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James Naismith published 13 rules for the new game. He divided his class of 18 into 2 teams of 9 players each and set about to teach them the basics of his new game of Basketball. The objective of the game was to throw the soccer ball, into the fruit baskets nailed to the lower railing of the gym balcony. Every time a point was scored, the game was halted so the janitor could bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball. Later, the bottoms of the fruit baskets were removed. The first public basketball game was played in Springfield, MA, on March 11, 1892. [1]
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Original rules[edit]
Main article: Rules of basketball 1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or with both hands. 2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands (never with the fist). 3. A player can't run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at a good speed. Running with the ball is called traveling. 4. The ball must be held in or between the hands; the arms or body must not be used for holding it. 5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping, or striking in any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed; the first infringement of this rule by any player shall count as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game, no substitute allowed. 6. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of Rules 3, 4, and such as described in Rule 5. 7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls, it shall count a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the mean time making a foul). 8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal. 9. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field of play by the person first touching it. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds; if he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on that side. 10. The umpire shall be judge of the women and men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have power to disqualify men according to Rule 5. 11. The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made, and keep account of the goals with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee. 12. The time shall be two 15-minute halves, with five minutes' rest between.
13. The side making the most baskets in that time shall be declared the winner. In case of a draw, the game may, by agreement of the captains, be continued until another goal is made.
team disbanded due to ownership problems. The Original Celtics are sometimes incorrectly thought of as forebears of the current Boston Celtics of the NBA; in reality, they share only a name, as today's Celtics were not founded until 1946, nearly two decades after the demise of the Original Celtics. In 1922, the first all-African American professional team was founded: the Rens (also known as New York Renaissance or Harlem Renaissance).[14] The Rens were the Original Celtics usual opponent, and for their matches a ticket cost $1. [15] They took part in some official championships and won the first World Professional Basketball Tournament in 1939. The team disbanded in 1949. In the 1920s and 1930s, Eastern Basket Ball League (founded in 1909),[16] Metropolitan Basketball League (founded in 1921)[17] and American Basketball League (founded in 1925) [18] were the most important leagues.
NBA founded[edit]
The league was founded in New York City on June 6 1946 as the Basketball Association of America (BAA).[22] The league adopted the name National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949 after merging with the rival National Basketball League (NBL). As of the early 21st century, the NBA is the most significant professional basketball league in the US in terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition.[23]
African-Americans in basketball[edit]
The Smart Set Athletic Club of Brooklyn and the St. Christopher Club of New York City was established as the first fully organized independent all-black basketball teams in 1906. These teams were amateur.[24] In 1907, the amateur, all-black Olympian Athletic League was formed in New York City consisting of the Smart Set Athletic Club, St. Christopher Club, Marathon Athletic Club, Alpha Physical Culture Club, and the Jersey City Colored YMCA. The first inter-city basketball game between two black teams was played in 1907 when the Smart Set Athletic Club of Brooklyn traveled to Washington, DC to play the Crescent Athletic Club.[24]
In 1908 Smart Set Athletic Club of Brooklyn, a member of the Olympian Athletic League, was named the first Colored Basketball World's Champion.[25] In 1910, Howard Universitys first varsity basketball team began. In 1922, the Commonwealth Five, the first all-black professional team was founded. The New York Renaissance was founded in 1923. In 1939, the all-black New York Renaissance beat the all-white Oshkosh All-Stars in the World Pro Basketball Tournament. The all-white National Basketball League began to racially integrate in 1942 with 10 black players joining two teams, the Toledo Jim White Chevrolets and the Chicago Studebakers. The NBA integrated in the 195051 season, with three black players each achieving a separate milestone in that process. In the draft held immediately prior to that season, Chuck Cooper became the first black player drafted by an NBA team. Shortly after the draft, Nat Clifton became the first black player to sign an NBA contract. Finally, Earl Lloyd became the first black player to appear in an NBA game, as his team started its season before either Cooper's or Clifton's.
Formation of FIBA[edit]
World basketball was growing, but it was on June 18, 1932 that a real international organization was formed, to coordinate tournaments and teams: that day, Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Romania and Switzerland founded the International Basketball
Federation (Fdration internationale de basket-ball amateur, FIBA) in Geneva.[29] Its work was fundamental for the first inclusion of basketball in the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936. The first Olympic title was won by the U.S. national team: Sam Balter, Ralph Bishop, Joe Fortenberry, Tex Gibbons, Francis Johnson, Carl Knowles, Frank Lubin, Art Mollner, Donald Piper, Jack Ragland, Willard Schmidt, Carl Shy, Duane Swanson, Bill Wheatley and the trainer James Needles. Canada was runner-up; the games were played on an outdoor clay court. The first World Championship was held in Argentina in 1950. [30]
See also[edit]
Basketball Women's basketball Timeline of women's basketball history
Notes[edit]
1. 2. 3. ^ http://www.basicbloganomics.com/2010/03/first-public-basketball-game-on-march.html ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 18-19. ^ Associated Press, Newly found documents shed light on basketball's birth, ESPN.com, 13 November 2006, Sports.espn.go.com. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 18. ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 21. ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 22. ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 20. ^ Glenn, Dickey. The history of professional basketball since 1896. New York: Stein and Day, 1982. 9. 10. 11. ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 79. ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 80. ^ Lesile Colbeck et al., The Basketball World, FIBA, Monaco, 1972, quoted by ArceriBianchini, p. 81. 12. ^ Hoosierhistorian, National Basket Ball League, Hoopedia, 9 May 2008, inHoopedia.nba.com
13.
14. 15. 16.
^ a b Arceri-Bianchini, p. 37. ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 38. ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 39. ^ Hoosierhistorian, Eastern Basket Ball League, Hoopedia, 9 May 2008, inHoopedia.nba.com.
17.
^ Hoosierhistorian, ABL (19251955), Hoopedia, 12 May 2008, in Hoopedia.nba.com. ^ Geneva.edu ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 45. ^ Hoosierhistorian, NoseNuggets, NCAA Division I Men's Tournament, Hoopedia, 21 April 2008, in Hoopedia.nba.com.
22. 23.
^ The First NBA Game: 1946 New York-Toronto ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 49. ^ a b "Black Fives Timeline". ^ Colored Basketball World's Champions - Hoopedia ^ a b c http://www.remembertheaba.com/ ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 81. ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 133. ^ History of FIBA, in FIBA.com. ^ Arceri-Bianchini, p. 185.
24.
25.
26.
27. 28. 29. 30.
References