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Downloaded by Northwestern Polytechnic University on March 20, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/6.1988-3092
I
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AIM-88-3092 Computation of 3D Viscous Annular Cascade Flows D. Choi and C. J. Knight AVCO RESEARCH LABORATORY, INC. a Subsidiary of Textron Inc. 2385 Revere Beach Parkway Everett, MA
A V C O Research L a b o r a t o r y , I n c .
Downloaded by Northwestern Polytechnic University on March 20, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/6.1988-3092
This code s o l v e s t h e " t h i n l a y e r " Navier-Stokes equations w i t h a two-equation t u r b u l e n c e model i n c u r v i l i n e a r c o o r d i n a t e s u s i n g a t i m e a s y m p t o t i c method f o r steady s t a t e s o l u t i o n s . I t employs s c a l a r i m p l i c i t approximate f a c t o r i z a t i o n i n t i m e and a f i n i t e volume f o r m u l a t i o n w i t h second o r d e r upwind d i f f e r e n c i n g i n space. Two t u r b u l e n c e model equations a r e i n t e grated t o the wall without using a wall function t r e a t m e n t . T h i s code has been v a l i d a t e d by cons i d e r i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d i e s on vane cascade geometries . Introduction f l o w phenomena i n advanced gas t u r b i n e engines a r e q u i t e complex, g e n e r a l l y i n v o l v i n g shocks as w e l l as complex 30 v o r t i c a l f l o w i n a h i g h l y t u r b u l e n t environment. C u r r e n t d e s i g n methodolog i e s do n o t have adequate means t o p r e d i c t seconda r y f l o w loss, e x i t a n g l e d i s t r i b u t i o n , and 30 s u r f a c e h e a t t r a n s f e r e f f e c t s . Each o f these i s s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d by v a r i o u s types o f v o r t i c e s a r i s i n g i n cascade passages (horseshoe, t i p . etc.). The need t o improve p r e d i c t i v e techniques has m o t i v a t e d p u r s u i t o f a m u l t i y e a r e f f o r t a t o u r o r g a n i z a t i o n t o develop 30 viscous codes f o r steady t r a n s o n i c cascade f l o w s . T h i s i s based on asymptotic t i m e i n t e g r a t i o n u s i n g s c a l d r i m p l i c i t f a c t o r i z a t i o n t o achieve computational e f f i c i e n c y and good v e c t o r i z a t i o n E a r l i e r work addressed a l g o r i t h m o p t i m i z a t i o n and p h y s i c a l modeling i s s u e s i n t h e c o n t e x t o f l i n e a r cascades(1 e 2 ) i n c l u d i n g d e t a i l e d comparison t o experiment. Robust. e f f i c i e n t means o f implementing two-equation t u r b u l e n c e modeling was 1. d e f i n e d w i t h s u b l a y e r r e s o l u t i o n down t o y+ T h i s has shown promise i n p r e d i c t i n g laminart u r b u l e n t boundary l a y e r t r a n s i t i o n , ( l ) a key c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n turbomachinery. E x c e l l e n t p e r formance o f the r e s u l t i n g HCAS30 code was achieved on c u r v i l i n e a r sheared H - g r i d s w i t h a second o r d e r upwind d i f f e r e n c i n g f o r m u l a t i o n . Convergence i n 600-800 t i m e s t e p s was achieved u s i n g t h e h i g h l y r e f i n e d g r i d s required f o r accurate i n t e g r a t i o n t o t h e w a l l . F u l l y i m p l i c i t t r e a t m e n t o f boundary c o n d i t i o n s and d u a l t i m e s t e p s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a were key f a c t o r s i n t h a t accomplishment.
30 a n n u l a r cascades.
g u i d e vanes w i t h a d i a b a t i c w a l l s . u s i n g sheared H - g r i d s stacked i n t h e r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n . W e have n o t y e t addressed heat t r a n s f e r i n a n n u l a r cascades, though t h i s has been done f o r l i n e a r cascades w i t h good r e s u l t s . ( 2 ) Other work. on a mixed t o p o l o g y 0-H g r i d f o r m u l a t i o n and on r a d i a l and a x i a l compressor r o t o r s , w i l l be r e p o r t e d s e p a r a t e l y i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e . The paper i s organized as f o l l o w s . F i r s t t h e means o f e x t e n d i n g t h e HCAS30 formul a t i o n t o a n n u l a r cascades w i l l be sumnarized, employing f u l l 30 m e t r i c s as r e q u i r e d f o r general a i r f o i l geometries an4 contoured e n d w a l l s . C a r t e s i a n v e l o c i t y components a r e r e t a i n e d as dependent v a r i a b l e s t o s i m p l i f y code c o n v e r s i o n and m a i n t a i n s t r o n g c o n s e r v a t i o n law form. T h i s r e q u i r e s c a t e f u l s e l e c t i o n of the v e l o c i t y transformation m a t r i x u n d e r l y i n g t h e s c a l a r i m p l i c i t scheme, so t h a t p e r i o d i c i t y can be s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d l y imposed i n t h e p i t c h w i s e d i r e c t i o n . The new a n n u l a r cascade code i s known as ANCAS30. A c e n t r a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r a 30 v i s c o u s code i s i t s run cost. W e u t i l i z e a mini-supercomputer, t h e A l l i a n t FX/E w i t h f o u r computing elements and 80 MBytes o f h i g h speed memory. A b r i e f i n t r o d u c t i o n i s g i v e n t o t e c h n i q u e s used t o t a k e advantage o f i t s concurrency and v e c t o r i z a t i o n f e a t u r e s . A t t h e c u r r e n t l e v e l o f o p t i m i z a t i o n , t h e code t a k e s 3 ~ 1 0 . CPU ~ sec p e r t i m e s t e p p e r g r i d p o i n t . That i s comparable t o performance on t h e I B M 3090. The c o s t o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a n n u l a r cascade case i s around $1000 on o u r machine, a v e r y nominal f i g u r e f o r a 30 v i s c o u s s i m u l a t i o n o f a complex t r a n s o n i c flowfield. The code has been a p p l i e d t o 30 v i s c o u s f l o w s o f a subsonic a n n u l a r cascade of t u r b i n e vanes s t u d i e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y hy Goldman e t a 1 . ( 3 ) and a transonic annular t u r b i n e s t a t o r studied experim e n t a l l y by Gardner e t on t h e Energy E f f i c i e n t Engine geometry. Comparisons w i t h e x p e r i ment i l l u s t r a t e t h e accuracy of t h e code and i t s p o t e n t i a l use as a v i a b l e aerodynamic d e s i g n t o o l . Governins Eauations The c o n s e r v a t i o n l a w form of t h e compressible
30 Navier-Stokes e q u a t i o n s w i t h c o n t i n u i t y and
energy e q u a t i o n s can be w r i t t e n i n C a r t e s i a n c o o r d i n a t e s as t h e v e c t o r r e l a t i o n s h i p
; ; + - +aF -+-= aG o
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ay
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"Principal ** Director.
au + J at
where
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6 G + CzH)/J
Y (5)
t
G = (nxF + n G
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nZH)/J
Downloaded by Northwestern Polytechnic University on March 20, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/6.1988-3092
and t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n Jacobian, J. i s t h e d e t e r m i n a n t of Eq. ( 6 ) . Note t h a t momentum equations a r e w r i t t e n i n C a r t e s i a n v e l o c i t y components. Viscous terms i n Ea. 1 5 ) a r e i n c o r o o r a t e d v i a a s p e c i a l form o f t h e t h i n l a y e r approximation, as n o t e d i n Ref. 1 . C o a k l e y ' s q w t u r b u l e n c e model was s e l e c t e d l a r g e l y due t o i t s numerical c o m p a t i b i l i t w i t h asymptotic time i n t e g r a t i o n procedures.(5r As r e p o r t e d i n Ref, 2, t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r c a l c u l a t i o n i n a 30 l i n e a r cascade case w i t h t h i s t u r b u l e n c e model has been v e r y encouraging. The dependent variables are d i r e c t l y related t o the turbulent k i n e t i c energy, k. and d i s s i p a t i o n r a t e , C . v i a and o = c / k ; t h e y d e f i n e a t u r b u l e n t q = v e l o c i t y s c a l e and i n v e r s e t i m e scale, respect i v e l y . In terms o f t h e s e v a r i a b l e s , t h e eddy viscosity = pC,Qq2/o where C , = 0.09 and Q i s a n e a r - w a l l damping f u n c t i o n .
The a d i a b a t i c i n d e x , 1 . i s assumed t o be c o n s t a n t . The shear s t r e s s t e n s o r and h e a t f l u x v e c t o r components a r e most s i m p l y d e f i n e d i n C a r t e s i a n t e n s o r n o t a t i o n . L i n e a r forms f o r an i s o t r o p i c medium w i l l be employed-T..=
ij
"(-1
au e k -k 6 . . axk 1~
(41
fi
q.=
1
aT axi
where ( X I . x2. x3) = ( x , y . z ) . e t c . , II and L a r e t h e two c o e f f i c i e n t s o f v i s c o s i t y . and c i s t h e thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y . Since an eddy v i s c o s i t y f o r m u l a t i o n has been adopted, these r e l a t i o n s a p p l y t o t u r b u l e n t f l o w as well w i t h s u i t a b l e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f ", A. and I ( _ Thus. )r = v L + "T w i t h l a m i n a r v i s c o s i t y g i v e n by S u t h e r l a n d ' s law and eddy v i s c o s i t y b y a Kolmogorov r e l a t i o n s h i p . It i s assumed t h a t t h e second c o e f f i c i e n t of v i s c o s i t y , A = -U i n o u r p r e s e n t code t o a l l o w s i m p l i f i c a t i o n of t h e v i s c o u s terms. D i l a t a t i o n e f f e c t s have m i n o r s i g n i f i c a n c e f o r t r a n s o n i c + ,T/PrT where conf l o w . A l s o . x = IIL/Pr s t a n t P r a n d t l numbers a r e assumed: P r - 0.72 and P r T = 0.9. S i n c e t h e hub and shroud a r e s u r f a c e s of r e v o l u t i o n and t h e f l o w must be p e r i o d i c upstream and downstream o f t h e a i r f o i l s i n a t y p i c a l t u r b i n e cascade geometry. t h e g o v e r n i n g e q u a t i o n s a r e t r a n s f o r m e d t o boundary-conforming g e n e r a l i z e d coo r d i n a t e s . T h i s i s c u r r e n t l y based on a sheared H-grid. w i t h c a r e f u l c o n t r o l o f t r a n s v e r s e g r i d smoothness and s p e c i f i c a t i o n of t h e nonnal d i s t a n c e o f t h e f i r s t c e l l c e n t e r o f f w a l l s . By t r a n s f o r m i n g o n l y t h e independent v a r i a b l e s (x.y.2) t o t h e c o m p u t a t i o n a l c o o r d i n a t e s ( ~ , ~ , c ) , t h e s t r o n g c o n s e r v a t i o n law form can be maint a i n e d --
Q = 1
exp (-epqd n / y L )
(7)
where o = 0.0065 and dn i s d e f i n e d u s i n g a Buleev l e n g t h s c a l e i n terms of t h e normal d i s tance t o t h e n e a r e s t a i r f o i l and endwall s u r f a c e s The c o n s e r v a t i o n law f o r m o f t h e ,q model i n C a r t e s i a n t e n s o r n o t a t i o n i s as f o l l o w s : ,(Pa
a -
axi
(Puiq)
where we d e f i n e d = ( u i , j + uj,j)ui; and f l o w d i l a t a t i o n has been dropped i n b o t h t h e t u r b u l e n c e source terms and t h e s t r a i n r a t e i n v a r i a n t ( d ) as n e g l i g i b l e f o r t r a n s o n i c flow. a f t e r p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y . Turbulence c o n s t a n t s used a r e t h e same as
.,
i n t h e o r i g i n a l p u b l i ~ a t i o n : ( ~ )C \ = 0.045 + 0.4050. Cz = 0.92. P r q = 1, and Pr, = 1.3 where C, and 0 a r e d e f i n e d above. Making C1 dependent on D i s b e l i e v e d t o be one reason t h a t q w can be made r e l a t i v e l y i n s e n s i t i v e t o t i m e s t e p s e l e c t i o n . These r e l a t i o n s assume t h e same b a s i c form as Eq. ( 6 ) i n c u r v i l i n e a r c o o r d i n a t e s . w i t h added source terms. The s t r a i n r a t e i n v a r i a n t i s s i m p l i f i e d t h r o u g h t h e t h i n l a y e r approximation, u s i n g normal d e r i v a t i v e s . I n o r d e r t o keep t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o emulate t h e l a m i n a r t o t u r b u l e n c e t r a n s i t i o n phenomenon which u s u a l l y occurs on g a s - t u r b i n e engine blades, t h e s e q - u t u r b u l e n c e equations a r e i n t e g r a t e d t o t h e w a l l , w i t h o u t u s i n g any form o f w a l l f u n c t i o n , w i t h r e s o l u t i o n down t o about y t = 1. However. much more i n v e s t i g a t i o n should be done b e f o r e t h i s t u r b u l e n c e model can be used as a r e l i a b l e t o o l f o r p r e d i c t i n g t r a n s i t i o n phenomena a c c u r a t e l y . Numerical Method A s c a l a r i m p l i c i t approximate f a c t o r i z a t i o n a l g o r i t h m has been used i n t h e code w i t h a c e l l based f o r m u l a t i o n . ( l ) To m a i n t a i n h i g h performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e i m p l i c i t method, boundary c o n d i t i o n s a r e t r e a t e d f u l l y i m p l i c i t l y . This i s e s s e n t i a l t o achieve a r a t e of convergence i n f i n e g r i d viscous r e g i o n s comparable t o t h a t o f t h e i n v i s c i d c o r e r e g i o n s . I m p l i c i t boundary t r e a t m e n t i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t w i t h twoe q u a t i o n t u r b u l e n c e modeling when v e r y f i n e g r i d spacing i s r e q u i r e d near t h e n o n s l i p w a l l . For t h e e x p l i c i t procedure ( e v a l u a t i o n of r e s i d u a l s ) , second o r d e r upwinding i s used w i t h a c e l l - b a s e d f o r m u l a t i o n . The d i s s i p a t i o n f u n c t i o n f o r t h i s scheme i s e v a l u a t e d based on nonconservat i v e v a r i a b l e s and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c increments g i v e n by Roe-averaging(6) a t c e l l faces. F o r t h e i m p l i c i t procedure. f i r s t o r d e r upwinding ( s o l v i n g a s e r i e s o f s c a l a r t r i d i a g o n a l l i n e a r systems) i s used. T h i s may a f f e c t convergence r a t e somewhat. but the computational cost per timestep i s r e l i e v e d . When a c c u r a t e steady s t a t e s o l u t i o n s a r e t h e o n l y concern. t h i s i m p l i c i t procedure can be more e f f i c i e n t , i n terms o f CPU time, t h a n a second-order upwinding i m p l i c i t procedure. More d e t a i l s o f t h e numerical method were r e p o r t e d i n our e a r l i e r p a p e r . ( l ) Boundarv Treatment S t a g n a t i o n temperature, entropy. and f l o w angle a r e s p e c i f i e d a t i n f l o w . and t h e hub s t a t i c pressure i s f i x e d a t outflow. Radial v a r i a t i o n o f the pressure a t the o u t f l o w plane i s derived from t h e s i m p l e r a d i a l e q u i l i b r i u m equation. w i t h s t a t i c p r e s s u r e on t h e hub chosen t o match e x p e r i mental c o n d i t i o n s , and o t h e r v a r i a b l e s a r e e x t r a p o l a t e d from t h e i n t e r i o r . I n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n good c o n s e r v a t i o n w i t h t h e a l g o r i t h m , t h e g r i d i s c o n s t r u c t e d t o have c e l l faces which l i e on s o l i d s u r f a c e s and a l o n g t h e p e r i o d i c boundaries upstream and downstream of t h e vane cascade. F o r s o l i d boundaries on t h e a i r f o i l surfaces and endwalls. n o n s l i p c o n d i t i o n s f o r v e l o c i t i e s (u=v=wlO). zero normal p r e s s u r e d e r i v a t i v e (dp/dn=O). and an a d i a b a t i c c o n d i t i o n a r e imposed.
Downloaded by Northwestern Polytechnic University on March 20, 2013 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/6.1988-3092
where q v a r i e s i n t h e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l p i t c h w i s e d i r e c t i o n and vn i s a v e l o c i t y component normal t o s u r f a c e of c o n s t a n t 1. v t and v s a r e v e l o c i t y components normal t o vn which are a l s o o r t h o g o n a l t o each o t h e r . T h i s s e t o f v e l o c i t i e s w i t h d e n s i t y and p r e s s u r e a r e p e r i o d i c from one p i t c h t o t h e n e x t . I t i s noted t h a t t h i s o r t h o normal t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s a l s o used i n t h e e x p l i c i t procedure t o g e t p r o p e r damping f u n c t i o n . and i n t h e i m p l i c i t procedure t o decouple t h e e a u a t i o n s . O p t i m i z a t i o n on Supercomputer Very h i g h e f f i c i e n c y of t h e code has been o b t a i n e d by c a r e f u l l y s t r u c t u r i n g t h e code on a mini-supercomputer A l l i a n t FX/8 w i t h f o u r computi n g elements i n o u r Lab. T h i s computer system has p a r a l l e l i s m c a p a b i l i t y , w i t h hardware-supported concurrency on m u l t i p l e computing elements and v e c t o r i z a t i o n i n each computing element. As i s well-known, i t i s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d t o u t i l i z e conc u r r e n c y and v e c t o r i z a t i o n f o r t h e e x p l i c i t procedure because r e s i d u a l e v a l u a t i o n s can be done w i t h o u t any d a t a dependencies. More c a r e f u l s t r u c t u r i n g i s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e i m p l i c i t procedure where banded Gaussian e l i m i n a t i o n s . r e q u i r i n g r e c u r s i v e processes, a r e i n v o l v e d . There a r e t h r e e do-loops i n each of t h e t h r e e approximate f a c t o r i z a t i o n sweeps i n a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l problem. One o f t h e s e t h r e e do-loops i s a r e c u r s i v e procedure. Thus, we a p p l y t h e concurrency on t h e outermost do-loop and v e c t o r i r a t i o n i n innermost l o o p w h i l e keeping t h e r e c u r s i v e d o - l o o p i n t h e m i d d l e . T h i s k i n d o f s t r u c t u r i n g can a l s o be a p p l i e d t o o t h e r m u l t i - p r o c e s s o r computers. T h i s o p t i m i z e d v e r s i o n of t h e code t a k e s about 3 . 0 ~ 1 0 - 4 second CPU t i m e p e r each t i m e s t e p and g r i d p o i n t . which i s compar a b l e t o t h e r e s u l t s on t o d a y s l a r g e - s c a l e supercomputers.(7) i t i s a l s o noted t h a t t h e i m p l i c i t procedure t a k e s o n l y about 30 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l computing t i m e . R e s u l t s and Discussions TWO s e t s o f t e s t cases were computed t o assess performance o f t h e ANCAS3D code. One i s f o r a NASA subsonic a n n u l a r vane s t u d i e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y by G o l d m n e t a 1 . w The o t h e r i s f o r t h e NASA Energy E f f i c i e n t Engine ( 3 ) a n n u l a r vane w i t h an S-shaped t i p - s i d e e n d w a l l . ( 4 )
Subsonic Vane Case ANCAS3D has been a p p l i e d t o t h e subsonic s t a t o r cascade s t u d i e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y a t NASA Lewis. The d e t a i l e d cascade geometry and e X P e r i mental c o n f i g u r a t i o n can be found i n Ref. 3. The u n t w i s t e d vanes, of c o n s t a n t p r o f i l e from hub t o t i p , had a h e i g h t o f 38.10 mn and an a x i a l c h o r d o f 38.23 mn. The s t a c k i n g a x i s o f t h e vane was located a t the center of the trailing-edge c i r c l e . The vane a s p e c t r a t i o and t h e s o l i d i t y a t t h e mean r a d i u s based on a x i a l chord were 1 . 0 and 0.93. r e s p e c t i v e l y . The s t a t o r h u b - t i p r a d i u s r a t i o was 0.85 and t h e t i p d i a m e t e r was 508 mn.
A t o t a l number o f 171,696 c o m p u t a t i o n a l g r i d p o i n t s a r e used (NX=73. NY=42, and NR=56; t h e y a r e numbers o f g r i d p o i n t s i n t h e a x i a l , c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l , and r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . ) F i g u r e 1 shows t h e 73x42 H - g r i d system f o r a b l a d e - t o - b l a d e p l a n e and t h e 73x56 g r i d system f o r a m e r i d i o n a l p l a n e f o r t h e NASA t u r b i n e s t a t o r . A x i a l g r i d d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e chosen t o g i v e enough g r i d p o i n t s t o p r o p e r l y d e s c r i b e t h e shape o f t h e b l u n t l e a d i n g and t r a i l i n g edges. dymin f o r t h e f i r s t g r i d s p a c i n g i s 4 . 1 ~ 1 0 - mn and dymax f o r t h e maximum g r i d spacing i s about 5 p e r c e n t o f c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l p i t c h . In t h e r - d i r e c t i o n . d r m i n i s 3 . 8 ~ 1 0 - 3 mn and drmax i s 1 . 9 mn. Converged r e s u l t s were achieved w i t h 800 t i m e s t e p s even w i t h t h i s h i g h l y r e f i n e d g r i d f o r good v i s c o u s s u b l a y e r resolution.
r e a c t i o n . The d e t a i l e d cascade geometry and e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s can be found i n Ref. 4 The Reynolds number based on e x i t f r e e stream c o n d i t i o n and vane a x i a l c h o r d l e n g t h i s about 1 . 3 ~ 1 0 6 and d e s i g n e x i t f l o w a n g l e i s ID.4O. c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o f l o w t u r n i n g o f some 80". A t o t a l number o f 128,112 g r i d p o i n t s (NX=13. NY=42. and NR=42) a r e used f o r t h i s case. T h i s i s a much c o a r s e r g r i d compared t o t h e 1 3 1 x 6 6 ~ 3 0g r i d used i n an e a r l i e r s t u d y ( l ) f o r a h a l f span o f t h e E3 l i n e a r cascade. I n f a c t , on a f u l l span b a s i s , t h e t o t a l number o f g r i d p o i n t s i s o n l y about 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e E3 l i n e a r cascade c o m p u t a t i o n . Numerical a c c u r a c y i s degraded i n consequence. p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r stagnation pressure loss. A p r i mary c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h i s c h o i c e was u n c e r t a i n t y about i n f l o w boundary c o n d i t i o n i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t , w h i c h l e d us t o emphasize assessment r a t h e r t h a n f u l l code v a l i d a t i o n a t t h i s t i m e . F i g u r e 6 shows t h e 73x42 H - g r i d system f o r a b l a d e - t o - b l a d e p l a n e and t h e 13x42 g r i d system f o r a m e r i d i o n a l p l a n e w i t h a c o n t o u r e d t i p - s i d e w a l l . Eased on a x i a l c h o r d - l e n g t h , minimum and maximum spacings a r e 2.1~10.~ and 0.105 i n t h e Y - d i r e c t i o n . and t h e y a r e 1 . 7 ~ 1 0 - 4 and 0.085 i n t h e r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n , respectively. The s t a t i c p r e s s u r e p r o f i l e s on t h e vane s u r f a c e , shown i n F i g u r e 1 f o r t h r e e spanwise l o c a t i o n s , compare w e l l w i t h t h e measurements. F i g u r e 8 compares computed e x i t f l o w a n g l e t o t h e experiment. U n f o r t u n a t e l y . t h e i n f l o w v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e was n o t measured f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t . F o r t h e computation, a guessed i n l e t v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e was used: 15 p e r c e n t span on t h e hub e n d w a l l and 7.5 p e r c e n t on t h e t i p e n d w a l l . based on e s t i m a t e d boundary l a y e r development l e n g t h s . Discrepancy i n Figure 8 i s believed t o a r i s e i n large p a r t f r o m n o t matching t h e unknown i n l e t c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s problem i s a l s o e v i d e n t i n t h e e x i t Mach number p r o f i l e shown i n F i g u r e 9. where t h e hub e n d w a l l boundary l a y e r t h i c k n e s s i s a p p a r e n t l y u n d e r p r e d i c t e d . One reason f o r t h e caveat i s t h a t i t i s s u r p r i s i n g t o us t h a t t h e e n d w a l l boundary l a y e r i s so t h i c k a f t e r r a p i d a c c e l e r a t i o n t h r o u g h t h e vane passage, r a i s i n g q u e s t i o n s about t h e experiment i t s e l f . Computed t o t a l p r e s s u r e loss c o n t o u r s a r e shown i n Fig.ire 10. These c o n t o u r s cannot be d i r e c t l y compared t o t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a g i v e n i n Ref. 4 because g e o m e t r i c a l s c a l i n g f a c t o r s f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l loss c o n t o u r s were n o t g i v e n i n the report; the l a t t e r p l o t s are obviously not t o t r u e s c a l e . F i g u r e 11 shows p i t c h w i s e a r e a averaged t o t a l p r e s s u r e loss p r o f i l e versus t h e radial direction. Conclusion A new computer code f o r a n n u l a r cascade geometry, ANCAS3D. has been developed and e v a l u a t e d b y comparing computed r e s u l t s w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s . As shown i n e f f i c i e n c y c o n t o u r s a t t h e vane e x i t plane, v i s c o u s e f f e c t has been v e r y w e l l i n c o r p o r a t e d w i t h C o a k l e y ' s Accuracy and t w o - e q u a t i o n t u r b u l e n c e mdel c o m p u t a t i o n a l e f f i c i e n c y of t h e code show i t s p o t e n t i a l use as a v i a b l e aerodynamic d e s i g n t o o l .
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The s t a t i c p r e s s u r e p r o f i l e s on t h e b l a d e s u r f a c e s a r e shown i n F i g u r e 2 f o r t h r e e spanwise l o c a t i o n s . A s shown i n t h e s e f i g u r e s , computat i o n a l r e s u l t s compare v e r y w e l l w i t h correspondi n g measurements. Since p r e s s u r e v a r i a t i o n s on t h e b l a d e s u r f a c e s a r e m a i n l y i n v i s c i d phenomena, t h e s e r e s u l t s show t h a t t h e code can h a n d l e i n v i s c i d e f f e c t s accurately. F u l l viscous e f f e c t s o f t h e f l o w s can be found i n t h e l o s s p r e d i c t i o n and t h e f l o w a n g l e v a r i a t i o n a t e x i t p l a n e . The t o t a l p r e s s u r e l o s s p r e d i c t i o n s a t about 29 p e r c e n t o f t h e c h o r d l e n g t h downstream from t h e t r a i l i n g edge a r e shown i n F i g u r e 3 w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a measured a t 33 p e r c e n t c h o r d downstream. These a r e averaged based on mass f l u x along the circumferential d i r e c t i o n a t a given r a d i a l l o c a t i o n . T h i s t o t a l p r e s s u r e loss p r e d i c t i o n agrees v e r y w e l l w i t h t h e experiment e x c e p t a t about 10 p e r c e n t o f t h e span n e a r t h e hub, w h i c h i s one o f passage v o r t e x c e n t e r s . The c o m p u t a t i o n a l r e s u l t s behave somewhat s i m i l a r l y . b u t n o t as c l e a r l y as t h e measurements. The vane e f f i c i e n c y c o n t o u r s based on k i n e t i c energy a r e compared i n F i g u r e 4. Note t h a t t h e passage v o r t e x l o c a t i o n s a r e w e l l p r e d i c t e d b y t h e q w t u r b u l e n c e model. F i g u r e 5 shows t h e f l o w a n g l e v a r i a t i o n versus t h e r a d i a l d i r e c t i o n a t a f t e n n i x e d f l o w c o n d i t i o n s . d e f i n e d a t each r a d i a l l o c a t i o n b averaging along t h e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l direction.!8*9) The agreement w i t h t h e experiment i s w i t h i n t h e accuracy o f t h e measurement, 1.2.. T r a n s o n i c NASA 3 Vane Case The case c o n s i d e r e d i n v o l v e s t r a n s o n i c f l o w t h r o u g h a vane i n a s i n g l e - s t a g e w i t h 0.35
C u r r e n t l y , expansion of t h i s code t o r o t a t i n g frame has been f i n i s h e d and the neu code i s b e i n g a p p l i e d t o r o t o r cases s u c c e s s f u l l y . T h i s work w i l l be r e p o r t e d i n t h e near f u t u r e .
_I
Acknowledqment This research was conducted under sponsorship of t h e Textron Lycoming's Research and Development Program. The a u t h o r s wish t o thank t h e Textron. Cycoming management for f i n a n c i a l support and permission t o p r e s e n t these r e s u l t s . References
1. Knight. C.J., and Choi. 0.. "Development o f a Vlscous Cascade Code Based on S c a l a r l m p l l c i t F d r t o r i z a t ion, 'I AIAA-87-2150, AIAA/SAE/ASWE/ ASE 23r4 J o i n t P r o p u l s i o n Conference. Jun. 1987. San Oiego. CA.
2. Choi. 0..
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and Knight. C.J. "Computation of 30 Viscous Cascade Flows." AtAA-88-0363, A I A A 26th AeMSpdCe Science Meeting, Jan. 1988, Reno, NV.
3 . Goldman. L.J.. e t a l . . "Laser Anemometer Measurements i n an Annular Cascade i f Care Turbine Vanes and Comparison w i t h Theory," NASA Technical Paper 2018, 1982. 4. Gardner. W . 0 . . e t a i . . "Energy E f f i c i e n t Engine. High-pressure Turbine Uncooled Rig Technology Report," NASA CA-165149 O c t . 1979.
5. Coakley: T.J., "Turbulence Modeling Methods f o r t h e Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations," AIAA-83-1693, 7 6 t h F l u i d and Plasmadynamics Conference, July 1983. 6. Roe. P.L., "Approximate Riemann Solvers, Parameter Vectors, and D i f f e r e n c e Schemes,' Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 43. 1981, Pp. 357-312.
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7. Taylor. T . D . , " F i t t i n g t h e Computer t o t h e Job," Aerospace America. Apr. 1988, pp. 34-36
8. Goldman. L.J.,
e t a l . . "Cold-Air AnnularCascade I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f Aerodynamic P e r t o m n c e of Cooled Turbine Vanes." NASA TW X-3006. March 1974.
9. Goldman. L . J . , e t a i . . "Cold-Air AnnularCascade I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Aerodynamic Performance of Core-Engine Cooled Turbine Vanes," NASA TM X-3224, A p r i l 1974.
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