5.3*2 NameNJbTg /"D>fl Date 17 I. 3 G

of S So

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Project Composite steelconcrete joints
C&UM A j o T i b
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Section FU*jUevid plae kearwk

Date

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Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. 5 , ^ .

of 5. So

Name ^ > ^ / " D ^

Section FlujU v*d plaie tacnwk Uu**, jomt Date 17.1 l.^G i M M i M M i ! M M M M 1 1 i I I 1 I 1 M i M I M 1 Li M I M I M !I I U J +i 1 ! U. i ! ! M c i ! i b ! i ! j ! t t . T I . m . ^ L . i . . l Li>_.!._ l i l i I I i M i 1 i 1 ! i ! ! M i l I l i l M le i ! IM M M M M 1 ! ! M

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COSTCl Semirigid Behaviour

Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. . 3 5 of 5.So Name H - J K / D R Date 17. $(

Section FUoU tona plata btrv*-k-Urv* jonb

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C O S T C l Semirigid Behaviour
Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. 5 . 3 f c

of 5. So

Name H-3-K. /t>A Date

t t

Section F U j k W plat, beurw ' f e &uf>w J m t i I .

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COSTCl Semirigid Behaviour

Project Composite steel-concrete joints

Sheet No. S 37

of 5. So

Name 3 " - M , A / A

Section FUASU. /W*. piatafe-e&rw-fe- lurM* \ mb Date 17 I IO fc

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COST-Cl Semi-rigid Behaviour

Project Composite steelconcrete joints

Sheet No. 5,%g, of S So Name > M A / P |

SectionFUuU. ev\d plate beciiwh Slurm j o i n b Date I7.1l.efc

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Project Composite steel-concrete joints

Sheet No. 5,33 Name "bfl

of S So

Section FUASW eW p!*ke b^rw-f_>-ceum* \olt Date 17. Ii-fc

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5.4

Beam-to-beam joint

The test, reference AAS2, was carried out at the Department of Engineering, University of Warwick [5.5]. At the time of writing, measured values of material properties are not yet available. The properties of the reinforcing bars have been assumed to be those determined previously in the same laboratory [5.3]. The properties of the concrete have been assumed to be those determined previously for the same design of mix [5.3]. Other properties and dimensions are taken as the nominal values. The resistance of the steelwork part of the connection were determined by calculation according to the revised Annex J of Eurocode 3 [5.4]. Failure was by fracture of the reinforcement. No calculation is made for stiffness because a model for the linear stiffness of the reinforced concrete slab has not yet been developed for a beam-to-beam joint.

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COSTCl Semirigid Behaviour

Project Section Composite steel-concrete joints BOA fiate- beai*-bo-beam 'joib

Sheet No. 5 . 4 I

of 5 . S o

Name AAs/^fl
Date la.^fc
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COST-Cl Semi-rigid Behaviour

Project Section Composite steelconcrete joints E x p i a t e , <*^~Warnjomb

Sheet No. 5.+2 of 5

Name A^S faf\

Date

M l ,<(e>

Teosigv g.^iovi ; sfceel end, plafcc v\b&\ama

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C O S T C l Semirigid Behaviour
Project Section Composite steelconcrete joints ErtdpUtc
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Sheet No. .<+& of S.So

Name A A S l>f\
Date ).CL.6fe

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References 5.1 Weynand, K. : "SERICON-Databank on joints in building frames", COST-Cl, Proceedings of the First State-of-the-Art Workshop, France, 1992 5.2 Tschemmernegg, F. and Huber, G. : "Calculation example", University of Innsbruck, Institute of Steel and Timber Construction, COST-Cl IECCS-TC11 Drafting Group for Composite Connections Technical Paper T7, Austria, 1996 5.3 Brown, N.D. : "Aspects of sway frame design and ductility of composite end plate connections", University of Warwick, Department of Engineering, Ph.D Thesis, UK, 1995 5.4 Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures : Part 1.1 - General rules and rules for buildings : Annex J on steel joints in building frames, Paper N419E, CEN/TC250/SC3-PT9,1994 5.5 Saim, A.A., Ph.D Thesis, University of Warwick, UK, 1997

5.50

European Commission COST C1 Composite steel-concrete joints in braced frames for buildings Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 1997 xii, 188 21 29,7 cm ISBN 92-827-9573-X

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