20" International Conference on Ground Control In Mlnlng

Determination and IT-supported Evaluation of Rock Mechanical Parameters and Their Utilization During Application of Roof Bolting Techniques
Nikolaos Polysos, Chief Geologist Deutsche Steinkohle AG H e m e , GERMANY Stephan Peters, Senior Geologist Deutsche Montan Technologie G m b H E s s e n , GERMANY

ABSTRACT For the planning and driving of gateroads supported by roof bolts a practical conapt has been developed in order to determine the geolog~cal and mck mechanical parameters derived from exploration drillholes. Based on this, an assessment scheme for the design of roof bolting has been established. The new methcds of inveshgation comprise of geotechnical logg~og of drill cores for the determination of structural-geological rock characteristics and complementary geophysical well-logging which enables the evaluation of pem-pbys~cal and rock mecharucal properties. The tools and their measurements will be bnefly presented. The relationship between the geophysical log read~ngs and the geotechnical paramten will be illustrated. The aim of the data acquisition is to improve roof bolting design which is based on the assessment scheme. This will be adjusted to the prevailing rock mechanical conditions and stands up to the required stability of the gate roads.

seam working and subsequent increase in pressure resulting h m previous working boundaries (I). The processing scheme for the application of roof bolt support in this ldnd of deposit (2) is shown in Figun 1.

Figure 1: Plow chart for the application of roof bolt support In order to ensure consistent data acquisit~on,a method of core logging has been standardized for the respective demands. To it was necessary to introduce specific parameters and achieve t h ~ s new methods. For the recording of h e a r and planar sbuctural elements at the drill core, a spscial system for the documentat~on of t the angles in relation to each other has been ~ eup. The rock mechaniaal parameters and their acquisition will be explained. In order to carry out an objestive analysis as fast as possible, sotbare bas been developed for the acquisition, management and presentation of the data. These programs and their functions will also be presented. The software is characterized by being user-friendly and the flexibility of its interfaccs. Different options for the combined presentation of input and evaluated data give a more objective basis for the planning of roof bolt design. Examples will illustrate the operailanal implementation of the results during the planning and driving phases. This process starts with the planning and design wns~dering geotechnical and ro& mechanical parameters, proceeds to a highquality execution of the construction accompanied by monitoring masurementa and returns again to the design based on the f d b a c k of actually observed values. Equal significance u attributed to each element of this cycle. Support and advance technology, quality assurance and mining of personnel represent the additional cornerstones of the support system "roof bolting". In this connection, the importance of measurement techniques (2.3.4) as an integrated pan of roadway heading has to be emphasized. Particularly d m g the working phase monitoring measnrements play a substantial role. The operational target for a higher rate of advance under existing stability standards by applying roof bolt tnhniques can be reached from a geomechanical point of view by colleaing and arsssing geotechnical and rock mechanical parameters. These should then be taken into consideration during planning and design.

ROCK CLASSIFICATION
Roof bolt support in DSK mines (DSK is the German coal depths of up to 1,500 mining division of RAG) is applied at min~ng m and under complex rock mechanical conditions caused by multiPlanning, design, on-sik4tendance and evaluation of DSK's roof bolting projects allowed the systematization and quantification

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of geomechanical parameters which are decisive for the mechanisms and influences in the interaction between rock and mof bolt support (3). This led to the set-up of a rock technological evaluation scheme comprising 21 parameters. Weighted indices are assigned to the individual properties (5). The consecutively determined total of the individual assessments results in a rock quality class in the form of an overall graded index (Fig. 2).

2. Bed thickness structure (will be calculated by the software):

BlOO B80 B60 B40 B20 B10
= = =
=

= =

> 0.80 [m] 0.80 0.60 [m] 0.60 0.40 [m] 0.40 0.20 [m] 0.20 - 0.10 [m] ~ 0 . 1 0[m]

3. Rock properties: ko = cornact sanding Friable fractured / sheared lettenlike I mylonitized

The following properties demibe the type and character of separation planes:
4. T y p e :

Ss K1 Br Sf ER Figure 2: Rock classification system Applying this classification scheme which has been adapted to conditions in German deposits, the rock to be cut through can be classified already during the planning phase. Resulting from this, a specific design of roof bolt support can be carried out adjusted to match the forecasted conditions. 'Ihis means on the detemuned rock type the Frequency of roof that depend~ng bolts and the connected suppolt resistance can be established. The absolute prerequisite for a rock assessment is the development of a geological and geotechnlcal logging method. It has to be tuned to Gemumy's hard coal bearing formations compris~ngstandardized lithological, structural-geological, and rock mechanical parameters. GEOTECHNICAL ROCK DATA Geotechnical rock data can be acqu~redfrom drill cores, in adjacent exposures and in the road-head (6). Terms and definitions of parameters from different surveys should be coordinated in a way that they complement each other.

= = = =
=

bedding ioint fracture schistosity relaxation fracture

5.a Character of separation plane surface: H = slickensided surface SH = slickenside on bedding plane polished slickenside ("Usen") SP = ra = rough ob = no findings = abrasion ar FA = fossil separation planes, e.g. layers of fragmental plant remains, shell bank KA = coaly layers, e.g. layers of vitrain, coal streaks 5.b Additional description of separation plane surface: gr = straight gg = bent wl = undulating stepped ag = mu = conchoidal
6. Character of separation plane: 0 = open g = closed k = cavernous z = fractured

I n order to be able to combine geotechnical information from drill cores with that from subsequent logging of road-heads during the ongoing driving, a standardized geotechnical description of rock and structural features is necessary.
Within the scope of the geotechnical core logging, the following criteria and terms are used for the description of the strata and the structure of bedding and bed thickness: 1. Structure of bedding: massive ug = = regularly bedded re UI = irregularly bedded alternate bedding with sandstone bands we = gb = banded subaquatic slumping sub. R=

7. Mineralization: X = yes 0 no Ca = CaC03 Fe = FeS2 Pb = PhS ZnS Zn = Si = Si02 Ba = Bas04

(calcium carbonate) (pyrite) (galena) (sphalerite) (quartz) (baryte)

Finally, a description of tectonically disturbed sections of the cored drillholes is carried out, including a certain evaluation.

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Tectonic description of disturbed section: g m s
z

=minor: =medium: =intense: ='&red:

compact rock mass with isolated joints jointed rock mass, rock broken intensely jointed rock mass, rock broken and sheared rock mass almost completely disintegrated, rock sheared, scaled into each other, and mylonitized

The horizontal angle between the dip direction of the beddiig and the dip direction of a tectonic element, right hand rotated, is referred to as TW. The angle TW can directly be read from the Gon-scale. Using these data, every element can be re-orientated to its true dip and dip direction, knowing the true dip parameters of the bedding.

The abbreviations listed above occur consistently in the various logging and output formats. In addition to the general stratigraph~c and tectonic core logging, geotechnical parameters 10 m above and below any workable seam are recorded. In the course of data acquisition, it is important to work with extreme accuracy of (drilling) depths, which allows the true orientated position of separation planes (e.g. "L6sen") to be shown afterwards with respect to the seam roof. Since the complex three-dimensional pattern of bedding planes, cleat systems and slickensided surfaces cannot be attributed to its true position immediately during logging, a simplified orientated method has been developed. Individual separation planes are described by two angle values based on a defined orientation of the core. Considering borehole deviation and regional geology their three-dimensional position can be calculated by the data acquisition program, with the bedding serving as a reference. RELATION BETWEEN ANGLES OF SEPARATION PLANES AND CORE AXIS Relation behveen apparent dip of bedding (WaKS) and apparent dip of tectonic elements (WaKT) The dip direction of the bedding planes has to be orientated towards 0 gon, (I gon = 0,9") i.e. apparent "north". The angle between the bedding and the core axis, i.e. drilling direction is referred to as WaKS. The angle between a tectonic element and the core a x ~ (= s dnlling direction) is referred to as WaKT.

Tectonic
Element. (joint)
1

Figure 3b: Example from a vertical drillhole The WaKT of the joint (tectonic element) is 70 gon. The TW is 137.5 gon relative to the dip direction of the bedding. The real dip direction of the bedding is towards east, that is towards 100 gon. The true dip direction of the joint can be calculated as: 100 gon + 137,s gon = 237.5 gon. Therefore the true dip parameters of the joint are: 70 gon (dip angle) towards 237.5 gon, i.e. towards SSWISW. General abbreviations: WAKSIT = angle between bedding I separation plane and the core axis, i.e. drilling direction horizontal angle between the dip TW direct~on of the bedding and the dip direction of the separation plane (right hand rotated) Provided true strike and dip of the bedding are known, possibly with the aid of the diplog analysis, the true three-dimensional position of every single structural element can thus be defined and represented. Additionally, the RQLD-factor is determined during geotechnical core logging. The RQLD (Rock Qualily Lithologic Designation)-factor is a (core-related) value for the degree of natural internal fragmentation of the rock mass. This factor is quoted as a value between 0 and 100. For its determination the size of the core fragments is related to the core diameter. The evaluation is always restricted to one individual lithological unit. This reflects the dependency of this parameter on the lithology. When it comes to the description of heading faces

Figure 3a: Relation between d ~ directions p

20a International Conference on Ground Control in Minlng

additional characteristics like degree of fragmentation, deformation structure and bed thickness properties are recorded. DATA ACQUISITION AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF GEOTECHNICAL ROCK PROPERTIES In order to optimize the standardized geotechnical descriptions of rock characteristics a data acquisition program has been developed for storing and managing these data and also all other data obtained from the drill cores. Interfaces to other programs of the deposit's technological data base have also been developed, which allow analysis and further processing of these data. The new data acquisition program called COREDAT has been programmed in VB6. ACCESS 97's data engine serves as the data base. Geotechnical data are collected from the core and entered into the data acquisition program COREDAT at the surface. Differentiated data acquisition has been made easier by thematic user control. Subsequent to the input of drillhole deviation data or by reading in a respective file points of penetration can be calculated in COREDAT. After the diplog analysis and the attribution of the true strike and dip of the strata, true 3D-positions of the originally relatively recorded separation planes can also be worked out.

bOldMrion

m Q f'

Geotech"W analysis o f d s

CI

1070 m 1072 m
F121

1
'm ,mP

1074 m 1076m 1078 m

Seam 24-

- --

1080 m

Figure 4: Presentation of logged drillhole section with additional geotechnical characteristics The range of functions of COREDAT is fairly complex, because it attends several interfaces. Besides pure data recording the drillhole deviation will be calculated using respective deviation data. Several printing options also will be available to the user. Points of penetration are calculated for all elements included in the system. Since the data input can be carried out according to stratigraphy, core runs and number of boxes as well as according to input of geotechnical structures, depth adjustmats will become necessary in order to ensure, for instance, a problem-free editing of cure losses. Codes for different rock types are backed up by a table with respective numbers. They are equivalent to the BIF2 - format (BIF = BoreholelnFormation) already in use. For the description of geotechnical parameters previously not included in the BIF2-format a revised B F Z + - format has been developed. By means of a controlled input mask, the data acquisition has already been optimized practically orientated. Now, the program calculates independently e.g, the RQLD-factor. The true 3D-position of separation planes can be determined, as well based on the drillhole deviation and the entered relations of the angles relative to the bedding. In addition to data acquisition, management and analysis of drill core information, the visualisation of geotechnical key pararneters plays an important part. In order to give the interpreter easy access to the information, the data are visually processed. The graphical presentation of the complex information has been developed following already commonly used patterns and extended for geotechnically relevant parameters. Figure 4 shows a short section of a drillhole in this newly developed panem of graphical presentation. In order to get a sound diagram showing geotechnical information as fast as possible, an additional program has been drawn up generating these standardized diagrams automatically.

245

20L intematlonal Conference on Ground Control In Mlnlng

DATA FLOW The program for this synoptic presentation of geotechnical and stratigraphic characteristics is an application progranuned under ACAD (7). The ACAD environment makes the graphical exchange of this information easier. Simple merging with any kind of maps and plans as well as with sections of adjacent drillholes has become possible. The program TEKCAD is an application based on C++ which allows seneration of comoonents of this drawinn and to combine them Znder ACAD in an; combination desired. 5 e BIF2t - format comorisinc = ~ all " the data of the drillhole. serves as the reading ih&kace. Additionally, this program has d i & t access to the ACCESS database of COREDAT and allows, therefore, the fast sectional display of drillhole sections.

Thus, the required comparison between forecasted values and values actually meawed in the face can be ensured.
GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS FROM GEOPHYSICAL WELL LOGS Interpretation methods for the determination of rock mechanical m e t e r s from mohvsical . . borehole meamements are d e v e l o d i8.9, 10). A proper calihrahon of the derived parameters with tliose determined on rock sanmles in laboratorv tests are carried out.

Geophysical well logs offer a suitable base for gwtahnical evaluation of rocks. Lithological, structural and m k mechanic information can be derived from well logs (Fig. 7) (12). Two procedures hereby can he distinguished. 1. 2. Direct derivation of petrophysical, structural and elastic parameters from well logs. Indirect determination of strength parameters from well logs after a suitable calibration with rock mechanic measurwents in laboratory.

According to our experience the following information are obtained directly from geophysical borehole measurements: Lithology, Rock structural features, Physical properties, Elasticparameiers, Weakness zones, Direction of horizontal stress field Rock mechanic parameters as: Figure 5: Data flow for geotahnical data starling from aquisition to final presentation.

Compressive strength, Cohesion, Friction angle. Point load index, Static young's modulus

can be derived from well logs after a proper calibration with laboratory tests.
Our investigations have indicated that petropbysical information, especially those derived from acoustic measurements are invaluable aids to geotechnical studies in mining and civil engineering because of their ability to charaderise geotechnically relevant properties and structures of rocks.

tNT)

Acoustic and optical imaging of the borehole wall and drill cores allows exact mapping of fractures, joints, and strata. Zones of weakness in solid formations can be derived from measurements of seismic velocities and electrical resistivity. Aonlication of borehole s?eonhvsics . < has the advantase of providing formation parameters continuously and in situ. Information mthered hv different eeoohvsical methods toeether with additiolally a c q u k geological I geotechnical p&ers provide an optimal input for an objective decision on support
u

..

Figure 6: Data flow from COREDAT to GTP-DB

T and definitions for the logging ofdrill core which are used in this program sequence are identical to those of the road-head

- ..

descriptions. %ugh made i~ossihle.

this, a standardized rock evaluation has been

20* international Conference on Ground Control In Mlnlng

Figure 7: Dynamic elastic modules calculated from density and seismic velocity logs as compared to volumetic analysis from weU logs (right) and core record (left) (12)

Application of geophysical memods provides valuable informatton to solve many problem encounted in geotechnical immigatian for underground opPPtions. Mmwemnts of density and velocity of compressional and shear wava will be wad M aalouEate the elartic jwamtna of formations. Different litbelogiosl unit6 w i t h Qffemnt pGtmphyrical propetties can be reliably determined by c o m b i i evaluatiun of their log responses. Additionel propatim of these lithologic8 can then be m e d based on 6eld experience and laborstory rests.

During planning and driving of a negngvlar mof bolted roadway in the Auguste Victoria mine (1 1, 12) c o d bola have been M e d and I& geotechnically in the course of the exploway work.The d w a y lied 1,050 rm deep and is expod to high rack premre of up to 45 MPa due to p a d e l waking boun&m above the targel oeam Zollvmein IR. The rock strength wuim between 20 Nlmm' and 33 N M . According to the pnscnted evaluation demo, the mck that bas to be mi saoss (Fig. 8) may be clsgpifled as being vsry slightly squeezing.

So far the methad fw rock evaluation as wc~wltedabove bas been applied for the driving of c. 80,000 rn of roof bolted roadways. With the help of two examples, the operational implementation of the results of geotechnical core logging and - based on this the geomechanical mck evaluation will be demonstrated.

20" Internattonal Conference on Ground Control In Mlnlng

Figure 8: Geomechanical evaluation of seam Zollverein 112

20" International Conference on Ground Control In Mlnlng

The cleat systems identified in the cored drillhole (Fig. 9a) and in the road-head face (Fig. 9b) are convincing due to their good correspondence.
I
I

In addihon, in a distance of between 2.80 m and 5.50 m above the seam, structural-geological zones of wealmess in the form of slip planes and increased fragmentation have been discovered in the roof (Fig. IOa).
Rock movement within these two sbessed horizons could be wnfirmed in the driving stage by sonic-extensomcters installed as measuring devices (Fig. lob). During the driving of the tail gate, 8 m long skmded roof bolts had only been installed after the evaluation of the measured data It was decided for the driving of the dip headimg to install these 8 m long flexible roof bolts app. 15 to 20 m behind the road-head. The subsequent enlargement of the dip heading to 8 m and in some sections to 9 m respectively (Fig. 11) showed a disintegration of up to 10 mm. Within the 5 m wide tail gate values of up to 80 mm have been measured.

Figure 9: Cleat systems identified in the face (a) and in cored drillholes @)

Figure 10: Comparison of drilling results (a) and son~c-extensometers @)measurements

The next example shows the two phase roof bolting (1) in a roadway heading of seam P 1 in the Prosper Haniel mine applying roof bolting in an arched roadway. The aim of this procedure is to increase the rate of advance by stretching the support operations at the face and still maintaining the required stability standards. Based on geotechnical preparation and subsequent geomechanical assessment, the rock to be cut through has been classified as being slightly caving (Fig. 12).

Figure 11: Roof bolting scheme of enlarged dip heading

20" International Conference on Ground Control In Mining

Figure 12: Geomechanical assessment, seam P 1

20'" Intematlonal Conf@renca on Ground Control in Mining

In this case the roadway has been driven with a roof bolt eequency of 0.92 a / d (Fig. 13 a). For the utilization of the roadway during working the roof bolt frequency was later supplemented to 1.77 a d l (Fig. 13 b).

7.
8.

9.

10.

II.

12. Figure 13: Two phase roof bolting, driving phase (a), working phase @) ('IT = Tell Tale) The continuous process of optimization of the pnsented and opationally tested geomechanical evaluation scheme for roof bolt design will he complemented with the determination of pebophysical parameters Rom geophysical logging of drillholes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Peters, S.; SchlUter, R (1995): Enhanced PC-Aided Applications in Coal Bed Methane Exploration European Coal Conference 95 Prague, Czech Republic. To& A. 1999: Fuzzy classification for lithology determination b m well logs. In Geophysical Applications of ArMcial Neural Nehvorks and Fuzzy Logic (ed. by Sandham B. & Legget M.). Modern Approaches in Geophysics, Kluwer publication. Deltombe J.L. Schepers R and Toumani A. 1999: The practice of combined core image and image log interpretation for shuctural, sedimentalogical and geotechnical application. GEOVISION 99, International Symposium on Imaging and Applications in Geology, 6-7 May, Liege, Belgium. Unterstell B., Toumani, A., Polysos N, Rtlkers E, et. all. (2001): Application of Geophysical Well Logs in Geotechnical Evaluation of Subsurface Deposits and Geoengineering - Preview Borehole Geophysics. Australia. Preusse, A.; Hmog, C.; Brandt, K.H.: Evaluation of Measurement System for Monitoring the Stability of Roof Bolted Roadways with Rectangular Cross Section by Selected Examples. 19th Intern. Conference Ground Contml in Mining, Morgantown, 2000, pp. 241-248. Vierhaus, R.; Arenk, A.: A u f f h g von RechteckAnkerstrecken als Abbaubegleitstrecken in Zonen hohen Gebirgsdruckes. 4. Intern. Ankerkolloquium, Aachen, 2001.

This work was partly supported by a grant of the European Commission @GKS-No. 7220-RRIO55). REFERENCES 1. Lautsch, T.; Opolony. K.; Polysos, N.: The Utilization of Rockboltink! Technolorn and Monitorinn Techniaues in the Getman C&I Field. 1% Intern. Confer&ce Gro&d Control in Mining, Morganrown, 2000, pp. 225-233. Opolony, K; Polysos, N.: Gebirgsspeziiische Klassifiz~ening Rir den E~nsatz der Ankerausbaue und neue Ankerkonzepte. 3. Intern. Ankerkolloquium, Anchen, 1998 Opolony, K.; Polysos, N.; Barrel, R.; LBtTig, F.: AnkWtechk be1 d n DSK - Theone und Prws, Glitokauf 136, Nr. 3,2000 Bartel, R.; LUttig, F.: Neue Schulungs- und Qualit~tss~chenmgskoozepte der DSK fir die Ankerstreckenauffahmng. 4. Intern. Ankerkolloquium, Aachen, 200 l Opolony, K.; Polysos, N.: Neue Dimensionierungswege und Enhvicklungen im Ankerausbau he1 DSK. 4. Intern. Anknkolloqu~um,Aachen, 2001 Peters, S.; Polysos, N.; Tang, U.: EDV-Programme fllr d ~ e Auhahme und DarsteUung von geotechnischcn GesteinJparamnem im unt-gigeil Steinkohlmberhau 4. Intern. Ankerkolloquium, Aachen, 2001

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