Solution and solubility

Solute- Smaller content of solution Solvent- Larger content of solution Solution- Homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent

Types of solution
Solute Solid Liquid Gas - Nine types of solutions based on the states. Example- Soda pop (Solute gas) (Solvent- liquid) Example: Alloy Gold Jewelry (Solute platinum) (Gold Solid) Solvent Solid Liquid Gas

Properties of solution
Aqueous Solution- A solution in which water is the solvent Electrolyte- Conducts electricity Solubility- Amount of solute dissolved in 100mL of solvent Unsaturated- More solute can be dissolved Saturated- No more solute will be solute Super saturated- At higher temperature more solute has been dissolved Crystallization- Precipitation of solute at a given temperature or evaporation of solvent by increasing temperature of solution Miscible- Liquid solute and liquid solvent mix well Immiscible- Liquid solute and solvent do not mix well Like dissolves like -Polar solute dissolves well in polar solvent -Solubility increased with increase of temperature except gases. -With increase in pressure solubility of gas solute increases.

Water Properties Treatment

Universal Solvent- Dissolves many solutes Ionic solutes gets surrounded by water molecules Intermolecular Forces come into play between water and solutes particles, (London dispersion, dipole dipole, and hydrogen bonding) -Unique property of water in nature -Ice is less dense than water - Density of water reaches maximum 4^c -Layer of ice floats on lakes in winter -Fish of aquatic life can survive under layer of water -Has high surface tension -High melting and boiling points Treatments -Impurities (Contaminants) -Types: Hard water- Does allow good washing of clothes.

Steps to treat water to make it drinkable (Nine steps)

Concentration- Amount of solute dissolved in solution Dilute Solution- Has less amount Concentrated solution- Has more amount of solution Standard solution/Stock solution For dilution C1V1=C2V2 For titration or solution stoichiometry or Quantitative analysis= C1V1/n1= C2V2/n2

Acid and Bases

Properties- Taste, reaction with metals, colour change with litmus paper. Strength of an acid- Strong acid (>99% ionized) -Weak Acid (<50% ionized) - Weak Base(<50% dissociated) Arrhenius- Acid produces H+ in water, bases produced OH- in water. Bronsted- Lowry Acid (Proton donor) Base(Proton acceptor) H2O is amphiprotic/ amphoteric as it can act both as an acid as well as a base. PH+ POH=14 Strong Acids con= [H+] = PH