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18/07/2009
KMM SWAMY
Turbine Pressure loss coefficient = (P01 - P02) / (P02 - p2) Energy loss E l coefficient ffi i t = (h2 - h2s) / C22 Efficiency t =(h01 h02)/(h01 h02s)
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Compressor Pressure loss coefficient = (P01 - P02) / (P01 - p1) Energy loss coefficient = (h2 - h2s) / C12 Efficiency c =(h02s h01)/(h02 h01)
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Ease e of measurement
Engine High g speed p rigs g Low speed large scale Rigs Annular Cascade Linear Cascade Flow field complexity
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s
S - Pitch - Stagger
T bi blade Turbine bl d row Li Linear Cascade C d model d l
A linear cascade model is an array of aerofoils stacked at uniform pitch and stagger representing a section of a turbo machinery blade row. Linear cascade testing is a simplified experimental method for evaluating aerodynamic performance of turbo machinery aerofoils where Coriolis effects and curvilinear effects are ignored. The three-dimensional flows can be simplified to two-dimensional flows by using linear cascades.
18/07/2009 LOSS MECHANISMS IN STEAM AND GAS TURBINES KMM SWAMY
Radial machines
Data obtained from conventional axial i l cascades d shall h ll b be applied li d b by conformal transformation from radial (z = rei) to axial plane ( = +i)
Where,
=lnz,
=lnr
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Test T t Section S ti Blade chord Probe traverse Span wise traverse Air storage volume Storage pressure Total temperature Mass flow (Typical) * Maximum
153 x 500 mm* * 40 to 80 mm 220 mm in 150 seconds 75 mm 2800 cubic meters 11 atm 300 K 5 to 15 Kg/s
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FOR TURBINE CASCADES: Inlet Mach number Outlet Mach number Reynolds number Up to choking Up to 1.5 0.3 to 2.5 millions (outlet)
FOR COMPRESSOR CASCADES: Inlet Mach number Reynolds number Reynolds number Up to 0.85 0.7 to 1.3 millions (inlet) 0.6 to 1.1 millions(outlet)
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Pitot probe
Keil probe
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Vortices
Induction tunnel A straight 5 5-hole hole 3D probe calibrated in the new facility
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0.97
0.94
0.91
0.88
BLADE 1
BLADE 2
BLADE 3
0.85 0 P01: 1440 1440.5 5 mm Hg P02: 1389.8 mm Hg 0.5 M1: 0 0.533 533 M2: 1.052 1 Beta1: 63 63.1 1 Deg Beta2: 67.4 Deg 1.5 2 2.5 3
Pitch
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KMM SWAMY
-63 63
-66
-69
-72 72
BLADE 1
BLADE 2
BLADE 3
-75 0
P01: 1440 P01 1440.5 mm H Hg P02: 1389.8 mm Hg
0.5
M1 M1: 0 0.533 33 M2: 1.052
1
B Beta1: 1 63 63.1 1D Deg Beta2: 67.4 Deg
1.5
2.5
Pit h Pitch
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1 10 1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
BLADE 1
0.85
BLADE 2
BLADE 3
0.80 0 P01: 1440.5 mm Hg P02: 1389.8 mm Hg 0.5 M1: 0.533 M2: 1.052 1 Beta1: 63.1 Deg Beta2: 67.4 Deg 1.5 2 2.5 3
Pitch
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KMM SWAMY
EFFECT OF OUTLET MACH NUMBER ON PRESSURE LOSS COEFFICIENT OF A TURBINE ROTOR CASCADE
0.10
0.08
0 06 0.06
BETA1 set at
66.0 Deg 63.1 Deg 60.0 Deg
0.04
0.02
0.00 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
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KMM SWAMY
EFFECT OF OUTLET MACH NUMBER ON OUTLET FLOW ANGLE OF A TURBINE ROTOR CASCADE
70
MOMEN NTUM AVER RAGED OU UTLET FLOW W ANGLE ' BETA2' (De eg)
68
66
BETA1 set at
66.0 Deg 63.1 Deg 60.0 Deg
64
62
60 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
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KMM SWAMY
EFFECT OF OUTLET MACH NUMBER ON INLET MACH NUMBER OF A TURBINE ROTOR CASCADE
0.7
0.6
0.5
BETA1 set at
0.4
0.3
60.0 Deg
0.2
0.1
0.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
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KMM SWAMY
EFFECT OF OUTLET MACH NUMBER ON SURFACE MACH NUMBER DISTRIBUTION OF A GAS TURBINE PROFILE
Beta1 set at 60 Deg.
1.4
12 1.2
1.0
Mach Number r
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
X / Cax
18/07/2009 LOSS MECHANISMS IN STEAM AND GAS TURBINES KMM SWAMY
EFFECT OF INCIDENCE ON PRESSURE LOSS COEFFICIENT OF A GAS TURBINE NOZZLE VANE PROFILE M2: 0.94
6.0
50 5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
Pr. loss coeff
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M2: 0.94
Beta2
69
68
67
66
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Effect of Incidence on Surface Mach Number Distribution of a Gas Turbine Nozzle Vane Profile
M2ref: 0.94
1.4
INCIDENCE
-15 Deg -10 Deg 0 Deg 10 Deg 15 Deg
1.2
1.0
Ma ach Number
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
X/Cax
18/07/2009 LOSS MECHANISMS IN STEAM AND GAS TURBINES KMM SWAMY
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Surface isentropic p Mach number distribution for 1=133.3 deg, Ma2,th=0.85 in dependence on Reynolds number
Courtesy: Frank Hummel etal. J. Turbomach JULY 2005, Vol. Copyright 2005 by ASME 127 / 453
18/07/2009 LOSS MECHANISMS IN STEAM AND GAS TURBINES KMM SWAMY
Total pressure loss from wake traverse measurements of a double Pitot probe for test blade, blade rough part compared to smooth part. part Ma2,th Ma2 th=0 0.75, 75 1 1=133 133.3 3
Courtesy: Frank Hummel etal. J. Turbomach JULY 2005, Vol. Copyright 2005 by ASME 127 / 453
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FLOW
Tunnel wall Trip wire Extension plate
Cascade blade
M=0.6
28 24
SPAN(inmm)
20 16 12 8 4 0 0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
V/Vmax 4.0 DISPLACEMENTTHICKNESS(%OFSP PAN) 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 DIAMETEROFTRIPWIRE(inmm) 6 7 M=0.6
A CDA compressor cascade with flat extension plate and trip wire
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62
60 SCTE RTE 58
56
54
= = = =
FIG.
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0.15
= = = =
0.1
0.05
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KMM SWAMY
EFFECT OF COOLANT FLOWS ON TURBINE CASCADE Unlike the conventional method of heating the main flow or using Carbon-di- oxide as the coolant to simulate the density ratios, an ingenious method of having the main flow at room temperature and cooling the coolant to a lower temperature has been adopted to simulate the density ratios. Coolant to mainstream temperature ratios of 0.5 and 0.9 were simulated. i l t d The actual aspect ratio of trailing edge slots of the NGV was maintained using two partition plates in the cascade assembly. Configurations: I - Base profile, without coolant flow II - LE & TE coolant flows at Tc/Tg = 0.9, Pc/Pg = 1.02 III - LE & TE coolant flows at Tc/Tg = 0.5, Pc/Pg = 1.04 IV - TE coolant flow at Tc/Tg = 0.9, Pc/Pg = 1.02 V - TE coolant flow at Tc/Tg = 0.5, Pc/Pg = 1.04
18/07/2009 LOSS MECHANISMS IN STEAM AND GAS TURBINES KMM SWAMY
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KMM SWAMY
Thermocouple connections
Heat exchanger
0.85
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
Pitch
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-60
EFFECT OF COOLANT FLOWS ON OUTLET FLOW ANGLE Beta1: -1.5 -1 5 Deg, Deg M2:1 M2:1.1 1 OF A TURBINE NOZZLE CASCADE
-62
-64
-66
Config. I Config II Config.
-68
-70
-72
Config. V
-74
-76
-78
-80 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
Pitch
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KMM SWAMY
0 16 0.16
0.12
0.08
0 04 0.04
0.00 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
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74
73
72
Config. V
71
70 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
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EFFECT OF AVDR
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EFFECT OF AVDR
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1.2
AVDR
1.1
0.9
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
FIG. 60
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0 25 0.25
OMEGA = (P01-P02)/(P01-P1)
1.285
0.2
0.15
0.1 0
0.05
0 0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
FIG. G 61
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1.4
1.2
M1 0.783 AVDR 1.248 1.285
0.781
M Surface
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
X/C ax
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KMM SWAMY