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Lecture 8
Linkage and
Chromosome Mapping
in Eukaryotes
John Donnie A. Ramos, Ph.D.
Dept. of Biological Sciences
College of Science
University of Santo Tomas
Linked Genes
Genes located in the same
chromosomes
Initiated by Thomas Morgan and
Alfred Sturtevant
Will not segregate independently
Affected by crossing over
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Linkage vs Independent Assortment
2
X-Linked Genes in Drosophila
Cross A
Gray body (y+) dominant
to mutant yellow body (y)
Red eyes (w+) dominant to
mutant white eyes (w)
Cross B
Red eyes (w+) dominant to
mutant white eyes (w)
Normal wings (m+)
dominant to mutant
miniature wings (m)
Chromosome Mapping
Determining the distances between genes and the order
of sequence in a chromosome
Uses the frequency of crossing
The shorter the distance between linked genes, the lower the
frequency of crossing-over.
The longer the distance, the higher the frequency of crossing over
to occur.
Frequencies of crossing over:
1. Yellow, white 00.5 %
2. White, Miniature 34.0 %
3. Yellow, miniature 35.4 %
3
Distance Affects Crossover
Single Crossover
4
Multiple Crossover
Three-Point Mapping
The percentage of crossing over could be used
to map genes in a chromosome
Three criteria needed for successful mapping:
Genotypes of organisms producing the
crossover gametes must be heterozygous
for all gene loci
Cross must be constructed so that the
genotypes of gametes could be determined
based on the phenotypes of the offspring.
Large number of offspring must be
produced
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Traits considered:
1. Body color
Gray(y+)
dominant to
yellow (y)
2. Eye color
Red eyes (w+)
dominant to
white (w)
3. Eye shape
Normal (ec+)
dominant to
echinus (ec)
10,000
6
Unknown Gene Sequence
Total=1109
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Not all crossovers can be detected
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Coefficient of Coincidence
and Interference
Coefficient of Coincidence (C)
The measure of actual DCOs that occurred
C = Observed DCO / Expected DCO
= 0.078/0.097
= 0.804 or 80.4%
Interference (I)
phenomenon when a crossover event in one region of a
chromosome inhibits a second event to occur in a nearby
region)
I = 1-C
= 1-0.804 = 0.196 or 19.6%
Problem 1
A stock of corn homozygous for the recessive linked genes colorless (c), shrunken
(sh), and waxy (wx) was crossed to a stock of homozygous for the dominant wild
type alleles of the genes (+ + +). The F1 plants were then backcrossed to the
homozygous recessive stock. The F2 results were as follows:
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Problem 1: Solution
c sh wx + + +
c sh wx
x + + +
c sh wx c sh wx
+ + + x c sh wx
NCO + + + = 17,959
35,658 = 77.80 %
c sh wx = 17,699
SCOI + sh wx = 509
c + + = 524 1,033 = 02.25 %
SCOII + + wx = 4,455
c sh + = 4,654 9,109 = 19.87 %
DCO + sh + = 20
32 = 00.07 %
c + wx = 12
Total = 45,832
Problem 1: Solution
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Problem 1: Solution
c sh wx
2.32 mu 19.94 mu
22.26 mu
C = (0.0007) / (0.0232)(0.1984)
= 0.1521 or 15.21%
I = 1-C
= 1-0.1521
= 0.8479 or 84.79 %
Problem 2
In a variety of tomato plant, the mutant genes o (oblate fruit), h (hairy fruit), and c
(compound inflorescence) are all located in chromosome 2. These genes are recessive
to their wild type alleles round fruit, hairless and single inflorescence, respectively. A
testcross mating of an F1 heterozygote for all three genes resulted in the following
phenotypes:
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Problem 2: Solution
+++ ohc
x
ohc ohc Inference from given data:
Sequence of genes is not correct
NCO: o h + = 306
One chromosome contains 2 wild
+ + c = 348 type alleles while the homolog
DCO: +h+ = 2 contains the 3rd wild type allele
o+c = 2
Three possible orders of the genes involved:
oh+
o h c Find a sequence Satisfies NCO but not DCO
++c
o c h that will satisfy +ch
both NCO and Satisfies DCO but not NCO
o++
h o c DCO
+oh Satisfies both NCO and DCO
c++
Problem 2: Solution
+oh ohc Try if the sequence can
x
c++ ohc satisfy the SCOs
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Problem 1: Solution
Problem 1: Solution
c o h
14 cM 21.0 cM
35 cM
C = (0.004) / (0.14)(0.21)
= 0.1361 or 13.61%
I = 1-C
= 1-0.1361
= 0.8639 or 86.39 %
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