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# of
Network
1st Octet
MSD
# of Host Assignable Assignable Broadcast
Network bit
Class
bit
IP ranges
IP ranges
Address
A
0 - 127
0
8
24
N.H.H.H
1 - 126
127
B
128 - 191
10
16
16
N.N.H.H
129 - 190
191
C
192 - 223
110
24
8
N.N.N.H
193 - 222
223
D
224 239
Reserved for IP Multicasting
225 - 238
238
E
240 254
Reserved for R & D
241 - 253
254
N = network address bits; H = host/node address bits (s+h, where s= # of subnet bits and h= # of host bits)
CIDR
/32
/31
/30
/29
/28
/27
/26
/25
/24
/23
/22
/21
/20
/19
/18
/17
/16
/15
/14
/13
/12
/11
/10
/9
/8
CIDR
/30
/29
/28
Subnet Mask
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.254
255.255.255.252
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.0
255.255.254.0
255.255.252.0
255.255.248.0
255.255.240.0
255.255.224.0
255.255.192.0
255.255.128.0
255.255.0.0
255.254.0.0
255.252.0.0
255.248.0.0
255.240.0.0
255.224.0.0
255.192.0.0
255.128.0.0
255.0.0.0
Subnet Mask
255.255.255.252
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.240
Total # of Hosts
4
8
16
Subnet Mask
255.0.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.255.0
N/A
N/A
Total Assignable
Hosts
0
2
6
14
30
62
126
254
510
1022
2046
4094
8190
16,382
32,766
65,534
131,070
262,142
524,286
1,048,574
2,097,150
4,194,302
8,388,606
16,777,214
Total Assignable
Hosts
2
6
14
/27
/26
/25
/24
/23
/22
/21
/20
/19
/18
/17
/16
CIDR
/30
/29
/28
/27
/26
/25
/24
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.0
255.255.254.0
255.255.252.0
255.255.248.0
255.255.240.0
255.255.224.0
255.255.192.0
255.255.128.0
255.255.0.0
Subnet Mask
255.255.255.252
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.0
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2048
1024
512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
16,384
32,768
65,536
30
62
126
254
510
1022
2046
4094
8190
16,382
32,766
65,534
Total # of Hosts
Total Assignable
Hosts
2
6
14
30
62
126
254
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
CIDR
Subnet Mask
/32
/31
/30
/29
/28
/27
/26
/25
/24
/23
/22
/21
/20
/19
/18
/17
/16
/15
/14
/13
/12
/11
/10
/9
/8
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.254
255.255.255.252
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.0
255.255.254.0
255.255.252.0
255.255.248.0
255.255.240.0
255.255.224.0
255.255.192.0
255.255.128.0
255.255.0.0
255.254.0.0
255.252.0.0
255.248.0.0
255.240.0.0
255.224.0.0
255.192.0.0
255.128.0.0
255.0.0.0
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
240
176
112
48
224
96
192
128
0
236
172
108
44
216
88
176
96
232
168
104
40
208
80
160
64
Mask
Subnet Boundary
/30
252
188
124
60
248
120
240
224
192
128
/29
/28
/27
/26
/25
248
184
120
56
240
112
224
192
128
0
244
180
116
52
232
104
208
160
64
4194304
2097152
1048576
524288
262144
131072
65536
32768
16384
8192
4096
2048
1024
512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
228
164
100
36
200
72
144
32
224
160
96
32
192
64
128
0
16384
8192
4096
2048
1024
510
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
220
156
92
28
184
56
112
216
152
88
24
176
48
96
64
32
16
8
4
2
212
148
84
20
168
40
80
Total Hosts
Assignable
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
16,384
32,768
65,536
131,072
262,144
524,288
1,048,576
2,097,152
4,194,304
8,388,608
16,777,216
208
144
80
16
160
32
64
204
140
76
12
152
24
48
200
136
72
8
144
16
32
2
6
14
30
62
126
254
510
1022
2046
4094
8190
16,382
32,766
65,534
131,070
262,142
524,286
1,048,574
2,097,150
4,194,302
8,388,606
16,777,214
196
132
68
4
136
8
16
192
128
64
0
128
0
0
Note: A subnet address of a network always starts at boundary. A subnet address cannot starts in between two
boundaries.
Network Addresses are always EVEN
No host/node address can have (octets 2,3,4 or octets 3,4 or octet 4 containing) all 0s or all 1s
Octets containing all 0s are called Gateway address
0 0 0 0 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Therefore, lower order 4 bits (8+4+2+1=15) are required to get 14 subnets.
To get the corresponding subnet mask, add 4 higher order bits (128+64+32+16) = 240
Therefore, the subnet mask of network address 25.0.0.0 for having 14 subnets is 25.240.0.0.
Please note that, in general, the subnet mask for the class A network is 255.0.0.0. But since the network IP address 25.0.0.0
has been subneted to 14 subnets the corresponding subnet mask is 25.240.0.0. The subnet mask 25.240.0.0 indicates that
the class A network IP address 25.0.0.0 contains max of 2**4 2 = 14 subnets.
The added high order bits used in determining the subnet mask are 128, 64, 32, 16. The lowest of the high order bits is used
in determining the subnet address. The first subnet address is determined by adding the lowest of the high order bits to the
2nd octet of the given network address, that is 25.16.0.0. The subsequent subnet address will be determined just by adding
16 to the 2nd octet of the previous subnet address. Therefore, the 14 subnet addresses are:
25.16.0.0
25.32.0.0
25.48.0.0
25.64.0.0
25.80.0.0
25.96.0.0
25.112.0.0
25.128.0.0
25.144.0.0
25.160.0.0
25.176.0.0
25.192.0.0
25.208.0.0
25.224.0.0
Subnet #
Subnet Addr
Start Addr
End Addr
Broadcast Addr
25.16.0.0
25.16.0.1
25.31.255.254
25.31.255.255
25.32.0.0
25.32.0.1
25.47.255.254
25.47.255.255
25.48.0.0
25.48.0.1
25.63.255.254
25.63.255.255
25.64.0.0
25.64.0.1
25.79.255.254
25.79.255.255
25.80.0.0
25.80.0.1
25.95.255.254
25.95.255.255
25.96.0.0
25.96.0.1
25.111.255.254
25.111.255.255
25.112.0.0
25.112.0.1
25.127.255.254
25.127.255.255
25.128.0.0
25.128.0.1
25.143.255.254
25.143.255.255
25.144.0.0
25.144.0.1
25.159.255.254
25.159.255.255
10
25.160.0.0
25.160.0.1
25.175.255.254
25.175.255.255
11
25.176.0.0
25.176.0.1
25.191.255.254
25.191.255.255
12
25.192.0.0
25.192.0.1
25.207.255.254
25.207.255.255
13
25.208.0.0
25.208.0.1
25.223.255.254
25.223.255.255
14
25.224.0.0
25.224.0.1
25.239.255.254
25.239.255.255
Example 2
Given network IP address (100.24.0.0), get 25 subnets and its IP address ranges.
For class A network, one octet (1st octet) (e.g. 100) represents the network address
For class A network, 3 octets (octets 2, 3, 4) (e.g. 20.0.0) represent host/node address.
For subnetting class A network of address 100.20.0.0, we need to consider the 1st host/node octet (2nd octet of the network
address) and find out # of lower bits are required for 25 (required # of subnet).
The binary representation of the 1st host/node octet or the 2nd octet of the network IP address (that is 20) is
0
1 0 1 0 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Therefore, lower order 5 bits (16+8+4+2+1=31) are required to get 25 subnets.
To get the corresponding subnet mask, add 5 higher order bits (128+64+32+16+8) = 248
Therefore, the subnet mask of 100.24.0.0 for having 25 subnets is 100.248.0.0.
Please note that, in general, the subnet mask for the class A network is 255.0.0.0. But since the network IP address
100.20.0.0 has been subneted to 25 subnets the corresponding subnet mask is 100.248.0.0.. The subnet mask 100.248.0.0
indicates that the class A network IP address 100.24.0.0 contains max of 2**5 2 = 30 subnets.
The added high order bits used in determining the subnet mask are 128, 64, 32, 16, 8. The lowest of the high order bits is
used in determining the subnet address. The first subnet address is determined by adding the lowest of the high order bits to
the 2nd octet of the given network address, that is 100.20.0.0. The subsequent subnet address will be determined just by
adding 8 to the 2nd octet of the previous subnet address. Therefore, the 25 subnet addresses are
100.32.0.0
100.40.0.0
100.48.0.0
100.56.0.0
100.64.0.0
100.72.0.0
100.80.0.0
100.88.0.0
100.96.0.0
100.104.0.0
100.112.0.0
100.120.0.0
100.128.0.0
100.136.0.0
100.144.0.0
100.152.0.0
100.160.0.0
100.168.0.0
100.176.0.0
100.184.0.0
100.192.0.0
100.200.0.0
100.208.0.0
100.216.0.0
100.224.0.0
Subnet Addr
Start Addr
End Addr
Broadcast Addr
100.32.0.0
100.32.0.1
100.35.255.254
100.35.255.255
100.40.0.0
100.40.0.1
100.43.255.254
100.43.255.255
100.48.0.0
100.48.0.1
100.44.255.254
100.51.255.255
100.56.0.0
100.56.0.1
100.59.255.254
100.59.255.255
100.64.0.0
100.64.0.1
100.75.255.254
100.75.255.255
..
..
..
..
..
..
24
100.216.0.0
100.216.0.1
100.229.255.254
100.229.255.255
25
100.224.0.0
100.224.0.1
100.237.255.254
100.237.255.255
0 1 1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Therefore, lower order 4 bits (8+4+2+1=15) are required to get 13 subnets.
To get the corresponding subnet mask, add 4 higher order bits (128+64+32+16) = 240
Therefore, the subnet mask of network address 131.100.0.0 for having 13 subnets is 255.255.240.0.
Please note that, in general, the subnet mask for the class B network is 255.255.0.0. But since the network IP address
131.100.0.0 has been subneted to 13 subnets the corresponding subnet mask is 255.255.240.0. The subnet mask
255.255.240.0 indicates that the class C network IP address 131.100.0.0 contains max of 2**4 2 = 14 subnets.
The added high order bits used in determining the subnet mask are 128, 64, 32, 16. The lowest of the high order bits is used
in determining the subnet address. The first subnet address is determined by adding the lowest of the high order bits to the
3rd octet of the given network address (131.100.0.0). The subsequent subnet address will be determined just by adding 16 to
the 3rd octet of the previous subnet address. Therefore, the 13 subnet addresses are:
131.100.16.0
131.100.32.0
131.100.48.0
131.100.64.0
131.100.80.0
131.100.96.0
131.100.112.0
131.100.128.0
131.100.144.0
131.100.160.0
131.100.176.0
131.100.192.0
131.100.208.0
Subnet Addr
Start Addr
End Addr
Broadcast Addr
131.100.16.0
131.100.16.1
131.100.31.254
131.100.31.255
131.100.32.0
131.100.32.1
131.100.47.254
131.100.47.255
131.100.48.0
131.100.48.1
131.100.63.254
131.100.63.255
-----
----
----
----
-----
----
----
----
12
131.100.192.0
131.100.192.1
131.100.207.254
131.100.207.255
13
131.100.208.0
131.100.208.1
131.100.223.254
131.100.223.255
131.100.224.0
131.100.224.1
131.100.239.254
131.100.239.255
0 1 1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Therefore, lower order 3 bits (4+2+1=7) are required to get 5 subnets..
To get the corresponding subnet mask, add 3 higher order bits (128+64+32) = 224
Therefore, the subnet mask of network address 195.20.45.15 for having 5 subnets is 195.20.45.239.
Please note that, in general, the subnet mask for the class C network is 255.255.255.0. But since the network IP address
195.20.45.15 has been subneted to 5 subnets the corresponding subnet mask is 195.20.45.239. The subnet mask
195.20.45.239 indicates that the class C network IP address 195.20.45.15 contains max of 2**3 2 = 6 subnets.
The added high order bits used in determining the subnet mask are 128, 64, 32. The lowest of the high order bits is used in
determining the subnet address. The first subnet address is determined by adding the lowest of the high order bits to the 4 th
octet of the given network address (195.20.45.15). The subsequent subnet address will be determined just by adding 32 to
the 4th octet of the previous subnet address. Therefore, the 5 subnet addresses are:
195.20.45.47
195.20.45.79
195.20.45.111
195.20.45.143
195.20.45.175
Subnet Addr
Start Addr
End Addr
Broadcast Addr
195.20.45.47
195.20.45.48
195.20.45.77
195.20.45.78
195.20.45.79
195.20.45.80
195.20.45.109
195.20.45.110
195.20.45.111
195.20.45.112
195.20.45.141
195.20.45.142
195.20.45.143
195.20.45.144
195.20.45.173
195.20.45.174
195.20.45.175
195.20.45.176
195.20.45.208
195.20.45.209
195.20.45.210
195.20.45.211
195.20.45.240
195.20.45.241
0 0 0 0 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Therefore, lower order 2 bits (2+1=3) are required to get 2 subnets..
To get the corresponding subnet mask, add 2 higher order bits (128+64) = 192
Therefore, the subnet mask of network address 220.10.55.0 for having 2 subnets is 220.10.55.192.
Please note that, in general, the subnet mask for the class C network is 255.255.255.0. But since the network IP address
220.10.55.0 has been subneted to 2 subnets the corresponding subnet mask is 220.10.55.192. The subnet mask
220.10.55.192 indicates that the class C network IP address 220.10.55.0 contains max of 2**2 2 = 2 subnets.
The added high order bits used in determining the subnet mask are 128, 64. The lowest of the high order bits is used in
determining the subnet address. The first subnet address is determined by adding the lowest of the high order bits to the 4 th
octet of the given network address (220.10.55.0). The subsequent subnet address will be determined just by adding 64 to
the 4th octet of the previous subnet address. Therefore, the 2 subnet addresses are:
220.10.55.64
195.20.45.128
Subnet Addr
Start Addr
End Addr
Broadcast Addr
220.10.55.64
220.10.55.65
220.10.55.126
220.10.55.127
220.10.55.128
220.10.55.129
220.10.55.190
220.10.55.191
# of leading 1s
11111111
11111000
00000000
Total # of leading 1s = 8 + 8 + 5 = 21
Therefore, CIDR = /21
Problem 2: Find CIDR when Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.192
The binary representation of subnet mask 255.255.255.192 is
11111111
# of leading 1s
11111111
11111111
11000000
Total # of leading 1s = 8 + 8 + 8 + 2 = 26
11111111
11111110
00000000
11111111
11111111
11111000
Class B
|--------network--------| |-----------host----------|
Subnet mask = /22 (8+8+6+0)
q=10
Number of subnets:
For class B network, 1st host octet or 3rd network IP address octet is used for subnet calculation. We look for # of high
order non zero in sequence bits in the 3rd octet of the mask or # of high order non zero in sequence bits in the host.
That is 6 ( /22 = 8 + 8 + 6).
Formula: = 2**p 2, where p = 6 is # of high order non zero in sequence bits in the 3rd octet in the mask
Therefore, the # of subnets = 2**6 2 = 64-2 = 62.
Number of hosts per subnet:
Formula: 2**q 2, where q is # of bits available for hosts = 10 (/22: 32 - 22 = 10)
or # of low order zero in sequence bits in the mask = 10
Therefore, # of hosts per subnet = 2**10 - 2 = 1024 - 2 = 1022
Problem 6: Given a network address (172.16.0.0 ), # of subnets, and hosts per subnet, Find the customers subnets.
(Requirements: need 6 departments with 2000 hosts per department)
First we list the network address and then the mask in binary:
10
Network address
172.16.0.0 Class B
Network mask
For class B network, octet 1st, 2nd (e.g. 172.16) represent the network address.
For class B network, octet 3rd, 4th (e.g. 0.0) represents host/node address.
For subnetting class B network of address 172.16.0.0, we need to consider the higher order host/node octet (here is 3rd octet
of the network address) and find out # of lower bits required for 6 (required # of department which is same as subnet).
The binary representation of the 1st host/node octet or the 3rd octet of the network IP address (that is 0) is
0
0 0 0 0 0
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Therefore, lower order 3 bits (4+2+1=7) are required to get 6 subnets.
To get the corresponding subnet mask, take 3 higher order non-zero in-sequence bits and add them (128+64+32) = 224
Therefore, the subnet mask of network address 172.16.0.0 is 172.16.224.0 that can be represented by 172.16.0.0/19
The # of host per subnet = 2**(total host bits in class B - # of higher bits used for subnet) - 2
= 2**(16 3) 2 = 8192 2 = 8190 ------- enough host per subnet as requirement.
Problem 7: Given a network address (172.16.0.0) and subnet mask (255.255.224.0), list the valid subnets
First we list the mask then the address in binary:
First we list the network address and then the mask in binary:
Network address
172.16.0.0 Class B
Network mask
255.255.224.0
|---|-------|
3
As we know, for class B network the corresponding to the 1 st host octet or corresponding to the 3rd network octet of the
mask play an important role for calculating subnet ranges (# of subnets). Here, mask used 3 extra bits (3 non-zero
high order in-sequence bits) and 5 zero in-sequence bits. This 5 non-zero in-sequence bits signifies the subnet
ranges. Therefore, 2**5 = 32 is the range of subnet address or the subnet address interval. Therefore, we need to add
32 to the 1st host octet in order to subnet ranges. Therefore, the valid subnets are:
172.16.32.0
172.16.64.0
172.16.96.0
172.16.128.0
172.16.160.0
172.16.192.0
172.16.224.0
11
Network addr
Network mask
255.255.255.292
Next we do a logical AND, where we compare the subnet mask to the address and where there is a 1 and a 1 we list
1, where there is a 1 and a 0 we list as 0, and where is a 0 and a 0 we list 0
So adding our two values we get:
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
Converting our address back to binary we get: 192.168.1.0 - which is the subnet our address belongs to
Subnet GW Addr
Broadcast Addr
195.20.45.0
195.20.45.1
195.20.45.2
195.20.45.126
195.20.45.127
195.20.45.128
195.20.45.129
195.20.45.130
195.20.45.254
195.20.45.255
Network/Subnet mask = /26; Total Subnet = 4; IP Addr per subnet = 64; Hosts per subnet = 62
Subnet Network Addr, Subnet GW Addr, and Broadcast Addr are generally reserved
Subnet #
Subnet GW Addr
Broadcast Addr
195.20.45.0
195.20.45.1
195.20.45.2
195.20.45.62
195.20.45.63
195.20.45.64
195.20.45.65
195.20.45.66
195.20.45.126
195.20.45.127
195.20.45.128
195.20.45.129
195.20.45.130
195.20.45.190
195.20.45.191
195.20.45.192
195.20.45.193
195.20.45.194
195.20.45.254
195.20.45.255
Subnet GW Addr
Broadcast Addr
195.20.45.0
195.20.45.1
195.20.45.2
195.20.45.30
195.20.45.31
195.20.45.32
195.20.45.33
195.20.45.34
195.20.45.62
195.20.45.63
195.20.45.64
195.20.45.65
195.20.45.66
195.20.45.94
195.20.45.95
195.20.45.96
195.20.45.96
195.20.45.98
195.20.45.126
195.20.45.127
195.20.45.128
195.20.45.129
195.20.45.130
195.20.45.158
195.20.45.159
195.20.45.160
195.20.45.161
195.20.45.162
195.20.45.190
195.20.45.191
195.20.45.192
195.20.45.193
195.20.45.194
195.20.45.222
195.20.45.223
12
195.20.45.224
195.20.45.225
195.20.45.226
195.20.45.254
195.20.45.255
Subnet GW Addr
Broadcast Addr
195.20.45.0
195.20.45.1
195.20.45.2
195.20.45.14
195.20.45.15
195.20.45.16
195.20.45.17
195.20.45.18
195.20.45.30
195.20.45.31
195.20.45.32
195.20.45.33
195.20.45.34
195.20.45.46
195.20.45.47
195.20.45.48
195.20.45.49
195.20.45.50
195.20.45.62
195.20.45.63
195.20.45.64
195.20.45.65
195.20.45.66
195.20.45.78
195.20.45.79
195.20.45.80
195.20.45.81
195.20.45.82
195.20.45.94
195.20.45.95
195.20.45.96
195.20.45.97
195.20.45.98
195.20.45.110
195.20.45.111
195.20.45.112
195.20.45.113
195.20.45.114
195.20.45.126
195.20.45.127
195.20.45.128
195.20.45.129
195.20.45.130
195.20.45.142
195.20.45.143
10
195.20.45.144
195.20.45.145
195.20.45.146
195.20.45.158
195.20.45.159
11
195.20.45.160
195.20.45.161
195.20.45.162
195.20.45.174
195.20.45.175
12
195.20.45.176
195.20.45.177
195.20.45.178
195.20.45.190
195.20.45.191
13
195.20.45.192
195.20.45.193
195.20.45.194
195.20.45.206
195.20.45.207
14
195.20.45.208
195.20.45.209
195.20.45.210
195.20.45.222
195.20.45.223
15
195.20.45.224
195.20.45.225
195.20.45.226
195.20.45.238
195.20.45.239
16
195.20.45.240
195.20.45.241
195.20.45.242
195.20.45.254
195.20.45.255
Subnet GW Addr
Broadcast Addr
195.20.45.0
195.20.45.1
195.20.45.2
195.20.45.6
195.20.45.7
195.20.45.8
195.20.45.9
195.20.45.10
195.20.45.14
195.20.45.15
195.20.45.16
195.20.45.17
195.20.45.18
195.20.45.22
195.20.45.23
195.20.45.24
195.20.45.25
195.20.45.26
195.20.45.30
195.20.45.31
..
..
..
..
..
..
30
195.20.45.232
195.20.45.233
195.20.45.234
195.20.45.238
195.20.45.239
31
195.20.45.240
195.20.45.241
195.20.45.242
195.20.45.246
195.20.45.247
32
195.20.45.248
195.20.45.249
195.20.45.250
195.20.45.254
195.20.45.255
13
Subnet GW Addr
Broadcast Addr
195.20.45.0
195.20.45.1
195.20.45.2
195.20.45.2
195.20.45.3
195.20.45.4
195.20.45.5
195.20.45.6
195.20.45.6
195.20.45.7
195.20.45.8
195.20.45.9
195.20.45.10
195.20.45.10
195.20.45.11
195.20.45.12
195.20.45.13
195.20.45.14
195.20.45.14
195.20.45.15
..
..
..
..
..
..
62
195.20.45.244
195.20.45.245
195.20.45.246
195.20.45.246
195.20.45.247
63
195.20.45.248
195.20.45.249
195.20.45.250
195.20.45.250
195.20.45.251
64
195.20.45.252
195.20.45.253
195.20.45.254
195.20.45.254
195.20.45.255
14